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In the 20th century - our age -


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our brilliance
and our foolishness collided


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00:00:15,200 --> 00:00:19,280
to produce one of the greatest moral
dilemmas humankind has faced.


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For three years, Robert Oppenheimer
had led a top-secret mission


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to end the deadliest war
in the history of the world.


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But to do that,
his team were building a weapon


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which would soon also threaten
to end human life on earth.


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PHONE RINGS


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Oppenheimer.


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Mankind's greatest
intellectual achievement.


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Modern science had now unlocked
the secrets of atomic power.


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In our age, democracy
confronted two great enemies -


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communism and fascism.


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Their leaders believed
that if you killed enough people,


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some kind of human paradise
would follow.


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Instead, as these ideas
were tested to destruction,


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they planted little pockets of hell
on ordinary earth.


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With this handful of salt...


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But new freedoms were won.


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Science brought us machines
of awesome speed and power,


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and we reached beyond
the limits of our planet.


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FLIGHT DIRECTOR:
'CapCom, we are go for landing.'


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CAPCOM: 'Eagle, Houston.
You are go for landing. Over.'


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In the 20th century, our failures
were greater than ever before


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and our achievements astonishing.


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Mankind found itself in a race,


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a sprint between
its technological brilliance


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and the risks
of its political idiocy.


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SHOUTING IN GERMAN


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Welcome to the age of extremes.


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November 1918.


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The first global war had ended.


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The emperors and the top-hatted
politicians had failed.


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They'd shattered the optimism
of the modern world.


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For many, especially
on the losing side,


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it seemed that a new order
must rise from the ruins,


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a new kind of politics


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which needed a ruthlessness the older
generation had flinched from.


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Among the soldiers
straggling home from the trenches
of the Western Front


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was an angry and embittered
29-year-old corporal...


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Tag.


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..Adolf Hitler.


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Danke schoen.


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Like many others,


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Hitler was looking for someone
to blame for Germany's humiliation.


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Dies ist der Grund
unseres langjaehrigen Zustandes.


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This is the story
of the revenge of the nobody.


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When Adolf Hitler arrived in Munich,
he was a nothing.


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He'd won a medal in the war,


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but his fellow soldiers described him
as a bit peculiar, a loner,


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and he'd never been promoted,


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because the German officers realised
that he lacked leadership qualities.


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Das wissen Sie doch. Er kannte das!


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This is also the most extreme example
in human history


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of how one individual
can unlock hell.


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HITLER ADDRESSING RALLY


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CROWD CHEERING


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But how did this chaotic loser
harness a big idea, fascism,


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and goose-step Germany
into another world war?


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In a single word, fear.


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We are all of us susceptible
to being scared by events,
and then feeling anger,


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so when people's savings
and jobs are destroyed,


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which happened
in the early 1920s in Germany,


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they panic, then they want revenge.


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Hitler's great good luck
was that he offered up
his recipe about who to blame


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at just the moment
when rampant inflation had
brought Germany to its knees.


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A loaf of bread for a billion marks.


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But for many the spectre of communism


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seemed even more frightening
than capitalism's collapse.


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In southern Germany,


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Munich had been shaken by a communist
uprising put down by troops.


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Into all of this
stepped Adolf Hitler.


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He joined and took control of
a tiny right-wing party.


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He even redesigned
its curious emblem,


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based on an ancient symbol
for good fortune, the swastika.


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In this grey defeated city of small
angry parties and big angry meetings,


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Hitler stood out as a star speaker,
because he simply went further.


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He said the unsayable.


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The Jewish problem
would be solved with brute force.


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Germany would carve a new empire
for herself in Eastern Europe,


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a greater Germany rising
to be a world power,


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and the people listening to him were
soon comparing him to Martin Luther,


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Mussolini, even Napoleon.


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Right at the beginning
there was this leader cult.


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Yet Hitler came across
as crazily optimistic.


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He thought that, by pushing
Munich right-wingers into revolt,


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he could get them to march on Berlin


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and seize control
of all democratic Germany.


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AUDIENCE APPLAUD


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CHEERING


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Die Roten gedeihen im Chaos.


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On the night
of November the 8th, 1923,


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a political meeting was being held
in one of the city's beer halls.


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SHOUTING


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Hitler hijacked
the meeting, declaring,
"The national revolution has begun."


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Die Reichsregierung wurde gebildet.


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But few in the hall were impressed
by the jumped-up extremist,


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and the meeting ended in confusion.


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The next morning Hitler led
armed supporters onto the streets.


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But when police fired on them,


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this revolution by sheer bluff
collapsed with embarrassing speed.


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Two days later, Hitler was arrested.


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The beer-hall revolution
was a political shambles.


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It ended in humiliating failure.


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But it made Adolf Hitler a hero
far beyond Munich,


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because he realised
that he could use his trial


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as a much bigger platform than
any that he'd get in a beer hall.


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He was defiant,
completely unapologetic,
and he was heard all across Germany.


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Sympathetic judges gave Hitler
a soft sentence for treason.


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He was imprisoned
in the nearby town of Landsberg.


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Hitler's rooms were soon crammed
with unrestricted visitors


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and parcels and messages.


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One particularly gushing letter
came from a student in Heidelberg


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called Joseph Goebbels,


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and as for the parcels,
it was like a delicatessen.


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One visitor said you could have
opened a flower, fruit and wine shop


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with all the stuff stacked up
in there,


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and Hitler began to become rather fat
from all the chocolates and the cake.


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Eventually he had to usher
the visitors out


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so that he could settle down
and dictate his memoirs
to a man called Rudolf Hess.


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TYPING


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The Fuehrer was emerging.


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Der Jude ist und bleibt...


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But he had a truly terrible title
for his book...


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Four And A Half Years Of Struggle
Against Lies,
Stupidity And Cowardice...


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..shortened by his shrewder publisher
into My Struggle or Mein Kampf,


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and in it he said
exactly what he thought.


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TRANSLATOR:
"The Jews are a pestilence
worse than the Black Death.


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"The day will come
when a nation will arise


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"which will be welded together


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"that shall be invincible
and indestructible forever."


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Mein Kampf argued


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that capitalism and communism
were equally dangerous


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and that Jews were behind both,


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pulling the strings
from Wall Street and Red Square.


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In other times and places,
few would have listened
to such a crackpot theory,


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but by the early 1930s, the
Great Depression starting in America


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had thrown people
out of work across the world,


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while the looming menace of Stalin's
communist state haunted millions.


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There are times when the politics of
fear become irresistible


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and nonsense seems common sense.


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Eventually, the Nazi Party
did very well in elections.


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Hitler came to power not as a tyrant
but entirely legally.


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CROWD: Sieg heil!
Sieg heil! Sieg heil!


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During the 1930s, no other major
political leader had his level of
popular support.


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It was support based on


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the violent creation of
a new German empire in Europe,


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the destruction of Europe's Jews,


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which was all laid out in
black-and-white.


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CROWD: Sieg heil!
Sieg heil! Sieg heil!


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History is full of nasty surprises.


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Adolf Hitler did his very best
not to be a surprise.


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Whilst Hitler was fighting
for power in Germany,


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in America, the greatest democracy,


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women were fighting
a rather different battle.


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They'd won the vote in 1920, and now
a new form of politics had arrived,


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sexual politics.


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Margaret Sanger was a tiny redheaded
radical from the backstreets.


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Her name isn't very well known,


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but she did more to shape today's
world than most politicians.


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In the early 20th century,
Manhattan was a divided island.


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00:12:04,480 --> 00:12:07,960
Uptown was swinging,
brash and booming,


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the most fashionable place
on the planet.


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Downtown was very different,
a place of old-fashioned poverty.


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In the overcrowded tenement blocks
teeming with new immigrants,


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women were desperate
to avoid unwanted pregnancies.


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These women were caught in a dilemma,


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either dangerous
self-induced abortions


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or the backstreet abortionist,
who could be just as dangerous.


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Margaret Sanger was a nurse.


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She saw the worst


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00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:06,520
and she thought all women had
the right to safe contraception,
birth control.


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You're going to get through this.


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"I shuddered with horror,"
said Margaret Sanger.


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"I resolved to do something to change
the destiny of these mothers,


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"whose miseries were
as vast as the sky."


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But contraceptives were taboo.


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Those who sold them were condemned
as purveyors of vice and sin.


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In 1916, Margaret Sanger opened
America's first birth-control clinic


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00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:42,680
here in a poor district of Brooklyn.


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On the opening day, more than 100
women queued up for help and advice.


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00:13:48,160 --> 00:13:50,080
(17.)


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I haven't seen you before.
What's your name?


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But the pamphlets she was giving out
were classed as obscene literature.


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00:14:04,240 --> 00:14:06,520
Get out of here, now!


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00:14:07,720 --> 00:14:10,240
You're under arrest!
No, you listen to me!


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00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:13,800
Get these men out of here. Get off
of me! Will you get them off of me?!


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00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:19,080
Sanger was charged under America's
very strong anti-obscenity laws.


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00:14:20,080 --> 00:14:22,480
The clinic was shut down.


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00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,120
So much for women's rights.


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00:14:28,120 --> 00:14:31,480
But private individuals,


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if they had enough guts
and could lay hands on some money,


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00:14:34,840 --> 00:14:37,160
could fight back.


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00:14:37,160 --> 00:14:39,920
Contraceptives couldn't be
imported into America,


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00:14:39,920 --> 00:14:44,840
but Margaret Sanger had a friend,
a friend who could help,


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00:14:44,840 --> 00:14:49,080
a friend with a picture-book chateau
by Lake Geneva.


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00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:57,400
This was the summer home
of a rich American heiress,
Katharine McCormick.


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00:14:57,400 --> 00:15:02,560
She was a glamorous society lady
who liked the latest fashions,


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00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:04,080
but she was also a rarity.


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00:15:04,080 --> 00:15:08,960
She'd studied biology at university
and campaigned for votes for women.


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00:15:08,960 --> 00:15:10,560
Very good.


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00:15:10,560 --> 00:15:14,280
Once American women had the vote,
like their Scandinavian
and British sisters,


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00:15:14,280 --> 00:15:20,080
she was looking for a new cause
and she alighted on birth control,


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00:15:20,080 --> 00:15:23,240
which is why an unlikely friendship
was formed


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00:15:23,240 --> 00:15:26,320
between the heiress and the agitator.


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00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:31,280
In Europe, contraceptives
were easy to get hold of.


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00:15:31,280 --> 00:15:34,680
Katharine McCormick went around
buying up posh frocks


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00:15:34,680 --> 00:15:39,240
and then had hundreds of diaphragms
sewn into the hems,


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00:15:39,240 --> 00:15:43,400
before boldly smuggling the clothing
in trunks back to New York


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00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:48,240
where Sanger had opened
a new clinic, which flourished.


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00:15:49,600 --> 00:15:53,240
This was a great victory
for private enterprise politics,


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00:15:53,240 --> 00:15:57,720
and the campaigner
and wealthy rebel kept in touch.


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00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:03,680
Margaret Sanger always wanted
an easier contraceptive,
a fail-safe one,


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00:16:03,680 --> 00:16:08,040
and when, decades on, scientists
thought this might be possible,


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00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:13,280
she turned again
to Katharine McCormick,
who bankrolled the research.


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00:16:16,560 --> 00:16:20,760
It had been a long road
from those New York tenement blocks,


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00:16:20,760 --> 00:16:24,840
but in 1960,
the pill went on the market.


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00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:30,400
It revolutionised birth control
for women.


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00:16:31,720 --> 00:16:36,520
Half a century on, the pill has
become the contraceptive of choice


220
00:16:36,520 --> 00:16:41,280
for way over 100 million women
all around the world.


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00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:44,960
Its social impact has been huge.


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00:16:44,960 --> 00:16:50,040
It's allowed women to make choices
about education and their careers,


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00:16:50,040 --> 00:16:55,000
to delay having children
or to have no children at all.


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00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:57,360
Along with votes for women,


225
00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:02,200
it has been one of the biggest
social changes of the 20th century -


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00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:07,160
indeed, many women would say
the biggest change of all.


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00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:12,520
Not all revolutions were won
by men with tanks.


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00:17:12,520 --> 00:17:18,160
Like the women behind the pill,
others used ingenuity
and moral force.


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00:17:18,160 --> 00:17:23,880
It's been said that, in 1930,
three people had achieved
instant global recognition -


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00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:26,200
Charlie Chaplin,


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00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:28,480
Adolf Hitler...


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00:17:29,920 --> 00:17:35,080
..and a skinny fellow
who dressed to impress...


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00:17:37,920 --> 00:17:40,360
..Mohandas Gandhi.


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00:17:40,360 --> 00:17:45,480
The British liked to think that,
in India, they were the good
imperialists...


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00:17:45,480 --> 00:17:47,040
parents, really.


236
00:17:49,120 --> 00:17:55,120
But after famines and repression,
many Indians didn't see it that way.


237
00:17:57,440 --> 00:18:02,640
In March 1930, Gandhi, leader
of the Indian Independence Movement,


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00:18:02,640 --> 00:18:07,240
sent a letter to the headquarters
of the British Raj in New Delhi.


239
00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:11,760
It was a direct challenge
posted through the front door.


240
00:18:11,760 --> 00:18:12,800
KNOCK AT DOOR


241
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:14,200
VICEROY: Come in.


242
00:18:15,680 --> 00:18:20,280
The letter was addressed to
Edward Frederick Lindley Wood,


243
00:18:20,280 --> 00:18:24,480
the Lord Irwin, Viceroy
and Governor General of India,


244
00:18:24,480 --> 00:18:27,600
the jewel in the crown
of the British Empire.


245
00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:30,440
Gandhi explained politely but firmly


246
00:18:30,440 --> 00:18:34,640
that he was intending to start
a campaign of civil disobedience


247
00:18:34,640 --> 00:18:38,920
through which he would win
India's independence.


248
00:18:40,320 --> 00:18:43,160
"I do not seek to harm your people.


249
00:18:43,160 --> 00:18:48,240
"My ambition is no less than to
convert the British through
non-violence


250
00:18:48,240 --> 00:18:52,120
"and thus make them see
the wrong they have done to India.


251
00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:55,280
Gandhi finished his letter


252
00:18:55,280 --> 00:18:57,920
by promising to call off
his planned campaign,


253
00:18:57,920 --> 00:19:01,880
if the British would agree
to talks about freedom for India.


254
00:19:03,280 --> 00:19:08,640
In the 1920s, on the surface,
the British Empire seemed as
self-confident as ever.


255
00:19:08,640 --> 00:19:15,000
Some sense of its swagger is given
by the Viceroy's new house in Delhi.


256
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:19,040
A British architect
working on a Mogul scale.


257
00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:22,240
It makes Buckingham Palace seem poky.


258
00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:23,960
But this was confronted


259
00:19:23,960 --> 00:19:27,560
by the determination
of the wiry little man from Gujarat,


260
00:19:27,560 --> 00:19:29,840
who understood that
the British weakness


261
00:19:29,840 --> 00:19:34,640
was a determination
to be thought decent rulers.


262
00:19:34,640 --> 00:19:39,480
So, his campaign
of non-violent disobedience


263
00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,400
was a kind of political torture.


264
00:19:42,400 --> 00:19:46,000
Gandhi said, "There are many causes
I'm prepared to die for


265
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:51,080
"but none that I am
prepared to kill for."


266
00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:54,160
Answer that.


267
00:19:55,720 --> 00:19:57,880
Hmm!


268
00:19:57,880 --> 00:20:00,440
The Viceroy chose not
to answer Gandhi's letter,


269
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:03,520
so the troublemaker
embarked on his campaign


270
00:20:03,520 --> 00:20:06,880
of polite, smiling
civil disobedience.


271
00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:14,080
Gandhi set out to walk the 240 miles
from his home to the coast


272
00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:18,240
in a protest about salt.


273
00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:25,840
Along the way, the crowds
welcoming him grew day by day.


274
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:31,720
When he arrived at the seashore,


275
00:20:31,720 --> 00:20:37,360
50,000 supporters, newsmen among
them, were waiting to greet him.


276
00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:44,960
Gandhi walked down
to the water's edge and
he scooped up some salty mud.


277
00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:48,280
With this handful of salt,


278
00:20:48,280 --> 00:20:52,880
I am shaking the foundations
of the British Empire.


279
00:20:55,200 --> 00:21:01,080
Focusing on salt was a stroke of
genius any spin doctor would envy.


280
00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:07,760
Indian salt production was
a British monopoly and it was taxed.


281
00:21:07,760 --> 00:21:11,520
Gandhi encouraged all Indians
to break the law


282
00:21:11,520 --> 00:21:15,640
by panning their own salt
and refusing to pay the salt tax.


283
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,840
It was an echo
of the Boston Tea Party.


284
00:21:22,120 --> 00:21:25,320
Gandhi was engaged
in a propaganda campaign


285
00:21:25,320 --> 00:21:30,600
and refusing to pay tax on salt
would remind the Americans


286
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:36,920
of their refusal to pay tax on tea
when they broke away
from the British Empire.


287
00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:41,960
So, by collecting the salt
and refusing to pay tax on it,


288
00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:44,360
Gandhi was challenging the British


289
00:21:44,360 --> 00:21:48,800
to make themselves look
both brutal and ridiculous.


290
00:21:50,280 --> 00:21:53,600
As mass protests
rippled across India,


291
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:58,880
the British authorities
decided to arrest Gandhi
and throw him into jail.


292
00:21:58,880 --> 00:22:02,280
Perfect! Just what he wanted.


293
00:22:04,360 --> 00:22:08,520
His arrest spurred even more people
to come onto the streets.


294
00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:13,560
Demonstrations
were ruthlessly put down.


295
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:20,600
Britain was humiliated
and condemned around the world.


296
00:22:23,360 --> 00:22:28,320
By the end of 1930, 60,000 peaceful
protesters had been imprisoned.


297
00:22:29,320 --> 00:22:32,280
The agonised Viceroy gave in.


298
00:22:32,280 --> 00:22:36,560
He had Gandhi released from prison
and invited him in for talks.


299
00:22:36,560 --> 00:22:37,600
Mr Gandhi.


300
00:22:37,600 --> 00:22:40,360
Lord Irwin.


301
00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,760
Would you care for some tea?
Tea would be perfect.


302
00:22:44,760 --> 00:22:47,240
This meeting was the turning point.


303
00:22:48,360 --> 00:22:55,040
They agreed a pact which would lead,
in stages, to India's independence.


304
00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:57,200
Sugar, Mr Gandhi?


305
00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,480
No, thank you.


306
00:22:59,480 --> 00:23:05,360
As the two men celebrated
with a cup of tea,
Gandhi had one final surprise.


307
00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:11,240
I am putting some salt
into my tea...


308
00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:17,920
..to remind us
of the historic Boston Tea Party.


309
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:21,440
Very good, Mr Gandhi.


310
00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:26,880
But in Britain,
not everybody was impressed.


311
00:23:26,880 --> 00:23:34,360
Back in London, Winston Churchill
was appalled to see Gandhi
posing as a fakir,


312
00:23:34,360 --> 00:23:39,960
striding half-naked up the steps
of the viceregal palace,


313
00:23:39,960 --> 00:23:45,960
to parlay on equal terms
with the representative
of the King Emperor.


314
00:23:45,960 --> 00:23:47,480
This is just the beginning.


315
00:23:47,480 --> 00:23:49,720
It took 16 years and a world war,


316
00:23:49,720 --> 00:23:52,800
but already the greatest empire
the world had ever seen


317
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:58,560
was lying, rather grandly,
on its deathbed.


318
00:24:00,800 --> 00:24:06,760
But in an age of so much political
horror and failure,


319
00:24:06,760 --> 00:24:12,400
Gandhi's legacy reached further
than independence for India.


320
00:24:12,400 --> 00:24:16,720
His philosophy
of non-violent resistance


321
00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,280
has been an inspiration
all around the world.


322
00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:29,280
"Non-violence is the greatest
force at the disposal of mankind.


323
00:24:29,280 --> 00:24:32,160
"It is mightier than the mightiest
weapon of destruction


324
00:24:32,160 --> 00:24:34,960
"devised by the ingenuity of man.


325
00:24:36,480 --> 00:24:39,680
"Non-violence is a weapon
for the brave."


326
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:47,560
Adolf Hitler could never understand
Britain's queasy response to Gandhi.


327
00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:51,840
"All you have to do," he told
Lord Irwin, "is shoot Gandhi.


328
00:24:51,840 --> 00:24:55,680
"You'd be surprised how quickly
the trouble will die down."


329
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:02,920
During the Second World War,


330
00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:06,480
the capitalist democracies
of Britain and America


331
00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:11,640
allied themselves with communist
Russia against fascism.


332
00:25:11,640 --> 00:25:16,240
This was a necessary pact
but a diabolical one as well.


333
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:21,840
Both the Nazis and the Soviets
believed in the power of science,


334
00:25:21,840 --> 00:25:26,360
racial science in Germany and
the science of class war in Russia,


335
00:25:26,360 --> 00:25:28,960
pseudo-science.


336
00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:34,400
Both thought that if you could
get rid of whole classes of people,


337
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:39,320
Jews, Gypsies, rich peasants
and the bourgeoisie,


338
00:25:39,320 --> 00:25:41,440
you could build a new world.


339
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:48,080
And in the heartlands
of central Europe they put
their theories into action.


340
00:25:57,840 --> 00:26:02,600
On the 29th of September, 1941,


341
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:07,360
here, at a ravine outside Kiev,


342
00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:14,240
33,761 Ukrainian Jews,


343
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:19,560
who had turned up on time, as they'd
been asked, carrying their suitcases,


344
00:26:19,560 --> 00:26:22,840
their children warmly dressed,


345
00:26:22,840 --> 00:26:29,680
were stripped naked and shot
in batches of ten by the Germans.


346
00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:33,480
It took 36 hours.


347
00:26:36,280 --> 00:26:38,240
Babi Yar.


348
00:26:48,920 --> 00:26:52,320
Nothing was worse than
what the Nazis did,


349
00:26:52,320 --> 00:26:55,480
but their job here
had been made easier


350
00:26:55,480 --> 00:26:59,680
by what the Russian communists
had already done.


351
00:27:00,680 --> 00:27:06,760
Eight years before, they too had
rounded up whole classes of enemies


352
00:27:06,760 --> 00:27:09,280
and overseen a famine


353
00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:17,000
which left the villages
and the streets of Kiev littered
with the dead and dying,


354
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:21,240
so bad that families
ate their own children.


355
00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:25,120
Reds and Nazis.


356
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:28,640
Sadly...not ogres.


357
00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,760
Human beings with a big idea.


358
00:27:39,320 --> 00:27:44,680
No leaders emerged morally untouched
from the Second World War,


359
00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:51,120
and, to end that war, the great
democracy, America, had to confront


360
00:27:51,120 --> 00:27:54,080
a hideous moral dilemma of its own.


361
00:28:11,480 --> 00:28:16,560
The top-secret American operation
to build and use the atom bomb


362
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:21,480
would challenge the humanitarian
values on which democracy is built.


363
00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:26,080
It was led by one of the most
intriguing minds of the 20th century.


364
00:28:27,040 --> 00:28:32,520
J Robert Oppenheimer
was a curious mix of a man.


365
00:28:32,520 --> 00:28:36,800
He was fascinated by other cultures
and the religions of the east,


366
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:39,040
and, in politics, a man of the left.


367
00:28:39,040 --> 00:28:42,360
In fact, he even flirted
with communism before the war,


368
00:28:42,360 --> 00:28:47,800
and so you might think a strange
choice to head a project like this.


369
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:54,320
But he was a brilliant theoretical
physicist and a charismatic leader.


370
00:28:54,320 --> 00:28:57,960
By the summer of 1945,
Oppenheimer's bomb,


371
00:28:57,960 --> 00:29:00,840
codenamed Little Boy, was ready.


372
00:29:00,840 --> 00:29:03,920
The target, Hiroshima.


373
00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:08,640
After Germany's defeat,
Japan had fought on.


374
00:29:08,640 --> 00:29:13,920
Now Japanese civilians would pay for
their leaders' refusal to surrender.


375
00:29:15,560 --> 00:29:17,320
CLOCK TICKS


376
00:29:17,320 --> 00:29:19,440
CHILDREN SHOUT


377
00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:25,560
The strike was set
for Monday, the 6th of August.


378
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:27,480
CLOCK TICKS


379
00:29:27,480 --> 00:29:29,520
CHILDREN SHOUT


380
00:29:34,080 --> 00:29:37,960
There were American scientists who
didn't believe in deploying the bomb,


381
00:29:37,960 --> 00:29:42,920
but Oppenheimer argued strongly
that it had to be used.


382
00:29:42,920 --> 00:29:47,000
There was a chance
that the bomb would end all war,


383
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:53,640
but, for that to happen,
the whole world had to see
its full horrific potential.


384
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:58,720
And so this man,
with his cultured sophisticated mind


385
00:29:58,720 --> 00:30:00,520
and his humanitarian values,


386
00:30:00,520 --> 00:30:06,200
spent a great deal of time
calculating the exact height at which
to detonate the bomb


387
00:30:06,200 --> 00:30:10,720
so that it would kill
the maximum number of people.


388
00:30:12,520 --> 00:30:15,440
CLOCK TICKS


389
00:30:22,240 --> 00:30:24,240
CLOCK TICKS


390
00:30:27,840 --> 00:30:30,480
TICKING


391
00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:37,200
TICKING


392
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:07,640
PHONE RINGS


393
00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,480
PHONE RINGS


394
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:15,800
Oppenheimer.


395
00:31:18,680 --> 00:31:20,280
Thank you.


396
00:31:23,320 --> 00:31:28,000
This morning,
at 8.16, Japanese time,


397
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:32,640
a B-29 bomber was successfully
deployed above Hiroshima.


398
00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,080
APPLAUSE


399
00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,000
Hiroshima is a big word.


400
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,320
This is a big story.


401
00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:27,120
Let's try and bring it
down in scale a bit.


402
00:32:28,480 --> 00:32:36,560
This is a woman's watch,
hands fused to the time of the blast.


403
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:45,440
Around 400 young children
were here with their ten teachers
when the bomb went off,


404
00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:50,160
and all but one was
burned to death immediately.


405
00:32:51,400 --> 00:32:58,200
In a three-mile radius of the blast,
almost everybody suffered
fatal burns,


406
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:03,160
and, beyond that, there were
mass blindings from the flash,


407
00:33:03,160 --> 00:33:06,760
and then of course came
the radiation sickness,


408
00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:11,920
killing many thousands in the days
and weeks and years that followed.


409
00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:22,720
Stubbornly, incomprehensibly,
Japan still refused to surrender,


410
00:33:22,720 --> 00:33:28,640
so, three days later,
a second atomic bomb was dropped,
this time on Nagasaki.


411
00:33:32,920 --> 00:33:36,720
In the two attacks, up to
a third of a million people died.


412
00:33:38,480 --> 00:33:41,680
Now Japan finally admitted defeat.


413
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:48,880
On the evening of
the 14th of August, 1945,


414
00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,120
the Second World War came to an end.


415
00:33:56,120 --> 00:34:00,440
There are plenty of places
around the world where
terrible things happened.


416
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:03,960
What makes this one different
is the thought


417
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:10,240
that what happened to Hiroshima
could happen almost anywhere else.


418
00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,600
I certainly grew up
in the 1960s and '70s


419
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:17,840
thinking that my home town in
Scotland and the people I loved


420
00:34:17,840 --> 00:34:20,080
could be nuclear victims,


421
00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:24,480
and people were thinking just the
same all across America and in Russia


422
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,400
and France and Germany
and many other places.


423
00:34:28,480 --> 00:34:34,720
"We shall not repeat this evil,"
says the monument behind me.


424
00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:41,720
But was this the end of something
or was it the beginning?


425
00:34:42,680 --> 00:34:45,400
We still cannot be sure.


426
00:34:50,080 --> 00:34:53,840
Dropping the atom bomb
changed the world forever,


427
00:34:53,840 --> 00:34:57,720
and nobody felt the ambiguity of this
more than its creator.


428
00:34:57,720 --> 00:34:59,320
A few weeks afterwards,


429
00:34:59,320 --> 00:35:04,400
Oppenheimer resigned his post
on the nuclear programme.


430
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:08,440
Later he reflected openly
on his...achievement.


431
00:35:09,520 --> 00:35:13,640
We have made a thing,
a most terrible weapon,


432
00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:18,040
that has altered abruptly and
profoundly the nature of the world.


433
00:35:20,040 --> 00:35:24,760
A thing that by all standards
of the world that we grew up in


434
00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:26,200
is an evil thing.


435
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:29,600
And so by doing,


436
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:34,800
we have raised the question
of whether science is good for man.


437
00:35:53,560 --> 00:35:56,840
In later life, Oppenheimer
described on television


438
00:35:56,840 --> 00:36:02,960
how he was haunted by
a line he had once read
in an ancient Hindu scripture.


439
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:09,120
"Now I am become death,
the destroyer of worlds."


440
00:36:11,480 --> 00:36:14,880
I suppose we all thought
that one way or another.


441
00:36:26,600 --> 00:36:30,560
The nuclear arms race
between communists and capitalists


442
00:36:30,560 --> 00:36:32,840
terrified the world.


443
00:36:35,480 --> 00:36:39,800
But the horrific promise
of mutually assured destruction


444
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:44,880
did preserve a fragile peace
between the superpowers.


445
00:36:44,880 --> 00:36:48,480
# Doo-doo-doo-doot, sh-boom


446
00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:51,720
# Life could be a dream
if I could take you up... #


447
00:36:51,720 --> 00:36:56,120
It allowed the rival systems
to test their own economic power,


448
00:36:56,120 --> 00:37:01,000
and in the West, the sheer energy
of capitalism was unleashed
as never before,


449
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:09,520
producing a gushing abundance
of goods, a colourful gloss
of material plenty.


450
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:12,760
# Life could be a dream
if only all my precious dreams... #


451
00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:15,800
It was a time when
everything seemed possible.


452
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:17,840
MISSION CONTROL:
'This is Apollo Launch Control.'


453
00:37:17,840 --> 00:37:20,760
'Five, four, three, two...


454
00:37:21,760 --> 00:37:24,320
'..one.'


455
00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:39,200
'OK, all flight controllers.
Go/no-go for landing.


456
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:41,760
'Retro. FIDO. Guidance. Control.'
OTHERS: Go.


457
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:44,560
'TelCom. GNC. EECOM. Surgeon.'
OTHERS: Go.


458
00:37:44,560 --> 00:37:46,000
'CapCom, we are go for landing.'


459
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,480
'Eagle, Houston.
You're go for landing. Over.'


460
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:03,160
'OK, Neil, we can see you
coming down the ladder now.'


461
00:38:06,720 --> 00:38:10,320
'It's, er, different,
but it's very pretty out here.'


462
00:38:12,640 --> 00:38:15,160
But as the West went moony,


463
00:38:15,160 --> 00:38:17,960
on the other side
of the earth's great divide,


464
00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:22,680
daily life was descending
into another political nightmare.


465
00:38:33,880 --> 00:38:37,000
SHOUTING IN MANDARIN


466
00:38:40,120 --> 00:38:44,880
The People's Republic of China,
July 1967.


467
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:48,640
Fanatical gangs,
known as the Red Guards,


468
00:38:48,640 --> 00:38:52,760
were hunting down anyone
suspected of betraying the ideas


469
00:38:52,760 --> 00:38:56,520
of the Chinese communist leader,
Chairman Mao Ze Dong.


470
00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:59,280
SHOUTING IN MANDARIN


471
00:38:59,280 --> 00:39:02,240
The name of this victim,
Deng Xiaoping.


472
00:39:04,600 --> 00:39:07,880
SHOUTING IN MANDARIN


473
00:39:07,880 --> 00:39:12,160
One day, he'd become
the most powerful man in China,


474
00:39:12,160 --> 00:39:18,440
the leader who would turn the country
into the economic powerhouse
that it is today.


475
00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:21,520
SPEAKING MANDARIN


476
00:39:21,520 --> 00:39:25,000
Deng was one of the original
Chinese communists.


477
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:26,920
He'd been a guerrilla fighter,


478
00:39:26,920 --> 00:39:30,960
he'd led armies for Mao
from the early days right through
to the final victory,


479
00:39:30,960 --> 00:39:32,240
and Mao liked him a lot.


480
00:39:32,240 --> 00:39:34,480
He called him "the little man"


481
00:39:34,480 --> 00:39:39,000
and he'd drawn Deng into the tight
group of people who really ran China,


482
00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:45,120
but now Deng was on his knees
being screamed at by the Red Guards,


483
00:39:45,120 --> 00:39:47,200
the fanatical foot soldiers


484
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:51,880
of the wildest social experiment
ever to hit modern China,


485
00:39:51,880 --> 00:39:54,800
the Cultural Revolution.


486
00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:57,520
(CHANTING)


487
00:39:57,520 --> 00:40:01,720
The Cultural Revolution
meant a vast purge


488
00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:04,440
of anyone thought to stand in the way


489
00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:10,440
of Chairman Mao's long march
towards a communist utopia.


490
00:40:10,440 --> 00:40:14,560
Once again, innocent individuals
were being sacrificed


491
00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:19,320
to the big idea of a deluded tyrant.


492
00:40:19,320 --> 00:40:24,520
Mao called for a war
against the Four Olds -


493
00:40:24,520 --> 00:40:29,720
old thinking, old culture,
old customs, old habits.


494
00:40:29,720 --> 00:40:31,920
CHANTING


495
00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:39,880
It's estimated that
millions of people died
in the Cultural Revolution.


496
00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:45,800
The Chinese government itself says
that 100 million people suffered.


497
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:51,200
Mao had quite deliberately
unleashed social anarchy,


498
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:55,920
a war against the past,
a war against moderation...


499
00:40:56,920 --> 00:40:59,480
..a war against common sense.


500
00:41:07,040 --> 00:41:11,120
Mao's warped economic reforms
had led to famines


501
00:41:11,120 --> 00:41:14,680
in which up to
45 million people died.


502
00:41:16,120 --> 00:41:19,320
Deng Xiaoping fell foul
of Mao's Red Guards


503
00:41:19,320 --> 00:41:23,720
for daring to suggest there might be
a better way of running the economy.


504
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:27,680
At the 1961 party conference,


505
00:41:27,680 --> 00:41:32,240
Deng argued that economic growth
mattered more than communist theory


506
00:41:32,240 --> 00:41:35,560
and he quoted an old peasant saying,


507
00:41:35,560 --> 00:41:39,640
"It doesn't matter
if the cat is black or white.


508
00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:42,400
"If it catches mice,
it's a good cat."


509
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:44,160
Now, this was dangerous stuff.


510
00:41:44,160 --> 00:41:48,440
It suggested that he thought
there was an alternative way
for China to modernise,


511
00:41:48,440 --> 00:41:51,960
not necessarily Chairman Mao's way.


512
00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:54,080
BIRDSONG


513
00:41:57,960 --> 00:42:00,280
After his public denunciation,


514
00:42:00,280 --> 00:42:04,800
Deng Xiaoping was exiled
to work in a tractor factory.


515
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:12,520
Then the Red Guards
came looking for his son, Pufang,


516
00:42:12,520 --> 00:42:15,960
a brilliant student
at Beijing University.


517
00:42:17,040 --> 00:42:20,360
HE GROANS


518
00:42:27,160 --> 00:42:31,080
He was ordered to confess
to his father's treason.


519
00:42:34,720 --> 00:42:37,000
HE GROANS AND GASPS


520
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:42,760
HE GROANS


521
00:42:44,280 --> 00:42:47,040
HE SPEAKS MANDARIN


522
00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:53,040
The guards told him,
"The window is your only exit."


523
00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:55,080
BIRDSONG


524
00:42:57,480 --> 00:43:00,040
HE GASPS


525
00:43:03,040 --> 00:43:04,960
HE SCREAMS


526
00:43:04,960 --> 00:43:06,760
THUD


527
00:43:08,560 --> 00:43:14,520
Pufang was paralysed but was refused
proper care in hospital.


528
00:43:17,640 --> 00:43:21,120
Deng desperately begged
for news of his son.


529
00:43:21,120 --> 00:43:24,280
Eventually, Pufang
was sent to join him in exile,


530
00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:27,800
where the old communist
became a good father,


531
00:43:27,800 --> 00:43:32,840
trying, unsuccessfully,
to massage his boy back to health.


532
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:36,960
In time, Mao relented,


533
00:43:36,960 --> 00:43:41,720
and Deng was welcomed back to Beijing
as if nothing had happened.


534
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:47,400
When Mao died in 1976,


535
00:43:47,400 --> 00:43:52,760
the great survivor seized the chance
of a political comeback.


536
00:43:56,200 --> 00:44:01,360
Within two years, Deng was
the most powerful man in China.


537
00:44:02,640 --> 00:44:06,120
Deng's moment had come,
and what a moment!


538
00:44:06,120 --> 00:44:13,520
He took China right round towards
roaring full-throttle capitalism.


539
00:44:14,560 --> 00:44:19,240
Under Deng,
China's repressive state continued,


540
00:44:19,240 --> 00:44:21,040
but he began welding together


541
00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:26,760
the two big ideas that had divided
the world in the 20th century.


542
00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:31,240
For him, capitalism in a communist
country wasn't a contradiction.


543
00:44:31,240 --> 00:44:34,480
It was a pragmatic solution.


544
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:40,120
Since Deng's reforms were introduced,
China's economy has been growing


545
00:44:40,120 --> 00:44:45,880
at an average of nearly 10% a year
every year.


546
00:44:45,880 --> 00:44:50,200
It's on track to become the world's
biggest economy by 2016.


547
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:58,640
But there's a twist to this story,
because Deng Xiaoping wasn't
the only survivor.


548
00:44:58,640 --> 00:45:02,280
From his wheelchair, his son,
Deng Pufang,


549
00:45:02,280 --> 00:45:07,680
is today one of the most influential
voices in China for humanitarianism


550
00:45:07,680 --> 00:45:12,400
and, in 2008, he was part of the team
behind the Beijing Olympics.


551
00:45:14,120 --> 00:45:17,520
The father's message was
all about economic growth,


552
00:45:17,520 --> 00:45:19,760
and that is very important.


553
00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:24,800
But the son's message is about
the importance of compassion,


554
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,240
and, in the end,
that may matter more.


555
00:45:28,240 --> 00:45:31,120
CHATTER, WHOOPS AND WHISTLING


556
00:45:35,520 --> 00:45:41,320
The great standoff between dynamic
capitalism and tottering communism


557
00:45:41,320 --> 00:45:47,000
came to a dramatic end with the fall
of the Berlin Wall in 1989.


558
00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:52,880
With the Cold War over, there was
wild talk about the end of history.


559
00:45:52,880 --> 00:45:55,880
Mao, Stalin and Hitler


560
00:45:55,880 --> 00:46:01,920
had all attempted to reshape humanity
using political terror.


561
00:46:05,240 --> 00:46:11,160
But now it seemed there was
only one way forward - capitalism.


562
00:46:13,080 --> 00:46:16,120
But history didn't stop.


563
00:46:16,120 --> 00:46:18,720
Other people were trying
to reshape the merely human


564
00:46:18,720 --> 00:46:25,080
and they included scientists working
in the beating heart of capitalism,
New York.


565
00:46:28,640 --> 00:46:32,320
In 1997, a game of chess began.


566
00:46:33,960 --> 00:46:39,000
The defender, the reigning world
chess champion, Garry Kasparov.


567
00:46:41,040 --> 00:46:46,200
The challenger,
a supercomputer built by IBM.


568
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:48,280
It had a name.


569
00:46:48,280 --> 00:46:50,560
Deep Blue.


570
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:52,400
NEWSCASTER: 'The world of chess
is bracing itself


571
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:56,120
'for what they're calling
the match of the century.'


572
00:46:56,120 --> 00:47:02,120
The match between man and machine
was dubbed "the brain's last stand".


573
00:47:04,840 --> 00:47:09,960
Chess has always been seen as one
of the ultimate tests of human memory


574
00:47:09,960 --> 00:47:14,200
and concentration
and planning and intuition.


575
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:18,000
There are said to be more possible
moves in a game of chess


576
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,520
than there are atoms in the universe.


577
00:47:21,520 --> 00:47:25,960
Human chess players deal
with this extraordinary complexity


578
00:47:25,960 --> 00:47:30,840
by seeing patterns, using their
imagination and their intuition.


579
00:47:30,840 --> 00:47:33,640
Computers can only grind the numbers.


580
00:47:33,640 --> 00:47:36,040
They have no intuition.


581
00:47:37,240 --> 00:47:38,960
Or so people thought.


582
00:47:44,480 --> 00:47:47,680
Kasparov opened the first game
with a classic attack.


583
00:47:51,160 --> 00:47:56,080
An IBM expert was carrying out
the moves dictated by the computer.


584
00:47:57,760 --> 00:48:03,120
A chess genius like Kasparov
could calculate three moves a second.


585
00:48:03,120 --> 00:48:04,760
But in that same second,


586
00:48:04,760 --> 00:48:10,840
his electronic opponent could process
200 million possible moves.


587
00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:23,360
The world champion played
an aggressive first game.


588
00:48:24,640 --> 00:48:27,480
After four hours,
he'd gained the upper hand.


589
00:48:28,880 --> 00:48:34,400
If this was the brain's last stand,
the brain seemed to be
doing pretty well.


590
00:48:36,400 --> 00:48:38,120
CLICKS TIMER


591
00:48:38,120 --> 00:48:40,800
Deep Blue conceded defeat.


592
00:48:43,720 --> 00:48:45,600
AUDIENCE APPLAUDS


593
00:48:47,080 --> 00:48:50,360
NEWSCASTER: 'And Gary Kasparov has
won the first game against Deep Blue


594
00:48:50,360 --> 00:48:52,480
'in fantastic style.'


595
00:48:55,920 --> 00:48:58,200
The second game was the turning point


596
00:48:58,200 --> 00:49:01,280
in the match
between man and machine.


597
00:49:05,360 --> 00:49:09,160
Kasparov tried to lure Deep Blue
into a trap.


598
00:49:11,760 --> 00:49:15,360
But the computer
didn't take the bait.


599
00:49:22,040 --> 00:49:23,960
It went quiet.


600
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:31,520
It processed its options...


601
00:49:34,880 --> 00:49:38,080
..for a full 15 minutes.


602
00:49:41,880 --> 00:49:47,440
Then it ignored the trap and made a
brilliant strategic move of its own.


603
00:49:48,880 --> 00:49:50,960
This was the decisive moment.


604
00:49:52,640 --> 00:49:56,360
It almost seemed
as if the computer had been thinking.


605
00:49:57,960 --> 00:50:03,520
The great master was being
outsmarted by a circuit board.


606
00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:11,680
Kasparov tried to escape...


607
00:50:12,760 --> 00:50:15,080
..but every manoeuvre was futile.


608
00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:21,920
There was no way out.


609
00:50:23,800 --> 00:50:26,960
The machine had beaten the man.


610
00:50:28,200 --> 00:50:29,600
AUDIENCE APPLAUD


611
00:50:29,600 --> 00:50:32,840
NEWSCASTER:
'And Kasparov has resigned.'


612
00:50:39,440 --> 00:50:46,640
Kasparov said later, "Deep Blue sees
so deeply, it plays like God."


613
00:50:48,880 --> 00:50:50,760
VEHICLES SOUND HORNS


614
00:50:52,120 --> 00:50:58,320
The idea of machines waking up
and becoming cleverer than we are


615
00:50:58,320 --> 00:51:03,240
is something that has long haunted
science fiction and Hollywood,


616
00:51:03,240 --> 00:51:09,480
but it is the cold belief of many
scientists that this will happen


617
00:51:09,480 --> 00:51:13,600
and in the lifetime
of many of the people watching this.


618
00:51:14,560 --> 00:51:19,560
If so, it would be the greatest
achievement of humanity


619
00:51:19,560 --> 00:51:22,440
since the invention of agriculture,


620
00:51:22,440 --> 00:51:28,680
but it would be one which challenged
the very idea of what it is
to be human.


621
00:51:34,360 --> 00:51:39,840
We are now, all of us,
living in an age of acceleration,


622
00:51:39,840 --> 00:51:47,360
a frothing torrent of invention,
devices, interconnectedness
and smart everything.


623
00:51:47,360 --> 00:51:52,120
More of us on earth live longer,
healthier and wealthier lives


624
00:51:52,120 --> 00:51:55,000
than our ancestors
would have imagined possible.


625
00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:01,400
But all this consumption
hasn't come free.


626
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:06,480
We've ripped through
rainforests like the Amazon.


627
00:52:07,520 --> 00:52:12,000
We've caused the extinction
of other creatures and
we've affected the climate.


628
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:20,680
It's hard to imagine the shock
early humans would have felt


629
00:52:20,680 --> 00:52:24,200
if they were suddenly confronted
by modern humanity.


630
00:52:27,720 --> 00:52:31,880
Except that,
at the end of the 20th century,


631
00:52:31,880 --> 00:52:35,760
that is exactly what happened
to a small group of Indians


632
00:52:35,760 --> 00:52:41,720
who'd lived a semi-nomadic lifestyle
for thousands of years
in South America.


633
00:52:51,160 --> 00:52:57,920
Parojnai, Ibore
and their five children
were members of the Ayoreo tribe.


634
00:53:01,800 --> 00:53:07,160
'We thought that the beast
with the metal skin could see us.


635
00:53:07,160 --> 00:53:12,680
'We thought that it had seen our
garden and came to eat the fruit


636
00:53:12,680 --> 00:53:14,320
'and to eat us too.'


637
00:53:15,480 --> 00:53:18,560
And of course they were quite right.


638
00:53:18,560 --> 00:53:23,000
The bulldozer had come to eat their
land and their way of life.


639
00:53:26,040 --> 00:53:29,840
'Parojnai asked me
if I was scared of the stranger.


640
00:53:31,160 --> 00:53:33,440
'I said I'm not scared.


641
00:53:33,440 --> 00:53:36,080
'So we went to get a closer look.'


642
00:53:52,440 --> 00:53:54,480
BANGING ON DOOR >


643
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:12,280
SHE SPEAKS IN OWN LANGUAGE


644
00:54:12,280 --> 00:54:15,040
Ibore tried to reassure the stranger.


645
00:54:15,040 --> 00:54:17,200
"There's no reason to run," she said.


646
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:18,480
"We are good people."


647
00:54:18,480 --> 00:54:20,120
HE SPEAKS IN OWN LANGUAGE


648
00:54:33,040 --> 00:54:34,080
Fernando.


649
00:54:35,880 --> 00:54:38,320
Hey?


650
00:54:39,360 --> 00:54:41,520
They may have been separated


651
00:54:41,520 --> 00:54:44,760
by thousands of years
of human development,


652
00:54:44,760 --> 00:54:52,000
but on both sides, their tastes,
their needs, proved humanly familiar.


653
00:54:53,040 --> 00:54:57,400
Decoration, nice things,
a shared humanity.


654
00:54:57,400 --> 00:54:59,560
LAUGHTER


655
00:54:59,560 --> 00:55:01,560
Barcelona, Barcelona!


656
00:55:01,560 --> 00:55:04,880
Yeah, Barcelona. You know football.


657
00:55:14,880 --> 00:55:19,040
Under the layers of experience
that we call progress,


658
00:55:19,040 --> 00:55:22,320
we're still driven by the same
instincts and desires


659
00:55:22,320 --> 00:55:26,680
that ruled us right at the beginning
of the human story.


660
00:55:26,680 --> 00:55:30,280
Today we're armed with gadgets,
computers, phones,


661
00:55:30,280 --> 00:55:32,080
and what do we do with them?


662
00:55:32,080 --> 00:55:37,320
The same shopping,
gossiping, consuming


663
00:55:37,320 --> 00:55:41,640
and sometimes protesting
that we've always done.


664
00:55:43,640 --> 00:55:48,440
Only now there are seven billion
of us and rising rapidly.


665
00:55:48,440 --> 00:55:50,840
Either we manage differently,


666
00:55:50,840 --> 00:55:57,840
no longer devouring quite so much
so fast of the earth's
natural resources,


667
00:55:57,840 --> 00:56:00,640
or we'll have to shrink our numbers.


668
00:56:04,720 --> 00:56:11,280
So, the decisions we make in the next
50 years may well decide our fate.


669
00:56:12,920 --> 00:56:18,080
I'm in what's said to be the largest
shantytown in South America,


670
00:56:18,080 --> 00:56:24,680
and yet it's also got a dynamic
vibrant democracy, producing growth.


671
00:56:24,680 --> 00:56:27,400
This is a shantytown on the way up.


672
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:30,480
It's got a bit of law and order.
It's got some businesses.


673
00:56:30,480 --> 00:56:35,400
Now, Brazil is going to be one of the
most important countries in the world


674
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:37,480
in the century ahead.


675
00:56:37,480 --> 00:56:41,800
If they can get the balance
between a better life and democracy


676
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:44,560
without destroying the environment...


677
00:56:44,560 --> 00:56:49,000
Big if, but if they can get
that balance right here in Brazil,


678
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,440
then perhaps mankind
can get it right.


679
00:56:56,080 --> 00:57:01,480
But getting it right must mean
drawing on our past experience.


680
00:57:01,480 --> 00:57:07,120
What else have we got to learn from
but our history, all of our history?


681
00:57:07,120 --> 00:57:09,720
The history of the world.


682
00:57:11,080 --> 00:57:14,920
Homo sapiens means "wise man".


683
00:57:14,920 --> 00:57:16,600
Really?


684
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:18,720
Clever, certainly.


685
00:57:18,720 --> 00:57:22,000
Our technical accomplishments,
awesome.


686
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:27,120
We understand our planet, the origins
of our universe, even ourselves,


687
00:57:27,120 --> 00:57:29,160
as we've never done before,


688
00:57:29,160 --> 00:57:31,360
and we live in societies


689
00:57:31,360 --> 00:57:35,080
much less violent than most of those
you've seen in this series.


690
00:57:35,080 --> 00:57:43,160
But we are still deadly dangerous,
very greedy and bad at looking ahead.


691
00:57:43,160 --> 00:57:48,320
I'd say we're a clever ape
in a spot of bother.


692
00:57:48,320 --> 00:57:53,120
Societies have faced catastrophe
before and found ways through them,


693
00:57:53,120 --> 00:57:56,120
and there's no reason
why we can't do the same.


694
00:57:57,080 --> 00:57:59,000
But at the end of this series,


695
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:04,920
the only absolutely clear and safe
prediction that I can give you


696
00:58:04,920 --> 00:58:11,200
is that the most interesting part
of human history lies just ahead.


697
00:58:19,160 --> 00:58:24,000
If you'd like to know a little bit
more about how the past is revealed,


698
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:27,640
you can order a free booklet called
How Do They Know That?


699
00:58:27,640 --> 00:58:32,960
Just call:


700
00:58:32,960 --> 00:58:38,400
Or go to:


701
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:41,000
and follow the links
to the Open University.


702
00:58:48,320 --> 00:58:51,480
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd