1
00:00:04,967 --> 00:00:07,845
NARRATOR Over 2,000 years,
they will forge a nation,

2
00:00:09,327 --> 00:00:10,555
dominate the globe

3
00:00:11,567 --> 00:00:13,398
and invent the modern world.

4
00:00:17,887 --> 00:00:20,685
This is the story of
how a small group of islands

5
00:00:20,767 --> 00:00:22,359
becomes a superpower.

6
00:00:24,407 --> 00:00:25,726
The British.

7
00:00:26,447 --> 00:00:28,517
This is our story.

8
00:00:41,927 --> 00:00:44,157
1 85 1, London.

9
00:00:44,647 --> 00:00:49,004
1n the reign of Queen Victoria,
The Great Exhibition.

10
00:00:50,887 --> 00:00:55,039
Six million visitors have
come to see 1 00,000 exhibits,

11
00:00:56,847 --> 00:00:59,839
showcasing the British Empire
at its height.

12
00:01:01,487 --> 00:01:05,002
The Times says it would take
200 hours to see it all.

13
00:01:10,087 --> 00:01:12,999
It was, ''Look at us.

14
00:01:13,087 --> 00:01:14,566
''We're the coolest people
on the planet.''

15
00:01:15,087 --> 00:01:19,080
1t was symbolic of all the good things
that we could possibly do, culturally.

16
00:01:20,367 --> 00:01:24,360
It was a big pat on the back
for the British public.

17
00:01:28,887 --> 00:01:31,526
NARRATOR The first nation
to industrialise,

18
00:01:32,127 --> 00:01:35,199
Britain leads the world in manufacture,

19
00:01:35,407 --> 00:01:39,002
trade and engineering,

20
00:01:42,407 --> 00:01:45,240
but at a terrible human cost.

21
00:01:48,407 --> 00:01:50,875
The Victorians must now
face the challenges

22
00:01:50,967 --> 00:01:53,879
of filthy,
overcrowded industrial cities.

23
00:01:54,527 --> 00:01:57,519
Crime, poverty,

24
00:01:58,687 --> 00:02:00,086
disease

25
00:02:01,687 --> 00:02:03,086
and vice.

26
00:02:06,167 --> 00:02:09,603
The Industrial Revolution
is at the same time

27
00:02:09,687 --> 00:02:10,836
heaven and hell.

28
00:02:10,927 --> 00:02:12,963
It is paradise and inferno.

29
00:02:17,487 --> 00:02:18,920
NARRATOR But The Great Exhibition

30
00:02:19,007 --> 00:02:21,521
reflects only the Empire's achievements.

31
00:02:25,807 --> 00:02:28,446
Housed in a dazzling Crystal Palace,

32
00:02:28,527 --> 00:02:32,520
constructed with 290,000 panes of glass,

33
00:02:32,607 --> 00:02:35,758
it's six times bigger
than Saint Paul's Cathedral,

34
00:02:35,847 --> 00:02:38,725
the size of ten football pitches.

35
00:02:42,327 --> 00:02:43,680
JEREMY IRONS There,
in the middle of Hyde Park,

36
00:02:43,767 --> 00:02:45,883
this huge palace, this edifice

37
00:02:45,967 --> 00:02:48,481
was erected,
which was filled with all the objects

38
00:02:48,567 --> 00:02:49,795
that we were proud of.

39
00:02:50,127 --> 00:02:51,765
And it must've been quite magical,

40
00:02:51,847 --> 00:02:55,044
as Londoners weaved through
this glass palace.

41
00:02:55,687 --> 00:03:00,238
And, uh, marvelled
at what was now possible.

42
00:03:04,207 --> 00:03:06,516
NARRATOR Behind the scenes
at the Crystal Palace,

43
00:03:06,607 --> 00:03:09,246
George Jennings, a Hampshire plumber,

44
00:03:09,327 --> 00:03:12,000
is about to unveil an innovation
which will prove more popular

45
00:03:12,087 --> 00:03:13,679
than any of the exhibits.

46
00:03:14,247 --> 00:03:15,965
One that he hopes will transform

47
00:03:16,047 --> 00:03:18,686
the stinking streets of Britain
and the world.

48
00:03:20,007 --> 00:03:22,396
GEORGE JENNINGS The civilisation
of a people can be measured

49
00:03:22,487 --> 00:03:25,684
by their domestic
and sanitary appliances.

50
00:03:27,887 --> 00:03:30,242
NARRATOR For Jennings,
The Great Exhibition

51
00:03:30,327 --> 00:03:32,966
is the perfect opportunity
to test his vision.

52
00:03:34,767 --> 00:03:38,680
Until now, the few public toilets
are filthy cesspits,

53
00:03:38,767 --> 00:03:41,486
and men relieve themselves
in the foul streets.

54
00:03:43,727 --> 00:03:46,525
With so many visitors
expected to The Exhibition,

55
00:03:46,607 --> 00:03:48,279
The Times fears,

56
00:03:48,967 --> 00:03:50,844
''The doors, porticos and railings

57
00:03:50,927 --> 00:03:53,236
''of our squares and public buildings

58
00:03:53,327 --> 00:03:55,841
''will become the receptacles
of impurity. ''

59
00:03:58,207 --> 00:04:01,005
But Jennings thinks he has the answer.

60
00:04:02,447 --> 00:04:04,642
PORTILLO It's just
so difficult for us to imagine

61
00:04:04,727 --> 00:04:07,639
that these Victorians, in their finery,

62
00:04:08,047 --> 00:04:10,561
so civilised, so beautifully presented,

63
00:04:10,647 --> 00:04:12,638
actually had to do
their bodily functions

64
00:04:12,727 --> 00:04:17,482
in conditions that we would regard
as absolutely appalling.

65
00:04:17,647 --> 00:04:19,478
Vince, I think we're almost there.

66
00:04:19,567 --> 00:04:23,242
PORTILLO So when they come across
a machine, a device

67
00:04:23,327 --> 00:04:25,795
that enables them to do those things

68
00:04:25,887 --> 00:04:29,038
in the civilised way that
they must always have craved,

69
00:04:29,127 --> 00:04:32,005
of course it was
the most popular exhibit.

70
00:04:41,207 --> 00:04:45,564
NARRATOR On May 1, 1 85 1,
at The Great Exhibition,

71
00:04:45,647 --> 00:04:50,004
George Jennings opens Britain's
first-ever public flushing loos.

72
00:04:53,087 --> 00:04:56,966
Over five months,
800,000 customers queue,

73
00:04:57,047 --> 00:04:59,003
paying one penny for the privilege.

74
00:05:04,447 --> 00:05:07,723
From this moment,
the expression ''To spend a penny''

75
00:05:07,807 --> 00:05:10,116
is said to enter the English language.

76
00:05:12,167 --> 00:05:14,840
Jennings' invention is a huge success.

77
00:05:18,327 --> 00:05:19,555
Over the next decade,

78
00:05:19,647 --> 00:05:23,435
thousands of flushing loos are installed
in the homes of the wealthy,

79
00:05:23,527 --> 00:05:25,757
inventing the modern bathroom.

80
00:05:29,567 --> 00:05:32,957
Jennings becomes Britain's
first millionaire plumber.

81
00:05:33,047 --> 00:05:34,560
Tell your friends, tell your family.

82
00:05:34,647 --> 00:05:36,205
Please, spread the word.

83
00:05:41,887 --> 00:05:43,081
ANTHONY HOROWITZ British inventiveness

84
00:05:43,167 --> 00:05:45,044
has changed the world

85
00:05:45,127 --> 00:05:47,243
over and over again.

86
00:05:47,327 --> 00:05:49,204
A hundred years later,

87
00:05:49,287 --> 00:05:53,758
millions and millions of people
around the planet would use this device.

88
00:05:53,847 --> 00:05:55,917
They wouldn't remember who invented it.

89
00:05:56,607 --> 00:05:59,804
Without his genius,
how very different the world would be.

90
00:05:59,887 --> 00:06:01,525
(FLUSHING)

91
00:06:08,367 --> 00:06:11,564
NARRATOR 1 85 1,
the year of The Exhibition,

92
00:06:11,647 --> 00:06:14,719
is also a tipping point
in world history.

93
00:06:15,167 --> 00:06:18,398
Britain is the first place on Earth
where more people live

94
00:06:18,487 --> 00:06:21,843
not in the countryside,
but in the cities.

95
00:06:22,567 --> 00:06:25,764
London is the biggest
and the richest of all.

96
00:06:25,847 --> 00:06:28,156
The first modern megacity.

97
00:06:28,247 --> 00:06:31,603
The population explodes from
one to six-and-a-half million

98
00:06:31,687 --> 00:06:33,439
across the century.

99
00:06:33,527 --> 00:06:36,883
Many newcomers end up
in filthy, un-drained slums.

100
00:06:39,367 --> 00:06:42,757
Now the flushing loos
add to the city's problems.

101
00:06:43,847 --> 00:06:48,159
Water usage doubles and
sewage floods the ancient cesspits,

102
00:06:48,687 --> 00:06:51,076
breeding grounds for fatal disease.

103
00:07:02,327 --> 00:07:03,965
Sarah Lewis,

104
00:07:05,207 --> 00:07:08,961
a young mother in the slums
of Soho, London,

105
00:07:13,207 --> 00:07:17,041
struggling to survive
in the overcrowded, industrialised city.

106
00:07:25,487 --> 00:07:27,159
JULIET GARDINER
The 1ndustrial Revolution

107
00:07:27,247 --> 00:07:29,841
had brought a massive influx

108
00:07:29,927 --> 00:07:32,600
of people into towns and cities.

109
00:07:32,687 --> 00:07:36,123
And the infrastructure,
the housing, sanitation, roads,

110
00:07:36,207 --> 00:07:39,040
all these things,
were really very inadequate.

111
00:07:41,607 --> 00:07:43,438
ADRIAN TINNISWOOD Incredible squalor,

112
00:07:43,527 --> 00:07:45,040
back-to-back tenements,

113
00:07:45,127 --> 00:07:48,722
houses where 1 8 people
are living in a single room,

114
00:07:48,807 --> 00:07:50,763
where there's no sanitation.

115
00:07:50,847 --> 00:07:55,045
What you have is disease
and squalor and pain.

116
00:07:58,327 --> 00:08:02,240
NARRATOR 1t's August 1 854,
and the city's sweltering.

117
00:08:03,647 --> 00:08:05,558
(BABY CRYING)

118
00:08:05,767 --> 00:08:07,564
At 40 Broad Street,

119
00:08:07,647 --> 00:08:10,844
five-month-old baby
Frances Lewis is dying.

120
00:08:18,007 --> 00:08:19,440
Shh.

121
00:08:24,247 --> 00:08:25,646
1n London slums,

122
00:08:25,727 --> 00:08:29,037
half of all babies die
before their first birthday.

123
00:08:39,807 --> 00:08:44,119
1t is six years since cholera
killed 1 4,000 in London.

124
00:08:44,687 --> 00:08:48,646
Now, baby Frances is the first victim
in a new outbreak.

125
00:09:10,607 --> 00:09:13,599
Sarah has no idea that
what she's about to do

126
00:09:16,967 --> 00:09:19,800
will kill over 600 people.

127
00:09:27,927 --> 00:09:29,326
(SOBBING)

128
00:09:29,407 --> 00:09:31,796
Sarah and Tom Lewis' daughter,

129
00:09:31,887 --> 00:09:35,721
five-month-old baby Frances,
has died of cholera.

130
00:09:35,807 --> 00:09:37,684
(WAILING)

131
00:09:45,007 --> 00:09:49,762
1n the first three days of the outbreak,
1 2 7 people die.

132
00:09:51,007 --> 00:09:53,601
Within a week,
three-quarters of the residents

133
00:09:53,687 --> 00:09:55,484
flee the neighbourhood.

134
00:09:57,407 --> 00:10:01,764
By the end of the month,
6 1 6 people will be dead.

135
00:10:09,607 --> 00:10:14,123
Cholera is the most feared disease
in Britain since the Black Death,

136
00:10:14,207 --> 00:10:15,959
500 years ago.

137
00:10:18,407 --> 00:10:20,557
(GASPING)

138
00:10:21,487 --> 00:10:23,876
It's extremely horrific.
You feel terribly ill.

139
00:10:23,967 --> 00:10:27,562
You have abdominal pains
and you rapidly become dehydrated.

140
00:10:31,807 --> 00:10:33,684
If you're a child,
you die pretty quickly.

141
00:10:33,767 --> 00:10:36,042
If you're an adult,
you might survive a few days.

142
00:10:39,127 --> 00:10:42,437
The Times describes
this gruesome way to die.

143
00:10:43,327 --> 00:10:46,797
''While the body is reduced
to a damp, dead mass,

144
00:10:46,887 --> 00:10:50,323
''the mind within
remains untouched and clear,

145
00:10:50,607 --> 00:10:53,679
''a spirit looking out in terror
from a corpse. ''

146
00:11:01,687 --> 00:11:05,726
Physician John Snow,
son of a Yorkshire coal worker,

147
00:11:05,807 --> 00:11:08,605
dares to enter the heart
of the outbreak.

148
00:11:09,687 --> 00:11:11,564
Having witnessed the death of thousands

149
00:11:11,647 --> 00:11:13,160
in the previous epidemic,

150
00:11:13,567 --> 00:11:15,000
he's determined to find out

151
00:11:15,087 --> 00:11:18,045
how cholera spreads
and stop the outbreak.

152
00:11:23,167 --> 00:11:26,876
Snow has a theory that challenges
centuries of medical thought.

153
00:11:27,767 --> 00:11:30,804
He thinks the disease
is spread through water.

154
00:11:35,807 --> 00:11:40,927
It was very unclear to people
how diseases spread.

155
00:11:43,967 --> 00:11:46,435
One theory,
the sort of miasma theory, is that

156
00:11:46,527 --> 00:11:49,200
there was kind of bad air.

157
00:11:49,287 --> 00:11:51,357
And obviously, you could
smell it in some respects,

158
00:11:51,447 --> 00:11:55,281
but a kind of bad air and that,
that was how things spread.

159
00:11:55,367 --> 00:11:56,766
And, of course,
one of the points about that

160
00:11:56,847 --> 00:11:58,917
was it was very difficult
to do anything about that.

161
00:11:59,007 --> 00:12:03,205
So, the miasma theory was in part also
an excuse for not doing very much.

162
00:12:06,887 --> 00:12:09,082
NARRATOR Snow wants
to convince medical officials

163
00:12:09,167 --> 00:12:10,839
of his belief.

164
00:12:10,927 --> 00:12:12,440
Please, understand. It's this pump...

165
00:12:12,527 --> 00:12:14,916
It is the water
that's making people sick.

166
00:12:15,007 --> 00:12:16,725
(INAUDIBLE)

167
00:12:19,567 --> 00:12:21,478
Again and again, the history of medicine

168
00:12:21,567 --> 00:12:23,558
is full of examples like that.

169
00:12:23,647 --> 00:12:26,207
Where somebody comes up
with a brilliant idea,

170
00:12:26,287 --> 00:12:28,198
which is pooh-poohed by the experts.

171
00:12:28,607 --> 00:12:31,724
And, of course,
nobody wanted to believe him.

172
00:12:32,287 --> 00:12:33,640
Very brave.

173
00:12:38,287 --> 00:12:40,005
Good day, ma'am. Dr John Snow.

174
00:12:40,367 --> 00:12:42,881
NARRATOR Snow begins an investigation.

175
00:12:42,967 --> 00:12:44,286
He did, yes.

176
00:12:45,487 --> 00:12:48,320
SNOW 1 requested to take
the list of deaths from cholera

177
00:12:48,407 --> 00:12:50,875
and make an enquiry
respecting the 83 deaths

178
00:12:50,967 --> 00:12:53,606
having taken place
in the last three days of the week.

179
00:12:56,367 --> 00:12:57,880
I understand you have a baby that died.

180
00:12:58,527 --> 00:13:00,677
NARRATOR Painstakingly
gathering evidence,

181
00:13:00,767 --> 00:13:03,839
Snow wants to prove
there's a link between the victims.

182
00:13:04,967 --> 00:13:06,958
He's looking for a pattern to emerge.

183
00:13:16,407 --> 00:13:18,637
At the Eley Brothers' Munitions Factory,

184
00:13:18,727 --> 00:13:21,446
where the workers drink water
drawn from the pump,

185
00:13:21,527 --> 00:13:23,995
1 8 die of cholera within a week.

186
00:13:28,247 --> 00:13:30,966
But at the brewery just across the road,

187
00:13:31,047 --> 00:13:33,356
there is not one casualty.

188
00:13:33,967 --> 00:13:37,118
Snow realises they all drink
either the beer they make

189
00:13:37,927 --> 00:13:39,918
or water from their own well.

190
00:13:41,367 --> 00:13:43,676
SNOW 1 found that nearly
all the deaths had taken place

191
00:13:43,767 --> 00:13:46,600
within a short distance
to the Broad Street pump.

192
00:13:53,207 --> 00:13:56,279
NARRATOR But there is once case
that doesn't fit this pattern.

193
00:13:59,807 --> 00:14:02,321
A woman called Susannah Eley

194
00:14:02,407 --> 00:14:06,525
has died of cholera in Hampstead,
four miles from Soho.

195
00:14:13,967 --> 00:14:18,563
Her name, Eley, is one he's seen before.

196
00:14:32,567 --> 00:14:33,761
-Mr Eley?
-Yes.

197
00:14:34,607 --> 00:14:36,677
Dr John Snow. I'm sorry to disturb you.

198
00:14:36,767 --> 00:14:39,122
Susannah Eley, do you know her?

199
00:14:39,727 --> 00:14:42,639
Yes, she was my mother.

200
00:14:44,287 --> 00:14:45,686
NARRATOR The Hampstead victim,

201
00:14:45,767 --> 00:14:48,406
preferring the taste
of the water in Soho,

202
00:14:48,487 --> 00:14:51,126
had her dutiful sons
deliver it to her at home.

203
00:14:57,287 --> 00:14:59,482
It's not airborne, as people believe.

204
00:15:01,727 --> 00:15:04,161
NARRATOR Snow now proves conclusively

205
00:15:04,247 --> 00:15:07,796
that all the victims drank
from the Broad Street pump.

206
00:15:19,887 --> 00:15:23,516
Just one drop of water can
contain enough cholera bacteria

207
00:15:23,607 --> 00:15:25,245
to kill you in hours.

208
00:15:34,967 --> 00:15:37,879
Sarah Lewis unwittingly
caused the outbreak

209
00:15:37,967 --> 00:15:41,357
by pouring the contaminated water
from her baby's soiled clothes

210
00:15:41,447 --> 00:15:43,085
into the cesspool.

211
00:15:48,127 --> 00:15:51,324
The sewage had leaked into
the Broad Street well,

212
00:15:51,407 --> 00:15:54,956
and into the drinking water
of her family and neighbours,

213
00:15:58,287 --> 00:16:01,518
even infecting her own husband,
Tom Lewis.

214
00:16:03,367 --> 00:16:06,165
-(SOBBING)
-(GROANING)

215
00:16:10,207 --> 00:16:13,085
NARRATOR Eight days
after the outbreak begins,

216
00:16:13,647 --> 00:16:16,081
Snow finally persuades
the parish council

217
00:16:16,167 --> 00:16:18,158
to take the handle off the pump.

218
00:16:21,887 --> 00:16:25,243
1t stops the outbreak
dead in its tracks.

219
00:16:36,367 --> 00:16:39,484
WINSTON It was a mixture of intuition

220
00:16:40,247 --> 00:16:43,523
and solid population statistics.

221
00:16:44,167 --> 00:16:46,556
1 mean, it's one of
the great discoveries of medicine.

222
00:16:46,647 --> 00:16:49,161
He saved thousands of lives.

223
00:16:50,607 --> 00:16:52,837
It's one of the earliest
examples of public health,

224
00:16:52,927 --> 00:16:55,646
an area which, of course,
Britain can be rather proud of,

225
00:16:55,727 --> 00:16:57,638
because we've led in
public health research.

226
00:16:59,767 --> 00:17:02,964
NARRATOR As a very British testament
to Snow's work,

227
00:17:03,047 --> 00:17:05,925
he still has a pub in Soho
named after him.

228
00:17:09,287 --> 00:17:12,359
Four years after
John Snow's breakthrough,

229
00:17:12,447 --> 00:17:15,917
Britain begins the most
radical cleanup in our history.

230
00:17:29,047 --> 00:17:31,083
London's sewers,

231
00:17:31,167 --> 00:17:34,557
masterminded by
engineer Joseph Bazalgette,

232
00:17:34,887 --> 00:17:39,278
use 380 million bricks
and take 1 6 years to complete,

233
00:17:41,447 --> 00:17:44,120
stretching 1,300 miles under the city.

234
00:17:46,447 --> 00:17:48,961
Bazalgette's design is visionary.

235
00:17:49,207 --> 00:17:52,722
The egg-shaped tunnels
allow sewage not to stick to the sides.

236
00:17:57,007 --> 00:17:58,918
1t's still used today,

237
00:17:59,007 --> 00:18:02,283
and is the model for
sewers built all over Britain.

238
00:18:05,687 --> 00:18:08,804
Britain never suffers
a cholera epidemic again.

239
00:18:12,007 --> 00:18:15,443
The importance of clean drinking water
is now recognised.

240
00:18:19,807 --> 00:18:22,640
Reservoirs are built
all over the country.

241
00:18:27,127 --> 00:18:32,520
1n 1 88 1, the first stone damn
is built in Powys to supply Liverpool.

242
00:18:34,127 --> 00:18:38,598
Pure, uncontaminated water
is available for all.

243
00:18:43,247 --> 00:18:46,000
If you're looking at the 1 9th century,

244
00:18:46,087 --> 00:18:50,444
you can see improvement,
and there definitely is improvement.

245
00:18:51,407 --> 00:18:52,556
(RETCHING)

246
00:18:54,687 --> 00:18:58,999
On the other hand, you can also see
terrible continuing problems.

247
00:18:59,687 --> 00:19:04,522
There is an anxiety that the poor
and particularly the underclass

248
00:19:04,607 --> 00:19:08,964
are just on the edge
of almost pulling everything down.

249
00:19:12,447 --> 00:19:14,438
NARRATOR One-third
of London's inhabitants

250
00:19:14,527 --> 00:19:17,564
live without sufficient food or shelter.

251
00:19:17,647 --> 00:19:21,276
Thousands of destitute street children
fend for themselves.

252
00:19:24,647 --> 00:19:26,365
VENDOR Fresh fruits and veg!

253
00:19:26,447 --> 00:19:29,962
NARRATOR Amongst them
is 1 3-year-old Samuel Holmes,

254
00:19:30,047 --> 00:19:32,607
a runaway from London's East End.

255
00:19:37,927 --> 00:19:39,883
Oi! Oi!

256
00:19:40,687 --> 00:19:42,598
NARRATOR His prospects
are the workhouse,

257
00:19:42,687 --> 00:19:45,076
little more than a prison for the poor,

258
00:19:45,647 --> 00:19:47,365
or a life of crime.

259
00:19:49,567 --> 00:19:51,046
Wait, stop!

260
00:19:52,327 --> 00:19:53,885
Wait! Come back here!

261
00:19:54,727 --> 00:19:55,955
Somebody get him.

262
00:19:58,407 --> 00:20:00,045
(PRISONERS CHATTERING)

263
00:20:08,247 --> 00:20:11,284
NARRATOR A prison ship
moored on the Thames.

264
00:20:14,367 --> 00:20:17,677
This is 1 3-year-old
Samuel Holmes' fifth sentence.

265
00:20:20,367 --> 00:20:23,359
Boys like Samuel are seen
as a terrifying new problem

266
00:20:23,447 --> 00:20:25,961
caused by the rise of the megacity.

267
00:20:32,127 --> 00:20:35,642
The growing industrial city
is a very different kind of place.

268
00:20:35,727 --> 00:20:39,003
It's huge, it's bustling, it's anonymous

269
00:20:39,127 --> 00:20:44,076
and such are the conditions of poverty,
the levels of unemployment,

270
00:20:44,167 --> 00:20:47,159
the lack of economic opportunity
when you get to the city,

271
00:20:47,567 --> 00:20:53,278
that there's the basis for the emergence
of a huge criminal underclass.

272
00:20:55,807 --> 00:20:59,197
NARRATOR Magistrate William Miles
is writing a government report

273
00:20:59,287 --> 00:21:00,436
on crime and punishment.

274
00:21:00,527 --> 00:21:02,961
Hello. What's your name?

275
00:21:06,287 --> 00:21:08,164
Can I talk to you?

276
00:21:08,247 --> 00:21:09,646
Samuel Holmes.

277
00:21:09,727 --> 00:21:12,844
NARRATOR He learns from the boy
that he can't read or write.

278
00:21:12,927 --> 00:21:15,805
He's abused by his violent,
drunken father

279
00:21:16,607 --> 00:21:18,325
and has run away to join a gang.

280
00:21:20,247 --> 00:21:21,919
Is that all you've got?

281
00:21:24,527 --> 00:21:26,199
HOLMES 1'll tell you how 1 manage.

282
00:21:26,287 --> 00:21:28,642
Two boys took me to a house in Stepney,

283
00:21:28,727 --> 00:21:31,161
kept by a man who agreed
to board and lodge me,

284
00:21:31,247 --> 00:21:33,886
provided 1 sold to him
all that 1 might steal.

285
00:21:34,447 --> 00:21:35,596
Do it.

286
00:21:40,727 --> 00:21:42,160
-(TINKLING)
-(MAN GRUNTING IN ANNOYANCE)

287
00:21:43,767 --> 00:21:45,280
No. Try harder.

288
00:21:46,487 --> 00:21:47,522
Up.

289
00:21:50,927 --> 00:21:52,076
Again.

290
00:21:54,887 --> 00:21:57,196
HOLMES 1 was about
a fortnight in training,

291
00:21:57,287 --> 00:21:59,005
and afterwards
went out to assist the boys

292
00:21:59,087 --> 00:22:00,202
where they picked pockets.

293
00:22:00,287 --> 00:22:01,276
Try harder.

294
00:22:01,367 --> 00:22:04,120
NARRATOR Like the majority
of wealthy Victorians,

295
00:22:04,527 --> 00:22:07,644
Miles doesn't pity
this neglected underclass.

296
00:22:08,367 --> 00:22:12,804
1nstead, he sees them
as a dangerous threat to society.

297
00:22:13,447 --> 00:22:14,641
Never knew my mum.

298
00:22:14,927 --> 00:22:17,487
MILES 1 cannot but arrive
at the melancholy conclusion

299
00:22:17,567 --> 00:22:19,922
that thieves are incorrigible.

300
00:22:21,247 --> 00:22:24,125
The knee-jerk response
of the Victorian authorities

301
00:22:24,207 --> 00:22:26,437
is to get tough, to crack down.

302
00:22:26,527 --> 00:22:29,963
So they create a new police force,
and they use that police force

303
00:22:30,047 --> 00:22:32,322
to grab people,
to haul them before the courts

304
00:22:32,407 --> 00:22:35,001
and to impose severe penalties.

305
00:22:35,087 --> 00:22:39,319
Hanging is widespread, transportation
to the Colonies, imprisonment.

306
00:22:39,407 --> 00:22:41,841
1n other words, it's an attempt
to deal with the crime problem

307
00:22:41,927 --> 00:22:43,326
by suppressing it.

308
00:22:47,887 --> 00:22:50,196
NARRATOR Never allowed on dry land,

309
00:22:50,327 --> 00:22:53,205
boys are imprisoned with 400 others

310
00:22:53,287 --> 00:22:55,084
for up to five years.

311
00:22:55,447 --> 00:22:56,721
BOYS (CHANTING) Fight! Fight!

312
00:22:56,807 --> 00:23:00,686
Repeat offenders like Samuel
are transported to Tasmania,

313
00:23:00,767 --> 00:23:03,281
to the Empire's first juvenile prison.

314
00:23:04,727 --> 00:23:06,922
By the end of the 1 9th century,

315
00:23:07,007 --> 00:23:10,841
over 1 60,000 British convicts
are deported to Australia.

316
00:23:12,047 --> 00:23:15,835
1 5,000 are children under 1 6.

317
00:23:18,287 --> 00:23:21,836
But this harsh treatment
creates a huge debate.

318
00:23:23,767 --> 00:23:26,725
Based on the real lives
of boys like Samuel,

319
00:23:26,807 --> 00:23:29,879
Britain's most celebrated novelist,
Charles Dickens,

320
00:23:29,967 --> 00:23:32,435
writes about the city's underclass.

321
00:23:33,687 --> 00:23:36,724
At a time when they're barely
considered human,

322
00:23:36,807 --> 00:23:40,516
Dickens creates sympathetic heroes
from the poor and the abandoned

323
00:23:40,607 --> 00:23:42,438
in novels like Oliver Twist,

324
00:23:42,967 --> 00:23:45,845
offering the public
a more compassionate perspective.

325
00:23:46,967 --> 00:23:50,323
ROSE Even if he has been wicked,
think how young he is.

326
00:23:50,407 --> 00:23:52,204
Think that he may have
never know a mother's love

327
00:23:52,287 --> 00:23:53,720
or the comfort of a home,

328
00:23:53,807 --> 00:23:56,116
and that may have driven him to guilt.

329
00:23:56,207 --> 00:23:57,925
For mercy's sake, think of this

330
00:23:58,007 --> 00:24:00,601
before you drag this sick child
to a prison.

331
00:24:04,687 --> 00:24:08,316
Occasionally, once in a while,
a person comes along

332
00:24:08,407 --> 00:24:11,285
who is absolutely
in the right place at the right time.

333
00:24:11,407 --> 00:24:14,843
And Dickens,
with his incredible abilities

334
00:24:14,927 --> 00:24:17,521
to tell a great story

335
00:24:17,607 --> 00:24:22,442
and at the same time serve
such an amazing social function

336
00:24:22,527 --> 00:24:26,600
in revealing to the upper middle classes

337
00:24:26,807 --> 00:24:29,275
what was happening under their noses.

338
00:24:30,847 --> 00:24:33,077
Dickens wants to reach
into people's hearts

339
00:24:33,167 --> 00:24:36,079
and make them feel differently,
and then act on that.

340
00:24:36,287 --> 00:24:39,199
He wanted to make you cry,
and then go out and vote,

341
00:24:39,287 --> 00:24:41,755
or form a charity or
change your opinion about the way

342
00:24:41,847 --> 00:24:43,519
that people lived in this country.

343
00:24:44,527 --> 00:24:46,961
There's a growing sense
that tough measures

344
00:24:47,047 --> 00:24:48,400
aren't a long-term solution.

345
00:24:48,767 --> 00:24:53,443
A growing number of Victorians think
the solution is social reform,

346
00:24:53,527 --> 00:24:57,759
to deal with the social problems and
make the cities decent places to live

347
00:24:57,847 --> 00:24:59,565
for ordinary people.

348
00:25:06,087 --> 00:25:09,762
NARRATOR One such pioneering reformer
is Josephine Butler,

349
00:25:10,207 --> 00:25:12,596
a fearless campaigner
for women's rights.

350
00:25:13,807 --> 00:25:16,605
BUTLER Licentiousness
is blasting the souls and bodies

351
00:25:16,687 --> 00:25:18,359
of thousands of women,

352
00:25:18,487 --> 00:25:21,957
through the guilt of the men
of the upper and educated classes.

353
00:25:22,167 --> 00:25:25,557
The most galling tyranny
of the strong over the weak.

354
00:25:29,447 --> 00:25:31,915
NARRATOR Breaking
all the taboos of her time,

355
00:25:32,007 --> 00:25:33,918
this upper-class lady speaks out

356
00:25:34,007 --> 00:25:37,158
on the behalf of
the worst-off in Victorian society.

357
00:25:38,607 --> 00:25:41,758
The energy and ingenuity
of Josephine Butler,

358
00:25:41,847 --> 00:25:44,839
you can still feel it today,
1 00 years later.

359
00:25:46,007 --> 00:25:48,043
She was such a passionate speaker
that she once made

360
00:25:48,127 --> 00:25:50,243
a policeman
who was on stage with her cry

361
00:25:50,327 --> 00:25:52,318
describing the plight of prostitutes.

362
00:25:52,407 --> 00:25:53,635
She was an amazing woman.

363
00:25:55,367 --> 00:25:57,597
NARRATOR Butler enters
crime-ridden slums

364
00:25:57,687 --> 00:26:01,726
to challenge a form of exploitation
common in Victorian cities.

365
00:26:04,407 --> 00:26:06,284
Child prostitution.

366
00:26:08,247 --> 00:26:11,125
Because venereal disease was rife,

367
00:26:11,207 --> 00:26:15,803
there was this insistence
amongst many men

368
00:26:15,887 --> 00:26:18,640
who went to prostitutes
that they should be virgins.

369
00:26:18,727 --> 00:26:22,766
That's why there was
this terrible trade in young girls,

370
00:26:22,847 --> 00:26:24,917
as young as 1 2 or 1 3.

371
00:26:34,047 --> 00:26:36,038
NARRATOR Spring 1 885.

372
00:26:36,127 --> 00:26:38,357
Butler wants to expose what's happening.

373
00:26:45,887 --> 00:26:49,926
She turns to William Stead,
editor of the Pall Mall Gazette,

374
00:26:50,007 --> 00:26:52,441
one of the most
influential papers in London.

375
00:26:55,927 --> 00:26:59,886
She wants to use the growing power
of the press to change public opinion.

376
00:27:04,247 --> 00:27:07,045
England has 1 50 daily newspapers.

377
00:27:10,967 --> 00:27:13,276
80% of the population can read.

378
00:27:13,767 --> 00:27:15,200
For the British working man,

379
00:27:15,287 --> 00:27:18,085
the newspaper is
the chief vehicle of knowledge.

380
00:27:21,607 --> 00:27:24,883
Butler and Stead's aim
is to shock the nation

381
00:27:24,967 --> 00:27:29,404
and raise the legal age of consent,
currently at 1 3.

382
00:27:30,687 --> 00:27:32,917
STEAD 1f the daughters of the people
must be served up

383
00:27:33,007 --> 00:27:36,238
as dainty morsels to minister
to the passions of the rich,

384
00:27:36,327 --> 00:27:38,966
let them at least attain an age
where they can understand

385
00:27:39,047 --> 00:27:41,607
the nature of the sacrifice
which they're asked to make.

386
00:27:48,567 --> 00:27:51,206
NARRATOR On July 6, 1 885,

387
00:27:51,287 --> 00:27:52,959
newspaper editor William Stead

388
00:27:53,047 --> 00:27:56,198
publishes a shocking story
in the Pall Mall Gazette.

389
00:28:00,447 --> 00:28:03,439
STEAD 1 can personally vouch
for the absolute accuracy

390
00:28:03,527 --> 00:28:05,836
of every fact in the narrative.

391
00:28:13,807 --> 00:28:15,445
NARRATOR To get his story,

392
00:28:15,527 --> 00:28:18,883
Stead seeks out
reformed prostitute Rebecca Jarrett.

393
00:28:19,727 --> 00:28:23,959
Josephine Butler had rescued her
from a life of alcoholism and vice.

394
00:28:25,967 --> 00:28:29,482
Stead persuades Jarrett to go undercover

395
00:28:29,567 --> 00:28:32,559
to help him to expose
how easy it is for a rich man

396
00:28:32,647 --> 00:28:35,002
to buy the virginity
of a penniless child.

397
00:28:40,487 --> 00:28:41,840
(CHUCKLES)

398
00:28:41,927 --> 00:28:43,326
You like what you see?

399
00:28:45,647 --> 00:28:48,161
NARRATOR Gathering evidence
for the sting,

400
00:28:48,247 --> 00:28:51,523
Jarrett poses as a buyer
for a wealthy man.

401
00:28:53,927 --> 00:28:54,996
Can I get you a drink?

402
00:28:55,087 --> 00:28:57,396
STEAD While the negotiations
were going on,

403
00:28:57,487 --> 00:28:59,717
a drunken neighbour came into the house.

404
00:28:59,807 --> 00:29:01,718
So little concealment was then used

405
00:29:01,807 --> 00:29:05,038
that she speedily became aware
of the nature of the transaction.

406
00:29:05,487 --> 00:29:08,206
Don't you think she would take our Lily?

407
00:29:08,527 --> 00:29:10,199
She must be pure.

408
00:29:12,047 --> 00:29:13,082
Of course.

409
00:29:23,207 --> 00:29:25,482
STEAD Lily was her own daughter,

410
00:29:25,567 --> 00:29:29,879
a bright, fresh-looking little girl
who was 1 3 years old.

411
00:29:29,967 --> 00:29:31,923
-What's your name, love?
-Lily.

412
00:29:32,807 --> 00:29:35,241
NARRATOR Lily Armstrong
is bought for five pounds.

413
00:29:40,207 --> 00:29:42,323
STEAD The child was absolutely ignorant

414
00:29:42,407 --> 00:29:44,159
of the nature of the transaction.

415
00:29:58,207 --> 00:30:00,118
NARRATOR For the newspaper article,

416
00:30:00,207 --> 00:30:03,643
Jarrett now has to carry out
the next stage of the deception.

417
00:30:05,167 --> 00:30:07,476
She takes Lily to another brothel

418
00:30:07,567 --> 00:30:09,523
where, despite her age,

419
00:30:09,607 --> 00:30:11,438
she's admitted without question.

420
00:30:14,647 --> 00:30:16,922
Her virginity has been checked.

421
00:30:17,207 --> 00:30:19,675
She's made ready for the purchaser.

422
00:30:24,367 --> 00:30:26,597
Don't forget to say your prayers,
all right?

423
00:30:29,327 --> 00:30:30,521
Good night.

424
00:30:30,607 --> 00:30:32,438
STEAD Then the woman withdrew.

425
00:30:32,807 --> 00:30:34,957
All was quiet and still.

426
00:30:42,287 --> 00:30:44,642
A few moments later, the door opened,

427
00:30:44,727 --> 00:30:46,922
and the purchaser entered the bedroom.

428
00:30:50,647 --> 00:30:52,956
There was a brief silence,

429
00:30:53,687 --> 00:30:57,157
and then there rose
a wild and piteous cry.

430
00:30:57,407 --> 00:30:58,840
(LILY SCREAMS)

431
00:31:06,487 --> 00:31:08,159
NARRATOR There is no purchaser,

432
00:31:08,247 --> 00:31:10,636
only newspaperman Stead.

433
00:31:10,727 --> 00:31:14,800
He has proved that child prostitution
really does go unchallenged.

434
00:31:14,887 --> 00:31:18,960
Accounts vary about what happened,
but Lily comes to no harm.

435
00:31:19,047 --> 00:31:23,086
Nevertheless, Stead's tactics
prove controversial.

436
00:31:23,927 --> 00:31:26,521
All the latest shocking news!
Come read all about it!

437
00:31:26,607 --> 00:31:28,359
NARRATOR July 1 885.

438
00:31:28,447 --> 00:31:30,483
Read all about it.

439
00:31:31,567 --> 00:31:36,322
Stead's article, ''The Maiden Tribute
to Modern Babylon'2 is published.

440
00:31:37,847 --> 00:31:41,442
So scandalous,
it is banned from WH Smith.

441
00:31:43,687 --> 00:31:46,076
The day's edition sells out in hours.

442
00:31:50,367 --> 00:31:53,200
The Gazette's offices are even
attacked by news vendors,

443
00:31:53,287 --> 00:31:55,278
desperate to get more copies.

444
00:32:02,887 --> 00:32:06,562
It was the first big,
I suppose you could say, tabloid

445
00:32:07,727 --> 00:32:08,796
expose'

446
00:32:08,887 --> 00:32:13,039
The first piece of serious
investigative Victorian journalism.

447
00:32:17,607 --> 00:32:20,246
NARRATOR But Stead's actions
are punished.

448
00:32:20,327 --> 00:32:23,160
He is convicted for
abducting the girl unlawfully

449
00:32:23,247 --> 00:32:25,158
and is jailed for three months.

450
00:32:28,727 --> 00:32:31,161
Rebecca Jarrett is also
locked up for six months

451
00:32:31,247 --> 00:32:32,646
for her part in the sting.

452
00:32:36,087 --> 00:32:38,920
Josephine Butler escapes prosecution.

453
00:32:40,527 --> 00:32:42,483
But they are victorious.

454
00:32:43,287 --> 00:32:45,437
There is a national outcry.

455
00:32:46,367 --> 00:32:49,006
Thousands march in protest
and force Parliament

456
00:32:49,087 --> 00:32:52,966
to raise the age of consent
from 1 3 to 1 6.

457
00:32:56,847 --> 00:32:59,486
Newspapers can reflect back
to a country what it's like.

458
00:32:59,927 --> 00:33:01,246
When it works well,

459
00:33:01,327 --> 00:33:03,283
the country may actually look
at itself in the mirror and go,

460
00:33:03,367 --> 00:33:04,561
''1 need to change that. ''

461
00:33:04,647 --> 00:33:07,525
And in this case,Josephine Butler
knew that she had an amazing story.

462
00:33:07,607 --> 00:33:10,565
One that people would want to read,
that would outrage them

463
00:33:10,647 --> 00:33:12,524
and make them want
to change the country.

464
00:33:14,967 --> 00:33:16,036
DAVID PUTTNAM The Victorian conscience

465
00:33:16,127 --> 00:33:17,799
is a really, really interesting thing,

466
00:33:17,887 --> 00:33:20,162
because along with unknown wealth

467
00:33:20,247 --> 00:33:22,966
came this realisation
that things were not equal.

468
00:33:23,047 --> 00:33:24,241
At the bottom, there was

469
00:33:24,327 --> 00:33:26,921
this very, very large underclass
without opportunity.

470
00:33:28,327 --> 00:33:32,206
The Victorians worked out
that the way to run a society

471
00:33:32,287 --> 00:33:35,165
to both help yourself
and to make it a better society,

472
00:33:35,247 --> 00:33:36,680
and the two were closely linked,

473
00:33:36,767 --> 00:33:39,759
was to take a major role, yourself.

474
00:33:39,847 --> 00:33:42,645
The wealthy,
those who were comfortably off,

475
00:33:42,727 --> 00:33:46,163
should be active
on behalf of the others.

476
00:33:46,247 --> 00:33:48,807
And therefore
you get across Victorian society

477
00:33:48,887 --> 00:33:51,959
the most remarkable
number of institutions

478
00:33:52,047 --> 00:33:54,083
dedicated to improvement.

479
00:33:58,607 --> 00:34:00,996
NARRATOR Ragged schools
give free education

480
00:34:01,087 --> 00:34:03,396
to 300,000 destitute children,

481
00:34:05,927 --> 00:34:09,476
the Salvation Army provides
food and shelter for the poor

482
00:34:11,047 --> 00:34:13,322
and the temperance movements
tackle alcoholism

483
00:34:13,407 --> 00:34:15,045
in working-class families.

484
00:34:16,487 --> 00:34:18,364
Society was beginning to think

485
00:34:18,447 --> 00:34:21,598
that it needed to have
a collective responsibility

486
00:34:21,687 --> 00:34:26,203
for those of its members who were
not able to take care of themselves.

487
00:34:27,647 --> 00:34:31,481
So this rather patrician attitude
of benevolence, really,

488
00:34:31,567 --> 00:34:35,242
towards people
is a very strong Victorian virtue,

489
00:34:35,327 --> 00:34:38,444
and I think runs like a true thread
through the British nation.

490
00:34:38,527 --> 00:34:40,643
Through perhaps
even the British character.

491
00:34:42,407 --> 00:34:46,923
NARRATOR By 1 900,
there are 22,000 charities in Britain.

492
00:34:47,007 --> 00:34:48,998
Many still exist today.

493
00:34:50,527 --> 00:34:53,564
I was taken in by Barnardo's
at the age of zero.

494
00:34:53,647 --> 00:34:58,038
And, really, without the organisation,
I'm... You know.

495
00:34:58,127 --> 00:35:00,800
1t's difficult to imagine
where 1'd be today.

496
00:35:01,887 --> 00:35:05,675
I don't think that I would've
risen through, you know, to the...

497
00:35:05,767 --> 00:35:08,440
(LAUGHS) To the heights I've achieved.

498
00:35:11,647 --> 00:35:14,002
NARRATOR By the end
of the 1 9th century,

499
00:35:14,087 --> 00:35:18,080
great new civic buildings are
erected in cities nationwide.

500
00:35:19,727 --> 00:35:21,638
There are 300 public libraries,

501
00:35:23,767 --> 00:35:25,564
20,000 schools,

502
00:35:26,767 --> 00:35:28,405
200 public baths,

503
00:35:31,767 --> 00:35:34,759
200 museums offering knowledge
to the masses.

504
00:35:38,847 --> 00:35:41,486
FAULKNER The urban landscape is now
changing for the better.

505
00:35:42,047 --> 00:35:44,322
There are areas of slum clearance,

506
00:35:44,407 --> 00:35:48,320
and where there had been
congestion and overcrowding,

507
00:35:48,407 --> 00:35:52,559
open spaces, green spaces,
parks are now being created.

508
00:35:52,647 --> 00:35:57,437
And leisure is becoming part of
working people's experience.

509
00:35:58,367 --> 00:36:01,643
We have an explosion
of leisure activities.

510
00:36:01,727 --> 00:36:03,399
A real leisure revolution.

511
00:36:04,167 --> 00:36:05,486
(PEOPLE SCREAMING)

512
00:36:07,247 --> 00:36:09,477
NARRATOR The working week
becomes regulated.

513
00:36:09,887 --> 00:36:13,846
Workers get Saturday afternoons off
and their first bank holidays.

514
00:36:15,807 --> 00:36:18,685
With higher earnings
and the growth of the railways,

515
00:36:18,767 --> 00:36:21,076
seaside holidays become popular.

516
00:36:23,207 --> 00:36:25,357
There is sport on Saturdays.

517
00:36:25,687 --> 00:36:28,360
Over 500 football clubs open

518
00:36:29,007 --> 00:36:30,759
that are still running today.

519
00:36:42,727 --> 00:36:46,686
1n 1 878, at Bramall Lane
football pitch in Sheffield,

520
00:36:46,767 --> 00:36:49,998
there are plans afoot to
extend leisure time even further.

521
00:36:52,167 --> 00:36:54,123
Entrepreneur John Tasker

522
00:36:54,447 --> 00:36:56,165
wants to demonstrate a new technology

523
00:36:56,247 --> 00:36:58,124
that will turn night into day.

524
00:37:03,647 --> 00:37:07,959
Tasker wants to prove that
electric lighting is the future for all.

525
00:37:12,887 --> 00:37:15,242
Good, good.

526
00:37:15,327 --> 00:37:19,764
NARRATOR A safe, clean and
a far more powerful alternative to gas.

527
00:37:22,407 --> 00:37:25,717
He has erected four arc lamps
around the pitch,

528
00:37:25,807 --> 00:37:27,638
previously used in lighthouses.

529
00:37:33,727 --> 00:37:35,240
(PEOPLE CHATTERING)

530
00:37:37,447 --> 00:37:41,838
20,000 people have gathered to
see Tasker's illuminator at work.

531
00:37:45,727 --> 00:37:46,921
(BOY LAUGHING)

532
00:37:48,727 --> 00:37:50,046
(MEN WHOOPING)

533
00:37:51,407 --> 00:37:53,921
Hundreds even jump the wall
to get in for free.

534
00:37:55,407 --> 00:37:56,556
FRANK LAMPARD 1t's an amazing story.

535
00:37:56,647 --> 00:37:57,966
To think of the invention of it,

536
00:37:58,047 --> 00:37:59,446
you know, the forward-thinking.

537
00:38:00,327 --> 00:38:01,646
All the things that
probably could've gone wrong

538
00:38:01,727 --> 00:38:03,285
to try and create
the first floodlit match,

539
00:38:03,367 --> 00:38:04,356
when nobody had heard of it.

540
00:38:04,727 --> 00:38:06,206
It would've been crazy. I mean,

541
00:38:06,287 --> 00:38:08,437
football, when you look back
through generations

542
00:38:08,527 --> 00:38:09,562
how much it's changed,

543
00:38:09,647 --> 00:38:11,080
and that would've been
such a pivotal moment.

544
00:38:15,887 --> 00:38:17,764
NARRATOR Tasker has set up
a steam engine

545
00:38:17,847 --> 00:38:19,166
to power a dynamo,

546
00:38:19,247 --> 00:38:21,636
generating electricity
for the four arc lamps

547
00:38:21,727 --> 00:38:23,126
to illuminate the pitch.

548
00:38:27,607 --> 00:38:30,405
This is a bold new use
of the technology.

549
00:38:33,567 --> 00:38:35,205
(CROWD CHEERING)

550
00:38:35,287 --> 00:38:38,996
Football has to be played
in daylight, until now.

551
00:38:57,727 --> 00:38:58,921
(BLOWS WHISTLE)

552
00:39:08,447 --> 00:39:10,597
(CROWD CHEERING)

553
00:39:10,687 --> 00:39:14,999
The artificial illumination is
equivalent to 8,000 candles.

554
00:39:18,647 --> 00:39:20,444
But there is a problem.

555
00:39:20,647 --> 00:39:22,399
1t's just too bright to see.

556
00:39:27,007 --> 00:39:29,396
The Sheffield Telegraph reports,

557
00:39:29,487 --> 00:39:33,639
''Many of the ladies, once within
the rays, shot up umbrellas,

558
00:39:33,727 --> 00:39:37,163
''as they would parasols to shield them
from the sun at midday. ''

559
00:39:42,967 --> 00:39:44,685
The players are dazzled.

560
00:39:47,847 --> 00:39:50,281
Tasker adjusts
the strength of the lights.

561
00:39:55,367 --> 00:39:57,278
(CROWD CHEERING)

562
00:40:05,247 --> 00:40:08,080
Tasker's gamble is a huge success.

563
00:40:09,807 --> 00:40:11,638
Everyone is delighted.

564
00:40:15,567 --> 00:40:19,003
(LAUGHING) It must've been
quite scary for them, initially.

565
00:40:19,407 --> 00:40:22,638
But in the same breath,
so exciting for them

566
00:40:22,727 --> 00:40:25,161
because it's going to
change the whole way

567
00:40:25,247 --> 00:40:26,646
that sport is going to be played.

568
00:40:26,727 --> 00:40:29,958
It just extends the opportunity
to play sport.

569
00:40:34,927 --> 00:40:38,522
NARRATOR Tasker goes on to
build Sheffield's first power station

570
00:40:38,607 --> 00:40:40,325
and electricity network.

571
00:40:41,127 --> 00:40:42,526
(CROWD CHEERING)

572
00:40:48,087 --> 00:40:52,239
We are at the original nation
of entrepreneurs.

573
00:40:52,327 --> 00:40:54,921
We are the original nation of invertors.

574
00:40:55,367 --> 00:40:58,086
We've done it for so long
and we do it so naturally,

575
00:40:58,167 --> 00:40:59,998
1 think we've got it in our DNA.

576
00:41:00,367 --> 00:41:02,756
And I think it's one of the things
that we should be the most proud of

577
00:41:02,847 --> 00:41:06,522
because it's entrepreneurship
that can transform a society.

578
00:41:06,607 --> 00:41:07,596
It can transform a nation.

579
00:41:10,847 --> 00:41:13,884
NARRATOR Electricity
will change Britain forever.

580
00:41:15,767 --> 00:41:19,442
Dim gas lamps are replaced
with bright electric lighting.

581
00:41:22,367 --> 00:41:27,236
1n 1 879, Newcastle sees
the first street illuminated.

582
00:41:29,567 --> 00:41:32,286
Godalming in Surrey
becomes the first town

583
00:41:32,367 --> 00:41:34,517
to be electrified in 1 88 1.

584
00:41:37,167 --> 00:41:41,718
Cities transform from
dark, grimy, sooty places

585
00:41:41,807 --> 00:41:45,004
to light, clean, safer environments.

586
00:41:46,967 --> 00:41:49,640
Houses are illuminated
by the flick of a switch.

587
00:41:51,327 --> 00:41:53,318
The nation is lit up.

588
00:41:56,367 --> 00:41:59,439
Victorians confront the problems
of industrialisation

589
00:41:59,527 --> 00:42:03,315
and the problems of urbanisation,
and in confronting those problems,

590
00:42:03,407 --> 00:42:06,444
which are urgent problems,
they have to produce solutions.

591
00:42:06,527 --> 00:42:09,644
And those solutions help
to create the modern world.

592
00:42:12,887 --> 00:42:15,242
NARRATOR By the end
of Victoria's reign,

593
00:42:15,327 --> 00:42:17,158
Britain is transformed.

594
00:42:18,567 --> 00:42:23,118
Tackling public health, sanitation,
poverty and crime,

595
00:42:23,887 --> 00:42:27,596
the late 1 9th century
sees the birth of the modern city

596
00:42:28,327 --> 00:42:30,522
and a new model for society.

597
00:42:31,167 --> 00:42:33,442
The blueprint for urban living.

598
00:42:42,527 --> 00:42:45,883
1n the next century,
Britain's Empire will wane.

599
00:42:47,247 --> 00:42:49,920
Two world wars will shatter the country.

600
00:42:50,767 --> 00:42:56,160
But from the carnage and struggle,
a new nation will be forged.

601
00:42:56,247 --> 00:42:57,521
-We did it!
-(PEOPLE CHEERING)