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SAM WILLIS: 'Castles.

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'They dominate our landscape,
tower over our history

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'and fuel our imagination.'

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I was brought up on
stories of castles,

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of knights in shining armour,

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epic sieges and tactical ingenuity.

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I learnt of the castle

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as the ultimate expression
of military might.

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'And yet, fascinating as this is,

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'it hides a deeper story.

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'For the story of the castle
is the story of these Isles.

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'Of conquest, colonisation
and civil war.'

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Firing the cannon!

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'In this series,

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'I'll be looking at the impact of
the castle on Britain -

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'finding out how an instrument
of military power

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'rapidly took on
far wider significance.

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'I'll discover how castles
invaded every part of life -

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'becoming homes
to a new ruling elite,

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'giving birth
to the feudal system...

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'..and even entering
our mythology and art.

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'I'll be visiting
many of the greatest castles

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'these islands have to offer -

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'the brutal bastions Edward I
used to subjugate the Welsh,

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'Henry VIII's defensive fortresses

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'and Elizabethan palaces
of seduction.'

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Have a care!

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'But our story begins
with the arrival of the castle

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'with the Normans in 1066.

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'A weapon of invasion,
these alien structures

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'were to play a central role in the
imposition of the new regime.

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OWL HOOTS

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'But then, in the hands
of unruly barons,

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'they would lead to anarchy
in the realm.'

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The castle dominated
our landscape for a thousand years,

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and changed the course
of our history.

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Join me, Sam Willis,
for the story of the castle,

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and its unparalleled role
in shaping Britain.

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'It was in 1066 that the castle
first came to these shores,

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'brought here by a man
set on rule.

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'Carried as the weapon
of the would-be monarch -

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'William the Conqueror.

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'It was a vital tool in his attempt
to claim the throne.

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'The castle began its intimate
connection with this land

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'as part of the Norman invasion
of England.'

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Castles were an integral part of
William's war chest from the outset.

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Yes, his ships were packed
with soldiers and horses,

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but he also brought with him
the wherewithal to build a castle.

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A contemporary account
of William's landing at Hastings

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was made by the Norman historian
Master Wace,

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and it includes a telling passage.

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"Then they cast out of the ships
the materials,

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"and drew them to land,
all shaped, framed and pierced

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"to receive the pins
which they had brought,

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"cut and ready in large barrels -

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"so that before evening had well
set in, they had finished a fort."

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What he's describing is essentially
a pre-fabricated castle.

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The castle was such an important
part of any Norman campaign,

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William even invaded with one.

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It wasn't the Scandinavians that
introduced flat pack to Britain.

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It was their descendants in France,

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the men from the north -
the Normans.

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'If you look along the most
famous record of the invasion,

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'the Bayeux Tapestry, you can even
see a castle under construction.

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'William needed something light
and quick to assemble.

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'A wooden castle
fit the bill perfectly.

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'Looking at the tapestry, the tower
appears to have been put up

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'before the digging of a protective
mound has been completed.

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'You can see William's men
still digging away

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'to add to the earthwork pile.

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'With cavalry to overwhelm
King Harold's well-organised force,

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'and a castle to secure his landing,

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'William won the day.

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'The Norman conquest of England
was underway.'

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In his successful invasion
of England,

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the castle became an essential tool
of William's power and authority -

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a way to secure both his claim
and his territory.

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The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
recorded how the Normans,

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"built castles far and wide
across the country,

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"and oppressed the wretched people."

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The castle was beginning
to put its stamp on our land.

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To give himself
the best chance of success,

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William needed something
that was quick to construct,

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but that was still effective.

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This is what he used.

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The classic castle design - the type
I was taught about at school.

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The motte-and-bailey.

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'A motte-and-bailey
is the most basic castle design.

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'A moat surrounded
a walled enclosure - the bailey.

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'If this first line of defence
was breached,

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'the defenders
could retreat back to a tower

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'on a specially-constructed mound -
the motte.

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'With the height advantage
this provided,

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'the defending archers could
dominate the bailey and beyond.

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'It was a highly-practical design.

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'In its very basic form,

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'the motte-and-bailey had one other
significant advantage for William.'

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By using wood for the walls, a
castle could be built very quickly,

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providing a secure place from which
to assert your authority.

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'This is Berkhamsted near London.

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'The place where William
accepted the surrender
of the English in 1066.

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'But this didn't mark the end
of the conflict.'

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It's so easy to think
of the Norman conquest

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as nothing more than
William's crossing

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and the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

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But, of course,
it was a much longer,

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more drawn out process than that.

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'William's army travelled
on foot and on horseback.

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'It took time to cross England.

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'The Saxons may not have had castles
with which to oppose this invasion,

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'but there were a handful
of fortified towns -

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'like the walled city of Exeter.

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'It was to become the site of
one of the first stone castles

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'built by the Normans.

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'But before that,
they would have to lay siege to it.'

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By 1067, Exeter was already a large
city with an impressive history.

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And you can actually
read that history in its walls,

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like a historical document.

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You can see clearly here
how we have Roman masonry.

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Then above that, several courses
of Saxon stones.

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And then above it,
this dark course of Norman masonry.

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'This was added when the Normans
took control of these walls,

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'and finally made Exeter their own.'

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But first they had
to capture the city.

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'The citizens had refused
to swear allegiance to William.

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'This is a man who is reputed
to have chopped the hands and feet

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'off the defending force of a French
town, for insulting his mother.'

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'William was not a man to cross,

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'and he was marching on their city.

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'William was marauding
with an army including 500 cavalry.

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'On the way he laid waste
to parts of Dorset -

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'a forbidding sign
for the people of Exeter.

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'Some of the city fathers
faltered at the thought

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'and brought him hostages
in exchange for striking a deal.

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'But the people of Exeter
had other ideas,

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'and they reneged
on the arrangement.

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'William
set about surrounding the city,

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'cutting it off from supplies.

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'The siege of Exeter had begun.'

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William and his army approached
the city from the north-east,

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fording a stream
called the Longbrook,

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and riding up what is now known
as Longbrook Street.

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At the East Gate, William had one of
the hostages blinded

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to show the citizens of Exeter
what to expect.

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But they didn't surrender,
and there's even an account

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that one of them took
to the castle walls,

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dropped his trousers, and farted.

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The East Gate
has now been demolished,

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but you can get a sense
from these walls behind me

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that it was once
a formidable obstacle.

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William had his engineers
dig tunnels

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to try and undermine the walls,
and after 18 days,

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they partially collapsed.

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It was the beginning of the end
for the defenders.

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But the siege was only broken
when Exeter's bishop and his clergy

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took a Bible and some holy relics
to William,

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and made him swear an oath
not to sack the city

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or harm its people.

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He kept his word.

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To secure his victory,
William turned to the castle.

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He charged Baldwin,
Sheriff of Devon,

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to build Rougemont Castle -

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so named for the colour of the mound
it was built upon,

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and the blocks that were used
in its construction.

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'This gatehouse at Exeter Castle

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'is one of the oldest
Norman structures in England.

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'It captures its moment
in history perfectly.'

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What we have here
is a pure Norman arch,

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but above it two characteristically
Anglo-Saxon windows.

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It's evidence of an Anglo-Saxon
building gang

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working under
their new Norman masters.

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'This marks the arrival of a brand
new type of building in England.

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'Stone castles were unlike anything
anyone here had ever seen before -

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'the Norman equivalent
of the building of the pyramids.'

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These stone castles
were utterly alien,

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and it's hard to over-emphasise
the impact of their arrival.

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Both literally and figuratively,

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they cast a shadow
over their surroundings.

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A permanent reminder
that there was a new boss in town.

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'This was an invasion cast in stone,

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'built by the very people the
castles were designed to control.'

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At a time when most dwellings were
simple single-storey structures,

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the castle was a vast undertaking,

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which required the assembly
of an army of masons,

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carpenters and labourers,

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and the movement of thousands
of tons of materials

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for the construction.

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They were enormously expensive,
time-consuming projects,

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which took years to complete.

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'The choice of where
to build in stone

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'was a carefully-considered decision

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'based on strategic importance,

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and the ability to dominate
the skyline.'

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'One of the earliest castles
to be built

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'was the Tower of London -

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'its famous white tower designed
to strike awe into the population.'

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'And soon, it wouldn't just be the
new ruler from across the Channel

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'who erected these imposing edifices
across the land.'

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William set about
rewarding his nobles.

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He divided England
amongst his followers,

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and created a new class
of Norman baron.

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Each was given permission
to build a castle

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from which to exert their power.

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'They were known as the Companions
of William the Conqueror.

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'Men like Robert de Beaumont,
who became Earl of Leicester,

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'and one of William's
most-trusted advisors.'

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From Northumberland to Cornwall,

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these new barons now were lords
of all they could survey

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from the tops of their castle walls.

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'And where the barons chose
to build their castles

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'was just as important
as how they were built.

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'This was not just an invasion
of territory.

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'It was a annexation of Britain's
history and its mythology.'

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Norman castles had
symbolic functions,

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00:13:29,520 --> 00:13:32,320
symbolic importance on
a whole variety of levels.

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In some senses
they were built to impress,

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to overawe the native population.

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Some important Norman castles

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were built on centres
of early significance.

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Castles such as Colchester in Essex
re-used Roman sites.

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Roman masonry was incorporated.

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In other cases, castles perpetuated
Anglo-Saxon centres of authority

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and government.

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So, while the seats
of power remained the same,

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the face of lordship
was transformed.

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'This was one of the keys to the
success of the Normans in Britain.

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'Old Sarum, just outside Salisbury,

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'had been a settlement
since the Iron Age.

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'The Anglo-Saxons had built
a fortified town here.

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'It was a strategic location

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'controlling a hub
of roads and rivers.

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00:14:25,560 --> 00:14:28,880
'High on a hill, it was also
a very visible location.

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'It was a perfect setting
for a Norman castle.

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00:14:34,880 --> 00:14:37,680
By building his castle
on a pre-existing site,

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William gained the strategic value

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that had made it important
to the Anglo-Saxons.

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But he also gained
an immense symbolic value.

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The takeover of England
was given physical embodiment

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in the castles of William.

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'Old Sarum is where William
paid off the troops

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00:14:57,960 --> 00:14:59,760
'who had fought so successfully
for him.'

242
00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:04,560
But it's also said that
it's where he chose to compile

243
00:15:04,560 --> 00:15:08,040
one of the most important documents
in British history -

244
00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:11,280
the foundation of our
National Archives here at Kew.

245
00:15:11,280 --> 00:15:12,680
Our earliest public record,

246
00:15:12,680 --> 00:15:16,920
and a legal document that's still
valid evidence of land title today.

247
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:20,600
'The great Domesday Book.'

248
00:15:26,200 --> 00:15:30,560
This is an exact facsimile
of the original historical document,

249
00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:33,400
which is such an important part
of British history

250
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:35,520
that it sits
in a climate-controlled room.

251
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:41,880
This was the most thorough survey
of a country ever undertaken,

252
00:15:41,880 --> 00:15:45,760
a work that defined just what
it was that William had conquered

253
00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:49,800
and more importantly,
how he could extract taxes from it.

254
00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:51,840
Domesday means day of judgement,

255
00:15:51,840 --> 00:15:54,320
so-called because
it was so thorough and complete

256
00:15:54,320 --> 00:15:56,840
that it was likened
to the Day of Judgement,

257
00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:00,480
when Christians believed that
all would be judged before God.

258
00:16:04,640 --> 00:16:08,200
And the book also records
the transfer of lands.

259
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:11,600
Where once a Saxon lord ruled,
by the time of Domesday

260
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:13,040
those lords had been replaced

261
00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,040
by the barons William
had brought with him from France,

262
00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:20,520
each now safely ensconced
within their own castles.

263
00:16:20,520 --> 00:16:28,320
And the 913 pages describe more than
13,000 places in identical detail.

264
00:16:28,320 --> 00:16:32,600
No wonder the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
said of William's thoroughness:

265
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:53,440
Today, Old Sarum is just a shadow
of its former self,

266
00:16:53,440 --> 00:16:56,840
largely because Henry VIII
gave permission for its walls

267
00:16:56,840 --> 00:16:58,920
to be plundered
for building materials.

268
00:16:59,880 --> 00:17:01,920
'But these old walls bore witness

269
00:17:01,920 --> 00:17:04,760
'to yet another outcome
of the Norman invasion.

270
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:13,360
'In the summer of 1086, William had
a plan to drive his authority home -

271
00:17:13,360 --> 00:17:15,800
'an idea that would turn
his invasion

272
00:17:15,800 --> 00:17:18,840
'into something
of lasting significance.

273
00:17:18,840 --> 00:17:23,440
'On 1st August, William gathered
all "landowning men of any account"

274
00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:25,760
'to his castle at Old Sarum.

275
00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,040
'His intention - nothing less
than the imposition

276
00:17:29,040 --> 00:17:31,360
'of a new hierarchy on England.'

277
00:17:32,720 --> 00:17:35,400
'The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
recorded that:

278
00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:57,240
This was the first time
that every landowner in the realm

279
00:17:57,240 --> 00:18:00,120
was required to swear an oath
to the King.

280
00:18:00,120 --> 00:18:03,800
From now on, if a leading figure
rebelled against William,

281
00:18:03,800 --> 00:18:06,160
the loyalty of his tenants
would be to the King

282
00:18:06,160 --> 00:18:08,960
rather than to their
immediate master.

283
00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:12,080
It became known as
the Oath of Sarum.

284
00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:15,600
Feudal England was born here
in a castle.

285
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:18,120
And the castle
became the symbol of it.

286
00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:31,000
'What sets the Norman fortress apart
is not just its appearance,

287
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:33,360
'but its purpose.'

288
00:18:33,360 --> 00:18:36,200
A castle combined many functions
under one roof.

289
00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,400
First and foremost it was home
to the new Norman rulers.

290
00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:43,680
The barons derived immense status
from their castles.

291
00:18:45,120 --> 00:18:47,120
'They made them feared.

292
00:18:47,120 --> 00:18:50,400
'Each baron would have
his own force of mercenaries.

293
00:18:50,400 --> 00:18:53,640
'Their castle gave them a place
from which to exert their power,

294
00:18:53,640 --> 00:18:57,880
'but which could also offer
a safe haven of protection.

295
00:18:57,880 --> 00:19:00,760
'The barons used them
to administer their lands.

296
00:19:00,760 --> 00:19:03,560
'They were the place justice
was meted out.

297
00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:06,560
'In short, wherever
you were in the country,

298
00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:10,360
'life in Norman England revolved
around the baron and his bastion.

299
00:19:11,640 --> 00:19:13,960
'And they led the life
of a rich elite.'

300
00:19:15,360 --> 00:19:19,280
LAUREN JOHNSON: Our picture of
castles usually is ruined buildings,

301
00:19:19,280 --> 00:19:22,160
and actually what you have
to imagine every time you enter

302
00:19:22,160 --> 00:19:26,160
any sort of castle space is that
these were luxury accommodations.

303
00:19:26,160 --> 00:19:30,520
In an age when even to have
unnatural light and warmth -

304
00:19:30,520 --> 00:19:32,680
to have a fire - cost money,

305
00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,520
then to have a huge building

306
00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:37,840
with walls that were
potentially metres thick,

307
00:19:37,840 --> 00:19:42,840
keeping out the wind and the rain,
for a start, that was a luxury.

308
00:19:42,840 --> 00:19:46,480
And it's a space in which many,
many people are living.

309
00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:50,800
Because for a lord or a lady
to show their authority,

310
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:53,240
they need to be surrounded
by servants.

311
00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:00,600
'Every part of life
was designed to reinforce

312
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,480
'the status of the new masters.

313
00:20:03,480 --> 00:20:06,640
'The simple act of taking a meal
became a constant reminder

314
00:20:06,640 --> 00:20:08,200
'of who was in charge -

315
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:10,080
'starting with preparing to eat.

316
00:20:10,080 --> 00:20:11,840
'Seren Evans-Charrington

317
00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:15,760
'has studied the significance
of castle mealtimes.'

318
00:20:17,240 --> 00:20:21,480
When you're dining
in a medieval castle,

319
00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:23,160
you start off with your
hand-washing.

320
00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:28,040
You would have a designated servant,
and he would wash his own hands.

321
00:20:28,040 --> 00:20:32,120
He would then wash the carver's
hands, and it goes on like that.

322
00:20:32,120 --> 00:20:33,640
What we're finding in this period

323
00:20:33,640 --> 00:20:36,360
is actually the Normans
are bringing over, "Come on,"

324
00:20:36,360 --> 00:20:38,080
you know, "Let's start behaving."

325
00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:40,840
OK. So they're sort of imposing
a new way of behaving?

326
00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:43,840
They are, because they actually
believe they're slightly superior.

327
00:20:43,840 --> 00:20:46,440
A touch of arrogance? Oh,
just a little. Yes, just a little.

328
00:20:46,440 --> 00:20:47,720
What's next?

329
00:20:47,720 --> 00:20:51,840
We've actually got in here - this
is some wine imported from France.

330
00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:53,560
It was a lamentable quality.

331
00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:56,360
You might have to spice it a little,
and this is what this is.

332
00:20:56,360 --> 00:20:58,160
This is spiced wine. Right.

333
00:20:58,160 --> 00:20:59,200
Here we go.

334
00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:01,040
So, again, the idea is that

335
00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:04,400
this is a refined thing
to do because it's wine.

336
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:05,440
Ahh.

337
00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:08,720
It's imported. That's like cold
vin chaud. That's what that's like.

338
00:21:08,720 --> 00:21:11,240
So, you've got gingers in there.
You've got galingale.

339
00:21:11,240 --> 00:21:13,520
You've got all of these wonderful
exotic spices.

340
00:21:15,560 --> 00:21:17,880
So, pottage. Now, this is a dish...

341
00:21:17,880 --> 00:21:22,920
Cor, look at this. Yes. Now, this is
actually the high-end version.

342
00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:27,520
So, fine dish, ground almonds,
lots of sugar in there.

343
00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:29,120
Lots of lovely, rich ingredients.

344
00:21:29,120 --> 00:21:31,000
So, even though it doesn't
look very nice,

345
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:32,920
it's made out of stuff
that's been imported.

346
00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:35,520
Again, it's new, it's
actually exotic. Expensive, yeah.

347
00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:38,680
This is the exotic version. So,
take a small piece up to your mouth.

348
00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:40,560
HE EXHALES

349
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:45,480
Like spiced porridge.
It's like sweet...

350
00:21:45,480 --> 00:21:49,320
Yeah. Sweet, spiced, tangy,
gloopy porridge. Mm.

351
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:54,280
You need some of that now,
don't you?

352
00:21:54,280 --> 00:21:57,280
Does it taste better now that you've
taken the pottage? It does.

353
00:21:57,280 --> 00:21:59,920
Yeah, it goes together.
That's actually really interesting.

354
00:21:59,920 --> 00:22:02,720
The first time I had the wine,
it was really spicy and quite harsh,

355
00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:05,440
but once I'd had the sweet,
gloopy mixture called pottage,

356
00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:07,240
the wine tasted great.

357
00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:09,440
There you go.
So, after you've had your pottage,

358
00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:12,520
which I know you don't want
to leave, you're then over here.

359
00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:17,960
This is amazing! Well, this is made
from marchpane, and marchpane

360
00:22:17,960 --> 00:22:22,360
is an early form of marzipan.
This is all about, "Look at this."

361
00:22:22,360 --> 00:22:26,160
Food was theatre. This is the period
where food starts to be theatre.

362
00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:29,200
The Crusades are bringing
over your sugar, your spices.

363
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,880
You've got your wine being imported
from the Continent,

364
00:22:32,880 --> 00:22:35,720
so all of these wonderful,
exotic things are coming over.

365
00:22:35,720 --> 00:22:36,960
And, for example,

366
00:22:36,960 --> 00:22:41,880
a monarch was reported as spending
1,500 on sugars and spices a year.

367
00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:45,560
Doesn't sound much, but a castle
at the time cost 15,000 to build.

368
00:22:45,560 --> 00:22:47,400
Wow! So, that puts
it in perspective.

369
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:50,040
So, a significant portion
of their budget was spent on sugar.

370
00:22:50,040 --> 00:22:51,320
This is it.

371
00:22:51,320 --> 00:22:55,080
It was like they were obsessed with
how they appeared at all times,

372
00:22:55,080 --> 00:22:57,920
and there was a way that would make
you appear Norman,

373
00:22:57,920 --> 00:23:01,000
part of this ruling elite,
by just the way that you ate.

374
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,200
This is it. So actually
by you being the lord,

375
00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:06,160
and, you know, you have all these
people come to your feast,

376
00:23:06,160 --> 00:23:11,160
you're actually getting them
to, almost, give allegiance to you.

377
00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:15,040
This is about gaining order
over every situation.

378
00:23:15,040 --> 00:23:17,400
So, you have
your hierarchy of your staff.

379
00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:20,240
You have your hierarchy
of how you eat, how you serve.

380
00:23:20,240 --> 00:23:24,800
And everything is pointing toward
that lord, that King,

381
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:28,880
that whoever it be, that is
sat at that top table, is in charge.

382
00:23:28,880 --> 00:23:32,160
And even the way the tables
are laid out points to that.

383
00:23:34,720 --> 00:23:38,080
'These new rules of etiquette
at the dining table

384
00:23:38,080 --> 00:23:42,440
'were yet one more way in which the
castle acted as a constant reminder

385
00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:45,760
'of the presence of the new
Norman aristocrats.'

386
00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:50,920
William the Conqueror
had used castles

387
00:23:50,920 --> 00:23:53,280
to impose his will on England.

388
00:23:53,280 --> 00:23:58,160
His intention now was to create
a network to assert royal authority.

389
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:05,400
'But in creating
the new baronial class,

390
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,840
'William had given them
their own power base.

391
00:24:08,840 --> 00:24:10,480
'Their castles.

392
00:24:10,480 --> 00:24:13,840
'And not all barons were happy
to follow the will of the King.

393
00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:19,960
'Distant lands such as Northumbria
gave the likes of Robert de Mowbray

394
00:24:19,960 --> 00:24:23,360
'the opportunity to revolt against
William's heir.

395
00:24:23,360 --> 00:24:26,640
'William II had to lay siege
to the castle at Bamburgh

396
00:24:26,640 --> 00:24:29,400
'to bring the region back in line.

397
00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:33,000
'But more and more barons
began to flex their muscle.

398
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:35,320
'Within 100 years of the
Norman conquest,

399
00:24:35,320 --> 00:24:37,480
'England faced a new crisis.

400
00:24:40,280 --> 00:24:44,200
'The King was Henry I.
He had no male heir.

401
00:24:44,200 --> 00:24:47,040
'In a revolutionary move,
Henry gathered the barons

402
00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:49,040
'and called on them
to swear allegiance

403
00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:52,760
'to his daughter Matilda in 1127.

404
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:56,680
'She was opposed by the grandson
of William the Conqueror - Stephen.'

405
00:24:58,320 --> 00:25:02,120
When Henry I died, there
were two claims to the throne -

406
00:25:02,120 --> 00:25:04,800
Stephen and Matilda.

407
00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:08,680
This was the first time that a woman
had claimed the throne of England.

408
00:25:10,960 --> 00:25:14,520
'It was a watershed moment
in our history.'

409
00:25:14,520 --> 00:25:16,960
LAUREN JOHNSON: If history is made up
of what we remember,

410
00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:19,520
Matilda isn't a crucial
part of history any more.

411
00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:22,400
She's been dropped from
our collective consciousness,

412
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:24,000
and she's hugely important.

413
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:28,520
To think that less than 100 years
after the Norman conquest a man -

414
00:25:28,520 --> 00:25:32,400
a king - is trying to put his
daughter on the throne of England.

415
00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:36,440
It's one thing for women
to transmit power through themselves

416
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:38,080
to their husbands, or to their sons.

417
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:39,960
It's quite another thing
to actively say,

418
00:25:39,960 --> 00:25:42,120
"I want my daughter
to run the country."

419
00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:46,840
In a period when... I mean, really.
It's sort of still a tribal country.

420
00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:50,760
It's made up of sets of lands
that are ruled by warrior lords.

421
00:25:50,760 --> 00:25:52,520
And the ability
to fight and lead an army

422
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:54,240
is one of the most important things,

423
00:25:54,240 --> 00:25:56,840
and it's perceived
that women can't do that.

424
00:25:56,840 --> 00:25:58,800
In Matilda,
there is an example of a woman

425
00:25:58,800 --> 00:26:01,600
who could have been
an extremely successful ruler,

426
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:03,600
it's just that
she is up against a man

427
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:06,800
who has managed to get himself
crowned before her.

428
00:26:08,320 --> 00:26:09,840
'That man was Stephen.'

429
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,760
What followed
was a protracted civil war

430
00:26:13,760 --> 00:26:16,360
with noble families
across the country

431
00:26:16,360 --> 00:26:19,200
divided between
two legitimate claims.

432
00:26:19,200 --> 00:26:23,040
The result was one of the bleakest
periods in our history.

433
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:28,480
'England descended into what's
become known as The Anarchy.

434
00:26:28,480 --> 00:26:31,440
'The barons might declare
support for either side,

435
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:35,560
'but all they were really interested
in was their own power -

436
00:26:35,560 --> 00:26:38,600
'a power provided by their castles.'

437
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:42,160
According to medieval chroniclers
of the 12th century,

438
00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:45,640
castles were not really
a symptom of The Anarchy,

439
00:26:45,640 --> 00:26:48,560
they were the cause
of violence, and disruption,

440
00:26:48,560 --> 00:26:50,200
and political turmoil.

441
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:51,960
The Anarchy, the so-called Anarchy,

442
00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:55,760
was a period when castle building
proliferated.

443
00:26:55,760 --> 00:26:58,440
Castle building
had been quite rigidly

444
00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:01,480
and tightly controlled by the Crown
until that point.

445
00:27:01,480 --> 00:27:04,560
But those systems broke down,
and even quite minor lords

446
00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:07,720
were able to fortify
their estate centres,

447
00:27:07,720 --> 00:27:11,080
and build little castles
of their own across the landscape.

448
00:27:11,080 --> 00:27:14,760
'The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
describes this as the period when,

449
00:27:14,760 --> 00:27:18,440
'"Christ and his Saints slept."'

450
00:27:42,360 --> 00:27:45,680
The conflict lasted
for almost two decades.

451
00:27:45,680 --> 00:27:49,600
Castles were the key to victory, and
both sides set about capturing them.

452
00:27:52,360 --> 00:27:54,600
'Carisbrooke Castle
on the Isle of Wight

453
00:27:54,600 --> 00:27:57,280
'was held by a supporter of Matilda.

454
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:01,240
'The motte dominated
the land around,

455
00:28:01,240 --> 00:28:03,360
'making this a formidable fortress.'

456
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,600
'But when Stephen laid siege to it,

457
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:10,960
'the castle's Achilles heel
soon brought it down.'

458
00:28:12,680 --> 00:28:14,800
This is the original Norman well.

459
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,640
'At top of the old motte,
it had been here

460
00:28:17,640 --> 00:28:20,120
'since it was built in William
the Conqueror's reign.'

461
00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:23,080
The idea was that rain water
and surface water would

462
00:28:23,080 --> 00:28:26,720
be enough to keep it topped up,
but it never worked.

463
00:28:26,720 --> 00:28:30,440
And without water, the defending
army were forced to surrender.

464
00:28:32,680 --> 00:28:36,480
'Stephen was determined that the
same would not happen on his watch.

465
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:38,800
'He ordered the digging
of a new well -

466
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:41,920
'one that would be deep enough
to keep the castle supplied

467
00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:43,240
'no matter what.

468
00:28:43,240 --> 00:28:47,520
'It's said it took two prisoners
a year to dig.'

469
00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:50,320
It's 161 ft deep,

470
00:28:50,320 --> 00:28:53,400
and to give you just some
sense of how deep that is,

471
00:28:53,400 --> 00:28:54,960
have a look at this.

472
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,040
WATER SPLASHES

473
00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:05,000
Four seconds
it took for that water

474
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:07,560
to get down to the water table
at the bottom.

475
00:29:08,840 --> 00:29:12,640
Attached to this rope is a bucket,
and to raise or lower it,

476
00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:17,920
it's attached up to this axle, which
is attached to this enormous wheel.

477
00:29:17,920 --> 00:29:20,200
Now, Stephen had prisoners
dig the well,

478
00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:23,440
but he also had them turn the wheel
to raise the bucket up,

479
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:25,080
and I'm going to give it a go.

480
00:29:35,880 --> 00:29:37,600
Ohh, I'm getting dizzy.

481
00:29:37,600 --> 00:29:39,000
HE LAUGHS

482
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:41,080
It's surprisingly disorientating.

483
00:29:42,240 --> 00:29:44,800
Makes me feel a bit seasick,
weirdly.

484
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:49,160
Once you've got it going, it's all
right, but it hurts your calves.

485
00:29:49,160 --> 00:29:50,480
Whoa.

486
00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:53,880
I've got to keep an eye on the
bucket to see where it's going.

487
00:29:53,880 --> 00:29:55,760
There it is. It's coming up now.

488
00:30:05,280 --> 00:30:07,400
I managed to stop it.

489
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:08,920
So, there we go.

490
00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:13,480
I'm slightly out of breath,
and that was with an empty bucket,

491
00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:17,520
and it was only a matter
of metres down the well.

492
00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:20,640
You'd think that with a full bucket
it'd take as much as an hour

493
00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:23,000
for someone to turn this wheel
and get it up,

494
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:24,520
and that would be really hard work.

495
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:28,160
It's an amazingly efficient
bit of kit, this.

496
00:30:33,040 --> 00:30:36,160
'Stephen may have prevailed
at Carisbrooke...

497
00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:42,560
'But in Lincoln,
the castle fell to Matilda,

498
00:30:42,560 --> 00:30:45,040
'when her supporters
sent their wives on a visit

499
00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:47,000
'to the governor's wife.

500
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:50,320
'When the men joined them, they
were able to overpower the guards,

501
00:30:50,320 --> 00:30:53,600
'and throw open the gates
as the castle fell.'

502
00:30:57,520 --> 00:31:02,720
'At the later Battle of Lincoln in
1141, Stephen was taken prisoner.'

503
00:31:03,720 --> 00:31:07,720
But, even then, Matilda
was unable to complete her victory.

504
00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,480
Stephen's wife marched on London
to prevent Matilda's coronation.

505
00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:14,160
She was never crowned Queen.

506
00:31:18,160 --> 00:31:19,760
'When Stephen was released,

507
00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:23,000
'the war seemed to be turning
against Matilda.

508
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:26,760
'But her castle, guarding a crossing
of the Thames at Wallingford,

509
00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:28,920
'proved vital to her fortunes.

510
00:31:30,040 --> 00:31:33,800
'By 1142, it had already
successfully survived

511
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:35,640
'a sustained siege.

512
00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:38,040
'Then its location proved vital

513
00:31:38,040 --> 00:31:41,880
'when Stephen found himself with the
chance to land a knock-out blow.'

514
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:49,160
Stephen had managed to trap Matilda
in the nearby castle at Oxford.

515
00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:50,840
He laid siege to it.

516
00:31:50,840 --> 00:31:52,360
But these are the Middle Ages.

517
00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:54,800
This is long before
the night vision goggles,

518
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:58,200
minefields and barbed wire
of modern times.

519
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:03,440
No medieval siege could be 100%
effective, and Matilda escaped.

520
00:32:04,520 --> 00:32:07,160
'With Stephen's army
camped all around,

521
00:32:07,160 --> 00:32:10,040
'Matilda climbed from a window
with a rope.

522
00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:15,520
'Dressed completely in white, and
accompanied by three loyal knights,

523
00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:17,920
'she made her way through
the besieging army

524
00:32:17,920 --> 00:32:20,880
'using a snowstorm for cover.

525
00:32:20,880 --> 00:32:23,240
'She crossed the frozen Thames
at Abingdon

526
00:32:23,240 --> 00:32:25,920
'and then escaped to
the castle at Wallingford.'

527
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:31,160
Stephen had let his rival
slip through his grasp.

528
00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,160
Wallingford continued to play
a vital role in the conflict.

529
00:32:34,160 --> 00:32:36,560
So much so that
it was at Wallingford

530
00:32:36,560 --> 00:32:40,400
that the two sides reached the truce
that ended The Anarchy.

531
00:32:55,080 --> 00:32:59,520
'Matilda agreed to accept
Stephen's rule until his death.

532
00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:03,280
'In return, Stephen accepted
the claim of Matilda's son Henry

533
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:04,960
'as his successor.

534
00:33:04,960 --> 00:33:08,120
'His reign would found
a new royal dynasty,

535
00:33:08,120 --> 00:33:10,880
'one of the most powerful
in England's history -

536
00:33:10,880 --> 00:33:12,680
'the Plantagenets.'

537
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:18,000
Even though she was one of the most
significant women in our history,

538
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,000
Matilda's legacy is defined
by her relationship

539
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:23,600
with the men in her life.

540
00:33:23,600 --> 00:33:25,520
Her epitaph reads -

541
00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:28,320
"Great by birth,
greater by marriage,

542
00:33:28,320 --> 00:33:30,400
"greatest in her offspring:

543
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:36,000
"Here lies Matilda, daughter, wife,
and mother of Henry".

544
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:45,760
'Her son was to be
one of the greatest monarchs

545
00:33:45,760 --> 00:33:48,480
'of the age - Henry II.

546
00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:51,400
'He quickly set about taking
control of his lands

547
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:53,600
'both at home and in France.

548
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:57,600
'Henry also introduced sweeping
reforms to the legal system.'

549
00:33:59,720 --> 00:34:02,280
The far-sighted Henry
wanted to bring to an end

550
00:34:02,280 --> 00:34:06,400
the practice of the clergy having
its own separate legal system.

551
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:08,680
It was a fundamental attack,

552
00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:12,960
and it was opposed by the Archbishop
of Canterbury - Thomas Beckett.

553
00:34:14,520 --> 00:34:17,240
'Beckett proved
such an obstinate opponent

554
00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:20,840
'that Henry's frustration
eventually boiled over.

555
00:34:20,840 --> 00:34:23,640
'When Beckett was murdered
by sword-wielding knights

556
00:34:23,640 --> 00:34:27,920
'in Canterbury Cathedral,
Henry was guilty by association.

557
00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:35,080
'In these violent times, power
was enforced with sharpened steel,

558
00:34:35,080 --> 00:34:37,600
'and castles would ring
to the sound of metal

559
00:34:37,600 --> 00:34:39,920
'being beaten into weapons
in the forge.

560
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:47,480
'The specialist skills required to
make these arms endure to this day.

561
00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:51,120
'Owen Bush has been a swordsmith
for 20 years.'

562
00:34:54,440 --> 00:34:55,920
Right, Owen, what are we doing?

563
00:34:55,920 --> 00:35:01,240
We've got some bloomery steel here.
It's some stuff I've made from ore.

564
00:35:01,240 --> 00:35:03,000
Right. And you're gonna refine it.

565
00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:06,160
So, there are impurities in that,
that I'm going to get out
by smashing it?

566
00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:08,600
Yeah. I'm getting it to the point
just before it melts,

567
00:35:08,600 --> 00:35:11,200
and you can hammer it, and squirt
some of that slag out. Good.

568
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,400
My face is heating up quite
dramatically just standing here.

569
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,120
It's hot. It really is hot.
It has to be, yeah.

570
00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:23,680
So, up on there. It's quite heavy,
and then just hammering in.

571
00:35:24,920 --> 00:35:28,000
'In the Middle Ages,
weapons would have been produced

572
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:30,400
'by artisans inside the castles.

573
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:32,600
'The Tower of London, for instance,

574
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:36,320
'was a major source of tips
for crossbow bolts.'

575
00:35:36,320 --> 00:35:39,040
Right. Let me come round here, then.
See what this feels like.

576
00:35:41,440 --> 00:35:43,920
Right. Here we go.
I'm surprisingly nervous.

577
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:52,040
Right. Hammer time.

578
00:35:53,640 --> 00:35:56,880
'The sparks being beaten out
are the impurities,

579
00:35:56,880 --> 00:35:59,360
'leaving pure steel behind.'

580
00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:02,640
Then flip over and do the other
side? Stick it back in the fire.

581
00:36:02,640 --> 00:36:04,360
It needs to be hot. Right, OK. Yeah.

582
00:36:04,360 --> 00:36:07,200
Not hot enough.

583
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:08,920
It's the second attempt.

584
00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:11,160
The first one, it wasn't hot enough,
so this one...

585
00:36:11,160 --> 00:36:12,760
This is going to send more
sparks out.

586
00:36:12,760 --> 00:36:15,040
This one's going
to make the sparks fly.

587
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:18,720
Whoo!

588
00:36:25,040 --> 00:36:26,240
That's better.

589
00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:30,240
Good? That's looking good, yeah.

590
00:36:30,240 --> 00:36:31,520
The more you work it,

591
00:36:31,520 --> 00:36:33,920
the more you're going to squirt
that slag out of it,

592
00:36:33,920 --> 00:36:37,320
and it'll become a more homogenous,
usable steel.

593
00:36:37,320 --> 00:36:38,720
Great. Back in? Yep.

594
00:36:49,520 --> 00:36:51,800
How would these skills
have been passed on?

595
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:55,840
They certainly would
have been a secretive craft...

596
00:36:55,840 --> 00:36:59,000
..in that sense, passed on
from master to apprentice,

597
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:00,400
or from father to son.

598
00:37:00,400 --> 00:37:03,160
Cos it's a very valuable thing
to be able to do properly, isn't it?

599
00:37:03,160 --> 00:37:04,600
Absolutely. It certainly is.

600
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:08,160
I mean, a smith making weapons,
making swords,

601
00:37:08,160 --> 00:37:11,960
would be a valuable
and valued commodity.

602
00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:19,480
Stage two. What's this involve?

603
00:37:19,480 --> 00:37:22,800
You're going to forge the point on
it and start working on the bevels.

604
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,080
A bevel are the angular bits
towards the edge.

605
00:37:25,080 --> 00:37:27,640
So, we've got a flat bar,
and you've got to put edges on it.

606
00:37:27,640 --> 00:37:29,800
We've got to be a bit more gentle
with the heat,

607
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,400
cos if we burn it at this stage,
the whole thing is ruined.

608
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:35,400
Do we have to be more gentle
with the hammering as well?

609
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,760
More precise with the hammering. Not
gentle, unfortunately. Just precise.

610
00:37:38,760 --> 00:37:43,280
The words "precise" and "hammering"
don't usually go together with me.

611
00:37:45,240 --> 00:37:47,040
So, flat, and then pointed.

612
00:37:53,600 --> 00:37:56,080
How was that? That was fine, yeah.
You need to do it again.

613
00:37:57,280 --> 00:37:59,360
And you did actually burn it.
Did I? Yeah.

614
00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:00,640
HE GROANS

615
00:38:00,640 --> 00:38:02,880
'When steel burns, it oxidises,

616
00:38:02,880 --> 00:38:06,840
'which ruins the blade,
causing it to crack and break.'

617
00:38:09,960 --> 00:38:12,520
It's one of these brilliant skills
that looks quite simple -

618
00:38:12,520 --> 00:38:14,680
and it is, really.

619
00:38:14,680 --> 00:38:16,480
It's just hammering
a piece of hot iron,

620
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:18,400
but when you see it done properly,

621
00:38:18,400 --> 00:38:21,600
you realise how many
years of practice you need

622
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:22,760
to be able to do it right.

623
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:32,560
We're now onto the very mundane
task of filing this sword to shape.

624
00:38:32,560 --> 00:38:36,120
Nice and steady does it.
It's actually very therapeutic.

625
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:46,280
It's a really enjoyable process,
this, because you can...

626
00:38:46,280 --> 00:38:49,280
It's obviously a lengthy process,
but...

627
00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:53,000
..there's a little bit happening
every time

628
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:56,520
you put the file across the sword.

629
00:38:56,520 --> 00:38:58,840
And just because
there's a little bit of process...

630
00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:02,480
..there's a bit of hope.

631
00:39:02,480 --> 00:39:04,280
There we go. That's getting it.

632
00:39:04,280 --> 00:39:06,000
'This is tempering.

633
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:09,040
'The speed at which the heat
is conducted away from the metal

634
00:39:09,040 --> 00:39:11,280
'affects how brittle it becomes.'

635
00:39:11,280 --> 00:39:14,120
I'd say this is the point at which
the sword actually becomes born,

636
00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:17,080
when you bring it out of the fire
and putting it into oil.

637
00:39:17,080 --> 00:39:19,320
Did they always use oil?

638
00:39:19,320 --> 00:39:23,160
Sometimes oil, sometimes water.
Sometimes brine.

639
00:39:23,160 --> 00:39:25,720
If you're going to get esoteric,
there's certainly, um...

640
00:39:26,840 --> 00:39:28,480
..there's certainly writings

641
00:39:28,480 --> 00:39:34,520
of using the urine of a ginger
virgin boy. Right. To quench into.

642
00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,840
Which is, you know,
it's written down,

643
00:39:36,840 --> 00:39:39,720
and it may just be that
if someone did do that in reality,

644
00:39:39,720 --> 00:39:42,920
and it worked, that they
stuck by rote to that process.

645
00:39:42,920 --> 00:39:44,080
I don't know.

646
00:39:45,600 --> 00:39:49,560
'In fact, urine has since been shown
to be a very effective conductor,

647
00:39:49,560 --> 00:39:53,000
'which might explain
its place in the stories.

648
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:55,640
'But not the ginger hair.
Or the virgin bit.'

649
00:39:56,800 --> 00:39:57,920
Polished.

650
00:39:59,680 --> 00:40:01,880
So, this is a finished sword.

651
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:04,240
Wow.

652
00:40:04,240 --> 00:40:07,440
A real transformation,
isn't it? It is, yeah.

653
00:40:08,320 --> 00:40:10,560
Thank you very much for that.
It's a pleasure.

654
00:40:10,560 --> 00:40:12,880
It's always very nice to bring
a sword into the world.

655
00:40:18,520 --> 00:40:21,040
'The sword that struck
Thomas Beckett down

656
00:40:21,040 --> 00:40:23,560
'only enhanced his influence.

657
00:40:23,560 --> 00:40:26,040
'He was beatified as a saint
by the church

658
00:40:26,040 --> 00:40:30,240
'and Henry II watched powerless
as pilgrims crossed Europe,

659
00:40:30,240 --> 00:40:32,920
'and began to arrive
at Beckett's shrine.

660
00:40:36,040 --> 00:40:38,640
'The pilgrims passed straight
through Dover.

661
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:44,600
'Henry submitted himself to public
penance to try and offset the guilt.

662
00:40:45,840 --> 00:40:47,680
'But then he decided it was time

663
00:40:47,680 --> 00:40:50,720
'to restore his royal status
and prestige.

664
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:55,800
'He needed an unmistakeable sign
of royal authority.

665
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:57,840
'He turned to the castle at Dover.

666
00:41:01,040 --> 00:41:04,960
'Henry ordered Dover
to be rebuilt at vast expense,

667
00:41:04,960 --> 00:41:08,040
'lavishing almost a third
of his annual income

668
00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:09,960
'on this single project.

669
00:41:09,960 --> 00:41:12,720
'The design is one
of the greatest examples

670
00:41:12,720 --> 00:41:16,640
'of the Norman style of tower
anywhere in the country.'

671
00:41:18,920 --> 00:41:21,360
The tower is often known
as the keep,

672
00:41:21,360 --> 00:41:25,080
a word that conjures up ideas
of defence and protection.

673
00:41:25,080 --> 00:41:28,400
'But in fact the arrival of the
tower in castles

674
00:41:28,400 --> 00:41:31,280
'was yet another symbol -
of dominion.

675
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:35,800
'Even the name they were given
supports the notion of power.

676
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:38,520
'Their name was not keep but donjon,

677
00:41:38,520 --> 00:41:41,960
'which derives from the Latin word
for dominion or lordship.'

678
00:41:43,160 --> 00:41:46,680
A donjon is a projection
of authority -

679
00:41:46,680 --> 00:41:51,040
a symbol announcing its power
to the surrounding settlements.

680
00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:58,120
'Dover has been described
as the key to England.

681
00:41:59,920 --> 00:42:02,000
'By choosing to build
here at Dover,

682
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,800
'Henry was making
a very clear statement.

683
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,560
'This was the place pilgrims
passed through

684
00:42:09,560 --> 00:42:12,400
'on their way to Thomas Beckett's
shrine.

685
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:15,960
'But it was also the most visible
of English castles -

686
00:42:15,960 --> 00:42:20,520
'a dominating presence
in Henry's Anglo-French realm.

687
00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:25,400
'Even Henry's choice of building
materials carried a message.

688
00:42:25,400 --> 00:42:28,000
'there are bands
of lighter-coloured stone

689
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:31,040
'specially imported
from his lands in France.

690
00:42:31,040 --> 00:42:34,720
'A reminder of the breadth
and wealth of Henry's domain.

691
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:40,960
'But Henry didn't choose
the strongest design

692
00:42:40,960 --> 00:42:43,960
'available at the time,
nor even the latest fashion.

693
00:42:45,480 --> 00:42:48,600
'Instead he consciously
drew on the past

694
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:51,280
'to remind people
of his noble ancestry,

695
00:42:51,280 --> 00:42:54,760
'and his links back to rulers
like William the Conqueror.'

696
00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:02,960
The tower at Dover echoed
the designs of the strongest kings.

697
00:43:02,960 --> 00:43:06,040
This was a deliberate attempt
by Henry to associate himself

698
00:43:06,040 --> 00:43:10,400
with the castles and crowns
of his predecessors.

699
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:13,000
There's more than a little
Tower of London about it,

700
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:14,280
don't you think?

701
00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:20,000
'Everything about Henry's castle
at Dover

702
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:23,560
'was designed to create
the right impression.

703
00:43:23,560 --> 00:43:28,320
'This was a strictly-regulated
world in which hierarchy was key.

704
00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:31,400
'It affected every element of life
in the castle.

705
00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:35,160
'It was even designed into
the fabric of the building.'

706
00:43:36,280 --> 00:43:39,040
The King's guests didn't just
knock on the front door,

707
00:43:39,040 --> 00:43:40,960
but were invited to the throne room,

708
00:43:40,960 --> 00:43:43,640
and they were taken through
this door...

709
00:43:43,640 --> 00:43:44,800
HE GRUNTS

710
00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:48,680
..and up these stairs behind me.

711
00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,760
They ascended to the seat
of authority above them

712
00:43:52,760 --> 00:43:54,320
in every sense.

713
00:44:02,600 --> 00:44:06,040
In medieval life, the monarch
travelled from castle to castle,

714
00:44:06,040 --> 00:44:10,040
and wherever the King resided was
said to be the throne of England.

715
00:44:10,040 --> 00:44:12,960
The Tower at Dover has been
furnished to reflect

716
00:44:12,960 --> 00:44:16,880
what it might have looked like
when Henry II was on the throne.

717
00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:24,560
I could get used to this.

718
00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:33,560
'Henry travelled with an entire
household staff - hundreds of people

719
00:44:33,560 --> 00:44:35,760
'divided into separate departments,

720
00:44:35,760 --> 00:44:39,080
'each with their own area
of responsibility.

721
00:44:39,080 --> 00:44:43,280
'His arrival here must have been
one of the spectacles of the age.

722
00:44:43,280 --> 00:44:46,800
'At a time when mass communication
was unheard of,

723
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:49,400
'the king had to be constantly
on the move,

724
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,840
'maintaining his rule
over every part of the country.

725
00:44:56,160 --> 00:44:59,640
'Dover Castle became
a crucial part of Henry's legacy -

726
00:44:59,640 --> 00:45:01,840
'not just a symbol of strength,

727
00:45:01,840 --> 00:45:06,160
'but a tool with which his
successors could defend their crown.

728
00:45:06,160 --> 00:45:07,680
'They were going to need it.'

729
00:45:09,640 --> 00:45:12,320
We like to think of Britain
as an island fortress.

730
00:45:12,320 --> 00:45:15,800
We saw off the Armada,
Napoleon and Hitler.

731
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:17,640
But here's an interesting
fact for you.

732
00:45:17,640 --> 00:45:20,680
We've actually been invaded
successfully by sea

733
00:45:20,680 --> 00:45:24,600
nine times since 1066.

734
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:26,120
And in the history of castles,

735
00:45:26,120 --> 00:45:29,360
the most important of those
happened in 1216,

736
00:45:29,360 --> 00:45:32,960
when Prince Louis of France
seized the throne.

737
00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:38,760
'By this time, it was Henry's son
John who was King.

738
00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:42,520
'But he was so unpopular,
he faced constant opposition.

739
00:45:42,520 --> 00:45:45,080
'With the security their castles
gave them,

740
00:45:45,080 --> 00:45:48,400
'the barons had already taken
the unprecedented step

741
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:51,000
'of forcing a monarch
to sign an agreement

742
00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:53,800
'restricting his authority -
Magna Carta.

743
00:45:55,160 --> 00:45:58,040
'When John began
to break the terms of Magna Carta,

744
00:45:58,040 --> 00:46:00,120
'it was the final straw.

745
00:46:00,120 --> 00:46:02,160
'The barons invited
one of their own,

746
00:46:02,160 --> 00:46:04,120
'Prince Louis of France,

747
00:46:04,120 --> 00:46:06,720
'to invade and seize the throne
from John.'

748
00:46:06,720 --> 00:46:10,480
It was Dover Castle
that stood in Louis' way.

749
00:46:10,480 --> 00:46:14,600
But this time the royal castles
faced their biggest challenge yet -

750
00:46:14,600 --> 00:46:18,920
a powerful combination of warrior
barons and a foreign prince.

751
00:46:21,360 --> 00:46:24,080
Dover presented
a formidable obstacle,

752
00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:27,680
and it gave Louis a dilemma - if
left in his enemies' hands,

753
00:46:27,680 --> 00:46:31,280
it could cut off his lines
of supply across the Channel.

754
00:46:31,280 --> 00:46:34,200
But a prolonged siege
could hold up his progress.

755
00:46:44,280 --> 00:46:46,120
'Louis' army surrounded the castle.

756
00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:49,520
'His catapults flung rocks
against the walls,

757
00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:51,480
'but with little effect.

758
00:46:51,480 --> 00:46:54,760
'His men, meanwhile,
dug tunnels underneath the walls

759
00:46:54,760 --> 00:46:57,080
'to try to bring them down.

760
00:46:57,080 --> 00:47:00,040
'The only defence against this
was counter-tunnels.'

761
00:47:01,960 --> 00:47:05,000
Attackers and defenders
dug furiously.

762
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:07,720
First, part of the wooden
outer wall fell.

763
00:47:07,720 --> 00:47:11,840
And then, far more significantly,
one of the stone towers.

764
00:47:11,840 --> 00:47:15,840
The castle walls were breached.
Was victory in sight?

765
00:47:17,360 --> 00:47:20,920
'Hand-to-hand combat ensued,
but the well-drilled garrison

766
00:47:20,920 --> 00:47:23,160
'were able to push back
the attackers,

767
00:47:23,160 --> 00:47:24,760
'and make good the breach.'

768
00:47:26,520 --> 00:47:31,320
With stalemate re-established,
Louis abandoned the siege at Dover.

769
00:47:31,320 --> 00:47:33,280
'And ultimately his claim.'

770
00:47:34,280 --> 00:47:36,360
'Louis returned to France defeated,

771
00:47:36,360 --> 00:47:39,480
'but the siege of Dover marks
one of the last times

772
00:47:39,480 --> 00:47:42,840
'that a castle was able
to play such an active part

773
00:47:42,840 --> 00:47:45,160
'in defending the English Crown.

774
00:47:45,160 --> 00:47:47,520
'In the uncertain times
that followed,

775
00:47:47,520 --> 00:47:51,040
'castles began
to acquire a new purpose.

776
00:47:58,160 --> 00:48:01,160
'John was succeeded by Henry III.

777
00:48:01,160 --> 00:48:02,880
'His reign saw the creation

778
00:48:02,880 --> 00:48:05,680
'of one of the most famous
castles ever built,

779
00:48:05,680 --> 00:48:10,920
'constructed by his brother Richard,
Earl of Cornwall, around 1230.

780
00:48:10,920 --> 00:48:14,800
'But its function
was not a military one.'

781
00:48:14,800 --> 00:48:18,440
In the heart of Cornwall, there
is a castle of unique status.

782
00:48:18,440 --> 00:48:21,320
Tintagel conjures more imagery
in our mind

783
00:48:21,320 --> 00:48:23,880
than any other castle in England.

784
00:48:27,640 --> 00:48:29,880
'It was build by Richard,
Earl of Cornwall,

785
00:48:29,880 --> 00:48:33,880
'on what is said to have been
the birthplace of King Arthur.

786
00:48:34,960 --> 00:48:37,520
'Tintagel is a well-protected site -

787
00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:41,200
'the name even means
"the fort of the constriction".'

788
00:48:43,600 --> 00:48:46,680
'Tintagel was once
a very significant settlement.

789
00:48:46,680 --> 00:48:50,640
There's a little harbour behind me
here, which ships used to connect

790
00:48:50,640 --> 00:48:54,440
Tintagel with distant waters as far
afield as the Mediterranean.

791
00:48:54,440 --> 00:48:58,240
In fact, if you dig down almost
anywhere on this headland here,

792
00:48:58,240 --> 00:49:01,840
you'll find treasures from
all over the Mediterranean world.

793
00:49:01,840 --> 00:49:04,000
I've got some of them here.

794
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:08,200
There's more fifth and sixth century
pottery that's been found here

795
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:11,560
than anywhere else
in the British Isles put together.

796
00:49:11,560 --> 00:49:13,720
I particularly like this piece.

797
00:49:13,720 --> 00:49:16,040
It's from Africa,
and you can still feel

798
00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:18,920
where the potter has pressed
his fingers into the clay.

799
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:23,960
So, this was once
a thriving settlement.

800
00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:26,440
'But by Richard,
Earl of Cornwall's day,

801
00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:28,960
'all that was already
far in the past.

802
00:49:30,040 --> 00:49:32,840
'This land had no military value
whatsoever.

803
00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:36,240
'There hadn't been any
fortifications here

804
00:49:36,240 --> 00:49:37,600
'since the Iron Age.

805
00:49:39,080 --> 00:49:42,680
'But the association with Arthur
was to change all that.

806
00:49:44,440 --> 00:49:48,320
'These ruins on a rocky
headland exert a power

807
00:49:48,320 --> 00:49:51,360
'far beyond their physical elements.

808
00:49:51,360 --> 00:49:54,160
'For a character
far more fiction that fact,

809
00:49:54,160 --> 00:49:58,720
'Arthur holds an extraordinary
fascination for us.'

810
00:49:58,720 --> 00:50:00,960
It was the cleric
Geoffrey of Monmouth

811
00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:05,840
who had identified Tintagel as the
birthplace of Arthur in the 1100s.

812
00:50:05,840 --> 00:50:09,360
A French scholar later
added the story of the Round Table,

813
00:50:09,360 --> 00:50:12,960
round so that no knight could enjoy
higher status than any other.

814
00:50:12,960 --> 00:50:17,000
And later writers still added
the story of the Holy Grail.

815
00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:27,200
'Over the centuries, authors
and artists would return

816
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,800
'again and again to the legend,
adding their own ideas.

817
00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:35,160
'Mallory's Morte D'Arthur,
Tennyson's Idylls of the King,

818
00:50:35,160 --> 00:50:39,600
'and image upon image of Camelot
have fuelled imaginations everywhere

819
00:50:39,600 --> 00:50:42,640
'to such an extent that
this fictional character

820
00:50:42,640 --> 00:50:44,120
'in an imaginary castle

821
00:50:44,120 --> 00:50:48,520
'somehow became a living
legend from our past.'

822
00:50:48,520 --> 00:50:51,680
It's no wonder that dealing with
Arthur has been described as

823
00:50:51,680 --> 00:50:55,560
dealing with the history of the
story of the legend.

824
00:50:56,680 --> 00:51:00,600
'The man behind Tintagel Castle
had been made Earl of Cornwall

825
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:02,800
'by his brother, Henry III.

826
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:06,040
'He came from the same
Anglo-Norman elite.

827
00:51:06,040 --> 00:51:09,040
'But he needed to be accepted
by the Cornish

828
00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:11,440
'to make it easier
to assert his authority

829
00:51:11,440 --> 00:51:14,240
'and, more importantly,
collect his taxes.

830
00:51:14,240 --> 00:51:17,040
'It seems that Richard,
Earl of Cornwall,

831
00:51:17,040 --> 00:51:20,360
'was so eager to link his fortunes
with those of Arthur

832
00:51:20,360 --> 00:51:24,360
'that he decided to build
his very own Camelot.'

833
00:51:24,360 --> 00:51:27,080
Richard decided that this
was the exact spot

834
00:51:27,080 --> 00:51:29,040
that Arthur was conceived.

835
00:51:29,040 --> 00:51:30,880
Don't ask me how he knew.

836
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:35,800
And so the castle had to be built
here. Just by the cliff's edge.

837
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:38,800
The ruins tell the story
of its construction elegantly.

838
00:51:42,360 --> 00:51:44,640
Richard built the outer walls
first,

839
00:51:44,640 --> 00:51:48,480
and then filled in this central area
to make it level.

840
00:51:48,480 --> 00:51:52,880
The only problem was that the walls
started to fall towards the sea.

841
00:51:56,240 --> 00:51:59,560
'If the castle was to be prevented
from falling into the sea,

842
00:51:59,560 --> 00:52:01,040
'something needed to be done.'

843
00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:05,600
Hence these buttresses -
they're not tied into the walls,

844
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:08,600
which suggests that they're
a later addition.

845
00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:12,760
And how did he build his walls?

846
00:52:12,760 --> 00:52:14,920
Well, these holes give the answer.

847
00:52:14,920 --> 00:52:16,360
They're known as putlogs,

848
00:52:16,360 --> 00:52:19,320
because if you put a log in them,

849
00:52:19,320 --> 00:52:23,320
you could then put a plank across
as well, and create a platform.

850
00:52:23,320 --> 00:52:26,160
And then, bit by bit,
the walls would rise.

851
00:52:27,880 --> 00:52:31,800
'But these are thin walls
built from the local slate.

852
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:34,360
'Looking at them convinces me
that this castle

853
00:52:34,360 --> 00:52:36,920
'had no military value whatsoever.

854
00:52:36,920 --> 00:52:41,040
'Tintagel's not a fortress,
but a purely symbolic edifice.

855
00:52:42,360 --> 00:52:44,520
'Looking at these evocative ruins,

856
00:52:44,520 --> 00:52:47,400
'it seems little more than
an expensive folly.'

857
00:52:48,880 --> 00:52:52,360
And yet, Tintagel seems
to have served its purpose.

858
00:52:52,360 --> 00:52:55,040
The tin in Cornwall
made Richard wealthy,

859
00:52:55,040 --> 00:52:59,560
and he used that money to enhance
his status at every opportunity.

860
00:52:59,560 --> 00:53:04,040
He even bribed some German barons to
elect him King of the Romans -

861
00:53:04,040 --> 00:53:06,160
the first and only time

862
00:53:06,160 --> 00:53:08,000
that an Englishman
has held that title.

863
00:53:09,520 --> 00:53:12,440
'But for Richard's brother,
Henry III,

864
00:53:12,440 --> 00:53:14,920
'faced with a barons' rebellion,

865
00:53:14,920 --> 00:53:19,040
'castles were to prove
a very different proposition -

866
00:53:19,040 --> 00:53:21,680
'one that could threaten
his very rule.

867
00:53:23,640 --> 00:53:26,800
'The Second Barons' War
would see The Earl of Leicester,

868
00:53:26,800 --> 00:53:30,240
'Simon de Montfort,
lead an putsch against the King.'

869
00:53:30,240 --> 00:53:33,360
Although de Montfort
had been defeated and killed

870
00:53:33,360 --> 00:53:35,000
at the battle of Evesham,

871
00:53:35,000 --> 00:53:37,840
in 1266, his supporters
were locked in conflict

872
00:53:37,840 --> 00:53:40,160
with the King here at Kenilworth.

873
00:53:44,880 --> 00:53:48,400
'Outside, the King brought all
the resources of the Crown

874
00:53:48,400 --> 00:53:49,600
'to bear on the castle.

875
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:52,920
'Inside, the rebels stood firm.'

876
00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:56,680
The siege lasted 172 days,

877
00:53:56,680 --> 00:53:59,080
as the unruly warrior barons

878
00:53:59,080 --> 00:54:00,800
took on the might of the Crown.

879
00:54:04,840 --> 00:54:07,520
The castle was exceptionally
well-defended.

880
00:54:07,520 --> 00:54:11,000
It was surrounded by
an artificial lake, or a mere.

881
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:12,840
There's nothing left of it now,

882
00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:15,120
but these were once the
largest-scale

883
00:54:15,120 --> 00:54:18,080
defensive water features
anywhere in the kingdom.

884
00:54:20,680 --> 00:54:22,320
'With a garrison of 1,200,

885
00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:23,840
'there were plenty of archers

886
00:54:23,840 --> 00:54:26,160
'and crossbowmen
to man the battlements.'

887
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:30,200
The best way to take
such a castle

888
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:33,080
was to sit and wait for the
occupants to run out of food.

889
00:54:33,080 --> 00:54:35,840
But Henry was not
just out for victory.

890
00:54:35,840 --> 00:54:39,240
He needed to crush this
opposition to his Crown.

891
00:54:47,520 --> 00:54:50,440
Henry's army was one of
the largest ever assembled

892
00:54:50,440 --> 00:54:52,520
to lay siege to an English castle.

893
00:54:52,520 --> 00:54:54,840
But things did not go to plan.

894
00:54:54,840 --> 00:54:57,280
They managed to attach
a tower to the walls,

895
00:54:57,280 --> 00:55:00,480
but the subsequent attack failed
when the tower was damaged.

896
00:55:00,480 --> 00:55:03,160
Barges full of troops approached
across the mere,

897
00:55:03,160 --> 00:55:07,640
but they were repulsed, and plans
to undermine the walls failed.

898
00:55:11,440 --> 00:55:14,520
Even the latest heavy siege engines,
eight in all,

899
00:55:14,520 --> 00:55:17,200
firing stone missiles into
the castle,

900
00:55:17,200 --> 00:55:19,600
were unable to make a breakthrough.

901
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:22,840
But it was a fight that the king
could not afford to lose.

902
00:55:25,880 --> 00:55:30,520
Even after months of struggle, the
two sides were locked in stalemate.

903
00:55:32,360 --> 00:55:35,920
'With the military attack
showing no signs of success,

904
00:55:35,920 --> 00:55:39,720
'Henry adopted other tactics
to try to bring about a victory.'

905
00:55:39,720 --> 00:55:43,880
He brought a papal legate
and two bishops to Kenilworth

906
00:55:43,880 --> 00:55:46,400
to excommunicate
the garrison within,

907
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:51,120
but the defenders simply dressed
one of their own
to look like the legate,

908
00:55:51,120 --> 00:55:54,560
and excommunicated
the Royal Army in return.

909
00:55:54,560 --> 00:55:56,280
Two months into the siege,

910
00:55:56,280 --> 00:55:59,320
Henry celebrated the
Assumption of the Virgin Mary

911
00:55:59,320 --> 00:56:03,800
with a feast costing
the equivalent of £25,000

912
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,920
within plain sight
of the castle walls -

913
00:56:06,920 --> 00:56:11,920
just imagine the psychological
impact on the starving defenders.

914
00:56:11,920 --> 00:56:14,560
The garrison simply
refused to surrender.

915
00:56:14,560 --> 00:56:17,600
And what's more, the
gates of the castle remained open

916
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:19,200
throughout the siege,

917
00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:22,800
a permanent taunt
to the attacking royalists.

918
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:25,680
The castle, once a hallmark of
royal authority,

919
00:56:25,680 --> 00:56:29,560
was threatening to become
a symbol of its impotence.

920
00:56:30,360 --> 00:56:33,480
'Henry never did get
his crushing capitulation.

921
00:56:33,480 --> 00:56:36,040
'Instead, he was forced
to strike a deal.

922
00:56:36,040 --> 00:56:38,200
'Although they were running out
of food,

923
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:41,560
'the garrison was ready to fight
to the last man.

924
00:56:41,560 --> 00:56:44,240
'The siege only came to an end
when Henry accepted

925
00:56:44,240 --> 00:56:47,320
'that he would have to show
leniency to the defenders

926
00:56:47,320 --> 00:56:50,200
'if they were
to give themselves up.'

927
00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:53,880
Henry had his victory,
but it was a hollow victory.

928
00:56:53,880 --> 00:56:56,760
At 172 days, the siege of Kenilworth

929
00:56:56,760 --> 00:57:00,480
is the longest to take place
on English soil.

930
00:57:02,680 --> 00:57:06,640
'The castle, the weapon that had
spearheaded the conquest of England,

931
00:57:06,640 --> 00:57:10,480
'had become a direct threat
to the authority of the Crown.

932
00:57:15,280 --> 00:57:16,920
'The castle had been pivotal

933
00:57:16,920 --> 00:57:20,400
'to the successful invasion
of England in 1066.

934
00:57:21,720 --> 00:57:25,120
'From the outset, it had been
part of William's plan.

935
00:57:25,120 --> 00:57:28,520
'And as castles went on
to secure the Norman takeover,

936
00:57:28,520 --> 00:57:30,440
'they came to have a symbolic role.

937
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:35,840
'Castles shaped taste and culture,

938
00:57:35,840 --> 00:57:38,040
'and even entered our mythology.

939
00:57:40,280 --> 00:57:43,000
'But in building the castles
that conquered this land,

940
00:57:43,000 --> 00:57:46,240
'William unwittingly sowed
the seeds of problems

941
00:57:46,240 --> 00:57:49,720
'that these fortresses
would cause for his successors.

942
00:57:49,720 --> 00:57:53,480
'Kenilworth was just the latest
in a long line of castles

943
00:57:53,480 --> 00:57:55,760
'that were used to defy the Crown.'

944
00:57:58,040 --> 00:58:00,720
'The role of the castle
was becoming unclear.

945
00:58:00,720 --> 00:58:03,920
'Were they now more
of a liability than an asset?'

946
00:58:06,560 --> 00:58:08,400
If castles would have a future

947
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:12,160
in the ever-changing conflicts
and allegiances of the time,

948
00:58:12,160 --> 00:58:14,320
they needed a new champion.

949
00:58:14,320 --> 00:58:18,400
And the right man for the job
was soon to inherit the throne.

950
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:21,560
'Next time - how Edward I
took the castle

951
00:58:21,560 --> 00:58:23,320
'to a new level of ruthlessness,

952
00:58:23,320 --> 00:58:26,640
'and how the Welsh and the Scots
paid the price.'