1
00:00:10,276 --> 00:00:12,996
AT THE WILLARD HOTEL
IN WASHINGTON, D.C.,

2
00:00:12,996 --> 00:00:15,699
THE POET JULIA WARD HOWE

3
00:00:15,699 --> 00:00:17,867
AWOKE FROM
A SPECTACULAR DREAM.

4
00:00:17,867 --> 00:00:19,502
THAT DAY, SHE HAD HEARD
A NEW ENGLAND REGIMENT

5
00:00:20,587 --> 00:00:23,840
SINGING ON PARADE
AND HAD FALLEN ASLEEP

6
00:00:23,840 --> 00:00:25,458
WITH THE SONG
<i>JOHN BROWN'S BODY</i>

7
00:00:25,458 --> 00:00:28,178
RINGING IN HER HEAD.

8
00:00:28,178 --> 00:00:30,880
NOW IN THE DARK,
SHE GOT UP

9
00:00:31,431 --> 00:00:34,684
AND SCRIBBLED OUT THE WORDS
WITH A PENCIL STUB.

10
00:00:34,684 --> 00:00:36,286
SHE SOLD HER POEM

11
00:00:36,286 --> 00:00:39,522
TO THE <i>ATLANTIC MONTHLY</i>
<i>FOR $4.00.</i>

12
00:00:39,522 --> 00:00:42,776
IT BECAME THE ANTHEM
OF THE UNION.

13
00:00:44,811 --> 00:00:47,530
â™ª MINE EYES
HAVE SEEN THE GLORY â™ª

14
00:00:47,530 --> 00:00:50,233
â™ª OF THE COMING
OF THE LORD â™ª

15
00:00:50,233 --> 00:00:54,571
â™ª HE IS TRAMPLING OUT
THE VINTAGE â™ª

16
00:00:55,121 --> 00:00:58,374
â™ª WHERE THE GRAPES OF WRATH
ARE STORED â™ª

17
00:00:58,374 --> 00:01:02,712
â™ª HE HATH LOOSED
THE FATEFUL LIGHTNING â™ª

18
00:01:03,246 --> 00:01:05,965
â™ª OF HIS TERRIBLE
SWIFT SWORD â™ª

19
00:01:06,499 --> 00:01:13,006
â™ª HIS TRUTH
IS MARCHING ON â™ª

20
00:01:30,907 --> 00:01:35,779
BY 1862, RUSSIA
HAD EMANCIPATED THE SERFS.

21
00:01:35,779 --> 00:01:39,582
IN FRANCE, VICTOR HUGO
PUBLISHED <i>LES MISERABLES,</i>

22
00:01:39,582 --> 00:01:43,920
AND JEAN BERNARD FOUCAULT
MEASURED THE SPEED OF LIGHT.

23
00:01:43,920 --> 00:01:46,506
IN AMERICA,
THE UNITED STATES

24
00:01:46,506 --> 00:01:49,209
PASSED THE FIRST
NATIONAL INCOME TAX

25
00:01:49,209 --> 00:01:50,844
TO PAY FOR WAR.

26
00:01:51,377 --> 00:01:52,929
THE GATLING GUN
WAS INVENTED,

27
00:01:52,929 --> 00:01:55,632
AND WAR ITSELF
WAS CHANGING.

28
00:01:55,632 --> 00:01:57,267
THE SHOCKING CASUALTIES

29
00:01:57,267 --> 00:01:59,969
OF BULL RUN
AND WILSON'S CREEK

30
00:01:59,969 --> 00:02:02,689
WERE DWARFED
BY BATTLE AFTER BATTLE.

31
00:02:02,689 --> 00:02:05,942
AND NOW
THERE WERE NEW QUESTIONS--

32
00:02:05,942 --> 00:02:08,111
WOULD THE NORTH'S STRENGTH
BE OFFSET

33
00:02:08,111 --> 00:02:10,280
BY INCOMPETENCE
AND LOW MORALE?

34
00:02:10,280 --> 00:02:14,067
WOULD ENGLAND SIDE
WITH COTTON AND THE SOUTH?

35
00:02:14,067 --> 00:02:17,320
WHO WOULD CONTROL
THE MISSISSIPPI?

36
00:02:19,956 --> 00:02:22,125
FOR A YEAR,
THE NATION, NOW TWO NATIONS,

37
00:02:22,125 --> 00:02:24,828
HAD TORN ITSELF APART.

38
00:02:24,828 --> 00:02:26,462
FROM A BLOODLESS DUEL

39
00:02:26,462 --> 00:02:29,165
OVER A MAN-MADE ISLAND
IN CHARLESTON HARBOR,

40
00:02:29,165 --> 00:02:31,334
THE WAR HAD SPREAD ALONG
A THOUSAND-MILE LINE

41
00:02:31,885 --> 00:02:33,503
FROM MANASSAS, VIRGINIA,

42
00:02:33,503 --> 00:02:36,222
TO SHANGHAI, MISSOURI,
AND BEYOND.

43
00:02:38,925 --> 00:02:40,560
AS 1862 BEGAN,

44
00:02:40,560 --> 00:02:43,813
OVER A MILLION MEN
WERE MASSING FOR WAR.

45
00:02:45,431 --> 00:02:48,651
IN A FIERCE STRUGGLE
FOR TENNESSEE,

46
00:02:48,651 --> 00:02:50,820
"I SAW THAT IT WAS
GOING TO HAVE TO BE A WAR OF CONQUEST

47
00:02:50,820 --> 00:02:54,073
FOUND THEMSELVES PRISONERS
IN THEIR OWN HOMES.

48
00:02:56,242 --> 00:02:57,861
FAR NORTH OF ANY FIGHTING,

49
00:02:58,411 --> 00:03:01,114
THE PEOPLE OF DEER ISLE, MAINE,
SUFFERED, TOO--

50
00:03:01,114 --> 00:03:02,198
WITH SAD NEWS

51
00:03:02,198 --> 00:03:06,536
FROM PLACES MOST OF THEM
HAD NEVER HEARD OF.

52
00:03:08,121 --> 00:03:11,374
THE LITTLE TOWN
OF WINCHESTER, VIRGINIA,

53
00:03:11,374 --> 00:03:14,093
HAD CHANGED HANDS 72 TIMES.

54
00:03:15,712 --> 00:03:18,431
SAM WATKINS,
A CONFEDERATE PRIVATE,

55
00:03:18,431 --> 00:03:20,049
WOULD SEE
HIS FIRST BIG BATTLE

56
00:03:20,049 --> 00:03:23,303
IN APRIL ON THE BANKS
OF THE TENNESSEE.

57
00:03:23,303 --> 00:03:24,938
ELISHA HUNT RHODES,

58
00:03:24,938 --> 00:03:26,556
A CLERK FROM PROVIDENCE,
RHODE ISLAND,

59
00:03:26,556 --> 00:03:29,275
WOULD CELEBRATE
HIS 20th BIRTHDAY

60
00:03:29,275 --> 00:03:31,978
IN A UNION CAMP.

61
00:03:31,978 --> 00:03:34,147
UNION GENERAL
GEORGE McCLELLAN,

62
00:03:34,147 --> 00:03:37,400
THE IDOL OF HIS TROOPS,
WOULD FASHION A MIGHTY ARMY

63
00:03:37,400 --> 00:03:39,569
AND LEAD IT SOUTH
TOWARDS RICHMOND,

64
00:03:40,119 --> 00:03:43,373
WHERE ROBERT E. LEE
WAS WAITING.

65
00:03:46,075 --> 00:03:48,795
"THE STRUGGLE OF TODAY,"
LINCOLN TOLD CONGRESS,

66
00:03:48,795 --> 00:03:50,964
"IS NOT ALTOGETHER
FOR TODAY--

67
00:03:50,964 --> 00:03:55,301
IT IS
FOR A VAST FUTURE ALSO."

68
00:03:55,301 --> 00:03:58,004
NOW, IN THIS,
ITS SECOND YEAR,

69
00:03:58,004 --> 00:03:59,088
THE WAR
WAS BECOMING A STRUGGLE

70
00:03:59,639 --> 00:04:02,892
OVER THE FUTURE
OF FREEDOM.

71
00:04:02,892 --> 00:04:06,129
IT REALLY
IS ONE OF THOSE, UM...

72
00:04:06,129 --> 00:04:07,213
ONE OF THOSE
WATERSHED THINGS.

73
00:04:07,764 --> 00:04:09,933
IT WAS A HUGE CHASM

74
00:04:09,933 --> 00:04:13,186
BETWEEN THE BEGINNING
AND THE END OF THE WAR.

75
00:04:13,186 --> 00:04:14,804
THE NATION
HAD COME FACE-TO-FACE

76
00:04:14,804 --> 00:04:16,973
WITH A DREADFUL TRAGEDY,

77
00:04:16,973 --> 00:04:19,142
AND WE REACTED THE WAY
A FAMILY WOULD DO

78
00:04:19,142 --> 00:04:21,311
WITH A DREADFUL TRAGEDY.

79
00:04:21,311 --> 00:04:22,946
IT WAS ALMOST
INCONCEIVABLE

80
00:04:22,946 --> 00:04:25,648
THAT ANYTHING
THAT HORRENDOUS COULD HAPPEN.

81
00:04:25,648 --> 00:04:28,901
YOU MUST REMEMBER
THAT CASUALTIES IN CIVIL WAR BATTLES

82
00:04:28,901 --> 00:04:32,155
WERE SO FAR
BEYOND ANYTHING WE CAN IMAGINE NOW.

83
00:04:32,155 --> 00:04:34,874
IF WE Ã±HAD 10% CASUALTIES
IN A BATTLE TODAY,

84
00:04:34,874 --> 00:04:37,043
IT WOULD BE LOOKED ON
AS A BLOOD BATH.

85
00:04:37,043 --> 00:04:40,296
THEY HAD 30%
IN SEVERAL BATTLES,

86
00:04:40,296 --> 00:04:43,549
AND ONE AFTER ANOTHER,
YOU SEE.

87
00:05:28,511 --> 00:05:30,680
"THIS MORNING
WE WERE CALLED OUT

88
00:05:30,680 --> 00:05:32,315
"THIS AFTERNOON,
SEEING THE GENERAL ALONE IN THE OFFICE,

89
00:05:32,315 --> 00:05:36,102
"I STEPPED UP TO HIM
AND SAID,

90
00:05:36,102 --> 00:05:38,271
<i>"GENERAL, I WANT</i>
<i>TO GO HOME.</i>

91
00:05:38,271 --> 00:05:41,524
<i>"WANT TO GO HOME,</i>
<i>AND FOR WHAT? HE REPLIED.</i>

92
00:05:41,524 --> 00:05:43,159
"AS I COULD NOT
THINK OF AN EXCUSE,

93
00:05:43,159 --> 00:05:46,946
"I BLURTED OUT,
<i>I WANT TO SEE MY MOTHER.</i>

94
00:05:46,946 --> 00:05:49,115
<i>"IS SHE SICK?</i>
<i>HE ASKED.</i>

95
00:05:49,115 --> 00:05:51,284
<i>"NO, I REPLIED,</i>
<i>I HOPE NOT.</i>

96
00:05:51,834 --> 00:05:54,003
"HE THEN ASKED ME
HOW LONG SINCE I LEFT HOME

97
00:05:54,537 --> 00:05:56,172
"AND IF I WAS
EVER AWAY

98
00:05:56,172 --> 00:05:59,342
"FOR SO LONG A TIME
BEFORE.

99
00:05:59,342 --> 00:06:00,960
"I HAD BEEN
IN THE SERVICE 7 MONTHS

100
00:06:00,960 --> 00:06:03,679
"AND NEVER BEEN AWAY
FROM HOME ALONE BEFORE.

101
00:06:03,679 --> 00:06:06,382
<i>"WELL,</i>
<i>SAID THE GENERAL,</i>

102
00:06:06,382 --> 00:06:07,467
<i>"YOU HAVE BEEN</i>
<i>A GOOD BOY,</i>

103
00:06:07,467 --> 00:06:10,720
<i>AND YOU SHALL</i>
<i>HAVE A FURLOUGH FOR 10 DAYS."</i>

104
00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:12,889
ELISHA HUNT RHODES.

105
00:06:13,973 --> 00:06:16,526
"I ALWAYS SHOT AT PRIVATES.

106
00:06:16,526 --> 00:06:19,228
"IT WAS THEY THAT DID
THE SHOOTING AND KILLING,

107
00:06:19,228 --> 00:06:21,397
"AND IF I COULD KILL
OR WOUND A PRIVATE,

108
00:06:21,948 --> 00:06:24,117
"WHY, MY CHANCES
WERE SO MUCH THE BETTER.

109
00:06:24,650 --> 00:06:27,904
I ALWAYS LOOKED ON OFFICERS
AS HARMLESS PERSONAGES."

110
00:06:27,904 --> 00:06:30,623
SAM WATKINS.

111
00:06:30,623 --> 00:06:32,792
THE COMMANDER
OF SAM WATKINS' COMPANY H

112
00:06:33,326 --> 00:06:36,045
WAS CAPTAIN
WILLIAM R. JOHNSTON.

113
00:06:36,045 --> 00:06:38,164
HIS IMMEDIATE SUPERIOR
WAS COLONEL GEORGE MANEY

114
00:06:38,664 --> 00:06:40,299
OF THE 1st TENNESSEE.

115
00:06:40,833 --> 00:06:43,553
FROM THERE, THE CONFEDERATE
CHAIN OF COMMAND

116
00:06:43,553 --> 00:06:45,171
ASCENDED THROUGH
COLONEL WILLIAM H. STEPHENS

117
00:06:45,721 --> 00:06:47,340
OF THE 2nd BRIGADE

118
00:06:47,340 --> 00:06:48,891
TO GENERAL
BENJAMIN CHEATHAM,

119
00:06:48,891 --> 00:06:51,060
COMMANDER
OF THE 2nd DIVISION

120
00:06:51,060 --> 00:06:54,847
OF GENERAL LEONIDAS POLK'S
1st ARMY CORPS,

121
00:06:54,847 --> 00:06:57,016
THEN TO GENERAL
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON,

122
00:06:57,567 --> 00:07:00,820
COMMANDER OF THE ARMY
OF THE MISSISSIPPI,

123
00:07:00,820 --> 00:07:04,607
ABOVE THAT, TO WAR SECRETARY
GEORGE W. RANDOLPH...

124
00:07:05,691 --> 00:07:07,326
FINALLY,
TO JEFFERSON DAVIS,

125
00:07:07,326 --> 00:07:11,114
PRESIDENT OF THE CONFEDERATE
STATES OF AMERICA.

126
00:07:14,917 --> 00:07:19,255
THE CHAIN OF COMMAND DESCENDED
FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN,

127
00:07:19,255 --> 00:07:22,375
SECRETARY OF WAR
SIMON CAMERON,

128
00:07:22,375 --> 00:07:24,010
AND GENERAL McCLELLAN,

129
00:07:24,010 --> 00:07:26,179
COMMANDER OF THE ARMY
OF THE POTOMAC,

130
00:07:26,179 --> 00:07:27,797
TO GENERAL ERASMUS KEYES,

131
00:07:27,797 --> 00:07:30,516
COMMANDER OF THE UNION
4th CORPS,

132
00:07:30,516 --> 00:07:35,388
GENERAL DARIUS N. COUCH
OF "COUCH'S BRIGADE"

133
00:07:35,388 --> 00:07:36,889
TO COLONEL FRANK WHEATON,

134
00:07:36,889 --> 00:07:41,227
COMMANDER OF THE 2nd
RHODE ISLAND VOLUNTEERS,

135
00:07:41,227 --> 00:07:45,565
AND FINALLY, TO PRIVATE
ELISHA HUNT RHODES.

136
00:07:47,733 --> 00:07:50,453
"JANUARY 31, 1862.

137
00:07:50,453 --> 00:07:52,622
"MUD, MUD, MUD.

138
00:07:52,622 --> 00:07:55,324
"I'M THINKING OF STARTING
A STEAMBOAT LINE

139
00:07:55,324 --> 00:07:56,959
"TO RUN
ON PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE

140
00:07:56,959 --> 00:07:59,128
"BETWEEN OUR OFFICE
AND THE CAPITOL.

141
00:07:59,128 --> 00:08:03,466
WILL THE MUD NEVER DRY
SO THE ARMY CAN MOVE?"

142
00:08:03,466 --> 00:08:05,551
"OF ALL
DETESTABLE PLACES,

143
00:08:05,551 --> 00:08:08,804
"WASHINGTON
IS THE FIRST.

144
00:08:08,804 --> 00:08:10,973
"CROWD, HEAT,
BAD QUARTERS,

145
00:08:10,973 --> 00:08:13,676
"BAD FARE,
BAD SMELLS,

146
00:08:13,676 --> 00:08:17,396
"MOSQUITOES,
AND A PLAGUE OF FLIES

147
00:08:17,396 --> 00:08:20,650
"TRANSCENDING
EVERYTHING WITHIN MY EXPERIENCE.

148
00:08:21,184 --> 00:08:23,769
"BEELZEBUB
SURELY REIGNS HERE,

149
00:08:23,769 --> 00:08:27,573
AND WILLARD'S HOTEL
IS HIS TEMPLE."

150
00:08:27,573 --> 00:08:29,742
GEORGE TEMPLETON
STRONG.

151
00:08:32,445 --> 00:08:33,529
THROUGHOUT LINCOLN'S
PRESIDENCY--

152
00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:36,249
AND THIS IS TRUE
OF MOST PRESIDENTS--

153
00:08:36,249 --> 00:08:39,502
HE WAS FAIRLY RUN CRAZY
BY OFFICE SEEKERS,

154
00:08:39,502 --> 00:08:41,120
ESPECIALLY AT THE START

155
00:08:41,120 --> 00:08:43,289
WHEN HIS CAMPAIGN MANAGERS
HAD PROMISED JOBS

156
00:08:43,289 --> 00:08:46,008
TO A GREAT MANY PEOPLE
WHO CAME TO COLLECT THEM.

157
00:08:47,093 --> 00:08:48,711
AND HE LOOKED
PARTICULARLY WORRIED.

158
00:08:48,711 --> 00:08:51,430
THE MAN SAID, "WHAT'S
THE MATTER, MR. PRESIDENT?"

159
00:08:51,430 --> 00:08:54,684
AND LINCOLN SAID,
"THERE'S TOO MANY PIGS FOR THE TITS."

160
00:09:02,808 --> 00:09:04,977
ABRAHAM LINCOLN'S PROBLEMS
WERE NOT CONFINED

161
00:09:04,977 --> 00:09:07,697
TO FIGHTING REBELS ALONE.

162
00:09:08,231 --> 00:09:09,832
THE PRESIDENT'S
UNWIELDY CABINET

163
00:09:09,832 --> 00:09:11,984
INCLUDED FORMER
CONSERVATIVE WHIGS,

164
00:09:11,984 --> 00:09:13,619
FREESOIL WHIGS,

165
00:09:14,153 --> 00:09:15,788
AND UNION DEMOCRATS.

166
00:09:16,322 --> 00:09:17,957
4 HAD BEEN HIS RIVALS

167
00:09:17,957 --> 00:09:20,660
FOR THE REPUBLICAN
PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION.

168
00:09:20,660 --> 00:09:22,295
NEARLY ALL
WERE PRIVATELY SURE

169
00:09:22,295 --> 00:09:26,082
THEY COULD DO A BETTER JOB
THAN THEIR CHIEF.

170
00:09:26,082 --> 00:09:27,717
SECRETARY OF STATE
WILLIAM H. SEWARD

171
00:09:27,717 --> 00:09:30,970
HOPED TO REPLACE LINCOLN.

172
00:09:30,970 --> 00:09:33,639
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY
SALMON P. CHASE

173
00:09:33,639 --> 00:09:35,808
WANTED TO REPLACE SEWARD.

174
00:09:35,808 --> 00:09:37,843
MARY TODD TOLD HER HUSBAND

175
00:09:37,843 --> 00:09:40,012
TO GET RID OF BOTH
OF THEM.

176
00:09:40,012 --> 00:09:44,317
INSTEAD, LINCOLN FIRED WAR
SECRETARY SIMON P. CAMERON,

177
00:09:44,850 --> 00:09:47,570
A PENNSYLVANIA BOSS
SO CORRUPT, SAID LINCOLN,

178
00:09:47,570 --> 00:09:49,188
THE ONLY THING
HE WOULDN'T STEAL

179
00:09:49,188 --> 00:09:51,907
WAS A RED-HOT STOVE.

180
00:09:51,907 --> 00:09:55,161
THE NEW SECRETARY OF WAR
WAS EDWIN M. STANTON,

181
00:09:55,161 --> 00:09:57,863
AN ABLE, RUTHLESS
WAR DEMOCRAT FROM OHIO

182
00:09:58,414 --> 00:10:00,583
WHO WORRIED ABOUT
WHAT HE BELIEVED TO BE

183
00:10:00,583 --> 00:10:03,286
LINCOLN'S
"PAINFUL IMBECILITY."

184
00:10:06,005 --> 00:10:08,174
ON ONE THING,
THE CABINET WAS AGREED.

185
00:10:08,708 --> 00:10:11,427
GENERAL GEORGE McCLELLAN
WAS NOT MOVING FAST ENOUGH

186
00:10:11,427 --> 00:10:13,596
AGAINST THE CONFEDERATES.

187
00:10:13,596 --> 00:10:16,215
"THE ARMY," SECRETARY OF WAR
STANTON SAID,

188
00:10:16,215 --> 00:10:18,934
"HAS GOT TO FIGHT
OR RUN AWAY.

189
00:10:18,934 --> 00:10:21,103
"THE CHAMPAGNE AND OYSTERS
ON THE POTOMAC

190
00:10:21,103 --> 00:10:23,272
MUST BE STOPPED."

191
00:10:23,272 --> 00:10:24,357
"DEAR ELLEN,

192
00:10:24,357 --> 00:10:28,144
"I CAN'T TELL YOU
HOW DISGUSTED I AM BECOMING

193
00:10:28,144 --> 00:10:30,313
"WITH THESE
WRETCHED POLITICIANS.

194
00:10:30,313 --> 00:10:33,032
"THEY ARE A MOST
DESPICABLE SET OF MEN.

195
00:10:33,032 --> 00:10:36,285
"SEWARD IS A MEDDLING,
OFFICIOUS, INCOMPETENT LITTLE PUPPY.

196
00:10:36,285 --> 00:10:37,903
"THE PRESIDENT
IS NOTHING MORE

197
00:10:37,903 --> 00:10:40,072
THAN A WELL-MEANING
BABOON."

198
00:10:40,072 --> 00:10:42,241
GEORGE McCLELLAN.

199
00:10:44,960 --> 00:10:47,129
THE PRESIDENT
PORED OVER MILITARY BOOKS,

200
00:10:47,129 --> 00:10:48,748
ASKED OFFICERS FOR ADVICE,

201
00:10:48,748 --> 00:10:50,383
AND IN EXASPERATION,

202
00:10:50,383 --> 00:10:52,001
SUGGESTED THAT
"IF GENERAL McCLELLAN

203
00:10:52,001 --> 00:10:54,720
"DOES NOT WANT
TO USE THE ARMY,

204
00:10:54,720 --> 00:10:57,973
I WOULD LIKE TO BORROW IT
FOR A TIME."

205
00:10:59,058 --> 00:11:00,676
FINALLY,
HE ORDERED McCLELLAN

206
00:11:00,676 --> 00:11:02,311
TO MOVE
ON MANASSAS JUNCTION

207
00:11:02,845 --> 00:11:05,564
AND THEN PROCEED OVERLAND
TO TAKE RICHMOND,

208
00:11:05,564 --> 00:11:07,733
BUT McCLELLAN
WOULD NOT MOVE

209
00:11:07,733 --> 00:11:10,436
AND TOOK TO HIS BED
WITH A FEVER.

210
00:11:10,436 --> 00:11:12,071
McCLELLAN
DID NOT WANT TO FIGHT

211
00:11:12,071 --> 00:11:14,774
THE VAST CONFEDERATE ARMY
HE HAD CONVINCED HIMSELF

212
00:11:14,774 --> 00:11:17,493
NOW OCCUPIED
NORTHERN VIRGINIA.

213
00:11:17,493 --> 00:11:20,196
INSTEAD, HE PROPOSED
TO FLOAT HIS ARMY

214
00:11:20,196 --> 00:11:21,831
TO FORTRESS MONROE

215
00:11:21,831 --> 00:11:22,915
AT THE TIP
OF THE FINGER OF LAND

216
00:11:22,915 --> 00:11:26,702
BETWEEN THE JAMES
AND YORK RIVERS,

217
00:11:26,702 --> 00:11:28,871
THEN RACE UP
THE PENINSULA

218
00:11:28,871 --> 00:11:31,040
TO SEIZE
THE CONFEDERATE CAPITAL.

219
00:11:34,844 --> 00:11:38,547
IMPATIENT FOR ANY ACTION,
LINCOLN AGREED.

220
00:11:38,547 --> 00:11:41,267
McCLELLAN WOULD MOVE
IN MID-MARCH.

221
00:11:41,267 --> 00:11:43,436
IT HAD BEEN 8 MONTHS

222
00:11:43,436 --> 00:11:44,520
SINCE THE NORTHERN ARMY
HAD CRAWLED BACK

223
00:11:44,520 --> 00:11:48,307
INTO WASHINGTON
AFTER BULL RUN.

224
00:11:48,307 --> 00:11:51,560
"FEBRUARY 9, 1862.

225
00:11:51,560 --> 00:11:53,195
"DEAR MR. PRESIDENT,

226
00:11:53,195 --> 00:11:56,982
"GENERAL McCLELLAN
HAS ALMOST RUINED YOUR ADMINISTRATION

227
00:11:56,982 --> 00:11:58,617
"AND THE COUNTRY.

228
00:11:58,617 --> 00:12:00,236
"HE IS A DO-NOTHING.

229
00:12:00,236 --> 00:12:02,955
"HE IS THINKING
OF THE PRESIDENCY IN '64.

230
00:12:02,955 --> 00:12:05,124
"HE IS PLACATING
THE REBELS--

231
00:12:05,124 --> 00:12:06,742
"THAT'S WHAT
AILS HIM.

232
00:12:07,293 --> 00:12:08,911
DEPEND UPON IT."

233
00:12:08,911 --> 00:12:09,995
JOSEPH MEDILL.

234
00:12:13,799 --> 00:12:15,418
"WHAT SHALL I DO?

235
00:12:15,968 --> 00:12:17,052
"THE PEOPLE
ARE IMPATIENT.

236
00:12:17,052 --> 00:12:18,137
"CHASE HAS NO MONEY

237
00:12:18,137 --> 00:12:21,390
"AND TELLS ME
HE CAN RAISE NO MORE.

238
00:12:21,390 --> 00:12:22,475
"THE GENERAL OF THE ARMY,
McCLELLAN,

239
00:12:23,008 --> 00:12:25,177
"HAS TYPHOID FEVER.

240
00:12:25,177 --> 00:12:27,897
"THE BOTTOM
IS OUT OF THE TUB.

241
00:12:27,897 --> 00:12:29,515
WHAT SHALL I DO?"

242
00:12:30,599 --> 00:12:32,234
"WASHINGTON.

243
00:12:32,234 --> 00:12:33,319
"DEAR ELLEN,

244
00:12:33,319 --> 00:12:36,021
"I WENT
TO THE WHITE HOUSE SHORTLY AFTER TEA

245
00:12:36,572 --> 00:12:38,190
"WHERE I FOUND
THE ORIGINAL GORILLA,

246
00:12:38,190 --> 00:12:40,359
"ABOUT AS
INTELLIGENT AS EVER.

247
00:12:40,359 --> 00:12:44,163
WHAT A SPECIMEN
TO BE AT THE HEAD OF OUR AFFAIRS NOW."

248
00:12:44,163 --> 00:12:45,781
GEORGE McCLELLAN.

249
00:12:45,781 --> 00:12:48,501
IN THE MIDST
OF ALL HIS TROUBLES,

250
00:12:48,501 --> 00:12:51,754
THE PRESIDENT DELIGHTED
IN HIS SONS.

251
00:12:51,754 --> 00:12:54,457
THE OLDEST, ROBERT,
WAS AWAY AT HARVARD,

252
00:12:54,457 --> 00:12:56,625
BUT WILLIE, 11,
AND 8-YEAR-OLD THOMAS,

253
00:12:57,176 --> 00:12:58,260
KNOWN AS TAD,

254
00:12:58,260 --> 00:13:01,514
HAD THE RUN
OF THE WHITE HOUSE.

255
00:13:01,514 --> 00:13:04,633
WILLIE WAS STUDIOUS,
LIKED TO COMPOSE VERSE

256
00:13:04,633 --> 00:13:07,720
AND MEMORIZE
RAILROAD TIMETABLES.

257
00:13:07,720 --> 00:13:09,889
HE HAD RAISED
A BOYS' BATTALION

258
00:13:09,889 --> 00:13:11,524
FROM AMONG
HIS SCHOOLMATES

259
00:13:11,524 --> 00:13:15,861
AND INVADED CABINET MEETINGS
WITH HIS "TROOPS."

260
00:13:15,861 --> 00:13:19,114
HE DEVELOPED WHAT THE DOCTOR
CALLED "BILIOUS FEVER."

261
00:13:19,648 --> 00:13:22,368
HIS PARENTS SAT UP
NIGHT AFTER NIGHT

262
00:13:22,368 --> 00:13:23,986
TO NURSE HIM.

263
00:13:23,986 --> 00:13:27,790
ON FEBRUARY 20,
WILLIE DIED.

264
00:13:29,959 --> 00:13:31,577
FOR 3 MONTHS,

265
00:13:31,577 --> 00:13:34,296
MARY LINCOLN VEERED
BETWEEN LOUD WEEPING

266
00:13:34,296 --> 00:13:35,381
AND SILENT DEPRESSION

267
00:13:35,381 --> 00:13:38,634
AND SOUGHT TO COMMUNICATE
WITH HER DEAD CHILD

268
00:13:38,634 --> 00:13:40,803
THROUGH SPIRITUALISTS.

269
00:13:40,803 --> 00:13:43,506
"IF I HAD NOT FELT

270
00:13:43,506 --> 00:13:47,843
"THE SPUR OF NECESSITY
URGING ME TO CHEER MR. LINCOLN,

271
00:13:47,843 --> 00:13:51,096
rT
"WHOSE GRIEF WAS AS GREAT AS MY OWN,

272
00:13:51,096 --> 00:13:53,816
I COULD NEVER
HAVE SMILED AGAIN."

273
00:13:56,519 --> 00:14:00,322
THE WAR LEFT LINCOLN
LITTLE TIME TO MOURN.

274
00:14:00,322 --> 00:14:04,109
HE WAS SOON BACK WORKING
18 HOURS A DAY.

275
00:14:08,447 --> 00:14:11,166
"AS SHE CAME PLOWING
THROUGH THE WATER,

276
00:14:11,166 --> 00:14:15,504
"SHE LOOKED LIKE A HUGE
HALF-SUBMERGED CROCODILE.

277
00:14:15,504 --> 00:14:17,122
"AT HER PROW,

278
00:14:17,122 --> 00:14:20,926
I COULD SEE THE IRON RAM
PROJECTING STRAIGHT FORWARD."

279
00:14:22,011 --> 00:14:23,629
THE CONFEDERACY
HAD BEGUN THE WAR

280
00:14:23,629 --> 00:14:26,348
WITH NO NAVY WHATSOEVER,

281
00:14:26,348 --> 00:14:27,967
BUT BY THE FALL OF 1861,

282
00:14:27,967 --> 00:14:30,603
CONFEDERATE ENGINEERS
WERE BOLTING IRON PLATES

283
00:14:30,603 --> 00:14:34,390
TO THE HULL OF
THE STEAM FRIGATE <i>MERRIMACK,</i>

284
00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:36,025
BUILDING A WARSHIP
MORE POWERFUL

285
00:14:36,025 --> 00:14:39,278
THAN ANYTHING
THE UNION HAD.

286
00:14:39,278 --> 00:14:43,065
NEWS OF THE MONSTER
QUICKLY REACHED THE NORTH.

287
00:14:43,065 --> 00:14:44,700
SECRETARY OF WAR STANTON

288
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:46,869
FEARED SHE WOULD
STEAM UP THE POTOMAC

289
00:14:46,869 --> 00:14:50,122
AND SHELL THE WHITE HOUSE.

290
00:14:50,122 --> 00:14:52,741
THERE WAS PROBABLY
ONLY ONE MAN IN AMERICA

291
00:14:52,741 --> 00:14:54,910
WHO COULD STOP
THE <i>MERRIMACK,</i>

292
00:14:55,461 --> 00:14:57,630
AND HE WAS MAD
AT THE NAVY.

293
00:14:57,630 --> 00:15:00,883
THE SWEDISH-BORN INVENTOR
JOHN ERICSSON

294
00:15:00,883 --> 00:15:02,501
WAS PROUD, VAIN,
AND CRANKY

295
00:15:02,501 --> 00:15:04,670
AND FELT HE HAD BEEN
CHEATED OUT OF PAYMENT

296
00:15:04,670 --> 00:15:07,923
FOR SERVICES TO
THE GOVERNMENT YEARS BEFORE,

297
00:15:07,923 --> 00:15:11,093
BUT WHEN SECRETARY
OF THE NAVY GIDEON WELLES

298
00:15:11,093 --> 00:15:14,346
BEGGED HIM TO DO SOMETHING
TO STOP THE <i>MERRIMACK,</i>

299
00:15:14,346 --> 00:15:17,600
ERICSSON CAME UP WITH
AN EXTRAORDINARY DESIGN.

300
00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:20,319
HIS SHIP
WOULD HAVE ONLY TWO GUNS

301
00:15:20,319 --> 00:15:21,937
TO THE <i>MERRIMACK</i> 'S10,

302
00:15:21,937 --> 00:15:24,657
BUT THEY WOULD BE MOUNTED
ON A REVOLVING TURRET.

303
00:15:24,657 --> 00:15:27,910
AND THOUGH HIS VESSEL WOULD
BE MADE ENTIRELY OF IRON,

304
00:15:27,910 --> 00:15:28,994
ERICSSON ASSURED EVERYBODY

305
00:15:28,994 --> 00:15:30,613
THAT "THE SEA
SHALL RIDE OVER HER,

306
00:15:30,613 --> 00:15:35,501
AND SHE SHALL LIVE IN IT
LIKE A DUCK."

307
00:15:37,119 --> 00:15:39,288
PROFESSIONAL NAVY MEN
DISMISSED THE PLAN,

308
00:15:39,288 --> 00:15:40,923
BUT LINCOLN
OVERRULED THEM,

309
00:15:40,923 --> 00:15:45,260
AND JUST 100 DAYS LATER
ON JANUARY 30, 1862,

310
00:15:45,260 --> 00:15:49,048
ERICSSON'S SHIP SLID
INTO MANHATTAN'S EAST RIVER.

311
00:15:50,683 --> 00:15:51,767
HE CALLED HER THE <i>MONITOR,</i>

312
00:15:51,767 --> 00:15:55,020
AND THERE HAD NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING LIKE HER.

313
00:15:55,020 --> 00:16:00,926
THE SINGLE VESSEL CONTAINED
47 PATENTABLE INVENTIONS.

314
00:16:01,894 --> 00:16:02,978
"WE RAN FIRST
TO THE NEW YORK SIDE

315
00:16:02,978 --> 00:16:05,147
"AND THEN TO BROOKLYN,

316
00:16:05,698 --> 00:16:07,866
"AND SO BACK AND FORTH
ACROSS THE RIVER,

317
00:16:07,866 --> 00:16:10,569
"LIKE A DRUNKEN MAN
ON A SIDEWALK.

318
00:16:10,569 --> 00:16:14,907
WE FOUND
SHE WOULD NOT ANSWER HER RUDDER AT ALL."

319
00:16:14,907 --> 00:16:17,076
ONCE AT SEA,
WATER SPILLED IN,

320
00:16:17,076 --> 00:16:18,711
VENTILATORS FAILED,

321
00:16:18,711 --> 00:16:22,498
THE SHIP FILLED WITH GAS,
HER CREW BEGAN TO FAINT.

322
00:16:23,048 --> 00:16:26,835
BUT THE <i>MONITOR</i>
<i>KEPT LIMPING SOUTH.</i>

323
00:16:26,835 --> 00:16:30,089
400 MILES AWAY,
OFF THE COAST OF VIRGINIA,

324
00:16:30,089 --> 00:16:32,808
THE <i>MERRIMAC</i> KWAS WAITING.

325
00:16:36,061 --> 00:16:38,230
SATURDAY, MARCH 8,
WAS WASH DAY

326
00:16:38,764 --> 00:16:40,399
FOR THE UNION FLEET
IN HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA.

327
00:16:40,933 --> 00:16:42,568
LAUNDRY WAS DRYING
ON THE RIGGING

328
00:16:42,568 --> 00:16:44,186
OF THE UNION WARSHIPS

329
00:16:44,186 --> 00:16:45,821
WHEN THE CONFEDERATE
<i>MERRIMACK</i>

330
00:16:45,821 --> 00:16:48,524
HEADED STRAIGHT
FOR THE U.S.S. <i>CUMBERLAND.</i>

331
00:16:48,524 --> 00:16:50,159
[CANNONS FIRING]

332
00:16:50,159 --> 00:16:53,362
THE <i>CUMBERLAND</i>
<i>OPENED FIRE,</i>

333
00:16:53,362 --> 00:16:54,997
BUT THE SHOTS
BOUNCED HARMLESSLY

334
00:16:54,997 --> 00:16:57,166
OFF THE <i>MERRIMAC</i> K'SSIDE.

335
00:16:57,166 --> 00:16:59,334
THE CONFEDERATE SHIP
RAMMED THE <i>CUMBERLAND,</i>

336
00:16:59,334 --> 00:17:00,419
THEN STOOD IN SO CLOSE,

337
00:17:00,419 --> 00:17:03,122
THEIR MUZZLES
ALMOST TOUCHED.

338
00:17:04,206 --> 00:17:08,544
THE <i>CUMBERLAND</i>
<i>SANK IN SHALLOW WATER.</i>

339
00:17:08,544 --> 00:17:09,094
THE <i>MERRIMAC</i> KWENT ON

340
00:17:09,094 --> 00:17:11,797
TO SET
THE U.S.S. <i>CONGR</i> ESSAFIRE,

341
00:17:12,347 --> 00:17:13,966
DROVE THE U.S.S. <i>MINNESOTA</i>
<i>AGROUND,</i>

342
00:17:13,966 --> 00:17:17,219
THEN DREW BACK
FOR THE NIGHT.

343
00:17:18,303 --> 00:17:19,388
FOR ONE DAY,

344
00:17:19,388 --> 00:17:22,107
THE CONFEDERATE NAVY
RULED THE SEA.

345
00:17:25,360 --> 00:17:26,979
AT 1:00 THAT MORNING,

346
00:17:27,529 --> 00:17:29,698
THE CREW
OF THE BATTERED <i>MINNESOTA</i>

347
00:17:29,698 --> 00:17:32,401
SAW A STRANGE-LOOKING SHIP
DRAW UP ALONGSIDE THEM

348
00:17:32,401 --> 00:17:34,570
IN THE DARKNESS.

349
00:17:34,570 --> 00:17:35,654
"CLOSE ALONGSIDE
THE <i>MINNESOTA,</i>

350
00:17:36,205 --> 00:17:39,458
"THERE WAS A CRAFT
SUCH AS THE EYES OF A SEAMAN

351
00:17:39,458 --> 00:17:41,076
"NEVER LOOKED UPON BEFORE--

352
00:17:41,076 --> 00:17:44,329
"AN IMMENSE SHINGLE
FLOATING ON THE WATER

353
00:17:44,329 --> 00:17:48,133
"WITH A GIGANTIC CHEESE BOX
RISING FROM ITS CENTER.

354
00:17:48,133 --> 00:17:51,920
"NO SAILS, NO WHEELS,
NO SMOKESTACK, NO GUNS.

355
00:17:51,920 --> 00:17:54,089
WHAT COULD IT BE?"

356
00:17:54,089 --> 00:17:55,174
THE <i>MONI</i> TORHAD ARRIVED.

357
00:17:55,724 --> 00:17:58,977
[CANNONS FIRING]

358
00:17:58,977 --> 00:18:02,231
THE EPIC BATTLE
OF IRONCLADS BEGAN.

359
00:18:10,355 --> 00:18:16,328
HULL TO HULL, THE TWO SHIPS
HAMMERED AWAY AT EACH OTHER,

360
00:18:16,328 --> 00:18:19,031
AS THE MEN INSIDE,
HALF-BLIND WITH SMOKE,

361
00:18:19,031 --> 00:18:21,200
LOADED AND FIRED.

362
00:18:29,341 --> 00:18:33,679
AFTER 4 1/2 HOURS,
THE <i>MERRIMAC</i> KDREW OFF.

363
00:18:33,679 --> 00:18:35,848
IT WAS HER ONLY FIGHT.

364
00:18:37,466 --> 00:18:38,550
TWO MONTHS LATER,

365
00:18:38,550 --> 00:18:40,719
RATHER THAN SURRENDER
THEIR SHIP,

366
00:18:41,270 --> 00:18:42,888
THE CONFEDERATES
BLEW HER UP

367
00:18:42,888 --> 00:18:46,141
WHEN THEY WERE FORCED
OUT OF NORFOLK.

368
00:18:46,141 --> 00:18:48,861
BOTH SIDES SET TO WORK
BUILDING MORE IRONCLADS

369
00:18:48,861 --> 00:18:53,198
WHILE EUROPE WATCHED
IN WORRIED FASCINATION.

370
00:18:54,283 --> 00:18:55,901
FROM THE MOMENT
THE TWO SHIPS

371
00:18:55,901 --> 00:18:58,070
OPENED FIRE
THAT SUNDAY MORNING,

372
00:18:58,620 --> 00:19:01,874
EVERY OTHER NAVY ON EARTH
WAS OBSOLETE.

373
00:19:14,336 --> 00:19:15,971
"GENERAL GRANT
HABITUALLY WEARS AN EXPRESSION

374
00:19:15,971 --> 00:19:19,224
"AS IF HE HAD
DETERMINED TO DRIVE HIS HEAD

375
00:19:19,224 --> 00:19:23,011
THROUGH A BRICK WALL
AND WAS ABOUT TO DO IT."

376
00:19:24,596 --> 00:19:26,231
THE YEAR 1862

377
00:19:26,231 --> 00:19:28,934
WOULD INTRODUCE TWO GREAT
FORCES INTO THE WAR--

378
00:19:28,934 --> 00:19:33,822
UNSPEAKABLE SLAUGHTER
AND ULYSSES S. GRANT.

379
00:19:33,822 --> 00:19:35,440
WHILE McCLELLAN
HESITATED IN WASHINGTON,

380
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:39,244
GRANT, BACK IN THE FIELD
AFTER MONTHS OF DESK DUTY,

381
00:19:39,244 --> 00:19:42,497
WON TWO CRUCIAL VICTORIES
OUT WEST.

382
00:19:43,582 --> 00:19:45,751
LAUNCHING SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS
BY LAND AND WATER,

383
00:19:45,751 --> 00:19:50,088
HE TOOK FIRST FORT HENRY
ON THE TENNESSEE RIVER

384
00:19:50,088 --> 00:19:53,342
AND THEN FORT DONELSON
ON THE CUMBERLAND,

385
00:19:53,342 --> 00:19:56,044
WHERE HE ISSUED AN ULTIMATUM
TO THE CONFEDERATE COMMANDER--

386
00:19:56,044 --> 00:19:58,213
"NO TERMS
EXCEPT UNCONDITIONAL

387
00:19:58,213 --> 00:20:00,933
AND IMMEDIATE SURRENDER."

388
00:20:04,853 --> 00:20:06,772
THE TENNESSEE
AND CUMBERLAND RIVERS

389
00:20:07,239 --> 00:20:09,208
WERE NOW IN UNION HANDS.

390
00:20:09,208 --> 00:20:12,027
THE CONFEDERATES HAD BEEN
DRIVEN FROM KENTUCKY.

391
00:20:12,027 --> 00:20:13,445
DOZENS OF SOUTHERN TOWNS

392
00:20:13,445 --> 00:20:16,248
WERE NOW OCCUPIED
BY UNION TROOPS.

393
00:20:16,248 --> 00:20:17,983
IN LESS THAN A YEAR,

394
00:20:17,983 --> 00:20:21,320
GRANT HAD GONE FROM CLERK
TO UNION HERO.

395
00:20:22,905 --> 00:20:26,158
NEWS STORIES DESCRIBED HIM
COOLLY SMOKING UNDER FIRE,

396
00:20:26,158 --> 00:20:30,495
AND ADMIRERS SHIPPED HIM
BARRELS OF CIGARS.

397
00:20:30,495 --> 00:20:33,215
A DELIGHTED NORTHERN PUBLIC
NOW THOUGHT THEY KNEW

398
00:20:33,215 --> 00:20:35,918
WHAT THE INITIALS
IN HIS NAME STOOD FOR.

399
00:20:35,918 --> 00:20:37,002
THEY CALLED HIM

400
00:20:37,552 --> 00:20:39,721
"UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER"
GRANT.

401
00:20:42,975 --> 00:20:46,228
BUT BEFORE GRANT'S MEN
MARCHED INTO FORT DONELSON,

402
00:20:46,228 --> 00:20:48,397
CONFEDERATE GENERAL
NATHAN BEDFORD FORREST

403
00:20:48,397 --> 00:20:51,099
SLIPPED OUT OF IT
WITH 1,000 MEN.

404
00:20:51,099 --> 00:20:53,268
"I DID NOT COME HERE
FOR THE PURPOSE

405
00:20:53,819 --> 00:20:55,988
OF SURRENDERING MY COMMAND,"
HE SAID,

406
00:20:55,988 --> 00:21:00,859
AND LED HIS TROOPS 75 MILES
THROUGH THE SNOW TO SAFETY.

407
00:21:00,859 --> 00:21:05,197
WOULD MEET
BEDFORD FORREST AGAIN.

408
00:21:06,832 --> 00:21:09,534
AFTER THE CONFEDERATE DEFEAT
AT FORT DONELSON,

409
00:21:09,534 --> 00:21:12,254
THE FEMALE ACADEMY
AND STEWART COLLEGE

410
00:21:12,254 --> 00:21:13,338
AT NEARBY
CLARKSVILLE, TENNESSEE,

411
00:21:13,338 --> 00:21:16,041
WERE CONVERTED
TO HOSPITALS.

412
00:21:17,125 --> 00:21:19,294
"SUNDAY THE NEWS CAME.

413
00:21:19,294 --> 00:21:23,098
"SUCH PANIC-STRICKEN PEOPLE
WERE NEVER BEFORE SEEN.

414
00:21:23,098 --> 00:21:25,267
"THE WOUNDED
WERE BEING BRO

415
00:21:25,801 --> 00:21:26,885
"THE CITIZENS WERE RUNNING.

416
00:21:26,885 --> 00:21:29,604
"THERE WERE ALREADY
TWO HOSPITALS HERE

417
00:21:29,604 --> 00:21:31,773
"WHICH WERE FILLED
WITH THE SICK,

418
00:21:31,773 --> 00:21:35,477
"AND THEY, POOR FELLAS,
WERE CRAWLING OUT FROM EVERY PIECE

419
00:21:35,477 --> 00:21:37,646
"WALKING,
GOING ON HORSEBACK,

420
00:21:37,646 --> 00:21:39,281
IN WAGONS."

421
00:21:39,281 --> 00:21:40,899
NANNIE HASKINS.

422
00:21:43,618 --> 00:21:47,406
THE UNION ARMY WAS
RIGHT BEHIND THE WOUNDED.

423
00:21:47,406 --> 00:21:49,574
THEY MET NO RESISTANCE.

424
00:21:49,574 --> 00:21:51,209
A WHITE FLAG FLEW

425
00:21:51,209 --> 00:21:53,912
ABOVE TINY FORT DEFIANCE
WEST OF TOWN,

426
00:21:53,912 --> 00:21:54,997
AND MAYOR SMITH CAME OUT

427
00:21:54,997 --> 00:21:56,081
TO INFORM
THE UNION COMMANDER

428
00:21:56,631 --> 00:22:00,419
THAT THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
HAD RETREATED TO NASHVILLE.

429
00:22:02,054 --> 00:22:04,222
FARMER JOHN BARKER
WROTE IN HIS DIARY

430
00:22:04,222 --> 00:22:05,824
THAT THERE WERE NOTHING
BUT "LINCOLNITES"

431
00:22:06,358 --> 00:22:08,510
THROUGHOUT THE COUNTY.

432
00:22:09,061 --> 00:22:13,899
AN UNEASY FEDERAL OCCUPATION
OF CLARKSVILLE BEGAN.

433
00:22:18,186 --> 00:22:22,524
EARLY IN THE WAR,
A UNION SQUAD CLOSED IN

434
00:22:22,524 --> 00:22:24,159
ON A SINGLE
RAGGED CONFEDERATE,

435
00:22:24,159 --> 00:22:27,946
AND HE OBVIOUSLY
DIDN'T OWN ANY SLAVES.

436
00:22:27,946 --> 00:22:30,665
HE COULDN'T HAVE
MUCH INTEREST IN THE CONSTITUTION

437
00:22:30,665 --> 00:22:32,284
OR ANYTHING ELSE.

438
00:22:32,284 --> 00:22:35,537
THEY SAID, "WHAT ARE YOU
FIGHTING FOR ANYHOW?" THEY ASKED HIM.

439
00:22:35,537 --> 00:22:36,621
AND HE SAID,
"I'M FIGHTING

440
00:22:36,621 --> 00:22:38,256
BECAUSE YOU'RE
DOWN HERE,"

441
00:22:38,256 --> 00:22:42,044
WHICH WAS A PRETTY
SATISFACTORY ANSWER.

442
00:22:51,803 --> 00:22:54,523
ON APRIL 4,
GEORGE McCLELLAN AT LAST

443
00:22:54,523 --> 00:22:56,691
BEGAN TO MOVE
FOR RICHMOND--

444
00:22:57,225 --> 00:23:00,479
121,500 MEN,

445
00:23:00,479 --> 00:23:04,282
14,592 HORSES AND MULES,

446
00:23:04,816 --> 00:23:06,985
1,150 WAGONS,

447
00:23:06,985 --> 00:23:10,238
44 BATTERIES
OF ARTILLERY,

448
00:23:10,238 --> 00:23:11,289
AMBULANCES,
PONTOON BRIDGES,

449
00:23:11,289 --> 00:23:15,627
TONS OF PROVISIONS,
TENTS, TELEGRAPH WIRE.

450
00:23:17,796 --> 00:23:22,134
IT TOOK 400 BOATS
3 WEEKS TO LAND IT ALL

451
00:23:22,134 --> 00:23:25,921
AT FORTRESS MONROE
ON THE VIRGINIA COAST.

452
00:23:25,921 --> 00:23:26,922
"THE WHOLE REGION
SEEMS

453
00:23:26,922 --> 00:23:29,091
"LITERALLY FILLED
WITH SOLDIERY.

454
00:23:29,641 --> 00:23:31,259
"ONE OF
THE FINEST ARMIES

455
00:23:31,259 --> 00:23:32,894
"EVER MARSHALLED
ON THE GLOBE

456
00:23:33,428 --> 00:23:37,232
"NOW WAKES UP
THESE LONG STAGNANT FIELDS AND WOODS.

457
00:23:37,766 --> 00:23:38,316
"GENERAL McCLELLAN
ISHERE

458
00:23:38,316 --> 00:23:41,019
AND COMMANDS
IN PERSON."

459
00:23:41,019 --> 00:23:44,272
REVEREND
A.M. STEWART.

460
00:23:45,907 --> 00:23:47,526
"I AM TO WATCH
OVER YOU

461
00:23:47,526 --> 00:23:49,694
"AS A PARENT
OVER HIS CHILDREN,

462
00:23:50,245 --> 00:23:51,329
"AND YOU KNOW THAT
YOUR GENERAL LOVES YOU

463
00:23:51,329 --> 00:23:54,583
"FROM THE DEPTHS
OF HIS HEART.

464
00:23:54,583 --> 00:23:56,201
"IT SHALL BE MY CARE

465
00:23:56,201 --> 00:24:00,005
TO GAIN SUCCESS
WITH THE LEAST POSSIBLE LOSS."

466
00:24:01,089 --> 00:24:03,792
BUT AT YORKTOWN,
LESS THAN 20 MILES AWAY,

467
00:24:03,792 --> 00:24:05,427
THE CONFEDERATES WAITED,

468
00:24:05,427 --> 00:24:06,511
VASTLY OUTNUMBERED,

469
00:24:06,511 --> 00:24:08,680
BUT DETERMINED
TO DEFEND THEIR HOMES

470
00:24:08,680 --> 00:24:10,849
AND HURL BACK
THE INVADERS.

471
00:24:12,467 --> 00:24:13,018
UNTIL IT SEEMED, TO UNION
OBSERVERS, A MIGHTY HOST.

472
00:24:13,018 --> 00:24:15,187
IT WAS SLOW GOING.

473
00:24:15,720 --> 00:24:19,524
ROADS SAID TO BE
BONE DRY WERE BOGS.

474
00:24:19,524 --> 00:24:22,727
FORCED TO RELY
ON STORE-BOUGHT MAPS,

475
00:24:23,278 --> 00:24:25,447
LOST THEIR WAY.

476
00:24:25,447 --> 00:24:25,981
FINALLY, ON APRIL 5,

477
00:24:25,981 --> 00:24:29,784
THE ADVANCE GUARD
REACHED YORKTOWN,

478
00:24:29,784 --> 00:24:31,403
WHERE THE CONFEDERATES
HAD TAKEN OVER THE BUILDING

479
00:24:31,403 --> 00:24:34,122
USED BY LORD CORNWALLIS
AS HEADQUARTERS

480
00:24:34,122 --> 00:24:37,375
DURING
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.

481
00:24:37,375 --> 00:24:41,163
THERE WERE JUST 11,000
SOUTHERN TROOPS DUG IN,

482
00:24:41,163 --> 00:24:44,966
NOT EVEN A TENTH
OF McCLELLAN'S FORCE.

483
00:24:48,753 --> 00:24:49,838
BUT THE CONFEDERATE
COMMANDER

484
00:24:49,838 --> 00:24:51,473
WAS JOHN BANKHEAD MAGRUDER,

485
00:24:51,473 --> 00:24:55,260
A SHOWY VIRGINIAN WHO LOVED
AMATEUR THEATRICALS.

486
00:24:55,260 --> 00:24:59,064
HE NOW OUTDID
EVEN HIMSELF.

487
00:24:59,064 --> 00:25:00,682
TO FOOL McCLELLAN
INTO BELIEVING

488
00:25:00,682 --> 00:25:02,317
THAT HIS SMALL FORCE
WAS ENORMOUS,

489
00:25:02,851 --> 00:25:04,486
MAGRUDER KEPT UP
A SPORADIC,

490
00:25:04,486 --> 00:25:07,189
WIDELY SCATTERED
ARTILLERY BARRAGE

491
00:25:07,189 --> 00:25:10,992
AND PARADED ONE BATTALION
IN AND OUT OF A CLEARING

492
00:25:10,992 --> 00:25:17,499
IN AN ENDLESS CIRCLE

493
00:25:26,174 --> 00:25:28,343
CORPORAL EDMUND PATTERSON,
9th ALABAMA.

494
00:25:29,961 --> 00:25:32,130
"BY THE LONG ROLL,
AND HAVE BEEN TRAVELING

495
00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:33,765
"MOST OF THE DAY,

496
00:25:33,765 --> 00:25:36,468
"SEEMING WITH NO
OTHER VIEW THAN TO SHOW OURSELVES TO THE ENEMY

497
00:25:36,468 --> 00:25:39,721
"AT AS MANY
DIFFERENT POINTS OF THE LINE AS POSSIBLE.

498
00:25:39,721 --> 00:25:42,440
I'M PRETTY TIRED..."

499
00:25:43,525 --> 00:25:44,609
"IT SEEMS CLEAR
THAT I SHALL HAVE

500
00:25:45,143 --> 00:25:46,228
THE WHOLE FORCE
OF THE ENEMY ON MY HANDS,"

501
00:25:47,312 --> 00:25:49,481
McCLELLAN
TELEGRAPHED LINCOLN,

502
00:25:49,481 --> 00:25:51,650
"PROBABLY NOT LESS
THAN 100,000 MEN,

503
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:53,818
AND POSSIBLY MORE."

504
00:25:53,818 --> 00:25:57,072
McCLELLAN CALLED
FOR REINFORCEMENTS.

505
00:25:57,622 --> 00:25:59,241
GENERAL JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON,

506
00:25:59,241 --> 00:26:00,875
THE OVERALL
CONFEDERATE COMMANDER,

507
00:26:00,875 --> 00:26:03,044
COULD NOT BELIEVE
HIS LUCK.

508
00:26:03,044 --> 00:26:05,213
"NOBODYBUT McCLELLAN,"
HE SAID,

509
00:26:05,213 --> 00:26:07,382
"COULD HAVE HESITATED
TO ATTACK."

510
00:26:09,551 --> 00:26:11,720
"ONCE MORE,
LET ME TELL YOU,

511
00:26:11,720 --> 00:26:13,888
"IT IS
INDISPENSABLE TO <i>YOU</i>

512
00:26:13,888 --> 00:26:16,057
"THAT YOU
STRIKE A BLOW.

513
00:26:16,057 --> 00:26:18,226
"I HAVE NEVER
WRITTEN TO YOU OR SPOKEN TO YOU

514
00:26:18,226 --> 00:26:21,479
"IN GREATER KINDNESS
THAN NOW,

515
00:26:21,479 --> 00:26:24,733
"NOR WITH
FULLER PURPOSE TO SUSTAIN YOU...

516
00:26:24,733 --> 00:26:27,986
BUT YOU MUST ACT."

517
00:26:27,986 --> 00:26:30,689
"THE PRESIDENT
VERY COOLLY TELEGRAPHED ME

518
00:26:30,689 --> 00:26:35,026
"THAT HE THOUGHT
I HAD BETTER BREAK THE ENEMY'S LINES AT ONCE.

519
00:26:35,026 --> 00:26:36,661
"I WAS MUCH
TEMPTED TO REPLY

520
00:26:36,661 --> 00:26:38,280
THAT HE HAD BETTER COME
AND DO IT HIMSELF."

521
00:26:38,280 --> 00:26:40,448
GEORGE McCLELLAN.

522
00:26:42,617 --> 00:26:43,702
"I DON'T SEE THE SENSE

523
00:26:43,702 --> 00:26:46,421
"OF PILING UP EARTH
TO KEEP US APART.

524
00:26:46,421 --> 00:26:48,590
"IF WE DON'T GET
AT EACH OTQyHER SOME TI,

525
00:26:48,590 --> 00:26:50,759
"WHEN WILL THE WAR END?

526
00:26:50,759 --> 00:26:52,877
"MY PLAN WOULD BE
TO QUIT DITCHING

527
00:26:52,877 --> 00:26:55,597
AND GO TO FIGHTING."

528
00:26:55,597 --> 00:26:58,850
BUT McCLELLAN CHOSE
TO DIG IN.

529
00:27:02,637 --> 00:27:05,357
AS HE SETTLED IN
FOR A SIEGE OF YORKTOWN,

530
00:27:05,357 --> 00:27:06,975
UNION GENERAL PHIL KEARNY

531
00:27:06,975 --> 00:27:08,610
TOOK TO CALLING
HIS COMMANDER

532
00:27:09,144 --> 00:27:10,779
THE VIRGINIA CREEPER.

533
00:27:12,814 --> 00:27:14,983
DURING
THE PENINSULA CAMPAIGN,

534
00:27:14,983 --> 00:27:16,618
McCLELLAN'S
WORKING HIS WAY

535
00:27:16,618 --> 00:27:20,405
UP THE YORK JAMES
PENINSULA, AND HE CAME TO A STREAM.

536
00:27:20,405 --> 00:27:22,574
AND HE AND HIS STAFF
WERE SITTING THERE WONDERING

537
00:27:22,574 --> 00:27:26,378
HOW DEEP IT WAS,
IF THEY HAD TO MARCH ACROSS IT.

538
00:27:26,378 --> 00:27:28,546
AND CUSTER, WHO WAS
A JUNIOR OFFICER ON HIS STAFF--

539
00:27:28,546 --> 00:27:31,249
JUST GRADUATED
FROM WEST POINT, A CAPTAIN, I THINK--

540
00:27:31,249 --> 00:27:32,884
RODE OUT INTO MIDSTREAM,

541
00:27:32,884 --> 00:27:35,053
SAT ON HIS HORSE,
AND TURNED AROUND IN THE SADDLE

542
00:27:35,053 --> 00:27:38,840
AND SAID, "McCLELLAN,
THIS IS HOW DEEP IT IS, GENERAL."

543
00:27:41,559 --> 00:27:45,347
â™ª I HAVE SEEN HIM
IN THE WATCH-FIRES â™ª

544
00:27:45,347 --> 00:27:48,066
â™ª OF A HUNDRED
CIRCLING CAMPS â™ª

545
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:51,853
â™ª THEY HAVE BUILDED
HIM AN ALTAR â™ª

546
00:27:51,853 --> 00:27:55,106
â™ª IN
THE EVENING DEWS AND DAMPS â™ª

547
00:27:55,657 --> 00:27:59,444
â™ª I CAN READ
HIS RIGHTEOUS SENTENCE â™ª

548
00:27:59,444 --> 00:28:02,163
â™ª BY THE DIM
AND FLARING LAMPS â™ª

549
00:28:02,697 --> 00:28:09,754
â™ª HIS DAY
IS MARCHING ON â™ª

550
00:28:11,373 --> 00:28:14,626
"A MAN'S CONCEIT DWINDLES

551
00:28:14,626 --> 00:28:17,345
"WHEN HE CRAWLS
INTO AN UNTEASLED SHIRT,

552
00:28:17,345 --> 00:28:19,514
"TROUSERS TOO SHORT
AND BAGGY BEHIND,

553
00:28:19,514 --> 00:28:22,217
"COAT TOO LONG
AT BOTH ENDS

554
00:28:22,217 --> 00:28:25,470
"AND A CAP AS SHAPELESS
AS A FEEDBAG...

555
00:28:25,470 --> 00:28:26,554
"A PHOTOGRAPH
OF ANY ONE OF THEM,

556
00:28:26,554 --> 00:28:31,443
"COVERED WITH YELLOW DUST
OR MOSAICS OF MUD,

557
00:28:31,443 --> 00:28:34,112
"COULD ORNAMENT
ANY MANTEL, NORTH OR SOUTH,

558
00:28:34,112 --> 00:28:39,534
AS A TRUE PICTURE
OF <i>OUR BOY."</i>

559
00:28:39,534 --> 00:28:41,703
NORTH AND SOUTH,
THE AVERAGE SOLDIER

560
00:28:41,703 --> 00:28:45,490
WAS 5'8" TALL
AND WEIGHED 143 POUNDS.

561
00:28:45,490 --> 00:28:49,294
HIS CHANCE OF DYING
IN COMBAT WAS 1 IN 65,

562
00:28:49,294 --> 00:28:53,081
OF BEING WOUNDED,
1 IN 10.

563
00:28:53,081 --> 00:28:56,885
1 IN 13 WOULD DIE
OF DISEASE.

564
00:28:57,969 --> 00:29:00,672
THE AVERAGE AGE
OF A SOLDIER WAS 25.

565
00:29:00,672 --> 00:29:03,925
THE MINIMUM AGE
FOR ENLISTMENT WAS 18,

566
00:29:03,925 --> 00:29:07,729
BUT RECRUITING OFFICERS
WERE NOT PARTICULAR.

567
00:29:07,729 --> 00:29:10,982
DRUMMER BOYS
AS YOUNG AS 9 SIGNED ON.

568
00:29:13,685 --> 00:29:15,854
THERE WERE MORE THAN 100,000
SOLDIERS IN THE UNION ARMY

569
00:29:15,854 --> 00:29:19,107
WHO WERE NOT YET
15 YEARS OLD.

570
00:29:19,107 --> 00:29:22,360
WILLIAM BLACK WAS
NOT YET 12 WHEN HE ENLISTED.

571
00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,529
SHOT IN THE LEFT ARM
DURING BATTLE,

572
00:29:24,529 --> 00:29:27,248
HE WAS THOUGHT TO BE
THE YOUNGEST COMBAT SOLDIER

573
00:29:27,248 --> 00:29:29,951
WOUNDED IN THE WAR.

574
00:29:33,204 --> 00:29:35,373
"ALMOST EVERY KNOWN
TRADE, PROFESSION,

575
00:29:35,373 --> 00:29:37,542
"OR CALLING HAS
ITS REPRESENTATIVES

576
00:29:37,542 --> 00:29:39,177
"IN OUR REGIMENT--

577
00:29:39,177 --> 00:29:44,048
"TAILORS, CARPENTERS,
MASONS, AND PLASTERERS,

578
00:29:44,599 --> 00:29:45,133
"PUDDLERS AND ROLLERS,

579
00:29:45,133 --> 00:29:46,768
"MACHINISTS
AND ARCHITECTS,

580
00:29:46,768 --> 00:29:50,021
"PRINTERS, BOOKBINDERS
AND PUBLISHERS,

581
00:29:50,021 --> 00:29:51,639
"GENTLEMEN OF LEISURE,

582
00:29:51,639 --> 00:29:52,724
"POLITICIANS, MERCHANTS,

583
00:29:52,724 --> 00:29:55,443
"LEGISLATORS, JUDGES,

584
00:29:55,443 --> 00:29:58,146
"LAWYERS,
DOCTORS, PREACHERS.

585
00:29:58,146 --> 00:30:00,315
"SOME MALICIOUS FELLOW
MIGHT ASK THE PRIVILEGE

586
00:30:00,315 --> 00:30:02,484
"OF COMPLETING
THE CATALOGUE BY NAMING

587
00:30:02,484 --> 00:30:05,203
"JAILBIRDS, IDLERS,
LOAFERS, DRUNKARDS,

588
00:30:05,203 --> 00:30:06,287
"AND GAMBLERS--

589
00:30:06,821 --> 00:30:10,625
BUT WE BEG HIS PARDON
AND REFUSE THE LICENSE."

590
00:30:14,412 --> 00:30:15,497
"ALL THE APPLIANCES
OF HOME LIFE

591
00:30:15,497 --> 00:30:18,750
"WHICH ARE POSSIBLE
ARE BEING INTRODUCED

592
00:30:18,750 --> 00:30:20,385
"INTO OUR ENCAMPMENT--

593
00:30:20,385 --> 00:30:21,469
"A WEEKLY NEWSPAPER,

594
00:30:21,469 --> 00:30:24,172
"A PHOTOGRAPHIC
ESTABLISHMENT,

595
00:30:24,172 --> 00:30:25,256
"A TEMPERANCE LEAGUE,

596
00:30:25,256 --> 00:30:27,425
"AND A CHRISTIAN
ASSOCIATION.

597
00:30:27,976 --> 00:30:30,678
"WE HAVE A POST OFFICE,
LETTER BOX,

598
00:30:30,678 --> 00:30:32,847
"POSTMASTER,
AND MAIL CARRIER.

599
00:30:32,847 --> 00:30:35,567
"OUR BOYS WRITE
VASTLY MORE LETTERS

600
00:30:35,567 --> 00:30:37,735
"THAN THEY RECEIVE.

601
00:30:37,735 --> 00:30:39,354
"YOU CAN HARDLY IMAGINE
THE EAGERNESS

602
00:30:39,354 --> 00:30:42,073
"WITH WHICH THE MAILMAN
IS LOOKED FOR,

603
00:30:42,073 --> 00:30:45,276
"THE DELIGHT
ON THE RECEPTION OF A LETTER,

604
00:30:45,827 --> 00:30:47,996
"THE SADNESS,
SOMETIMES EVEN TO TEARS,

605
00:30:47,996 --> 00:30:50,698
"WITH WHICH THOSE
WHO ARE DISAPPOINTED

606
00:30:50,698 --> 00:30:52,867
TURN AWAY."

607
00:30:52,867 --> 00:30:55,587
REVEREND
A.M. STEWART.

608
00:30:55,587 --> 00:30:59,374
FOR THE ENLISTED MAN,

609
00:30:59,374 --> 00:31:04,262
PUNCTUATED BY MOMENTS
OF EXTREME TERROR.

610
00:31:04,796 --> 00:31:06,965
IT ALSO MEANT
LONG ABSENCES

611
00:31:06,965 --> 00:31:09,133
FROM FAMILY AND HOME.

612
00:31:09,133 --> 00:31:13,471
"JULY 1862.
TUPELO, MISSISSIPPI.

613
00:31:13,471 --> 00:31:15,106
"DEAR SISTERS,

614
00:31:15,106 --> 00:31:17,275
"I WOULD BE
THE GLADDEST PERSON IN THE WORLD

615
00:31:17,275 --> 00:31:19,444
"TO SEE YOU AND TALK
WITH YOU AWHILE,

616
00:31:19,978 --> 00:31:21,062
"FOR I SEE NOBODY HERE
BUT MEN,

617
00:31:21,062 --> 00:31:24,315
"AND THEY APPEAR TO BE
VERY SORRY COMPANY.

618
00:31:24,315 --> 00:31:27,035
"I THINK THAT I COULD
ENJOY MYSELF AT HOME

619
00:31:27,035 --> 00:31:28,653
BETTER THAN ANYWHERE
ELSE IN THE WORLD."

620
00:31:28,653 --> 00:31:31,906
BENJAMIN STUBBS.

621
00:31:31,906 --> 00:31:34,626
FOR THOSE OFFICERS
WHO TOOK THEIR FAMILIES

622
00:31:34,626 --> 00:31:38,413
WITH THEM TO CAMP,
LIFE WAS SOMEWHAT BETTER.

623
00:31:51,259 --> 00:31:53,428
"THERE HAS BEEN
A GREAT BATTLE INDEED

624
00:31:53,428 --> 00:31:55,063
"IN THE SOUTHWEST,

625
00:31:55,063 --> 00:31:56,681
"A CONFLICT OF TWO DAYS,

626
00:31:56,681 --> 00:31:58,316
"CLOSELY FOUGHT
AND WITH VARYING FORTUNE

627
00:31:58,850 --> 00:32:01,019
"AND BY GREAT ARMIES.

628
00:32:01,019 --> 00:32:03,187
"IT SEEMS
ENTITLED TO A PLACE

629
00:32:03,187 --> 00:32:05,907
AMONG THE FIRST-CLASS
BATTLES OF HISTORY."

630
00:32:05,907 --> 00:32:08,610
GEORGE TEMPLETON STRONG.

631
00:32:13,498 --> 00:32:14,582
IT WAS FOUGHT
IN EARLY APRIL.

632
00:32:15,667 --> 00:32:17,285
THE TREES
WERE LEAFED OUT,

633
00:32:17,285 --> 00:32:21,623
AND THE ROADS WERE
MEANDERING COWPATHS.

634
00:32:21,623 --> 00:32:24,876
NOBODY KNEW
NORTH FROM SOUTH, EAST FROM WEST.

635
00:32:24,876 --> 00:32:27,595
THEY HAD NEVER BEEN
IN COMBAT BEFORE, MOST OF THEM,

636
00:32:27,595 --> 00:32:29,764
ESPECIALLY
ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE.

637
00:32:29,764 --> 00:32:34,102
SO IT WAS JUST
A DISORGANIZED, MURDEROUS FISTFIGHT,

638
00:32:34,102 --> 00:32:38,439
100,000 MEN
SLAMMING AWAY AT EACH OTHER.

639
00:32:38,439 --> 00:32:41,142
IN EARLY APRIL,
AS McCLELLAN CONTINUED

640
00:32:41,693 --> 00:32:43,311
TO SIT IN FRONT
OF YORKTOWN,

641
00:32:43,311 --> 00:32:47,649
42,000 UNION TROOPS UNDER
GENERAL ULYSSES S. GRANT

642
00:32:47,649 --> 00:32:49,817
WERE ENCAMPED ON THE WEST SIDE
OF THE TENNESSEE RIVER

643
00:32:49,817 --> 00:32:51,452
NEAR PITTSBURG LANDING.

644
00:32:51,452 --> 00:32:53,071
GRANT'S INVASION
OF TENNESSEE

645
00:32:53,071 --> 00:32:55,790
HAD PRACTICALLY
CUT THE STATE IN TWO,

646
00:32:55,790 --> 00:32:57,408
AND NOW HE WAS WAITING

647
00:32:57,408 --> 00:32:59,577
FOR DON CARLOS BUELL'S
ARMY OF THE OHIO

648
00:33:00,128 --> 00:33:01,212
TO JOIN HIM.

649
00:33:01,212 --> 00:33:03,381
THEIR COMBINED FORCES
WERE THEN TO PLUNGE

650
00:33:03,915 --> 00:33:07,719
INTO THE HEART
OF MISSISSIPPI.

651
00:33:07,719 --> 00:33:08,803
BUT BUELL WAS LATE,

652
00:33:09,337 --> 00:33:12,056
AND AT CORINTH, MISSISSIPPI,
22 MILES AWAY,

653
00:33:12,056 --> 00:33:14,759
THE COMMANDER OF
THE WESTERN DEPARTMENT OF THE CONFEDERATE ARMY,

654
00:33:14,759 --> 00:33:16,928
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON,

655
00:33:16,928 --> 00:33:18,012
SAW NO REASON TO WAIT.

656
00:33:18,563 --> 00:33:21,265
THEIR ARMIES WERE STILL
EVENLY MATCHED,

657
00:33:21,265 --> 00:33:25,603
AND HE WOULD ATTACK
AND END GRANT'S INVASION.

658
00:33:25,603 --> 00:33:28,856
"TONIGHT WE WILL
WATER OUR HORSES IN THE TENNESSEE,"

659
00:33:28,856 --> 00:33:31,025
JOHNSTON TOLD
HIS STAFF OFFICERS

660
00:33:31,025 --> 00:33:33,194
ON THE MORNING
OF APRIL 6.

661
00:33:33,194 --> 00:33:36,998
THE CONFEDERATES QUIETLY
MOVED TOWARD THE UNION LINES.

662
00:33:39,167 --> 00:33:41,335
"IT WAS A MOST
BEAUTIFUL MORNING.

663
00:33:41,335 --> 00:33:44,589
"IT REALLY
SEEMED LIKE SUNDAY IN>w THE COUNTRY AT HOM.

664
00:33:44,589 --> 00:33:46,758
"THE BOYS WERE SCATTERED
AROUND CAMP,

665
00:33:46,758 --> 00:33:50,011
"POLISHING
AND BRIGHTENING THEIR MUSKETS

666
00:33:50,011 --> 00:33:51,629
"AND BRUSHING UP
AND CLEANING

667
00:33:51,629 --> 00:33:55,967
THEIR SHOES,
JACKETS, AND TROUSERS FOR INSPECTION."

668
00:33:55,967 --> 00:33:59,220
PRIVATE
LEANDER STILWELL.

669
00:33:59,220 --> 00:34:00,304
AT THE HEAD
OF ONE UNION DIVISION

670
00:34:00,304 --> 00:34:01,939
WAS WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN,

671
00:34:01,939 --> 00:34:03,024
AND THE BLOODINESS OF IT
WAS JUST ASTOUNDING TO EVERYONE.

672
00:34:03,024 --> 00:34:04,108
WHO HAD SHAKEN OFF
THE MELANCHOLY

673
00:34:04,642 --> 00:34:07,895
THAT HAD SENT HIM HOME
THE PREVIOUS YEAR.

674
00:34:07,895 --> 00:34:10,031
HIS OHIOANS
WERE ENCAMPED ON A HILL

675
00:34:10,565 --> 00:34:12,734
NOT FAR FROM A LITTLE
LOG-BUILT METHODIST CHURCH

676
00:34:12,734 --> 00:34:14,368
CALLED SHILOH

677
00:34:14,368 --> 00:34:17,071
WHEN THE 6th MISSISSIPPI
ATTACKED.

678
00:34:17,071 --> 00:34:23,044
"I SAW MEN IN GRAY
[HORSAND BROWN CLOTHES

679
00:34:23,044 --> 00:34:24,662
"RUNNING
THROUGH THE CAMP.

680
00:34:24,662 --> 00:34:26,831
"AND I SAW
SOMETHING ELSE, TOO,

681
00:34:26,831 --> 00:34:29,000
"SOMETHING I HAD
NEVER SEEN BEFORE...

682
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,169
"A GAUDY SORT
OF THING WITH RED BARS...

683
00:34:31,169 --> 00:34:33,337
A REBEL FLAG."

684
00:34:37,675 --> 00:34:39,844
"ONE MORE CHARGE
AND THEIR LINES WAVER AND BREAK.

685
00:34:39,844 --> 00:34:42,563
"THEY RETREAT
IN WILD CONFUSION...

686
00:34:42,563 --> 00:34:44,182
"WE WERE JUBILANT,

687
00:34:44,182 --> 00:34:45,266
"AND THE OFFICERS
COULD NOT CURB THEIR MEN

688
00:34:45,266 --> 00:34:47,985
TO KEEP THEM IN LINE."

689
00:34:47,985 --> 00:34:49,604
SAM WATKINS.

690
00:34:51,773 --> 00:34:55,026
THE BATTLE EXTENDED
ALONG A 3-MILE FRONT.

691
00:34:55,026 --> 00:34:57,195
THE WORST FIGHTING
WAS IN THE CENTER,

692
00:34:57,745 --> 00:34:59,363
WHERE THE REBELS CAME
ON AND ON

693
00:34:59,363 --> 00:35:03,618
LIKE "MADDENED DEMONS,"
A UNION SOLDIER SAID.

694
00:35:03,618 --> 00:35:05,253
THE GENERALS DIDN'T
KNOW THEIR JOBS.

695
00:35:05,253 --> 00:35:06,871
THE SOLDIERS DIDN'T
KNOW THEIR JOBS.

696
00:35:06,871 --> 00:35:10,124
IT WAS JUST
PURE DETERMINATION TO STAND AND FIGHT

697
00:35:10,124 --> 00:35:11,759
AND NOT RETREAT.

698
00:35:16,631 --> 00:35:19,884
IT ALSO CORRECTED
A SOUTHERN MISCONCEPTION WHICH HAD SAID,

699
00:35:19,884 --> 00:35:20,968
"ONE GOOD
SOUTHERN SOLDIER

700
00:35:21,519 --> 00:35:23,137
IS WORTH 10
YANKEE HIRELINGS."

701
00:35:23,688 --> 00:35:25,857
THEY FOUND OUT
THAT WASN'T TRUE BY A LONG SHOT.

702
00:35:25,857 --> 00:35:28,559
IN A PEACH ORCHARD,
THE FEDERALS LAY FLAT

703
00:35:28,559 --> 00:35:30,728
BENEATH
THE BLOSSOMING TREES,

704
00:35:30,728 --> 00:35:33,447
FIRING AS THE REBELS CAME,

705
00:35:33,447 --> 00:35:35,066
SOFT PINK PETALS
RAINING DOWN

706
00:35:35,066 --> 00:35:37,785
ON THE LIVING
AND THE DEAD.

707
00:35:39,954 --> 00:35:42,657
BY LATE MORNING, THOUSANDS
OF UNTRIED FEDERAL TROOPS

708
00:35:43,207 --> 00:35:44,292
HAD SEEN ENOUGH.

709
00:35:44,292 --> 00:35:46,994
MOST DID NOT STOP RUNNING UNTIL
THEY REACHED THE RIVER,

710
00:35:46,994 --> 00:35:52,416
WHERE ALMOST 5,000 MEN
COWERED BENEATH THE BLUFF.

711
00:35:52,416 --> 00:35:55,670
"WE ARE SWEEPING THE FIELD,"
GENERAL JOHNSTON TOLD

712
00:35:55,670 --> 00:35:57,305
HIS SECOND IN COMMAND,
BEAUREGARD,

713
00:35:57,305 --> 00:36:01,092
"AND I THINK WE SHALL
PRESS THEM TO THE RIVER."

714
00:36:01,092 --> 00:36:04,345
GRANT'S BACK
WAS TO THE TENNESSEE.

715
00:36:04,345 --> 00:36:08,683
THERE WAS NO SIGN OF BUELL
AND NOWHERE ELSE TO GO,

716
00:36:08,683 --> 00:36:11,402
BUT A THIN FEDERAL LINE
HELD IN THE CENTER,

717
00:36:11,402 --> 00:36:14,105
ILLINOIS AND IOWA
FARM BOYS MOSTLY,

718
00:36:14,105 --> 00:36:15,740
PRONE ALONG
A SUNKEN ROAD.

719
00:36:15,740 --> 00:36:17,909
THEIR COMMANDER,
BENJAMIN PRENTISS,

720
00:36:17,909 --> 00:36:19,527
UNDERSTOOD
THE DEADLY SERIOUSNESS

721
00:36:19,527 --> 00:36:22,246
OF GRANT'S ORDER
TO "MAINTAIN THAT POSITION

722
00:36:22,246 --> 00:36:25,499
AT ALL COSTS."

723
00:36:26,033 --> 00:36:27,668
THE CONFEDERATES LAUNCHED
A DOZEN MASSIVE ASSAULTS

724
00:36:27,668 --> 00:36:32,540
AGAINST WHAT BECAME KNOWN
AS THE HORNET'S NEST.

725
00:36:32,540 --> 00:36:37,428
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON
HIMSELF LED THE LAST CHARGE.

726
00:36:37,428 --> 00:36:42,300
HE CAME OUT OF IT
WITH BITS OF HIS CLOTHING NICKED ALL UP.

727
00:36:42,850 --> 00:36:46,103
AND HE FLAPPED HIS--
ON HORSEBACK THERE,

728
00:36:46,637 --> 00:36:48,806
AND SAID, "THEY DIDN'T
TRIP ME UP THAT TIME."

729
00:36:48,806 --> 00:36:50,441
AND VERY SOON AFTER THAT,
THEY SAW HIM REEL IN THE SADDLE

730
00:36:50,441 --> 00:36:53,144
AND REALIZED HE WAS HURT,

731
00:36:54,228 --> 00:36:56,948
AND HE SAID, "YES,
AND I FEAR SERIOUSLY."

732
00:36:56,948 --> 00:36:58,566
AND HE WAS SHOT
BEHIND THE KNEE,

733
00:36:58,566 --> 00:37:00,735
IN THE FEMORAL ARTERY
I SUPPOSE,

734
00:37:01,819 --> 00:37:02,904
AND BLED TO DEATH.

735
00:37:02,904 --> 00:37:05,072
THEY SAW BLOOD
COMING OUT OF HIS BOOT,

736
00:37:05,072 --> 00:37:07,241
AND HE COULD HAVE BEEN EASILY
SAVED WITH A TOURNIQUET,

737
00:37:07,241 --> 00:37:09,961
BUT HE HAD SENT
HIS SURGEON OFF

738
00:37:09,961 --> 00:37:13,214
TO TAKE CARE OF SOME
FEDERAL PRISONERS.

739
00:37:17,551 --> 00:37:18,636
"ADVANCING
A LITTLE FURTHER,

740
00:37:18,636 --> 00:37:20,805
"WE SAW GENERAL
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON

741
00:37:20,805 --> 00:37:22,423
"SURROUNDED
BY HIS STAFF.

742
00:37:22,423 --> 00:37:24,058
"WE SAW SOME
LITTLE COMMOTION

743
00:37:24,058 --> 00:37:25,142
"AMONG THOSE WHO
SURROUNDED HIM,

744
00:37:25,142 --> 00:37:28,930
"BUT WE DID NOT
KNOW AT THE TIME THAT HE WAS DEAD.

745
00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:31,649
THE FACT WAS KEPT
FROM THE TROOPS."

746
00:37:31,649 --> 00:37:33,818
SAM WATKINS.

747
00:37:33,818 --> 00:37:35,436
THE COMMAND
OF THE WESTERN ARMY

748
00:37:35,436 --> 00:37:38,689
NOW PASSED
TO GENERAL BEAUREGARD.

749
00:37:38,689 --> 00:37:41,409
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON
WAS LOOKED ON BY MANY PEOPLE

750
00:37:41,409 --> 00:37:43,577
AT THE TIME OF SHILOH,

751
00:37:43,577 --> 00:37:45,746
AND ESPECIALLY BEFORE
SHILOH WHILE HE WAS

752
00:37:45,746 --> 00:37:46,831
HOLDING THAT LINE
UP IN KENTUCKY,

753
00:37:46,831 --> 00:37:50,084
AS THE SOUTH'S
NUMBER ONE FIELD SOLDIER.

754
00:37:50,084 --> 00:37:51,702
JEFFERSON DAVIS
VIEWED HIM AS THAT,

755
00:37:51,702 --> 00:37:53,337
AND WHEN HE LOST
ALBERT SIDNEY JOHNSTON,

756
00:37:53,337 --> 00:37:56,590
HE SAID, "I REALIZED
OUR STRONGEST PILLAR HAD BEEN BROKEN."

757
00:37:56,590 --> 00:37:58,175
MEANWHILE, THE CENTER
OF THE UNION LINE

758
00:37:58,175 --> 00:38:01,963
BENT BACK ON ITSELF

759
00:38:01,963 --> 00:38:03,597
BUT WOULD NOT BREAK.

760
00:38:03,597 --> 00:38:05,216
THE CONFEDERATES
TRAINED 62 CANNON

761
00:38:05,766 --> 00:38:09,553
AT POINT-BLANK RANGE
AND OPENED FIRE.

762
00:38:09,553 --> 00:38:11,722
THE HORNET'S NEST
EXPLODED IN A HAIL

763
00:38:11,722 --> 00:38:14,976
OF SPLINTERED TREES
AND SHATTERED MEN.

764
00:38:14,976 --> 00:38:18,779
AT 5:30, PRENTISS
AND THE 2,200 SURVIVORS

765
00:38:18,779 --> 00:38:21,482
OF HIS DIVISION SURRENDERED.

766
00:38:21,482 --> 00:38:23,651
THEY HAD HELD UP
THE SOUTHERN ADVANCE

767
00:38:23,651 --> 00:38:25,286
FOR NEARLY 6 HOURS,

768
00:38:25,286 --> 00:38:28,539
AND IT WAS GROWING DARK.

769
00:38:28,539 --> 00:38:30,157
BEAUREGARD WIRED
JEFFERSON DAVIS

770
00:38:30,157 --> 00:38:32,877
THAT HE HAD WON
A COMPLETE VICTORY.

771
00:38:32,877 --> 00:38:35,046
"I HAD GENERAL GRANT
JUST WHERE I WANTED HIM,"

772
00:38:35,046 --> 00:38:39,383
HE SAID, "AND COULD FINISH
HIM UP IN THE MORNING."

773
00:38:44,255 --> 00:38:45,339
EVERYWHERE, WOUNDED MEN
LAY IN AGONY.

774
00:38:48,059 --> 00:38:50,227
NEITHER ARMY HAD YET
DEVISED A SYSTEM

775
00:38:50,227 --> 00:38:53,481
FOR GATHERING OR CARING
FOR THEM ON THE FIELD.

776
00:38:53,481 --> 00:38:55,649
SCORES OF WOUNDED
COLLAPSED AND DIED

777
00:38:55,649 --> 00:38:58,352
DRINKING FROM A MUD HOLE
NEAR THE PEACH ORCHARD,

778
00:38:58,352 --> 00:39:00,521
STAINING THE WATER RED.

779
00:39:02,156 --> 00:39:02,690
IT BEGAN TO RAIN,

780
00:39:02,690 --> 00:39:04,859
AND FLASHES OF LIGHTNING

781
00:39:04,859 --> 00:39:08,662
SHOWED HOGS FEEDING
ON THE UNGATHERED DEAD.

782
00:39:11,365 --> 00:39:13,534
"SOME CRIED
FOR WATER,

783
00:39:13,534 --> 00:39:15,703
"OTHERS FOR
SOMEONE TO COME AND HELP THEM.

784
00:39:15,703 --> 00:39:20,041
"I CAN HEAR
THOSE POOR FELLOWS CRYING FOR WATER.

785
00:39:20,591 --> 00:39:23,294
"GOD HEARD THEM,
FOR THE HEAVENS OPENED

786
00:39:23,294 --> 00:39:25,463
AND THE RAIN CAME."

787
00:39:28,132 --> 00:39:30,851
GRANT SPENT THAT NIGHT
BENEATH A TREE

788
00:39:30,851 --> 00:39:32,470
RATHER THAN LISTEN
TO THE SCREAMS OF THE WOUNDED MEN

789
00:39:32,470 --> 00:39:34,638
IN HIS HEADQUARTERS.

790
00:39:34,638 --> 00:39:37,358
IT WAS THERE THAT
SHERMAN FOUND HIM.

791
00:39:37,358 --> 00:39:38,976
"WELL, GRANT," HE SAID,

792
00:39:38,976 --> 00:39:41,695
"WE'VE HAD THE DEVIL'S
OWN DAY, HAVEN'T WE?"

793
00:39:41,695 --> 00:39:47,118
"YES," SAID GRANT,
"LICK 'EM TOMORROW, THOUGH."

794
00:39:47,118 --> 00:39:48,736
[STEAMBOAT WHISTLE]

795
00:39:48,736 --> 00:39:50,371
"NEVER TO ME
WAS THE SIGHT

796
00:39:50,371 --> 00:39:53,074
"OF REINFORCING
LEGIONS SO WELCOME

797
00:39:53,074 --> 00:39:55,242
"AS ON THAT SUNDAY
EVENING

798
00:39:55,242 --> 00:39:57,411
"WHEN BUELL'S
ADVANCE COLUMN DEPLOYED

799
00:39:57,411 --> 00:40:01,215
ON THE BLUFFS OF
PITTSBURG LANDING."

800
00:40:01,215 --> 00:40:03,384
DURING THE NIGHT,
BUELL'S ARMY FINALLY ARRIVED.

801
00:40:03,384 --> 00:40:09,340
THE UNION MEN MARCHED ASHORE
AS A BAND PLAYED <i>DIXIE.</i>

802
00:40:09,340 --> 00:40:10,975
[CANNON FIRE]

803
00:40:10,975 --> 00:40:13,677
AT DAWN, THE UNION FORCE,
NOW 70,000 STRONG,

804
00:40:13,677 --> 00:40:17,481
DROVE INTO
BEAUREGARD'S 30,000.

805
00:40:17,481 --> 00:40:20,184
THE CONFEDERATES FELL BACK,
COUNTERATTACKED,

806
00:40:20,184 --> 00:40:21,819
FELL BACK AGAIN,

807
00:40:22,353 --> 00:40:24,522
AND BEGAN TO WITHDRAW.

808
00:40:26,690 --> 00:40:29,410
THE UNION HELD THE FIELD.

809
00:40:32,079 --> 00:40:33,697
COVERING
THE CONFEDERATE RETREAT

810
00:40:33,697 --> 00:40:34,782
WAS NATHAN
BEDFORD FORREST,

811
00:40:35,332 --> 00:40:38,035
WHO NOW TURNED TO LEAD
ONE LAST CAVALRY CHARGE

812
00:40:38,035 --> 00:40:41,839
HEADLONG INTO THE PURSUING
NORTHERN ARMY.

813
00:40:41,839 --> 00:40:46,710
AND HE LANDED SQUARE
IN THE MAIN BODY OF THE UNION TROOPS.

814
00:40:46,710 --> 00:40:50,514
HE WAS SURROUNDED BY--
ONE GRAY UNIFORM IN A SEA OF BLUE,

815
00:40:50,514 --> 00:40:52,133
AND THEY BEGAN
TO HOLLER,

816
00:40:52,133 --> 00:40:53,767
"KILL HIM.
KILL THE GODDAMN REBEL.

817
00:40:53,767 --> 00:40:55,936
KNOCK HIM
OFF HIS HORSE."

818
00:40:55,936 --> 00:41:00,274
AND ONE SOLDIER DID
STICK HIS RIFLE OUT INTO FORREST'S SIDE,

819
00:41:00,274 --> 00:41:01,358
AND PULLED THE TRIGGER

820
00:41:01,358 --> 00:41:04,612
AND LIFTED FORREST
CLEAR OF THE SADDLE

821
00:41:04,612 --> 00:41:05,696
WITH THE IMPACT
OF THE BULLET,

822
00:41:05,696 --> 00:41:08,399
AND FORREST, MEANTIME,
WAS SLASHING WITH HIS SABER.

823
00:41:08,399 --> 00:41:10,568
HIS HORSE WAS KICKING
AND TURNING,

824
00:41:10,568 --> 00:41:11,118
AND FORREST SAWED
HIM AROUND

825
00:41:11,118 --> 00:41:13,287
AND GOT HIM CLEAR
AND TOOK OFF,

826
00:41:13,821 --> 00:41:14,905
AND THEY WERE
SHOOTING AFTER HIM,

827
00:41:14,905 --> 00:41:16,540
SO HE REACHED DOWN
AND GRABBED ONE UNION SOLDIER

828
00:41:16,540 --> 00:41:18,159
AND SWUNG HIM
UP BEHIND HIM

829
00:41:18,159 --> 00:41:21,412
ON THE CRUPPER OF THE HORSE
TO USE AS A SHIELD.

830
00:41:21,412 --> 00:41:24,131
HE THREW THE MAN OFF
AND RODE BACK,

831
00:41:24,131 --> 00:41:25,749
TO JOIN HIS COMMAND.

832
00:41:25,749 --> 00:41:29,003
THAT WAS THE LAST SHOT FIRED
IN THE BATTLE OF SHILOH.

833
00:41:32,806 --> 00:41:35,509
THE GROUND, GRANT SAID,
WAS SO COVERED WITH DEAD

834
00:41:35,509 --> 00:41:37,678
THAT IT WOULD HAVE
BEEN POSSIBLE TO WALK ACROSS THE CLEARING

835
00:41:37,678 --> 00:41:40,397
IN ANY DIRECTION,
STEPPING ON DEAD BODIES

836
00:41:40,397 --> 00:41:43,100
WITHOUT A FOOT
TOUCHING THE GROUND.

837
00:41:48,522 --> 00:41:49,073
"WHEN THE GRAVE
WAS READY,

838
00:41:50,157 --> 00:41:53,410
"WE PLACED THE BODIES
THEREIN, TWO DEEP.

839
00:41:53,410 --> 00:41:56,664
"ALL THE MONUMENT REARED
TO THOSE BRAVE MEN WAS A BOARD

840
00:41:57,198 --> 00:41:59,917
"UPON WHICH I CUT
WITH MY POCKET KNIFE

841
00:41:59,917 --> 00:42:04,255
THE WORDS <i>125 REBELS."</i>

842
00:42:10,211 --> 00:42:15,099
2,477 MEN WERE KILLED
AT SHILOH.

843
00:42:15,099 --> 00:42:18,352
THERE WERE 23,000
CASUALTIES OVERALL--

844
00:42:18,352 --> 00:42:20,521
MORE THAN ALL
THE AMERICAN CASUALTIES

845
00:42:20,521 --> 00:42:24,308
IN ALL PREVIOUS
AMERICAN WARS COMBINED.

846
00:42:26,477 --> 00:42:31,365
AND IT WAS ONLY
THE BEGINNING.

847
00:42:31,365 --> 00:42:34,034
SHILOH HAD THE SAME
NUMBER OF CASUALTIES

848
00:42:34,034 --> 00:42:35,119
AS WATERLOO,

849
00:42:35,653 --> 00:42:36,737
AND YET, WHEN
IT WAS FOUGHT,

850
00:42:36,737 --> 00:42:39,990
THERE WERE ANOTHER
20 WATERLOOS TO FOLLOW.

851
00:42:39,990 --> 00:42:42,710
AND GRANT, SHORTLY
BEFORE SHILOH, SAID,

852
00:42:42,710 --> 00:42:44,328
"I CONSIDER THIS WAR
PRACTICALLY OVER.

853
00:42:44,878 --> 00:42:47,047
THEY'RE READY
TO GIVE UP."

854
00:42:47,047 --> 00:42:51,385
AND THE DAY AFTER
SHILOH, HE SAID,

855
00:42:51,385 --> 00:42:53,003
IF WE WERE TO WIN."

856
00:42:53,003 --> 00:42:55,723
SHILOH DID THAT,

857
00:42:55,723 --> 00:42:58,425
BUT IT SOBERED
THE NATION UP SOMETHING AWFUL,

858
00:42:58,425 --> 00:43:00,060
THE REALIZATION
THAT THEY HAD

859
00:43:00,060 --> 00:43:02,229
A VERY BLOODY AFFAIR
ON THEIR HANDS.

860
00:43:02,229 --> 00:43:04,398
AND IT CALLED FOR
A HUGE REASSESSMENT

861
00:43:04,398 --> 00:43:07,101
OF WHAT THIS THING
WAS GOING TO BE.

862
00:43:07,101 --> 00:43:10,321
YEARS AFTERWARD,
A UNION VETERAN SAID

863
00:43:10,321 --> 00:43:13,574
THE MOST A SOLDIER
COULD SAY OF ANY FIGHT WAS

864
00:43:13,574 --> 00:43:16,827
"I WAS WORSE SCARED
THAN I WAS AT SHILOH."

865
00:43:18,996 --> 00:43:21,165
SHILOH
IS A HEBREW WORD

866
00:43:21,165 --> 00:43:23,867
MEANING
"PLACE OF PEACE."

867
00:43:29,840 --> 00:43:33,093
"APRIL 11, 1862.

868
00:43:33,093 --> 00:43:37,431
"I FIRMLY BELIEVE THAT
BEFORE MANY CENTURIES MORE,

869
00:43:37,431 --> 00:43:41,218
"SCIENCE WILL BE
THE MASTER OF MAN.

870
00:43:41,218 --> 00:43:43,387
"THE ENGINES
HE WILL HAVE INVENTED

871
00:43:43,387 --> 00:43:47,191
"WILL BE BEYOND
HIS STRENGTH TO CONTROL.

872
00:43:47,191 --> 00:43:51,528
"SOMEDAY SCIENCE SHALL HAVE
THE EXISTENCE OF MANKIND

873
00:43:51,528 --> 00:43:52,613
"IN ITS POWER,

874
00:43:53,147 --> 00:43:55,316
"AND THE HUMAN RACE
COMMIT SUICIDE

875
00:43:55,316 --> 00:43:59,119
BY BLOWING UP THE WORLD."

876
00:43:59,119 --> 00:44:00,738
HENRY ADAMS.

877
00:44:17,554 --> 00:44:20,808
THE ARMIES THAT U.S. GRANT
AND GEORGE McCLELLAN LED

878
00:44:20,808 --> 00:44:23,510
WERE THE BEST-EQUIPPED
IN HISTORY.

879
00:44:23,510 --> 00:44:26,764
THE PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
AND TECHNICAL INGENUITY

880
00:44:26,764 --> 00:44:27,848
OF THE NORTH

881
00:44:27,848 --> 00:44:30,017
WERE NOW FOCUSED
ON WEAPONS.

882
00:44:31,101 --> 00:44:33,270
AND THE CIVIL WAR
WOULD SEE

883
00:44:33,270 --> 00:44:34,905
THE FIRST
RAILROAD ARTILLERY,

884
00:44:34,905 --> 00:44:37,608
THE FIRST LAND MINES
AND TELESCOPIC SIGHTS,

885
00:44:38,158 --> 00:44:41,412
THE FIRST
MILITARY TELEGRAPHS.

886
00:44:41,412 --> 00:44:42,496
IN 1862 ALONE,

887
00:44:42,496 --> 00:44:47,368
240 PATENTS WERE ISSUED
FOR MILITARY WEAPONS.

888
00:44:47,918 --> 00:44:51,171
LINCOLN WAS FASCINATED
BY NEW WEAPONRY.

889
00:44:51,705 --> 00:44:54,425
HE PERSONALLY TESTED
NEW RIFLES

890
00:44:54,425 --> 00:44:57,127
AND ORDERED UP
10 UNION REPEATING GUNS,

891
00:44:57,127 --> 00:45:00,381
FORERUNNERS
OF THE MACHINE GUN,

892
00:45:00,381 --> 00:45:01,465
BUT HE PASSED UP
A SCHEME

893
00:45:01,465 --> 00:45:03,634
TO MANUFACTURE
CANOE-SHAPED FOOTWEAR

894
00:45:03,634 --> 00:45:05,803
FOR WALKING ON WATER

895
00:45:05,803 --> 00:45:08,522
AND TACTFULLY DECLINED
A HERD OF WAR ELEPHANTS

896
00:45:08,522 --> 00:45:11,225
OFFERED BY
THE KING OF SIAM.

897
00:45:11,225 --> 00:45:13,394
OH, THEY HAD
MANY CRAZY IDEAS,

898
00:45:13,394 --> 00:45:15,562
ALONG WITH
SOME GOOD ONES.

899
00:45:15,562 --> 00:45:18,282
THERE WAS ONE PLAN
TO USE TWO CANNON,

900
00:45:18,816 --> 00:45:19,900
EACH WITH A CANNONBALL,

901
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:23,153
AND THE TWO CANNONBALLS
CONNECTED BY A CHAIN.

902
00:45:23,704 --> 00:45:25,873
AND YOU WOULD FIRE
THE TWO CANNONS AT THE SAME TIME,

903
00:45:25,873 --> 00:45:27,491
AND THE BALLS
WOULD GO OUT,

904
00:45:27,491 --> 00:45:29,126
AND THE CHAIN
BETWEEN THEM

905
00:45:29,126 --> 00:45:31,829
WOULD JUST CUT A SWATH
THROUGH EVERYTHING IN THEIR WAY.

906
00:45:31,829 --> 00:45:32,913
THE TROUBLE WAS,
ONE CANNON, OF COURSE,

907
00:45:32,913 --> 00:45:35,082
WENT OFF BEFORE
THE OTHER ONE DID

908
00:45:35,082 --> 00:45:37,251
WITH THE RESULT
THAT THE BALL WENT AROUND IN A CIRCLE

909
00:45:37,251 --> 00:45:39,970
FROM THE OTHER CANNON.

910
00:45:41,588 --> 00:45:43,757
THE MOST IMPORTANT
INNOVATION OF THE WHOLE WAR

911
00:45:43,757 --> 00:45:45,926
WAS THE RIFLED MUSKET,

912
00:45:45,926 --> 00:45:48,095
ALONG WITH
A FRENCH REFINEMENT--

913
00:45:48,095 --> 00:45:49,730
CAW BULLET,

914
00:45:50,264 --> 00:45:52,433
AN INCH-LONG LEAD SLUG

915
00:45:52,433 --> 00:45:55,152
THAT EXPANDED INxuTO
THE BARREL'S RIFLED GROOVES

916
00:45:55,152 --> 00:45:57,855
AND SPUN
AS IT LEFT THE MUZZLE.

917
00:45:57,855 --> 00:46:00,574
THE MINIE BALL COULD KILL
AT HALF A MILE

918
00:46:00,574 --> 00:46:03,277
AND WAS ACCURATE
AT 250 YARDS--

919
00:46:03,277 --> 00:46:07,614
5 TIMES AS FAR
AS ANY OTHER ONE-MAN WEAPON.

920
00:46:07,614 --> 00:46:10,334
THE AGE OF THE BAYONET
CHARGE HAD ENDED,

921
00:46:10,334 --> 00:46:13,036
THOUGH MOST OFFICERS
DID NOT YET KNOW IT

922
00:46:13,587 --> 00:46:14,671
WHEN THE WAR BEGAN,

923
00:46:15,205 --> 00:46:17,374
AND SOME HAD STILL
NOT LEARNED IT

924
00:46:17,374 --> 00:46:20,093
WHEN THE WAR WAS OVER.

925
00:46:20,093 --> 00:46:21,178
IT WAS BRUTAL STUFF.

926
00:46:21,712 --> 00:46:25,516
THE REASON FOR
THE HIGH CASUALTIES IS REALLY QUITE SIMPLE--

927
00:46:25,516 --> 00:46:28,218
THE WEAPONS WERE WAY
AHEAD OF THE TACTICS.

928
00:46:28,218 --> 00:46:29,303
THE RIFLE ITSELF,

929
00:46:29,303 --> 00:46:32,556
IT THREW A .53 CALIBER
SOFT LEAD BULLET

930
00:46:32,556 --> 00:46:34,191
AT A LOW
MUZZLE VELOCITY,

931
00:46:34,725 --> 00:46:36,360
AND WHEN IT HIT--

932
00:46:36,360 --> 00:46:37,978
THE REASON THERE WERE
SO MANY AMPUTATIONS--

933
00:46:37,978 --> 00:46:41,782
IF YOU GOT HIT HERE,
IT DIDN'T CLIP YOUR BONE

934
00:46:41,782 --> 00:46:44,485
THE WAY THE MODERN
STEEL-JACKETED BULLET DOES.

935
00:46:44,485 --> 00:46:46,653
YOU DIDN'T HAVE ANY BONE
FROM HERE TO HERE.

936
00:46:46,653 --> 00:46:48,822
THEY HAD NO CHOICE
BUT TO TAKE THE ARM OFF,

937
00:46:49,373 --> 00:46:51,542
AND YOU'LL SEE PICTURES
OF THE DEAD ON THE BATTLEFIELD

938
00:46:51,542 --> 00:46:53,160
WITH THEIR CLOTHES
IN DISARRAY

939
00:46:53,160 --> 00:46:55,879
AS IF SOMEONE HAD BEEN
GOING--RIFLING THEIR BODIES.

940
00:46:56,413 --> 00:46:58,582
THAT WAS THE MEN THEMSELVES
TEARING THEIR CLOTHES UP

941
00:46:58,582 --> 00:47:00,751
TO SEE WHERE
THE WOUND WAS,

942
00:47:00,751 --> 00:47:01,835
AND THEY KNEW
PERFECTLY WELL

943
00:47:01,835 --> 00:47:04,004
IF THEY WERE
GUT SHOT, THEY'D DIE.

944
00:47:10,511 --> 00:47:13,230
"APRIL 25, 1862,

945
00:47:13,230 --> 00:47:15,399
"PITTSBURG LANDING,
TENNESSEE.

946
00:47:15,399 --> 00:47:18,101
"DEAR JULIA...

947
00:47:18,652 --> 00:47:20,821
"I'M NO LONGER BOSS.

948
00:47:20,821 --> 00:47:21,905
"GENERAL HALLECK
IS HERE,

949
00:47:21,905 --> 00:47:24,608
"AND I'M TRULY
GLAD OF IT.

950
00:47:24,608 --> 00:47:26,777
"I HOPE THE PAPERS
WILL LET ME ALONE

951
00:47:26,777 --> 00:47:28,946
"IN THE FUTURE.

952
00:47:28,946 --> 00:47:33,834
"OUTSIDE OF PUTTING
DOWN THIS REBELLION

953
00:47:33,834 --> 00:47:34,918
"AND GETTING BACK
ONCE MORE

954
00:47:35,452 --> 00:47:37,621
"TO LIVE QUIETLY
AND UNOBTRUSIVELY

955
00:47:37,621 --> 00:47:39,256
"WITH MY FAMILY,

956
00:47:39,256 --> 00:47:41,959
I THINK THEY WOULD
SAY FEWER FALSEHOODS."

957
00:47:41,959 --> 00:47:44,678
ULYSSES S. GRANT.

958
00:47:45,762 --> 00:47:47,381
ULYSSES S. GRANT'S REWARD

959
00:47:47,381 --> 00:47:49,550
FOR THE COSTLY
UNION VICTORY AT SHILOH

960
00:47:49,550 --> 00:47:53,353
WAS TO BE REMOVED
FROM FIELD COMMAND.

961
00:47:53,353 --> 00:47:57,140
GRANT'S SUPERIOR WAS
GENERAL HENRY WAGER HALLECK,

962
00:47:57,140 --> 00:47:58,225
A CALCULATING
ADMINISTRATOR

963
00:47:58,225 --> 00:48:00,394
WHO WAS JEALOUS
OF GRANT'S SUCCESS

964
00:48:00,394 --> 00:48:04,197
AND ANXIOUS TO GET RID
OF HIS CHIEF RIVAL.

965
00:48:05,816 --> 00:48:07,451
AFTER THE BATTLE
OF FORT DONELSON,

966
00:48:07,985 --> 00:48:10,153
HE SPREAD RUMORS
GRANT WAS DRINKING.

967
00:48:10,153 --> 00:48:12,873
AFTER THE FEARFUL
LOSSES AT SHILOH,

968
00:48:12,873 --> 00:48:15,576
HE HAD GRANT REASSIGNED.

969
00:48:19,379 --> 00:48:22,082
GRANT DECIDED TO QUIT,

970
00:48:22,082 --> 00:48:23,717
BUT HIS FRIEND
WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN

971
00:48:23,717 --> 00:48:25,335
TALKED HIM OUT OF IT.

972
00:48:25,335 --> 00:48:27,504
"YOU COULD NOT BE QUIET
AT HOME FOR A WEEK,"

973
00:48:27,504 --> 00:48:30,757
HE SAID, "WHEN ARMIES
ARE MOVING."

974
00:48:30,757 --> 00:48:33,477
GRANT AND SHERMAN
WERE BOTH OHIO BOYS

975
00:48:33,477 --> 00:48:36,179
AND WEST POINTERS
WHO WERE FOND OF CIGARS,

976
00:48:36,179 --> 00:48:37,814
SCORNED
POMP AND POLITICS,

977
00:48:37,814 --> 00:48:40,517
AND HAD FARED POORLY
IN CIVILIAN LIFE.

978
00:48:40,517 --> 00:48:43,236
GRANT ENJOYED SHERMAN'S
RAPID-FIRE BRILLIANCE

979
00:48:43,236 --> 00:48:45,405
AND WAS GRATEFUL
FOR THE DISPATCH

980
00:48:45,405 --> 00:48:49,192
WITH WHICH HE CARRIED OUT
EVERY ORDER.

981
00:48:49,192 --> 00:48:51,912
SHERMAN ADMIRED
HIS FRIEND'S COOL TEMPER,

982
00:48:51,912 --> 00:48:55,165
HIS STEADINESS
IN THE MIDST OF CRISIS,

983
00:48:55,165 --> 00:48:58,952
AND WHAT HE CALLED GRANT'S
"SIMPLE FAITH IN SUCCESS."

984
00:48:59,503 --> 00:49:02,205
THEY TRUSTED EACH OTHER.

985
00:49:02,205 --> 00:49:04,925
"I'M A DAMNED SIGHT
SMARTER THAN GRANT.

986
00:49:04,925 --> 00:49:08,712
"I KNOW MORE ABOUT
ORGANIZATION, SUPPLY, AND ADMINISTRATION,

987
00:49:08,712 --> 00:49:10,881
"AND ABOUT EVERYTHING ELSE
THAN HE DOES.

988
00:49:11,431 --> 00:49:13,050
"BUT I'LL TELL YOU
WHERE HE BEATS ME

989
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:15,769
"AND WHERE HE BEATS
THE WORLD--

990
00:49:15,769 --> 00:49:19,556
"HE DON'T CARE A DAMN
FOR WHAT THE ENEMY DOES OUT OF HIS SIGHT,

991
00:49:19,556 --> 00:49:22,275
BUT IT SCARES ME
LIKE HELL."

992
00:49:22,275 --> 00:49:24,978
WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN.

993
00:49:30,951 --> 00:49:32,035
"ANY ATTEMPT NOW

994
00:49:32,569 --> 00:49:34,738
"TO SEPARATE
THE FREEDOM OF THE SLAVE

995
00:49:34,738 --> 00:49:36,907
"FROM THE VICTORY
OF THE GOVERNMENT,

996
00:49:36,907 --> 00:49:39,626
"ANY ATTEMPT TO SECURE
PEACE TO THE WHITES

997
00:49:39,626 --> 00:49:42,329
"WHILE LEAVING
THE BLACKS IN CHAINS,

998
00:49:42,329 --> 00:49:42,879
"MOULDERS
AND GLASSBLOWERS,

999
00:49:42,879 --> 00:49:46,133
"WILL BE LABOR LOST.

1000
00:49:46,133 --> 00:49:47,751
"THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

1001
00:49:47,751 --> 00:49:49,920
"AND THE GOVERNMENT
AT WASHINGTON

1002
00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:52,639
"MAY REFUSE TO
RECOGNIZE IT FOR A TIME,

1003
00:49:52,639 --> 00:49:55,342
"BUT THE INEXORABLE
LOGIC OF EVENTS

1004
00:49:55,892 --> 00:49:58,595
"WILL FORCE IT UPON THEM
IN THE END--

1005
00:49:58,595 --> 00:50:02,933
"THAT THE WAR NOW
BEING WAGED IN THIS LAND

1006
00:50:02,933 --> 00:50:08,355
IS A WAR FOR
AND AGAINST SLAVERY."

1007
00:50:08,355 --> 00:50:11,608
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.

1008
00:50:11,608 --> 00:50:13,777
LETTER BY LETTER,
SPEECH BY SPEECH,

1009
00:50:13,777 --> 00:50:15,412
MONTH AFTER MONTH,

1010
00:50:15,412 --> 00:50:17,581
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
TIRELESSLY LOBBIED

1011
00:50:18,115 --> 00:50:19,750
THE GOVERNMENT
IN WASHINGTON,

1012
00:50:19,750 --> 00:50:23,003
URGING LINCOLN
TO EMANCIPATE THE SLAVES.

1013
00:50:25,706 --> 00:50:27,340
BUT THE PRESIDENT
STILL INSISTED

1014
00:50:27,340 --> 00:50:31,128
THE WAR WAS BEING FOUGHT
FOR UNION

1015
00:50:31,128 --> 00:50:34,931
AND PUBLICLY AVOIDED DOUGLASS
AND THE DEBATE.

1016
00:50:37,634 --> 00:50:39,803
"OUR SOUTHERN FRIEND
TELLS US

1017
00:50:39,803 --> 00:50:42,522
"THE NORTH IS FIGHTING
FOR NEGROES.

1018
00:50:42,522 --> 00:50:44,141
"OUR UNION FRIEND SAYS

1019
00:50:44,141 --> 00:50:46,860
"THEY'RE NOT FIGHTING
TO FREE THE NEGROES

1020
00:50:46,860 --> 00:50:49,029
"BUT FOR THE UNION.

1021
00:50:49,029 --> 00:50:50,113
"VERY WELL.

1022
00:50:50,113 --> 00:50:52,816
"LET THE WHITES FIGHT
FOR WHAT THEY WANT,

1023
00:50:53,366 --> 00:50:56,069
"WE NEGROES FIGHT
FOR WHAT WE WANT.

1024
00:50:56,620 --> 00:50:59,322
"LIBERTY
MUST TAKE THE DAY,

1025
00:50:59,322 --> 00:51:02,042
"NOTHING SHORTER.

1026
00:51:02,042 --> 00:51:05,829
"WE CARE NOTHING
ABOUT THE UNION.

1027
00:51:05,829 --> 00:51:08,548
"WE HAVE BEEN
IN IT SLAVES

1028
00:51:08,548 --> 00:51:11,251
OVER 250 YEARS."

1029
00:51:17,224 --> 00:51:19,392
"WHATEVER NATION
GETS THE CONTROL

1030
00:51:19,392 --> 00:51:22,646
"OF THE OHIO, MISSISSIPPI,
AND MISSOURI RIVERS

1031
00:51:22,646 --> 00:51:24,264
WILL CONTROL
THE CONTINENT."

1032
00:51:24,264 --> 00:51:26,983
WILLIAM TECUMSEH SHERMAN.

1033
00:51:28,068 --> 00:51:28,068
[EXPLOSIONS]

1034
00:51:30,237 --> 00:51:32,939
OUT WEST, UNION NAVAL STRATEGY
WAS STRAIGHTFORWARD--

1035
00:51:33,490 --> 00:51:35,108
SEIZE CONTROL
OF THE MISSISSIPPI

1036
00:51:35,108 --> 00:51:38,361
AND CUT
THE CONFEDERACY IN TWO.

1037
00:51:38,912 --> 00:51:41,081
ON APRIL 7,

1038
00:51:41,615 --> 00:51:43,250
UNION GUNBOATS
AND 2,000 TROOPS

1039
00:51:43,250 --> 00:51:46,503
TOOK THE CONFEDERATE FORTRESS
AT ISLAND NUMBER 10

1040
00:51:46,503 --> 00:51:48,121
NEAR NEW MADRID, MISSOURI,

1041
00:51:48,121 --> 00:51:51,374
LEAVING THE RIVER OPEN
AS FAR SOUTH AS MEMPHIS.

1042
00:51:57,347 --> 00:52:00,600
TWO MONTHS LATER,
MEMPHIS FELL.

1043
00:52:14,147 --> 00:52:16,316
ON THE NIGHT OF APRIL 24,

1044
00:52:16,316 --> 00:52:18,485
A 60-YEAR-OLD FLAG OFFICER,
DAVID G. FARRAGUT,

1045
00:52:19,569 --> 00:52:22,289
STARTED NORTH
UP THE MISSISSIPPI,

1046
00:52:22,289 --> 00:52:24,991
INTENT ON CAPTURING
NEW ORLEANS.

1047
00:52:24,991 --> 00:52:28,245
BUT FIRST HE HAD
TO GET BY THE HEAVY GUNS

1048
00:52:28,245 --> 00:52:30,413
AT FORTS JACKSON
AND ST. PHILLIPS,

1049
00:52:30,413 --> 00:52:32,582
70 MILES BELOW THE CITY.

1050
00:52:34,217 --> 00:52:37,470
WHEN THE MOON ROSE,
THE CONFEDERATES OPENED FIRE

1051
00:52:37,470 --> 00:52:41,258
AND SENT BLAZING RAFTS
DRIFTING INTO THE UNION FLEET.

1052
00:52:50,433 --> 00:52:54,237
THE FIRST VESSEL
WAS HIT 42 TIMES.

1053
00:52:54,237 --> 00:52:58,024
FARRAGUT'S OWN FLAGSHIP
WAS SET ON FIRE.

1054
00:53:00,193 --> 00:53:04,531
BUT SOMEHOW THE ENTIRE FLEET
MADE IT PAST THE FORTS.

1055
00:53:04,531 --> 00:53:07,250
NEW ORLEANS SURRENDERED
THE NEXT DAY.

1056
00:53:11,588 --> 00:53:13,757
FARRAGUT HAD
THE AMERICAN FLAG RAISED

1057
00:53:13,757 --> 00:53:17,544
OVER CITY HALL.

1058
00:53:17,544 --> 00:53:19,713
"NEW ORLEANS GONE--

1059
00:53:19,713 --> 00:53:22,966
"AND WITH IT,
THE CONFEDERACY?

1060
00:53:22,966 --> 00:53:25,135
"ARE WE NOT CUT IN TWO?

1061
00:53:25,135 --> 00:53:28,939
THAT MISSISSIPPI
RUINS US, IF LOST."

1062
00:53:28,939 --> 00:53:30,557
MARY CHESNUT.

1063
00:53:32,692 --> 00:53:34,861
"TUPELO,
MISSISSIPPI.

1064
00:53:34,861 --> 00:53:37,030
"I DON'T
KNOW HOW THE WAR WILL BE DECIDED

1065
00:53:37,030 --> 00:53:38,648
"IF ENGLAND
AND FRANCE DON'T INTERFERE

1066
00:53:38,648 --> 00:53:40,283
"AND STOP THE WAR,

1067
00:53:40,283 --> 00:53:41,368
"AND IF
THE CONFEDERACY

1068
00:53:41,902 --> 00:53:43,536
"HAS TO GAIN
HER INDEPENDENCE BY FIGHTING,

1069
00:53:44,070 --> 00:53:46,790
"I AM AFRAID
SHE WILL HAVE TO GIVE IT UP,

1070
00:53:46,790 --> 00:53:47,324
"FOR THERE ARE
SO FEW PROVISIONS

1071
00:53:47,324 --> 00:53:50,043
IN THIS PORTION
OF THE CONFEDERACY."

1072
00:53:50,043 --> 00:53:52,746
JAMES JACKSON.

1073
00:53:52,746 --> 00:53:53,830
IN THE FOLLOWING MONTHS,

1074
00:53:53,830 --> 00:53:55,465
FARRAGUT'S FLEET
GAINED CONTROL

1075
00:53:55,999 --> 00:53:57,634
OF THE SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI

1076
00:53:57,634 --> 00:54:00,887
AS FAR NORTH
AS BATON ROUGE AND NATCHEZ.

1077
00:54:00,887 --> 00:54:04,674
BUT THE NORTH DID NOT
POSSESS THE WHOLE RIVER.

1078
00:54:04,674 --> 00:54:08,478
THE CONFEDERATE STRONGHOLD
AT VICKSBURG STILL HELD.

1079
00:54:18,772 --> 00:54:20,941
"REPUBLICS--
EVERYBODY JAWING,

1080
00:54:20,941 --> 00:54:22,025
"EVERYBODY PUTTING
THEIR MOUTHS IN,

1081
00:54:22,025 --> 00:54:24,194
"NOTHING SACRED,

1082
00:54:24,744 --> 00:54:26,363
"ALL CONFUSION
OF BABBLE.

1083
00:54:26,363 --> 00:54:28,531
"REPUBLICS
CAN'T CARRY ON WAR.

1084
00:54:28,531 --> 00:54:32,335
HURRAH FOR A STRONG
ONE-MAN GOVERNMENT."

1085
00:54:32,335 --> 00:54:34,504
MARY CHESNUT.

1086
00:54:43,179 --> 00:54:45,348
FROM THE SOUTHERN
WHITE HOUSE IN RICHMOND,

1087
00:54:45,348 --> 00:54:49,686
TO KEEP THE WAR EFFORT
ON TRACK.

1088
00:54:49,686 --> 00:54:52,389
SOUTHERN INDUSTRY GREW,
DRIVEN BY NECESSITY,

1089
00:54:52,389 --> 00:54:54,024
AND THE CONFEDERATE
GOVERNMENT,

1090
00:54:54,024 --> 00:54:56,726
FOUNDED ON THE PRINCIPLE
OF DECENTRALIZATION,

1091
00:54:56,726 --> 00:54:58,895
FOUND ITSELF
CONTROLLING EVERYTHING

1092
00:54:58,895 --> 00:55:00,530
FROM THE FORGING OF CANNON

1093
00:55:00,530 --> 00:55:03,233
AT THE BIG TREDEGAR
IRON WORKS IN RICHMOND

1094
00:55:03,233 --> 00:55:04,868
TO THE DAILY OUTPUT

1095
00:55:04,868 --> 00:55:06,486
OF THE WOMEN
WHO SPUN CLOTH

1096
00:55:06,486 --> 00:55:09,205
FOR UNIFORMS
IN THEIR PARLORS.

1097
00:55:09,205 --> 00:55:11,374
IN CHARLESTON,

1098
00:55:11,374 --> 00:55:13,543
MARY CHESNUT'S CIRCLE
KNIT SOCKS

1099
00:55:13,543 --> 00:55:16,796
FOR STONEWALL JACKSON'S
ENTIRE BRIGADE.

1100
00:55:16,796 --> 00:55:18,965
WOMEN WOVE BOOTS
FROM PALMETTO FRONDS

1101
00:55:18,965 --> 00:55:20,583
AND SAVED THEIR URINE

1102
00:55:20,583 --> 00:55:24,921
FROM WHICH TO DISTILL
NITER FOR GUNPOWDER.

1103
00:55:24,921 --> 00:55:27,324
SOUTHERNERS GREW POPPIES
TO YIELD OPIUM

1104
00:55:27,757 --> 00:55:30,794
AND MADE COFFEE
FROM CORN AND PEAS,

1105
00:55:30,794 --> 00:55:32,962
HYPODERMIC NEEDLES
FROM THORNS,

1106
00:55:33,396 --> 00:55:35,849
ROPE FROM SPANISH MOSS.

1107
00:55:38,518 --> 00:55:40,687
BUT THE CONFEDERATE ARMY
WAS SHRINKING.

1108
00:55:41,237 --> 00:55:42,856
THE TERM OF ENLISTMENT
FOR THE EARLIEST VOLUNTEERS

1109
00:55:42,856 --> 00:55:44,491
WAS UP IN THE SPRING.

1110
00:55:45,025 --> 00:55:47,193
MOST MEN
PLANNED TO GO HOME.

1111
00:55:47,193 --> 00:55:50,330
IN APRIL, AT THE INSISTENCE
OF JEFFERSON DAVIS,

1112
00:55:50,330 --> 00:55:53,583
THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS
PASSED TWO LAWS--

1113
00:55:53,583 --> 00:55:56,836
ONE EXTENDED ALL ENLISTMENTS
FOR THE DURATION,

1114
00:55:57,370 --> 00:56:01,174
THE OTHER REQUIRED
ALL ABLE-BODIED WHITE MEN

1115
00:56:01,174 --> 00:56:04,961
BETWEEN 18 AND 35
TO SERVE FOR 3 YEARS.

1116
00:56:06,596 --> 00:56:10,934
IT WAS THE FIRST NATIONAL
DRAFT IN AMERICAN HISTORY.

1117
00:56:11,468 --> 00:56:13,553
"THE CONSCRIPTION ACT,
AT ONE FELL SWOOP,

1118
00:56:14,104 --> 00:56:16,806
"STRIKES DOWN
THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATES,

1119
00:56:16,806 --> 00:56:18,975
"TRAMPLES UPON
THE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS

1120
00:56:18,975 --> 00:56:21,694
"AND PERSONAL LIBERTY
OF THE CITIZENS,

1121
00:56:21,694 --> 00:56:24,948
AND ARMS THE PRESIDENT
WITH IMPERIAL POWERS."

1122
00:56:24,948 --> 00:56:27,650
GOVERNOR JOSEPH E. BROWN
OF GEORGIA.

1123
00:56:27,650 --> 00:56:31,988
"MRS. DAVIS
IS BEING UTTERLY UPSET.

1124
00:56:31,988 --> 00:56:32,539
"SHE IS BEGINNING

1125
00:56:32,539 --> 00:56:34,707
"TO HEAR THE CARPING
AND FAULTFINDING

1126
00:56:34,707 --> 00:56:37,410
"TO WHICH THE PRESIDENT
IS SUBJECTED.

1127
00:56:37,410 --> 00:56:39,045
"THERE MUST
BE AN OPPOSITION

1128
00:56:39,045 --> 00:56:40,663
"IN A FREE COUNTRY,

1129
00:56:40,663 --> 00:56:43,917
BUT IT IS
VERY UNCOMFORTABLE."

1130
00:56:43,917 --> 00:56:46,086
MARY CHESNUT.

1131
00:56:47,720 --> 00:56:49,339
VETERANS WERE
ESPECIALLY RESENTFUL

1132
00:56:49,339 --> 00:56:52,592
BECAUSE POTENTIAL DRAFTEES
WHO OWNED 20 SLAVES OR MORE

1133
00:56:53,143 --> 00:56:56,396
COULD BE EXEMPTED.

1134
00:56:56,396 --> 00:56:59,649
"ALLOWING EVERY PERSON
WHO OWNED 20 NEGROES TO GO HOME.

1135
00:57:00,733 --> 00:57:01,818
"IT GAVE US THE BLUES.

1136
00:57:02,352 --> 00:57:03,987
"WE WANTED 20 NEGROES.

1137
00:57:03,987 --> 00:57:08,324
<i>RICH MAN'S WAR,WA</i>
<i>POOR MAN'S FIGHT!</i>

1138
00:57:08,324 --> 00:57:10,493
"FROM THIS TIME ON
TILL THE END OF THE WAR,

1139
00:57:10,493 --> 00:57:13,746
"A SOLDIER WAS SIMPLY
A MACHINE, A CONSCRIPT.

1140
00:57:14,280 --> 00:57:16,449
"ALL OUR PRIDE
AND VALOR HAD GONE,

1141
00:57:16,449 --> 00:57:17,534
"AND WE WERE SICK OF WAR

1142
00:57:17,534 --> 00:57:20,787
AND CURSED
THE SOUTHERN CONFEDERACY."

1143
00:57:20,787 --> 00:57:22,422
SAM WATKINS.

1144
00:57:24,591 --> 00:57:26,759
NEARLY HALF THE SOUTHERNERS
ELIGIBLE FOR THE NEW DRAFT

1145
00:57:26,759 --> 00:57:29,462
FAILED TO SIGN UP.

1146
00:57:38,688 --> 00:57:40,306
"APRIL 21.

1147
00:57:40,306 --> 00:57:44,110
"16 DAYS HAVE
NOW BEEN SPENT IN THIS PLACE.

1148
00:57:44,110 --> 00:57:47,363
"OUR GRAND ARMY
HAS AGAIN COME TO A HALT.

1149
00:57:47,363 --> 00:57:50,066
"UNDER
THE DRY PINE LEAVES WHERE WE ENCAMP,

1150
00:57:50,066 --> 00:57:54,404
"A GREAT SECESH ARMY
OF WOOD TICKS HAVE WINTERED.

1151
00:57:54,954 --> 00:57:57,123
"FEW ARE SO HAPPY
AS NOT TO FIND

1152
00:57:57,123 --> 00:57:59,826
"HALF A DOZEN
OF THESE VILLAINOUS BLOODSUCKERS

1153
00:58:00,376 --> 00:58:02,545
STICKING
IN HIS FLESH EVERY MORNING."

1154
00:58:02,545 --> 00:58:04,714
CHAPLAIN
A.M. STEWART.

1155
00:58:06,883 --> 00:58:09,052
"THE FIRING FROM
THE CONFEDERATE LINES

1156
00:58:09,052 --> 00:58:10,670
"WAS OF LITTLE CONSEQUENCE,

1157
00:58:11,221 --> 00:58:14,474
"NOT AMOUNTING
TO OVER 10 OR 12 ARTILLERY SHOTS EACH DAY,

1158
00:58:15,008 --> 00:58:17,177
"A NUMBER
OF THESE BEING DIRECTED AT THE HUGE BALLOON

1159
00:58:17,177 --> 00:58:21,514
WHICH WENT UP DAILY
FROM GENERAL FITZ JOHN'S HEADQUARTERS."

1160
00:58:25,318 --> 00:58:29,105
"WHEN ABOUT 100 FEET
ABOVE THE GROUND,

1161
00:58:29,105 --> 00:58:31,274
"AND THE GENERAL
SAILED OFF TOWARD RICHMOND

1162
00:58:31,274 --> 00:58:32,358
"AT A GREATER SPEED

1163
00:58:32,358 --> 00:58:35,078
"THAN THE ARMY
OF THE POTOMAC IS MOVING.

1164
00:58:35,078 --> 00:58:36,696
"HE HAD
SUFFICIENT CALMNESS

1165
00:58:36,696 --> 00:58:38,331
"TO PULL
THE VALVE ROPE

1166
00:58:38,331 --> 00:58:42,669
AND GRADUALLY
DESCENDED ABOUT 3 MILES FROM CAMP."

1167
00:58:52,378 --> 00:58:53,463
ON THE PENINSULA,

1168
00:58:53,463 --> 00:58:55,632
GENERAL GEORGE McCLELLAN'S
HUGE ARMY

1169
00:58:55,632 --> 00:58:58,885
SAT IN FRONT OF THE SMALLER
REBEL FORCE AT YORKTOWN

1170
00:58:58,885 --> 00:59:01,054
FOR ALMOST A MONTH.

1171
00:59:03,773 --> 00:59:06,476
IT RAINED 2
OUT OF EVERY 3 DAYS.

1172
00:59:06,476 --> 00:59:08,645
HUNDREDS FELL ILL.

1173
00:59:10,813 --> 00:59:14,067
"I FEEL THAT
THE FATE OF A NATION DEPENDS ON ME

1174
00:59:14,067 --> 00:59:16,236
"AND THAT I HAVE
NOT ONE SINGLE FRIEND

1175
00:59:16,236 --> 00:59:18,404
AT THE SEAT
OF GOVERNMENT."

1176
00:59:18,404 --> 00:59:20,039
GEORGE McCLELLAN.

1177
00:59:22,742 --> 00:59:25,461
McCLELLAN HAD MOVED
MORE THAN 90 FEDERAL GUNS

1178
00:59:25,461 --> 00:59:27,630
TO YORKTOWN BY MAY 3,

1179
00:59:28,164 --> 00:59:30,883
SOME SO MASSIVE
THAT IT TOOK 100 HORSES

1180
00:59:30,883 --> 00:59:32,502
TO HAUL THEM UP

1181
00:59:32,502 --> 00:59:35,221
ALONG HASTILY CONSTRUCTED
TIMBER HIGHWAYS

1182
00:59:35,221 --> 00:59:37,390
CALLED "COR-DU-ROI" ROADS.

1183
00:59:39,559 --> 00:59:41,177
McCLELLAN
FINALLY DECIDED TO ACT

1184
00:59:41,728 --> 00:59:43,896
AND CAREFULLY PLANNED
A MASSIVE BOMBARDMENT

1185
00:59:43,896 --> 00:59:46,065
FOR MAY 5.

1186
00:59:46,065 --> 00:59:48,234
BUT ON THE NIGHT
OF THE 3rd,

1187
00:59:48,234 --> 00:59:49,852
GENERAL MAGRUDER'S
CONFEDERATE BATTERIES

1188
00:59:50,403 --> 00:59:53,656
SUDDENLY INTENSIFIED
THEIR FIRE.

1189
00:59:53,656 --> 00:59:57,994
McCLELLAN BRACED
FOR AN ATTACK.

1190
00:59:57,994 --> 01:00:02,332
BUT THE NEXT MORNING,
THE CONFEDERATES HAD VANISHED.

1191
01:00:03,950 --> 01:00:05,585
DISBELIEVING
FEDERAL TROOPS

1192
01:00:05,585 --> 01:00:09,372
EDGED INTO THE DESERTED
SOUTHERN CAMPS.

1193
01:00:09,372 --> 01:00:14,210
MAGRUDER HAD PACKED UP
HIS SHOW AND MOVED ON,

1194
01:00:14,210 --> 01:00:18,014
BUT McCLELLAN DECLARED IT
A UNION VICTORY.

1195
01:00:18,014 --> 01:00:20,183
"THE SUCCESS
IS BRILLIANT,

1196
01:00:20,183 --> 01:00:21,801
"AND YOU MAY REST ASSURED

1197
01:00:21,801 --> 01:00:25,054
"THAT ITS EFFECTS WILL BE
OF THE GREATEST IMPORTANCE.

1198
01:00:25,605 --> 01:00:27,223
"THERE SHALL
BE NO DELAY

1199
01:00:27,223 --> 01:00:29,392
IN FOLLOWING UP
THE REBELS."

1200
01:00:33,196 --> 01:00:35,898
THE UNION MEN NOW CAUTIOUSLY
FOLLOWED THE REBEL ARMY

1201
01:00:35,898 --> 01:00:38,618
WEST TOWARDS RICHMOND.

1202
01:00:41,871 --> 01:00:42,955
"MAY 20.

1203
01:00:42,955 --> 01:00:45,658
"RICHMOND IS
JUST 9 MILES OFF.

1204
01:00:45,658 --> 01:00:48,911
"THE NEGROES ARE
DELIGHTED TO SEE US,

1205
01:00:48,911 --> 01:00:49,996
"BUT THE WHITES LOOK

1206
01:00:49,996 --> 01:00:52,715
AS IF THEY WOULD
LIKE TO KILL US."

1207
01:00:52,715 --> 01:00:54,884
ELISHA HUNT RHODES.

1208
01:00:54,884 --> 01:00:58,137
[BELL TOLLING]

1209
01:01:02,475 --> 01:01:04,093
FROM McCLELLAN'S LINES,

1210
01:01:04,093 --> 01:01:06,813
YOU COULD HEAR THE BELLS
OF RICHMOND TOLLING.

1211
01:01:06,813 --> 01:01:08,431
YOU COULD HEAR

1212
01:01:11,684 --> 01:01:12,769
HE WAS THAT CLOSE.

1213
01:01:13,853 --> 01:01:16,572
A WORRIED JEFFERSON DAVIS
NOW PREPARED

1214
01:01:16,572 --> 01:01:18,191
FOR A SIEGE OF RICHMOND,

1215
01:01:18,741 --> 01:01:20,360
RELYING MORE AND MORE
ON THE ADVICE

1216
01:01:20,360 --> 01:01:23,613
OF HIS CLOSE MILITARY
ADVISER, ROBERT E. LEE.

1217
01:01:23,613 --> 01:01:26,332
WHEN DAVIS ASKED
WHERE LEE THOUGHT

1218
01:01:26,332 --> 01:01:29,585
THE SOUTH'S NEXT DEFENSIVE
LINE SHOULD BE DRAWN

1219
01:01:29,585 --> 01:01:31,754
ONCE RICHMOND FELL,

1220
01:01:31,754 --> 01:01:33,923
LEE SAID,
"RICHMOND MUST NOT FALL.

1221
01:01:34,457 --> 01:01:37,126
IT SHALL NOT BE GIVEN UP."

1222
01:01:39,295 --> 01:01:43,099
STILL, GEORGE McCLELLAN
REFUSED TO ATTACK.

1223
01:01:43,099 --> 01:01:44,717
THOUGH HIS ARMY STILL
OUTNUMBERED THE REBELS,

1224
01:01:44,717 --> 01:01:47,970
HE REMAINED CONVINCED
THE OPPOSITE WAS TRUE.

1225
01:01:47,970 --> 01:01:49,555
ONE OBSERVER NOTED

1226
01:01:49,555 --> 01:01:52,809
THAT McCLELLAN
HAD A PARTICULAR FACULTY

1227
01:01:52,809 --> 01:01:55,528
FOR "REALIZING
HALLUCINATIONS."

1228
01:01:57,146 --> 01:02:00,400
HE DEMANDED
ANOTHER 40,000 MEN.

1229
01:02:00,400 --> 01:02:01,484
"IF HE HAD
A MILLION MEN,

1230
01:02:02,034 --> 01:02:04,737
"HE WOULD SWEAR
THE ENEMY HAD TWO MILLIONS,Ms

1231
01:02:04,737 --> 01:02:07,457
"AND THEN HE WOULD
SIT DOWN IN THE MUD

1232
01:02:07,457 --> 01:02:09,075
AND YELL FOR 3."

1233
01:02:09,075 --> 01:02:10,710
EDWIN M. STANTON.

1234
01:02:19,919 --> 01:02:21,554
WITH THE YEAR HALF GONE,

1235
01:02:21,554 --> 01:02:25,892
THE UNION'S GRAND STRATEGY
HAD STALLED.

1236
01:02:25,892 --> 01:02:29,679
THE WESTERN CAMPAIGN
BEGUN BY U.S. GRANT

1237
01:02:29,679 --> 01:02:32,932
HAD GROUND TO A HALT
IN NORTH MISSISSIPPI,

1238
01:02:32,932 --> 01:02:35,651
AND McCLELLAN'S
MIGHTY FORCES

1239
01:02:35,651 --> 01:02:38,905
WERE PARALYZED
IN FRONT OF RICHMOND.

1240
01:02:38,905 --> 01:02:41,574
THERE WAS WORSE TO COME.

1241
01:02:41,574 --> 01:02:44,277
THE KILLING THAT WOULD
SOON BREAK OUT IN VIRGINIA

1242
01:02:44,277 --> 01:02:45,912
WOULD CONTINUE ALL YEAR

1243
01:02:45,912 --> 01:02:48,080
AND COME TO A CLIMAX

1244
01:02:48,080 --> 01:02:50,783
ALONG A TINY CREEK
IN WESTERN MARYLAND

1245
01:02:51,334 --> 01:02:52,952
CALLED THE ANTIETAM.

1246
01:03:00,009 --> 01:03:02,712
"WE TALK OF
THE IRREPRESSIBLE CONFLICT

1247
01:03:02,712 --> 01:03:05,965
"AND PRACTICALLY
GIVE THE LIE TO OUR TALK.

1248
01:03:06,516 --> 01:03:08,100
"WE WAGE WAR AGAINST
SLAVEHOLDING REBELS

1249
01:03:08,634 --> 01:03:11,354
"AND YET PROTECT
AND AUGMENT THE MOTIVE

1250
01:03:11,888 --> 01:03:14,056
"WHICH HAS MOVED
THE SLAVEHOLDERS TO REBELLION.

1251
01:03:14,607 --> 01:03:16,225
"WE STRIKE
AT THE EFFECT

1252
01:03:16,225 --> 01:03:18,945
"AND LEAVE
THE CAUSE UNHARMED.

1253
01:03:18,945 --> 01:03:22,198
"FIRE WILL NOT
BURN IT OUT OF US,

1254
01:03:22,198 --> 01:03:24,901
"WATER CANNOT
WASH IT OUT OF US,

1255
01:03:24,901 --> 01:03:27,069
"THAT THIS WAR
WITH THE SLAVEHOLDERS

1256
01:03:27,069 --> 01:03:30,323
"CAN NEVER BE BROUGHT
TO A DESIRABLE TERMINATION

1257
01:03:30,323 --> 01:03:31,407
"UNTIL SLAVERY,

1258
01:03:31,407 --> 01:03:34,660
"THE GUILTY CAUSE OF
ALL OUR NATIONAL TROUBLES,

1259
01:03:34,660 --> 01:03:39,549
HAS BEEN TOTALLY
AND FOREVER ABOLISHED."

1260
01:03:39,549 --> 01:03:39,549
FREDERICK DOUGLASS.