1 00:00:02,200 --> 00:00:06,400 Five, four, three, two, one, 2 00:00:06,701 --> 00:00:07,701 is on. 3 00:00:19,530 --> 00:00:21,145 A cloud hides the sky, 4 00:00:22,240 --> 00:00:25,780 a nuclear shadow falls across the human future. 5 00:00:31,975 --> 00:00:34,265 Midway through the 20th century, 6 00:00:34,390 --> 00:00:36,555 two superpowers prepared for a conflict 7 00:00:37,295 --> 00:00:39,745 which might have ended life on the planet. 8 00:00:51,462 --> 00:00:54,625 Spring flowers the warm light of day... 9 00:00:56,167 --> 00:00:57,989 the pleasures of life. 10 00:01:02,054 --> 00:01:05,958 But under this American hotel was a hidden gate. 11 00:01:06,463 --> 00:01:09,296 It led into an underworld. 12 00:01:21,310 --> 00:01:25,084 This was the shelter for members of the United States Congress 13 00:01:25,160 --> 00:01:27,375 in the event of nuclear war. 14 00:01:28,700 --> 00:01:32,765 Down here, the politicians would represent the dead and the dying 15 00:01:32,789 --> 00:01:34,589 in the world overhead. 16 00:01:41,790 --> 00:01:43,565 For a handful of human beings, 17 00:01:43,680 --> 00:01:47,029 there was all they needed to wait out the nuclear winter. 18 00:01:56,660 --> 00:02:01,470 But nerves might snap, then order would be kept by force. 19 00:02:07,115 --> 00:02:12,025 The lost world above the shelter would become only a memory - a myth. 20 00:02:15,021 --> 00:02:18,189 The living would come to envy the dead. 21 00:02:58,922 --> 00:03:01,792 Episode 1 Comrades 22 00:03:10,775 --> 00:03:12,946 Berlin 1945. 23 00:03:13,850 --> 00:03:16,847 Soviet troops had stormed the capital of Hitler's Reich. 24 00:03:18,542 --> 00:03:22,548 American, British and French soldiers soon joined them in the ruins. 25 00:03:24,678 --> 00:03:29,146 Churchill, Stalin and Truman were the official victors of the Second World War. 26 00:03:29,939 --> 00:03:32,306 But a special triumph was Stalin's. 27 00:03:35,323 --> 00:03:38,325 Russian power had pushed forward into the centre of Europe. 28 00:03:44,737 --> 00:03:47,236 At Potsdam outside Berlin, 29 00:03:47,237 --> 00:03:50,236 the Big Three met to settle the post-war order. 30 00:03:52,037 --> 00:03:56,343 Winston Churchill represented a Britain exhausted by war. 31 00:03:59,121 --> 00:04:02,947 While Joseph Stalin, supreme ruler of the Soviet Union 32 00:04:02,978 --> 00:04:08,059 faced Harry S Truman, 33rd President of the United States. 33 00:04:10,688 --> 00:04:13,787 It was 3 months after the death of President Franklin Roosevelt 34 00:04:13,888 --> 00:04:15,487 that Harry Truman, 35 00:04:15,488 --> 00:04:19,219 once a Missouri haberdasher, set off for Potsdam. 36 00:04:22,456 --> 00:04:25,816 It was his first overseas conference as Head of State. 37 00:04:26,238 --> 00:04:27,538 GEORGE ELSEY Aide to Truman: 38 00:04:27,539 --> 00:04:31,138 "President Truman was unprepared for the Presidency in the sense 39 00:04:31,139 --> 00:04:34,679 of being fully briefed and up to the minute on all that was going on. 40 00:04:35,259 --> 00:04:38,410 But as a Senator for the past ten years, 41 00:04:38,872 --> 00:04:41,371 as Chairman of one of the most important 42 00:04:41,372 --> 00:04:43,871 Congressional Committees of the war 43 00:04:43,872 --> 00:04:46,371 he was well aware of the major problems 44 00:04:46,372 --> 00:04:48,653 that a President had to face." 45 00:04:51,040 --> 00:04:52,777 VLADIMIR YEROFEYEV - Soviet Foreign Ministry 46 00:04:53,083 --> 00:04:55,579 "Stalin was late for the conference. 47 00:04:56,313 --> 00:04:58,149 He had a sort of heart attack. 48 00:04:59,550 --> 00:05:01,550 Anyhow, he came one day later. 49 00:05:05,906 --> 00:05:08,781 He visited Churchill and Truman, 50 00:05:11,134 --> 00:05:13,666 and immediately apologised for being late." 51 00:05:17,418 --> 00:05:20,583 The Soviet Union was devastated by war. 52 00:05:20,824 --> 00:05:23,457 But Stalin remained a formidable figure. 53 00:05:23,671 --> 00:05:24,671 Averell Harriman U.S. Ambassador to USSR: 54 00:05:24,672 --> 00:05:26,992 "I went up to him and I said, Marshall, 55 00:05:27,006 --> 00:05:29,576 this must be a great satisfaction to you after all 56 00:05:30,924 --> 00:05:32,663 the trials that you've been through 57 00:05:32,664 --> 00:05:35,890 and the tragedy that you've been through - to be here in Berlin.' 58 00:05:36,268 --> 00:05:37,321 He looked at me and said, 59 00:05:37,897 --> 00:05:40,208 'Tsar Alexander got to Paris!' 60 00:05:42,110 --> 00:05:44,269 Did Stalin want to push on to the Atlantic? 61 00:05:46,045 --> 00:05:47,585 Lenin, his predecessor, 62 00:05:47,455 --> 00:05:49,754 once hoped the Russian revolution 63 00:05:49,755 --> 00:05:52,454 would lead on to Communist world revolution. 64 00:05:55,510 --> 00:05:58,009 It was then, after the first World War, 65 00:05:57,710 --> 00:06:01,209 in a clash of ideologies, communist and capitalist, 66 00:06:01,610 --> 00:06:04,100 that the Cold War had its origins. 67 00:06:05,768 --> 00:06:06,842 In 1919, 68 00:06:07,139 --> 00:06:11,021 President Woodrow Wilson took ship to the European Peace Conference 69 00:06:11,405 --> 00:06:13,663 with his gospel for a better world 70 00:06:13,890 --> 00:06:16,948 - safe for small nations, sound for business. 71 00:06:18,457 --> 00:06:21,754 But his peace settlement excluded Bolshevik Russia. 72 00:06:26,914 --> 00:06:29,713 Many nations, including the United States and Britain, 73 00:06:29,814 --> 00:06:32,113 sent troops to fight the Russian Revolution. 74 00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,490 Churchill, fresh from victory over Germany, urged: 75 00:06:37,491 --> 00:06:40,490 "Kill the Bolshie! Kiss the Hun! " 76 00:06:41,491 --> 00:06:44,090 The Intervention left Lenin and Stalin convinced 77 00:06:44,091 --> 00:06:46,558 that the West would seize any chance, 78 00:06:46,909 --> 00:06:48,152 embrace any ally, 79 00:06:48,315 --> 00:06:50,587 in order to destroy Communism. 80 00:06:52,590 --> 00:06:54,715 DAVID ORTENBERG - Red Army Volunteer 81 00:06:54,727 --> 00:06:57,707 "I joined the Civil War as a so-called 82 00:06:57,834 --> 00:06:59,201 'son of the regiment'. 83 00:07:00,882 --> 00:07:02,665 We were young boys. 84 00:07:05,588 --> 00:07:08,087 We knew we were fighting for the people 85 00:07:08,288 --> 00:07:10,337 - the poor people." 86 00:07:12,854 --> 00:07:15,341 There was widespread support for the Red Army. 87 00:07:16,242 --> 00:07:18,248 The foreign troops soon withdrew. 88 00:07:19,168 --> 00:07:21,375 The Bolshevik Reds defeated the Whites, 89 00:07:21,794 --> 00:07:23,350 their Russian enemies. 90 00:07:24,263 --> 00:07:26,108 IVAN LEGCHILIN - Briansk Resident 91 00:07:26,194 --> 00:07:30,541 "The White Guards who had left Russia were encircling us. 92 00:07:31,687 --> 00:07:33,363 There was starvation. 93 00:07:35,592 --> 00:07:39,696 It was a time when sausages were made from human flesh." 94 00:07:46,932 --> 00:07:50,072 In Russia, famine followed Civil War. 95 00:07:51,115 --> 00:07:54,377 The victorious Bolsheviks turned away from the outside world 96 00:07:54,595 --> 00:07:56,767 to build up the economy at home. 97 00:08:01,994 --> 00:08:04,297 America also turned inwards. 98 00:08:04,398 --> 00:08:08,898 People wanted the good life, and no more foreign entanglements. 99 00:08:13,512 --> 00:08:17,180 Then, in 1929, Wall Street crashed. 100 00:08:17,917 --> 00:08:19,739 The Great Depression began. 101 00:08:21,780 --> 00:08:24,375 Suddenly, across the richest nation on earth, 102 00:08:24,376 --> 00:08:26,354 millions faced destitution. 103 00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:30,040 American politics shifted to the Left. 104 00:08:30,041 --> 00:08:31,086 1933 - Franklin Roosevelt swearing-in ceremony: 105 00:08:31,087 --> 00:08:33,142 "I, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 106 00:08:33,836 --> 00:08:35,414 do solemnly swear 107 00:08:35,815 --> 00:08:41,015 that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, 108 00:08:41,193 --> 00:08:43,561 and will, to the best of my ability, 109 00:08:44,404 --> 00:08:46,897 preserve, protect and defend 110 00:08:46,898 --> 00:08:50,298 the constitution of the United States. So help me God." 111 00:08:54,835 --> 00:08:57,625 Roosevelt promised a New Deal for Americans. 112 00:09:02,375 --> 00:09:05,415 He would manage capitalism for the public good. 113 00:09:06,620 --> 00:09:10,690 And in a change of policy, he recognised the Soviet Union. 114 00:09:12,748 --> 00:09:14,980 GEORGE KENNAN - US State Department "One has to remember that we had been, 115 00:09:13,819 --> 00:09:18,706 I think, for sixteen years without any representation in Russia 116 00:09:18,785 --> 00:09:21,842 - no ... no relations between the two governments 117 00:09:22,585 --> 00:09:26,126 - and FDR was the one who decided to try to 118 00:09:26,632 --> 00:09:28,192 break that log-jam." 119 00:09:33,638 --> 00:09:37,737 Stalin's industrial drive soon attracted American experts. 120 00:09:38,938 --> 00:09:40,760 Some brought their families. 121 00:09:48,769 --> 00:09:53,254 While Soviet muscles strained to raise dams and blast furnaces, 122 00:09:53,409 --> 00:09:57,508 American corporations supplied skilled engineers on contract. 123 00:10:04,010 --> 00:10:05,840 Communist ideology didn't worry them. 124 00:10:06,321 --> 00:10:09,120 Unlike the Russians, they were free to go 125 00:10:09,121 --> 00:10:10,920 when the job was over. 126 00:10:18,475 --> 00:10:21,170 Stalin was master of the economic plan 127 00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:24,320 - a tyrant who tolerated no failure 128 00:10:24,575 --> 00:10:27,074 and no criticism. 129 00:10:31,175 --> 00:10:34,580 Privately owned fields became collectivised prairies. 130 00:10:39,131 --> 00:10:43,124 The cost of collectivisation was the murder of millions of peasants 131 00:10:43,254 --> 00:10:45,012 and renewed famine. 132 00:10:46,313 --> 00:10:48,415 The truth was kept secret. 133 00:10:49,072 --> 00:10:51,472 DAVID ORTENBERG - Red Army Volunteer 134 00:10:51,473 --> 00:10:54,521 "People didn't really know all about the bad things. 135 00:10:55,722 --> 00:10:58,622 All the achievements were put down to his initiatives. 136 00:11:02,222 --> 00:11:03,675 Those who knew otherwise would shut up. 137 00:11:06,939 --> 00:11:10,273 They knew if they said anything, they would be imprisoned and shot. 138 00:11:13,347 --> 00:11:15,638 It was a regime of terror." 139 00:11:21,654 --> 00:11:23,905 This was socialism in one country. 140 00:11:28,961 --> 00:11:31,856 Heavy industry's output doubled in ten years. 141 00:11:34,262 --> 00:11:36,496 GEORGE KENNAN - US Embassy Moscow "Stalin felt 142 00:11:37,526 --> 00:11:42,498 that in order to get public support for the things he was doing, 143 00:11:43,563 --> 00:11:45,103 which were very harsh policies, 144 00:11:46,245 --> 00:11:49,555 he had to convince a great many of the people, 145 00:11:49,556 --> 00:11:52,256 the common people and the Party members, 146 00:11:52,642 --> 00:11:56,152 that Russia was confronted with a conspiracy 147 00:11:56,153 --> 00:11:58,919 on the part of the major capitalist powers 148 00:11:59,448 --> 00:12:03,784 to undermine the Soviet government by espionage." 149 00:12:05,723 --> 00:12:09,281 Lenin's old comrades confessed to imaginary crimes. 150 00:12:11,238 --> 00:12:12,509 Andrei Vyshinski at Moscow show trials: 151 00:12:12,551 --> 00:12:16,870 "The mask of betrayal has been ripped off their faces. 152 00:12:19,400 --> 00:12:21,699 Let your verdict sound 153 00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:28,560 like the refreshing and purifying thunder of Soviet punishment." 154 00:12:28,961 --> 00:12:30,361 GEORGE KENNAN - US Embassy Moscow 155 00:12:30,390 --> 00:12:34,148 "I could see them there, with their pale faces, 156 00:12:34,450 --> 00:12:39,987 their twitching lips, their evasive eyes. 157 00:12:40,640 --> 00:12:42,728 These were the faces of men who had been, 158 00:12:43,187 --> 00:12:46,148 if not tortured, then terrified 159 00:12:46,149 --> 00:12:48,965 in many ways and often by threats 160 00:12:49,122 --> 00:12:51,652 to take it out on their families 161 00:12:52,262 --> 00:12:53,335 if they didn't confess." 162 00:12:55,385 --> 00:12:58,779 The Moscow trials tore away some foreign illusions. 163 00:13:00,539 --> 00:13:03,565 Stalin's Soviet Union was revealed as a police state, 164 00:13:03,857 --> 00:13:05,552 not a workers' paradise. 165 00:13:09,226 --> 00:13:11,825 But even in America, thousands stayed loyal 166 00:13:11,826 --> 00:13:13,430 to the Communist dream. 167 00:13:15,320 --> 00:13:19,482 In the 1930s, Moscow called for a Popular Front of the Left 168 00:13:19,528 --> 00:13:21,582 against Hitler and Fascism. 169 00:13:33,298 --> 00:13:35,097 Fighting the spread of Fascism 170 00:13:35,098 --> 00:13:39,299 became the great cause for socialist and communist alike. 171 00:13:42,822 --> 00:13:46,199 Doubts about Stalin were repressed. 172 00:13:48,865 --> 00:13:51,564 In Spain, volunteers from all over the world 173 00:13:51,565 --> 00:13:55,555 rallied to oppose the Fascist rebellion launched by Franco. 174 00:13:58,845 --> 00:14:01,915 Franco was armed by Mussolini and Hitler. 175 00:14:08,615 --> 00:14:11,535 In Germany, the Nazis were rearming. 176 00:14:11,861 --> 00:14:15,171 Hitler did not hide his ambitions to dominate Europe, 177 00:14:15,172 --> 00:14:16,960 and then the world. 178 00:14:20,684 --> 00:14:23,705 Under these glorious banners we will move to victory! 179 00:14:30,175 --> 00:14:33,341 Roosevelt wanted to keep out of any European War. 180 00:14:33,755 --> 00:14:37,163 FDR: "Despite what happens 181 00:14:37,712 --> 00:14:39,747 in continents overseas, 182 00:14:41,001 --> 00:14:43,402 the United States of America 183 00:14:43,403 --> 00:14:47,563 shall and must remain, 184 00:14:47,877 --> 00:14:52,356 as long ago the father of our country prayed that it would remain, 185 00:14:53,020 --> 00:14:55,712 unentangled and free!" 186 00:14:58,274 --> 00:15:00,489 Britain's Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain, 187 00:15:00,994 --> 00:15:03,037 trusted that Hitler would listen to reason. 188 00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:20,530 In September 1938, Chamberlain flew to Munich. 189 00:15:21,365 --> 00:15:22,399 War seemed close, 190 00:15:22,976 --> 00:15:25,475 as Germany prepared to invade Czechoslovakia. 191 00:15:27,176 --> 00:15:30,374 But Chamberlain went determined to appease Hitler. 192 00:15:36,161 --> 00:15:40,000 At Munich, Britain, France and Italy licensed Hitler 193 00:15:40,001 --> 00:15:41,997 to seize the Czech Sudetenland, 194 00:15:42,464 --> 00:15:44,897 with its German minority. 195 00:15:47,594 --> 00:15:50,763 Czechoslovakia's allies had abandoned her. 196 00:15:54,161 --> 00:15:56,727 In Moscow, Stalin drew lessons from Munich. 197 00:15:58,607 --> 00:16:02,673 The western democracies, he concluded, would never stand up to Hitler. 198 00:16:04,855 --> 00:16:07,754 Stalin planned a desperate stroke of diplomacy. 199 00:16:10,255 --> 00:16:14,654 The fascist and Communist arch-enemies were about to embrace. 200 00:16:17,432 --> 00:16:20,492 Hitler flew his Foreign Minister Ribbentrop to Moscow. 201 00:16:22,061 --> 00:16:26,076 The Nazi-Soviet Pact was signed by Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov. 202 00:16:27,386 --> 00:16:29,502 The West was appalled. 203 00:16:32,171 --> 00:16:34,264 SERGO BERIA - Son of Secret Police Chief 204 00:16:34,323 --> 00:16:37,872 "After the pact was signed, I heard this from Stalin's lips 205 00:16:38,946 --> 00:16:40,830 - he was often at our home. 206 00:16:43,520 --> 00:16:45,800 He said, 'We need to win time 207 00:16:46,180 --> 00:16:48,270 - at least two years' time. 208 00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:54,499 Only then will the Soviet Union 209 00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,250 be able to defend itself against Germany.'" 210 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,299 September 1939. 211 00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:07,799 Hitler invaded Poland. 212 00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:12,210 Britain and France declared war on the aggressor 213 00:17:12,670 --> 00:17:15,630 - too late to save Poland. 214 00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:21,560 Defeated, Poland was wiped off the map. 215 00:17:23,090 --> 00:17:25,950 Germany and Russia had conspired against her. 216 00:17:29,810 --> 00:17:35,125 In Eastern Poland, the communist occupiers were supervised by Nikita Khrushchev. 217 00:17:36,385 --> 00:17:39,360 They were taking over provinces once ruled by the Tsars. 218 00:17:42,620 --> 00:17:46,081 The Nazi-Soviet Pact left Stalin free to grab 219 00:17:46,082 --> 00:17:48,580 Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. 220 00:17:49,390 --> 00:17:52,360 The Baltic States were back under Russian domination. 221 00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:57,850 Stalin had already outraged the world by invading Finland. 222 00:18:02,730 --> 00:18:03,829 FDR Speech, 1940 223 00:18:04,130 --> 00:18:07,660 "The Soviet Union is run by a dictatorship. 224 00:18:08,510 --> 00:18:13,390 A dictatorship as absolute as any other dictatorship in the world. 225 00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:17,630 It has allied itself with another dictatorship 226 00:18:18,620 --> 00:18:21,513 and it has invaded a neighbour 227 00:18:21,514 --> 00:18:24,580 so infinitesimally small 228 00:18:25,710 --> 00:18:28,200 that it could do no conceivable 229 00:18:28,830 --> 00:18:31,930 possible harm to the Soviet Union." 230 00:18:35,030 --> 00:18:38,000 In 1940, Hitler struck West. 231 00:18:39,380 --> 00:18:46,580 By mid-1941, France, Belgium, Holland, Norway, Denmark, 232 00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:51,390 Yugoslavia and Greece had been added to his conquests. 233 00:18:52,330 --> 00:18:55,430 Churchill's Britain held out alone. 234 00:18:59,180 --> 00:19:04,375 On June the 22nd 1941, Adolf Hitler invaded the Soviet Union. 235 00:19:09,680 --> 00:19:11,905 It was a day that changed history. 236 00:19:15,135 --> 00:19:17,910 Hitler meant to win a vast colony for Germany. 237 00:19:17,920 --> 00:19:22,500 Instead, his act would bring Russian power into the heart of Europe, 238 00:19:22,610 --> 00:19:24,210 only 4 years later. 239 00:19:28,350 --> 00:19:30,727 The future outlines of the Cold War 240 00:19:30,728 --> 00:19:34,555 began to form as the Nazi tanks surged forward. 241 00:19:36,410 --> 00:19:38,700 The Red Army fell back in retreat. 242 00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:41,479 LUIBOV KOZINCHENKO - Red Army Volunteer 243 00:19:41,480 --> 00:19:43,840 My mother said, 'Go with the soldiers'. 244 00:19:43,841 --> 00:19:47,320 The soldiers were retreating - injured, covered in blood. 245 00:19:48,430 --> 00:19:51,400 I only had my overcoat and my shoes - that's all. 246 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:55,490 Soviet citizens rallied. 247 00:19:56,320 --> 00:19:59,750 Abroad the Soviet Union won unexpected friends. 248 00:20:00,380 --> 00:20:03,510 Sir FRANK ROBERTS British Foreign Office: "Churchill, in spite of his past, 249 00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,860 anti-Soviet feelings, at once welcomed 250 00:20:07,140 --> 00:20:09,139 Stalin's Russia as an ally. 251 00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,206 He did say to his friends, of course, that he'd have welcomed the devil 252 00:20:12,207 --> 00:20:15,020 if the devil had turned up in order to help him defeat Hitler." 253 00:20:15,170 --> 00:20:16,960 FDR speech to Congress, 1941 254 00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:21,850 "The United States of America 255 00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:24,910 was suddenly and deliberately attacked 256 00:20:26,070 --> 00:20:30,740 by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. 257 00:20:31,280 --> 00:20:34,580 No matter how long it may take us 258 00:20:35,720 --> 00:20:39,040 to overcome this premeditated invasion, 259 00:20:39,820 --> 00:20:42,580 the American people in their righteous might, 260 00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:46,339 will win through to absolute victory." 261 00:20:48,140 --> 00:20:50,570 America declared war on Japan. 262 00:20:51,540 --> 00:20:54,480 Days later, with the Wehrmacht at the gates of Moscow, 263 00:20:54,880 --> 00:20:57,879 Hitler rashly declared war on the United States, 264 00:20:58,180 --> 00:21:01,850 making Russians and Americans allies. 265 00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:07,770 The German thrust at Moscow was blocked. 266 00:21:08,290 --> 00:21:10,220 Stalin broadcast to the nation. 267 00:21:10,320 --> 00:21:12,319 Stalin speech 268 00:21:12,320 --> 00:21:15,719 "People with the morals of animals 269 00:21:18,420 --> 00:21:24,520 have the impudence to call for the annihilation of the Russian nation. 270 00:21:25,945 --> 00:21:28,944 The Germans want to win a war of annihilation. 271 00:21:30,345 --> 00:21:32,475 Well if the Germans 272 00:21:32,476 --> 00:21:35,976 want a war of annihilation, that's what they'll get." 273 00:21:38,710 --> 00:21:41,509 Stalin already looked beyond victory. 274 00:21:43,610 --> 00:21:46,409 He told the British that post-war Soviet boundaries 275 00:21:46,410 --> 00:21:50,510 must include the Baltic States and part of Poland. 276 00:21:50,580 --> 00:21:52,020 Sir FRANK ROBERTS British Foreign Office: "When I went to Moscow 277 00:21:52,021 --> 00:21:55,421 with Anthony Eden in December 1941, 278 00:21:55,620 --> 00:21:59,090 when the Germans were still only 19 kilometres away from us as we talked, 279 00:22:00,030 --> 00:22:02,900 the very first thing that Stalin said at that meeting 280 00:22:03,480 --> 00:22:07,179 was, "Mr Eden, I want to have your assurance that at the end of the war, 281 00:22:07,180 --> 00:22:11,220 you will support my just claim to all these areas you see". 282 00:22:11,560 --> 00:22:14,059 And Eden was absolutely taken aback. 283 00:22:14,060 --> 00:22:17,659 He said, "But oughtn't we to be thinking about how we win the war?" 284 00:22:17,660 --> 00:22:21,060 "No, no", said Stalin, "I would like to have this clear at the very beginning". 285 00:22:21,540 --> 00:22:23,362 So Eden obviously had to say, well he had 286 00:22:23,363 --> 00:22:25,530 no authority to discuss how the war was to end. " 287 00:22:27,650 --> 00:22:31,349 American aid to Russia concentrated on guns and trucks. 288 00:22:32,450 --> 00:22:34,965 But Stalin and his people cried out for more 289 00:22:35,165 --> 00:22:39,315 - a second front - an Allied landing in Western Europe, 290 00:22:39,610 --> 00:22:41,780 to relieve Soviet suffering. 291 00:22:50,850 --> 00:22:53,080 YEVGENI KHALDEI - Red Army Photographer 292 00:22:53,081 --> 00:22:54,881 "I saw the atrocities. 293 00:22:55,330 --> 00:22:57,920 I heard the noises of war. 294 00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:03,249 Although it's 50 years ago, I can still hear the noises of war 295 00:23:03,250 --> 00:23:05,480 - the shells, the bombing, 296 00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:07,720 people screaming, women crying." 297 00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:16,230 For 6 months, battle raged at Stalingrad. 298 00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:20,509 Hitler sent half a million men. 299 00:23:21,810 --> 00:23:25,109 The Germans were trapped and forced to surrender. 300 00:23:25,710 --> 00:23:28,550 The tide of war was turning. 301 00:23:33,460 --> 00:23:37,400 Western opinion cheered on the Red Army, their comrades in arms. 302 00:23:37,470 --> 00:23:38,880 Henry Wallace US Vice President: 303 00:23:38,960 --> 00:23:42,463 "The Russians have thus far lost in the common cause 304 00:23:42,664 --> 00:23:47,240 at least fifty per cent more men - killed wounded and missing - 305 00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:50,880 than all the rest of the European allies put together. 306 00:23:51,680 --> 00:23:56,600 And moreover, they have killed, wounded and captured 307 00:23:57,410 --> 00:24:00,309 at least twenty times as many Germans 308 00:24:00,310 --> 00:24:02,509 as the rest of the Allies." 309 00:24:09,710 --> 00:24:13,080 The Nazis sought ways to split the alliance against them. 310 00:24:14,070 --> 00:24:15,590 At Katyn in Western Russia, 311 00:24:16,180 --> 00:24:19,570 they dug up the corpses of more than 4000 Polish officers. 312 00:24:23,990 --> 00:24:26,630 Germany announced - truthfully, as it turned out - 313 00:24:27,350 --> 00:24:31,800 that the officers had been murdered by Soviet security troops in 1940. 314 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:39,470 Britain and America chose to ignore this evidence of Stalin's methods. 315 00:24:46,180 --> 00:24:49,670 In 1943, with their alliance still intact, 316 00:24:49,885 --> 00:24:53,160 the Big Three prepared to meet at Tehran, in Persia. 317 00:24:54,780 --> 00:24:56,220 ZOYA ZARUBINA - Soviet Intelligence 318 00:24:56,221 --> 00:25:01,121 "I was summoned to Tehran to help them prepare for the conference. 319 00:25:01,650 --> 00:25:05,740 Mr Roosevelt is supposed to arrive. We had a code name for it. 320 00:25:06,230 --> 00:25:08,814 And so I called the airfield, and sure enough I spoke 321 00:25:08,815 --> 00:25:10,920 to Admiral Leahy. I said, 'Are you coming?' 322 00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:14,490 And he said, 'No, we're not coming. We're going to the American Mission.' 323 00:25:15,130 --> 00:25:19,020 And when I said that to Molotov, I thought he'd just fry me alive. 324 00:25:19,250 --> 00:25:22,049 He said, 'What!' and he'd get all the four letter words 325 00:25:22,050 --> 00:25:24,449 I'd never heard in my life were spilled over me. 326 00:25:24,450 --> 00:25:27,920 He said, 'Who the hell are you here anyway? Who? How did you get in here? 327 00:25:28,290 --> 00:25:29,630 What do you know? 328 00:25:30,010 --> 00:25:31,350 What am I going to say to Stalin?'" 329 00:25:33,980 --> 00:25:37,379 Stalin persuaded Roosevelt that his safety was best assured 330 00:25:37,380 --> 00:25:39,960 by residence at the Soviet Embassy. 331 00:25:40,880 --> 00:25:43,300 The Embassy had been specially prepared for his visit 332 00:25:43,920 --> 00:25:45,310 - it was bugged. 333 00:25:48,570 --> 00:25:50,680 SERGO BERIA - Soviet Intelligence 334 00:25:51,990 --> 00:25:54,860 "Stalin told me that the task he was putting to our group, 335 00:25:55,510 --> 00:25:59,680 and particularly to me, was ethically very unattractive. 336 00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,339 However, the position of the USSR was so serious 337 00:26:05,340 --> 00:26:08,940 that he had to know what our allies were thinking." 338 00:26:10,450 --> 00:26:12,210 Sir FRANK ROBERTS - British Foreign Office "Stalin was very skillful in dealing with 339 00:26:12,790 --> 00:26:14,150 Roosevelt and Churchill. 340 00:26:15,140 --> 00:26:18,860 Even Churchill began to quite like him, you know, and 341 00:26:19,440 --> 00:26:23,390 talk about Uncle Joe, you see, which was quite an affectionate term. 342 00:26:24,140 --> 00:26:26,639 And they both had this idea 343 00:26:26,640 --> 00:26:29,139 that if you treated him the right way ... 344 00:26:29,140 --> 00:26:34,210 The phrase was 'if you treat Uncle Joe like a member of our club, perhaps 345 00:26:34,550 --> 00:26:37,380 one day he will behave like a member of our club.'" 346 00:26:38,620 --> 00:26:40,160 SERGO BERIA - Soviet Intelligence 347 00:26:40,650 --> 00:26:43,880 "Every day at eight in the morning, I had to go to Stalin. 348 00:26:44,570 --> 00:26:48,770 I went with all the transcripts, in Russian and in English. 349 00:26:51,420 --> 00:26:54,730 For about an hour Stalin examined in great detail 350 00:26:55,240 --> 00:26:57,250 all of Roosevelt's conversations." 351 00:27:02,790 --> 00:27:05,420 GEORGE KENNAN - US Embassy Moscow "I don't think FDR was capable 352 00:27:05,421 --> 00:27:11,250 of conceiving of a man of such profound iniquity, 353 00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:17,922 coupled with enormous strategic cleverness, 354 00:27:17,923 --> 00:27:21,070 as Stalin. He had never met such a creature. 355 00:27:21,920 --> 00:27:23,910 And Stalin was an excellent actor 356 00:27:24,290 --> 00:27:28,290 - quiet, affable, reasonable. 357 00:27:28,840 --> 00:27:33,080 He sent them all away thinking - this really is a great leader." 358 00:27:36,830 --> 00:27:38,729 The allies agreed that post-war 359 00:27:38,730 --> 00:27:41,700 Eastern Europe would be a Soviet zone of influence. 360 00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:45,260 Stalin would annex Eastern Poland. 361 00:27:46,560 --> 00:27:50,520 As compensation, the Poles would get a slice of Eastern Germany. 362 00:27:51,790 --> 00:27:53,740 Poland was offered no choice. 363 00:27:56,850 --> 00:28:00,100 Together, the Big Three mapped out the future. 364 00:28:06,640 --> 00:28:09,250 D-Day the 6th of June 1944. 365 00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:13,820 The biggest sea-borne invasion in history lands in France. 366 00:28:18,920 --> 00:28:22,080 This was the second front Stalin longed for. 367 00:28:24,570 --> 00:28:28,130 On the Eastern front, Russian armies continued to advance. 368 00:28:28,630 --> 00:28:30,829 The Nazi road back out of Russia. 369 00:28:32,430 --> 00:28:35,030 Every rail line blown up as they flee. 370 00:28:35,540 --> 00:28:39,739 Of course Nazi propaganda now stresses the masterful retreat. 371 00:28:45,560 --> 00:28:47,410 The Soviet flag unfurled in triumph 372 00:28:47,940 --> 00:28:49,470 over Sarni, Tarnapol, Odessa, 373 00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:54,100 as the Russian tide of victory rolls westwards towards Germany. 374 00:28:58,380 --> 00:29:00,334 As the Red Army approached Warsaw, 375 00:29:00,335 --> 00:29:03,810 the Polish Resistance seized the city from the Germans. 376 00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:06,640 The Poles hoped to liberate themselves, 377 00:29:07,290 --> 00:29:10,050 and confront Stalin with an independent Poland. 378 00:29:10,140 --> 00:29:12,130 Sir FRANK ROBERTS British Foreign Office: "The Polish Home Army 379 00:29:12,190 --> 00:29:15,230 rose, to take over Warsaw 380 00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,340 when the Germans left and before the Russians arrived 381 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:21,950 and the Russians had encouraged them to do this. 382 00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:26,780 And then the Russian Army stopped on the Vistula." 383 00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:32,640 Stalin claimed that his armies needed to pause outside Warsaw and re-group. 384 00:29:35,140 --> 00:29:36,820 The Germans counter-attacked. 385 00:29:37,570 --> 00:29:40,330 GEORGE KENNAN - US Embassy Moscow "The Polish Freedom fighters 386 00:29:40,350 --> 00:29:42,903 were abandoned by the Russians, 387 00:29:42,904 --> 00:29:45,980 who were sitting with their forces across the river, 388 00:29:46,240 --> 00:29:48,670 and could easily have gone in to help them. 389 00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:52,299 I thought for various reasons that that was the point 390 00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:56,550 at which American policy should have changed." 391 00:30:00,820 --> 00:30:04,860 The Poles held out alone against the Germans for 63 days. 392 00:30:05,810 --> 00:30:07,960 When the Rising collapsed in slaughter 393 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:09,680 and Warsaw was destroyed, 394 00:30:10,760 --> 00:30:12,420 Poland blamed the Soviet Union. 395 00:30:19,420 --> 00:30:21,850 Then with Poland under Soviet occupation, 396 00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:25,999 Churchill and Stalin got down to power-broking in Moscow. 397 00:30:27,500 --> 00:30:31,599 One night, Churchill scribbled down a formula for carving up Europe: 398 00:30:32,530 --> 00:30:35,700 - Romania - Soviet influence 90%. 399 00:30:36,510 --> 00:30:39,510 - Greece - 90% British and American. 400 00:30:39,930 --> 00:30:42,840 - Yugoslavia and Hungary - 50/50. 401 00:30:42,841 --> 00:30:45,841 - Bulgaria - 75% Russian. 402 00:30:46,910 --> 00:30:48,660 Stalin ticked his agreement. 403 00:30:51,530 --> 00:30:54,180 Churchill wondered if the note should be destroyed. 404 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,660 Stalin told him: 'No, you keep it!' 405 00:31:00,010 --> 00:31:01,709 Yalta in the Crimea. 406 00:31:03,010 --> 00:31:06,780 Churchill wanted the next Big Three meeting to be held in the West, 407 00:31:06,830 --> 00:31:09,690 but Stalin insisted on a Soviet meeting place. 408 00:31:10,190 --> 00:31:12,200 ZOYA ZARUBINA - Soviet Intelligence "Stalin wanted to please them. 409 00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:15,100 And I will tell you, I only saw how hard people worked 410 00:31:15,555 --> 00:31:17,654 with everything devastated around, 411 00:31:17,655 --> 00:31:20,554 bringing crystal glass, bringing white napkins 412 00:31:20,555 --> 00:31:22,485 and tablecloths and furniture. 413 00:31:22,490 --> 00:31:26,139 Even when Mr Winston Churchill said once, you know, sort of, 414 00:31:26,140 --> 00:31:29,264 'Oh I wish I had a lemon with my gin and tonic' 415 00:31:29,265 --> 00:31:31,390 - the next day they found a lemon tree." 416 00:31:37,610 --> 00:31:39,990 The journey was torment for the sick Roosevelt. 417 00:31:40,610 --> 00:31:44,790 His polio and the strains of war leadership dragged him down. 418 00:31:52,110 --> 00:31:56,570 In the former Tsar's palace, the leaders faced a heavy agenda. 419 00:31:57,330 --> 00:32:00,113 They must decide how to govern a defeated Germany. 420 00:32:00,114 --> 00:32:02,950 And they wanted to get the Polish question settled. 421 00:32:03,780 --> 00:32:05,670 Sir FRANK ROBERTS - British Delegation, Yalta "Eastern Europe, important though it was, 422 00:32:05,671 --> 00:32:07,971 was only one of many other things 423 00:32:08,130 --> 00:32:10,520 - first of all winning the war and then occupying Germany, 424 00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:15,570 secondly seeing to the war against Japan, thirdly the post war arrangements." 425 00:32:15,950 --> 00:32:17,710 HUGH LUNGHI - British Delegation, Yalta 426 00:32:18,170 --> 00:32:21,450 "Stalin knew that the war was won. 427 00:32:21,740 --> 00:32:25,339 After all, the Russians were only 40 miles from Berlin at that time. 428 00:32:25,340 --> 00:32:27,650 They were on the point of capturing Budapest. 429 00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:31,930 They'd swept through parts of Eastern Europe, not the whole lot yet." 430 00:32:32,040 --> 00:32:35,380 ZOYA ZARUBINA - Soviet Intelligence He was a very shrewd negotiator. 431 00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:38,380 He doesn't look you in the eye; 432 00:32:38,410 --> 00:32:41,310 he's just sort of smoking - he was a chain smoker - 433 00:32:41,660 --> 00:32:45,520 and he was sort of smoking, and you think that probably he's not listening, you know. 434 00:32:45,660 --> 00:32:48,820 Then all of a sudden he would raise his fingers and say 'Ah'. 435 00:32:49,160 --> 00:32:51,359 HUGH LUNGHI - British Delegation, Yalta "The terrible mistake that Roosevelt made 436 00:32:51,360 --> 00:32:56,030 was that he was trying to ingratiate himself into Stalin's favour 437 00:32:56,540 --> 00:33:01,510 by stressing the divisions between Churchill and himself, 438 00:33:02,020 --> 00:33:04,645 so he made it quite clear to Stalin 439 00:33:04,746 --> 00:33:10,450 that there were real divisions as well as imaginary ones." 440 00:33:10,750 --> 00:33:13,060 Sir FRANK ROBERTS - British Foreign Office "For us, of course, the major topic 441 00:33:13,061 --> 00:33:16,361 was the future of Eastern Europe and above all, Poland. 442 00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:19,400 And on that Stalin obviously 443 00:33:19,401 --> 00:33:23,101 was bound to get what he wanted because the Red Army was in occupation 444 00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:27,504 of the whole area including Poland, they had already gone through Poland 445 00:33:27,505 --> 00:33:29,840 into Germany by the time we were in Yalta." 446 00:33:34,870 --> 00:33:39,450 By now, the Balkans and most of Poland were in Soviet hands; 447 00:33:40,020 --> 00:33:43,200 so too was much of Czechoslovakia and Hungary 448 00:33:45,860 --> 00:33:49,440 battlefield facts that diplomacy could not alter. 449 00:33:51,190 --> 00:33:52,250 Sir FRANK ROBERTS - British Delegation, Yalta "We got at Yalta 450 00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:59,270 two diplomatic documents which on paper were perfectly satisfactory. 451 00:33:59,870 --> 00:34:02,248 I mean that there would be a coalition government 452 00:34:02,249 --> 00:34:04,430 in Poland including people from the West, 453 00:34:04,980 --> 00:34:06,950 and there would be free elections in Poland. 454 00:34:07,530 --> 00:34:10,630 And then there was a declaration covering the whole of Eastern Europe 455 00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:13,699 called the Declaration on Liberated Europe, 456 00:34:13,700 --> 00:34:16,699 which again was to be rebuilt on the basis of democracy 457 00:34:16,700 --> 00:34:19,600 and free elections and all the rest of it of course, 458 00:34:19,620 --> 00:34:23,080 phrases which the Russian used but interpreted rather differently." 459 00:34:28,210 --> 00:34:32,430 Stalin promised that the Polish elections would be free and fair. 460 00:34:32,650 --> 00:34:36,149 Tired of arguing, the others took him at his word. 461 00:34:37,250 --> 00:34:40,965 Germany would be governed jointly by the victorious Allies. 462 00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:47,435 And Stalin secretly pledged to join the war against Japan. 463 00:34:48,036 --> 00:34:50,336 Churchill was confident. 464 00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:52,380 Winston Churchill farewell address at Yalta: "We have all 465 00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:55,680 bound ourselves to work together, 466 00:34:56,820 --> 00:35:02,560 to make sure that there is increasing happiness and prosperity 467 00:35:03,490 --> 00:35:07,040 for the broad masses of the people in every land 468 00:35:07,660 --> 00:35:13,930 no longer subject to the hard strains of war. 469 00:35:15,110 --> 00:35:18,740 There is the prospect which has now opened before us." 470 00:35:24,620 --> 00:35:27,150 FDR funeral, April 1945 471 00:35:29,870 --> 00:35:31,840 "The Funeral Specia heads for Washington. 472 00:35:33,260 --> 00:35:37,490 An honour guard of servicemen keeps vigil beside the flag-draped casket. 473 00:35:38,430 --> 00:35:42,120 At villages, crossroads, way stations, 474 00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:46,220 the people who were so close to his heart stand silently, 475 00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:49,750 expressive of the devotion Franklin Roosevelt inspired." 476 00:36:19,780 --> 00:36:23,970 As the President was buried, the last battles in Europe were ending. 477 00:36:25,100 --> 00:36:29,200 American troops were taking over German towns without resistance. 478 00:36:29,590 --> 00:36:32,050 AL ARONSON - US 69th Infantry Division "They were glad to see 479 00:36:32,051 --> 00:36:36,090 the American troops because they had a terrible fear 480 00:36:36,390 --> 00:36:41,060 of having Russians occupy or come into their area." 481 00:36:45,530 --> 00:36:49,850 As the Allies advanced they discovered the full horror of German crimes. 482 00:36:59,220 --> 00:37:02,180 The Jews had been the Nazis' special target. 483 00:37:02,830 --> 00:37:05,940 But every nation was mourning over mass graves. 484 00:37:07,890 --> 00:37:09,600 Fear of a German revival, 485 00:37:09,630 --> 00:37:12,150 would overshadow the first years of peace. 486 00:37:14,650 --> 00:37:18,670 Soon Soviet and American troops would meet in Germany. 487 00:37:19,290 --> 00:37:20,440 AL ARONSON - US 69th Infantry Division "Our lieutenant 488 00:37:20,990 --> 00:37:24,590 came in one day and said he'd got ... he wants to get 489 00:37:24,810 --> 00:37:28,560 a patrol together - we're going to go and see if we can find some Russians. 490 00:37:29,180 --> 00:37:31,500 Well, none of us were too eager 491 00:37:31,590 --> 00:37:33,580 to go on that patrol really, 492 00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:37,070 because we realised the end of the war was imminent 493 00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:40,199 and we didn't know what was out there. 494 00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:44,230 You know, we had gotten this far, why stick our necks out again?" 495 00:37:44,430 --> 00:37:46,090 JIM KANE - US 69th Infantry Division "We kept going and we kept running 496 00:37:46,091 --> 00:37:49,191 into no resistance and everybody was retiring 497 00:37:49,210 --> 00:37:51,400 and surrendering and 498 00:37:51,950 --> 00:37:54,844 we just, I guess, were lucky. We got to the Elbe river 499 00:37:54,845 --> 00:37:57,560 and we saw the Russians on the other side." 500 00:37:58,190 --> 00:38:01,060 LUIBOV KOZINCHENKO - Red Army 58th Guards Division 501 00:38:01,320 --> 00:38:05,220 "I told my girlfriend, "You stand there and I'll stay here". 502 00:38:06,650 --> 00:38:09,500 We waited for them to come ashore. 503 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,140 We could see their faces. 504 00:38:13,420 --> 00:38:15,650 They looked like ordinary people. 505 00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:19,160 We had imagined something different. 506 00:38:20,410 --> 00:38:23,250 Well, they were Americans!" 507 00:38:27,140 --> 00:38:28,460 AL ARONSON "I guess we didn't know what to expect 508 00:38:28,461 --> 00:38:30,386 from the Russians, but when you looked at them 509 00:38:30,387 --> 00:38:32,761 and examined them, you couldn't tell whether, you know ? 510 00:38:33,180 --> 00:38:36,920 If you put an American uniform on them, they could have been American!" 511 00:38:37,010 --> 00:38:39,870 LUIBOV KOZINCHENKO - Red Army 58th Guards Division 512 00:38:43,070 --> 00:38:44,720 "We didn't know who we were kissing. 513 00:38:45,900 --> 00:38:48,420 We were just kissing everyone." 514 00:38:51,500 --> 00:38:52,740 ALEXANDER GORDEYEV - Red Army 58th Guards Division 515 00:38:54,020 --> 00:38:57,020 "I think that for us the war was over. 516 00:38:58,350 --> 00:39:00,230 We washed our feet in the Elbe river. 517 00:39:01,360 --> 00:39:03,390 We washed our faces and hands. 518 00:39:03,810 --> 00:39:08,520 We thought that now we'd met the Americans, the war must be over." 519 00:39:14,830 --> 00:39:18,040 Two days later, the movie cameras were ready. 520 00:39:19,220 --> 00:39:23,560 The moment of history, the meeting of ordinary soldiers from Russia and America, 521 00:39:23,880 --> 00:39:27,420 was re-run, dramatically, with a bigger cast. 522 00:39:35,560 --> 00:39:40,200 By allied agreement, the capture of Berlin was left to the Russians. 523 00:39:43,330 --> 00:39:49,685 April 1945. The Red Army launches its final offensive towards Berlin. 524 00:39:52,390 --> 00:39:55,775 The war cost the Soviet Union 27 million lives 525 00:39:57,665 --> 00:40:01,325 nearly 40 times American and British losses put together. 526 00:40:06,320 --> 00:40:09,220 The Red Flag destined to fly over the Reichstag 527 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:11,180 was a home made affair. 528 00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:14,470 YEVGENI KHALDEI - Red Army Photographer 529 00:40:15,250 --> 00:40:19,530 "We used tablecloths. One night, I helped my friend, a Jewish tailor, 530 00:40:19,650 --> 00:40:21,940 sew them into three flags. 531 00:40:22,260 --> 00:40:23,880 We took them to Berlin. 532 00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:29,020 I found three soldiers and we climbed up. 533 00:40:29,521 --> 00:40:31,621 The first photograph I took 534 00:40:31,640 --> 00:40:33,630 was of the flag I'd brought from Moscow 535 00:40:33,920 --> 00:40:36,370 the Soviet flag over Berlin." 536 00:40:43,930 --> 00:40:46,004 As Hitler's Reich fell apart, 537 00:40:46,005 --> 00:40:48,362 hundreds gathered in San Francisco 538 00:40:48,363 --> 00:40:51,595 to found the United Nations Organisation. 539 00:40:56,975 --> 00:40:58,905 The Soviet delegation was led by the man 540 00:40:58,906 --> 00:41:01,690 who had signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact 541 00:41:01,830 --> 00:41:03,929 - Molotov. 542 00:41:05,430 --> 00:41:08,300 VLADIMIR YEROFEYEV - Soviet Delegation, San Francisco 543 00:41:08,810 --> 00:41:11,309 "Molotov was very nervous 544 00:41:11,310 --> 00:41:14,109 because he felt that the war is coming to an end, 545 00:41:14,610 --> 00:41:16,600 victory would soon be here, 546 00:41:17,150 --> 00:41:19,620 and here he is in America. 547 00:41:21,990 --> 00:41:24,689 That's why everyday he sent cables to Stalin, 548 00:41:26,490 --> 00:41:28,500 'When may I return?'" 549 00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:31,800 As the San Francisco meeting continued, 550 00:41:32,390 --> 00:41:34,370 news came of Germany's surrender. 551 00:41:35,190 --> 00:41:37,350 US President Harry Truman, May 1945 "General Eisenhower informs me 552 00:41:38,100 --> 00:41:40,820 that the forces of Germany have surrendered 553 00:41:41,130 --> 00:41:42,780 to the United Nations. 554 00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:47,320 The flags of freedom fly all over Europe." 555 00:41:49,120 --> 00:41:53,890 As the fighting stopped, the Soviet front line had cut Europe in two, 556 00:41:54,600 --> 00:41:56,290 from the Baltic to the Adriatic. 557 00:42:00,420 --> 00:42:03,535 The war in the Pacific dragged on. 558 00:42:03,700 --> 00:42:06,225 American marines had stormed Iwo-Jima. 559 00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:11,377 It was a foretaste of how difficult and bloody 560 00:42:11,378 --> 00:42:13,865 the final invasion of Japan might be. 561 00:42:21,730 --> 00:42:23,980 Potsdam, in conquered Germany 562 00:42:24,110 --> 00:42:26,550 - site of the third allied summit. 563 00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,950 GEORGE ELSEY - Aide to President Truman "The attitude in Washington 564 00:42:30,951 --> 00:42:32,751 toward the Soviet Union 565 00:42:32,780 --> 00:42:35,279 had begun to change well before 566 00:42:35,280 --> 00:42:39,160 Potsdam. Storm signals were already flying." 567 00:42:39,410 --> 00:42:42,490 VLADIMIR YEROFEYEV - Soviet Delegation, Potsdam 568 00:42:42,991 --> 00:42:46,700 "Truman declared officially and quite sharply 569 00:42:47,520 --> 00:42:50,024 that the declaration on Europe adopted at Yalta 570 00:42:50,025 --> 00:42:52,320 is not being carried out in some countries. 571 00:43:02,670 --> 00:43:04,710 Governments are being set up 572 00:43:04,780 --> 00:43:07,300 which the United States will not recognise." 573 00:43:11,340 --> 00:43:13,760 HUGH LUNGHI - British Delegation, Potsdam "I'd call the Potsdam conference 574 00:43:13,761 --> 00:43:16,161 a bad-tempered conference, 575 00:43:16,240 --> 00:43:18,849 because apart from the ceremonial occasions, 576 00:43:18,850 --> 00:43:20,820 it was really very bad-tempered." 577 00:43:22,190 --> 00:43:24,689 The allies couldn't easily agree about a German 578 00:43:24,690 --> 00:43:28,710 Peace Treaty or on how to carry out agreements reached at Yalta. 579 00:43:29,960 --> 00:43:33,770 Stalin confirmed that his troops were ready for war with Japan. 580 00:43:34,780 --> 00:43:36,556 But the day before the conference, 581 00:43:36,557 --> 00:43:38,480 America had successfully tested 582 00:43:38,560 --> 00:43:40,450 an atomic bomb. 583 00:43:41,130 --> 00:43:44,880 GEORGE ELSEY - Aide to President Truman "President Truman, after consulting with the British, 584 00:43:45,140 --> 00:43:47,210 and with his own military advisers, 585 00:43:47,520 --> 00:43:50,019 decided that he would tell Stalin that we had 586 00:43:50,020 --> 00:43:52,519 a powerful new weapon, without identifying it as 587 00:43:52,720 --> 00:43:54,790 a nuclear weapon." 588 00:43:55,430 --> 00:43:57,960 VLADIMIR YEROFEYEV - Soviet Delegation, Potsdam 589 00:43:58,430 --> 00:44:01,600 "Truman repeated what he was saying about the new weapon. 590 00:44:02,470 --> 00:44:05,710 He thought Stalin didn't hear or didn't understand him. 591 00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:10,000 Stalin said, 'Okay, thank you for the information'." 592 00:44:11,260 --> 00:44:12,440 GEORGE ELSEY - Aide to President Truman "There was some question 593 00:44:12,441 --> 00:44:14,629 amongst the Americans as to whether Stalin 594 00:44:14,630 --> 00:44:17,629 had really understood what Truman was saying. 595 00:44:17,730 --> 00:44:21,629 As we now know, they knew all about the Manhattan Project 596 00:44:21,630 --> 00:44:24,760 through espionage and their own agents." 597 00:44:29,090 --> 00:44:32,689 With the conference still in session, news arrived from London 598 00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:35,960 that Clement Attlee had been elected British Prime Minister. 599 00:44:37,320 --> 00:44:39,819 VLADIMIR YEROFEYEV - Soviet Delegation, Potsdam 600 00:44:41,320 --> 00:44:44,760 "I had a feeling that the biggest sensation for Molotov and Stalin 601 00:44:45,250 --> 00:44:46,430 was not the bomb explosion, 602 00:44:47,020 --> 00:44:50,550 but the fact that Churchill was not re-elected in England." 603 00:44:55,230 --> 00:44:56,900 Another photo-call. 604 00:44:57,250 --> 00:45:00,049 The world must see that the Allies were still united. 605 00:45:02,850 --> 00:45:06,710 On August the 2nd the conference ended and the statesmen went home. 606 00:45:09,110 --> 00:45:12,012 Four days later, America dropped an atomic bomb 607 00:45:12,013 --> 00:45:14,670 on the city and people of Hiroshima. 608 00:45:21,250 --> 00:45:25,240 Three days after that, another was dropped on Nagasaki. 609 00:45:27,120 --> 00:45:28,533 Soon the human race 610 00:45:28,534 --> 00:45:31,730 would be able to destroy itself in a day. 611 00:45:33,270 --> 00:45:35,470 At each Cold War crisis to come, 612 00:45:36,310 --> 00:45:38,850 the nuclear shadow threatened.