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Fulton, Missouri, a quiet little
town in the Midwest.

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Not much has changed since 1946.

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Less than a year since
the war had ended,

4
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the flags were up to welcome
Winston Churchill.

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But he came to Fulton

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bringing a somber message
for the world.

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"From Stettin

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in the Baltic

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to Trieste in the Adriatic,

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an iron curtain has descended
across the continent.

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Behind that line

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lie all the capitals of
the ancient states

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of central and eastern Europe

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Warsaw, Berlin, Prague,

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Vienna, Budapest,

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Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia.

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All these famous cities and
the populations around them

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lie in what I must call
the Soviet sphere."

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"The speech was not well
received in the United States.

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It was thought to be
too tough a speech

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and the president was
criticised by some

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for having Churchill over.

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Just goes to show
how history changes.

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Now it's one of the great speeches

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that's ever been made,

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because it helped warn the world

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about the danger of the
Soviet aggrandisement."

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Back from overseas
came the Americans.

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For the second time in a century,

30
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the United States had been
pulled into a world war

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far from its own shores.

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Three hundred thousand
Americans never came home.

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But the rest returned to a
country wealthier and happier

34
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than ever before.

35
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"I sort of eased back
into contentment.

36
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I said 'Gee this is wonderful.'

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People seemed to o have

38
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a little cushion of money now

39
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which, you know, back in -- back
in the Depression years,

40
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no one had any money.

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you just had about enough money to

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put food on the table

43
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put a roof over your head and

44
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keep your insurance policy
in effect, you know."

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"Before the war we had 15 percent,

46
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maybe sometimes more, unemployed.

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A very stagnant,

48
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unhappy economy

49
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And the war

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war production -- production
of munitions,

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production of armaments

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put enormous sums of money

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into the economy,

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put millions of people to work

55
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not only men, but women

56
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Rosie the Riveter

57
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and we emerged from the war

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with virtual full employment."

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"As soon as the war was over

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the factories -- they realized,

61
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the Americans have been
without a car since

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before the war.

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Let's get back into
automobile production

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And of course the people were
anxious for an automobile.

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There was gasoline available.

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Foodstuffs became available.

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So the economy definitely
was on the rise."

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War and the postwar rush to spend

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put American capitalism
back on its wheels.

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In the first summer of peace,

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the Soviet soldiers rode home.

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They were awed to find
themselves still alive.

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In the crowds that welcomed them,

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it was the lucky ones who found
their sons or husbands.

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Some 27 million Soviet
civilians and soldiers

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did not live to see this day.

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"We met the soldiers with
flowers, bread,

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anything we could get hold of

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We kissed complete strangers,
we were so happy.

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Our spirits were rising.

81
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We even dared hope that those
who had gone missing

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might still be alive."

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"The whole of Russia had
been destroyed

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Everything from the borders
to Moscow lay in ruins

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There were lots of people
with no homes to go to."

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Where the Germans had passed,

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nearly 70,000 villages
had been destroyed.

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Cities lay in rubble.

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Stalin's prewar achievements,

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the factories and apartment
blocks of the five-year plans,

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had been wrecked by the invaders.

92
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"Things which before the war
hadn't seemed too bad

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were completely destroyed.

94
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People were living in ruins.

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It's impossible to describe
the suffering.

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You can only understand it if
you've lived through it

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and seen it with your own eyes."

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For Russians the end of the fighting
brought an instant of pure joy.

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Berlin, the final battlefield.

100
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The capital of Hitler's Reich
had fallen to the Red Army.

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Dazed Berliners waited to see what
the conquerors would do to them.

102
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But there was no organized massacre;

103
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The survivors were allowed
to live as best they could.

104
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Stalin even ordered his troops
to feed the Berliners.

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00:08:48,912 --> 00:08:50,841
But the soldiers looted homes,

106
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and all over the city they
hunted down women.

107
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"More and more Russians came by,
they looked through the window

108
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then one of them suddenly came in.

109
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I was babysitting.

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He took the child from my lap

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and gave it a toy and some
cigarettes to play with.

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That was the first time I was raped.

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It was terrifying.

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Afterwards I couldn't speak."

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Stalin's police chief, Beria,

116
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and foreign minister,
Molotov, tour Berlin.

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Germany was divided into
four occupation zones

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and each of the Allies took a
sector of the German capital.

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The Allies had decided

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that Germany should compensate
them for war damage.

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"Marshal Zhukov said,

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'We have fought long and hard.
We've captured Berlin.

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We have the moral and legal right

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to take out as much as possible
in reparations.

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We don't know what
the future holds.'"

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The German population was forced

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to help the Russians seize
industrial resources.

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Not just machines,

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thousands of craftsmen and
scientists were kidnapped

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and taken to the Soviet Union.

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Central Europe was reverting
to the Dark Ages.

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This was a space without law,
shelter or mercy

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a continent of nomads

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Millions of people uprooted
by the Nazis

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were struggling home;

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now it was the turn of the Germans
to be the victims.

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From the Mediterranean to the Baltic,

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the victors were shaping Europe
in their own image.

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Poland, the invaders' route to Russia,
obsessed Stalin.

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Eastern Poland had been annexed
by the Soviet Union.

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As compensation,

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the allies shifted the whole
country westward,

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giving Poland the eastern
territories of Germany.

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The Germans were expelled.

145
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Poles, whose own homelands

146
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had been seized by the Soviet Union,

147
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now took over German
farms and houses.

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"In the fall of 1945,

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a young Polish woman, 19 years old,

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and an older man from the militia

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entered our house.

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The girl asked, 'Who does
this house belong to?'

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And my mother said, 'To us.'

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And Hanja, that was
the Polish girl's name,

155
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said, 'Now it's mine.'

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From then on it was Hanja's house.

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"Six in the morning

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the militia came and

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banged the butts of their weapons
against the door

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'Out!'

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Even though I was only a child,

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I knew this was it."

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From all over Europe,

164
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some 12 million Germans were expelled

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from lands they had
lived in for centuries.

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Today it's called 'ethnic cleansing.'

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Then, the Allies called it
'population transfer'

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and the British helped to move
the Germans out.

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Victory in London.

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From six years of war,
Britain emerged happy,

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but inwardly exhausted.

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For the moment, people cheered
for king and empire

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as if nothing had changed,
or ever would.

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The king's new prime minister
was Clement Attlee.

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The British voters had
swung leftwards

176
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and Churchill was out.

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00:14:26,554 --> 00:14:28,994
In foreign policy, the new
Labour government

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held tightly to the American alliance.

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00:14:32,598 --> 00:14:34,949
Ernest Bevin, the new foreign secretary,

180
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was a trade union veteran who
mistrusted communists.

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He had backed Churchill's intervention

182
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in the Greek civil war.

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British interests were at stake here.

184
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The concern was that the
conflict might threaten

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Britain's oil route from the Middle East

186
00:14:52,297 --> 00:14:54,055
through the Mediterranean.

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The strongest resistance movement,
the communists

188
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reached for power.

189
00:15:06,574 --> 00:15:09,339
But they didn't know that
Stalin had told Churchill

190
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that he had no interest
in a communist Greece.

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The British army moved in.

192
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The civil war was long and cruel.

193
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But Stalin kept his word,

194
00:15:30,265 --> 00:15:32,619
and left the Greek communists
to their fate.

195
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The Soviet Union now dominated

196
00:15:39,177 --> 00:15:41,223
the nations along its western border.

197
00:15:43,052 --> 00:15:46,523
At first Stalin did not impose
a Soviet system

198
00:15:46,643 --> 00:15:47,941
on his new empire.

199
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Instead, he built up pro-Soviet

200
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coalition governments.

201
00:15:53,295 --> 00:15:55,737
But the communists made
sure that the police

202
00:15:55,857 --> 00:15:58,716
and security were in their hands.

203
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The Yalta Conference had given Russia

204
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control of central Europe.

205
00:16:04,947 --> 00:16:07,123
"We knew perfectly well
what the Russians

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00:16:07,243 --> 00:16:09,215
interpreted as democracy and all that,

207
00:16:09,335 --> 00:16:12,747
but then we were allies
fighting a war together.

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00:16:12,867 --> 00:16:14,834
We couldn't very well say to Stalin,

209
00:16:14,954 --> 00:16:16,718
'Now we are going to write down

210
00:16:16,838 --> 00:16:18,837
our interpretation of Western democracy

211
00:16:18,957 --> 00:16:20,670
and you've got to sign up and say

212
00:16:20,790 --> 00:16:22,389
this is your interpretation.'

213
00:16:22,509 --> 00:16:24,119
It wasn't possible."

214
00:16:24,239 --> 00:16:26,790
"We began to receive cables from

215
00:16:27,239 --> 00:16:29,489
American representatives in the,

216
00:16:29,609 --> 00:16:32,439
what we were all later to call
the satellite countries,

217
00:16:32,559 --> 00:16:34,940
on the behavior of Soviet troops

218
00:16:35,060 --> 00:16:38,441
with respect to er, er,
the people of Poland,

219
00:16:39,023 --> 00:16:42,454
er, of Bulgaria, Romania,
Yugoslavia and so on.

220
00:16:42,967 --> 00:16:45,497
So, er, trouble was in the air."

221
00:16:45,617 --> 00:16:47,117
"What would happen is

222
00:16:47,237 --> 00:16:49,501
that such and such a prominent member

223
00:16:49,621 --> 00:16:52,445
of the Peasant Party of Bulgaria
would be kidnapped.

224
00:16:53,151 --> 00:16:54,964
Simply, would disappear.

225
00:16:55,893 --> 00:16:59,036
or other figures who were not acceptable

226
00:16:59,156 --> 00:17:00,360
for inclusion

227
00:17:00,747 --> 00:17:04,004
in the People's Democratic new regimes

228
00:17:04,563 --> 00:17:06,260
would be disappeared."

229
00:17:11,724 --> 00:17:13,937
In Berlin, where the Allies

230
00:17:14,057 --> 00:17:16,185
jointly supervised city life,

231
00:17:16,490 --> 00:17:18,240
the communists were careful.

232
00:17:19,087 --> 00:17:21,460
"The idea was at the beginning

233
00:17:21,580 --> 00:17:22,846
to cooperate,

234
00:17:23,403 --> 00:17:25,803
and gradually, gradually,

235
00:17:25,923 --> 00:17:27,981
to build up the party,

236
00:17:28,398 --> 00:17:30,957
making the best organized party,

237
00:17:31,077 --> 00:17:32,521
the most militant party,

238
00:17:32,641 --> 00:17:34,482
the most active party

239
00:17:34,602 --> 00:17:37,016
and gradually

240
00:17:37,136 --> 00:17:40,591
increase the influence
on the other parties

241
00:17:40,711 --> 00:17:42,692
and gradually

242
00:17:42,812 --> 00:17:45,326
take over the whole situation

243
00:17:45,446 --> 00:17:47,022
but not at once.

244
00:17:49,747 --> 00:17:52,752
"We should already prepare
for building up the police.

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00:17:54,342 --> 00:17:57,104
The man for personnel,

246
00:17:57,603 --> 00:17:59,145
who changes personnel.

247
00:17:59,265 --> 00:18:00,715
The man for education.

248
00:18:02,747 --> 00:18:04,308
So we were flabbergasted,

249
00:18:04,428 --> 00:18:06,245
we -- only three or four comrades

250
00:18:06,365 --> 00:18:08,381
and everybody else the social democrats

251
00:18:08,501 --> 00:18:10,265
and bourgeois democrats and so on.

252
00:18:10,385 --> 00:18:12,824
So one of us asked and said

253
00:18:13,039 --> 00:18:15,161
but it must look democratic,

254
00:18:16,165 --> 00:18:19,043
but we must have everything
in our hands."

255
00:18:19,618 --> 00:18:22,468
"Many Germans perfectly well understood

256
00:18:23,146 --> 00:18:26,142
that brown, the Nazi colors,

257
00:18:26,408 --> 00:18:29,064
were becoming red overnight.

258
00:18:29,675 --> 00:18:32,612
After all, the methods in some ways

259
00:18:32,732 --> 00:18:35,137
were the same, or at
any rate very similar,

260
00:18:35,664 --> 00:18:37,303
of forcing people

261
00:18:37,423 --> 00:18:39,895
to do things against their will."

262
00:18:40,765 --> 00:18:43,245
"For me, my only comparison

263
00:18:43,365 --> 00:18:45,845
was always the Soviet Union
under Stalin.

264
00:18:46,376 --> 00:18:48,970
And comparable to the Soviet Union

265
00:18:49,209 --> 00:18:51,889
under Stalin in 1935 to '45,

266
00:18:52,009 --> 00:18:55,826
'45 to '46-47 in Germany was,

267
00:18:55,946 --> 00:18:57,474
er, wonderful.

268
00:18:57,594 --> 00:19:00,265
It was much less terror

269
00:19:00,573 --> 00:19:03,947
than which I had witnessed
the 10 years before

270
00:19:04,067 --> 00:19:05,415
in the Soviet Union."

271
00:19:09,153 --> 00:19:11,955
Soviet communism had stood
the test of war.

272
00:19:12,075 --> 00:19:14,271
The Red Army was the biggest on Earth,

273
00:19:14,391 --> 00:19:17,128
and General Eisenhower came
to pay his respects

274
00:19:17,248 --> 00:19:19,918
to the world's newest superpower.

275
00:19:24,008 --> 00:19:27,644
But Stalin feared encirclement
by the capitalist powers.

276
00:19:28,130 --> 00:19:30,484
At home he watched for treachery.

277
00:19:33,849 --> 00:19:36,540
Those who had been taken
prisoner by the Germans

278
00:19:36,660 --> 00:19:38,481
and seen a glimpse of the West

279
00:19:38,733 --> 00:19:40,330
might become disloyal.

280
00:19:44,622 --> 00:19:46,873
They were being arrested in thousands.

281
00:19:47,433 --> 00:19:49,404
The Americans knew what was going on.

282
00:19:51,346 --> 00:19:54,164
"We had a maid whose husband
was a prisoner of war.

283
00:19:55,871 --> 00:19:58,487
When he finally was repatriated
and came back,

284
00:19:58,607 --> 00:20:01,519
it was a great reunion,

285
00:20:01,639 --> 00:20:03,195
life was wonderful again,

286
00:20:03,315 --> 00:20:04,714
and the family was reunited.

287
00:20:04,834 --> 00:20:06,167
Six months later

288
00:20:06,287 --> 00:20:07,699
he was arrested because

289
00:20:07,819 --> 00:20:09,775
he had been a German prisoner of war."

290
00:20:12,040 --> 00:20:14,925
"Some were there because of
a general decree by Stalin,

291
00:20:18,021 --> 00:20:20,365
some were deserters and thieves,

292
00:20:24,818 --> 00:20:27,043
some White Russian emigres,

293
00:20:31,165 --> 00:20:33,554
some Poles from the Home Army.

294
00:20:38,024 --> 00:20:39,918
I entered a whole new world.

295
00:20:40,942 --> 00:20:44,337
Prison camps were my university."

296
00:20:50,233 --> 00:20:53,044
Poland. In the wreckage of Warsaw,

297
00:20:53,164 --> 00:20:55,303
the Poles began to clear the ruins.

298
00:21:01,032 --> 00:21:03,770
The Poles had fought the Germans
on every front,

299
00:21:03,890 --> 00:21:05,487
East and West.

300
00:21:05,932 --> 00:21:07,340
Now they worked together

301
00:21:07,460 --> 00:21:09,243
to rebuild their country.

302
00:21:15,213 --> 00:21:17,867
Some loathed the new semi-communist
government

303
00:21:17,987 --> 00:21:19,289
tied to Moscow.

304
00:21:19,653 --> 00:21:21,791
But others found reasons to accept it

305
00:21:22,193 --> 00:21:23,799
and live with it.

306
00:21:26,932 --> 00:21:29,202
"The most important thing for me was for

307
00:21:29,322 --> 00:21:31,867
my mother and sister to come
from Siberia,

308
00:21:33,702 --> 00:21:36,487
and for us to begin rebuilding
the country.

309
00:21:39,286 --> 00:21:41,650
We also needed to secure our borders,

310
00:21:41,770 --> 00:21:44,628
which were seriously threatened.

311
00:21:44,898 --> 00:21:47,756
Staying in the army gave me
that chance."

312
00:21:53,308 --> 00:21:54,352
In Moscow,

313
00:21:54,472 --> 00:21:57,663
Poland's new puppet leaders were
taken to the opera.

314
00:22:06,092 --> 00:22:08,617
The Poles agreed to a close alliance

315
00:22:08,737 --> 00:22:10,326
with the Soviet Union.

316
00:22:17,783 --> 00:22:19,361
Stalin promised to defend

317
00:22:19,481 --> 00:22:20,982
the new Polish frontiers

318
00:22:21,102 --> 00:22:22,607
against any German attempt

319
00:22:22,727 --> 00:22:24,745
to win back the lost territories.

320
00:22:30,734 --> 00:22:33,265
Stalin was at the zenith of his power.

321
00:22:33,385 --> 00:22:35,917
His colleagues felt terror
in his presence.

322
00:22:36,126 --> 00:22:38,843
"The Russian diplomats, like all
other Russian officials

323
00:22:38,963 --> 00:22:40,826
or party members or whatever,

324
00:22:41,057 --> 00:22:43,466
lived in terror of the great man,

325
00:22:44,087 --> 00:22:46,944
and justifiably so, because
if they gave,

326
00:22:47,448 --> 00:22:48,737
unpopular advice,

327
00:22:48,857 --> 00:22:51,429
they might find themselves
in a concentration camp

328
00:22:51,549 --> 00:22:54,157
or with a bullet in the back
of their heads.

329
00:22:54,277 --> 00:22:56,549
It wasn't very easy to give

330
00:22:56,669 --> 00:22:58,833
good advice to Stalin

331
00:22:58,953 --> 00:23:00,625
if it was unpalatable."

332
00:23:07,312 --> 00:23:09,759
"Stalin was cheerful and
in high spirits.

333
00:23:10,609 --> 00:23:13,696
At his side were the main guest,
the interpreter

334
00:23:13,816 --> 00:23:15,291
and Soviet guests too.

335
00:23:21,954 --> 00:23:24,494
The waiters came in with
the main course.

336
00:23:26,016 --> 00:23:27,482
"I think it was turkey.

337
00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:30,688
One of them,

338
00:23:30,808 --> 00:23:32,571
whilst he was pouring the sauce,

339
00:23:32,691 --> 00:23:34,216
dropped some red liquid

340
00:23:34,336 --> 00:23:36,964
on Stalin's sand-coloured jacket.

341
00:23:47,885 --> 00:23:49,535
Everybody stopped eating.

342
00:23:52,556 --> 00:23:55,417
They were in a state of shock about
what would happen

343
00:23:55,537 --> 00:23:58,129
because the stains looked
like drops of blood.

344
00:24:02,912 --> 00:24:04,781
But Stalin didn't react.

345
00:24:04,901 --> 00:24:07,516
He continued to talk with his neighbor.

346
00:24:13,793 --> 00:24:16,601
Then another waiter came up to him
with some water

347
00:24:16,721 --> 00:24:18,841
and offered to sponge it out,

348
00:24:19,195 --> 00:24:21,792
but Stalin said, 'No, no,'

349
00:24:22,253 --> 00:24:24,270
and he was absolutely calm.

350
00:24:27,225 --> 00:24:29,998
People saw that things seemed to be OK.

351
00:24:30,807 --> 00:24:32,426
Everyone began eating again

352
00:24:32,761 --> 00:24:34,859
and the routine continued."

353
00:24:43,626 --> 00:24:45,646
To mark the Soviet elections,

354
00:24:45,766 --> 00:24:47,834
Stalin made a grand appearance.

355
00:24:59,040 --> 00:25:00,636
To his exhausted people,

356
00:25:00,756 --> 00:25:02,590
he promised no rewards

357
00:25:02,710 --> 00:25:04,126
but only more effort,

358
00:25:04,246 --> 00:25:05,811
more five-year plans

359
00:25:05,931 --> 00:25:07,507
for heavy industry.

360
00:25:09,604 --> 00:25:11,472
Then, in cloudy words,

361
00:25:11,592 --> 00:25:14,187
he warned that capitalism
and imperialism

362
00:25:14,307 --> 00:25:16,152
made future wars inevitable.

363
00:25:16,555 --> 00:25:17,810
Did this mean war

364
00:25:17,930 --> 00:25:20,156
between the Soviet Union and the West?

365
00:25:20,478 --> 00:25:23,055
Abroad, alarm bells rang.

366
00:25:24,420 --> 00:25:26,769
"I read the speech with care

367
00:25:27,154 --> 00:25:30,815
and interpreted it as being

368
00:25:31,509 --> 00:25:35,730
a delayed declaration of war
against the United States.

369
00:25:35,850 --> 00:25:37,653
There wasn't any doubt about it,

370
00:25:37,773 --> 00:25:40,732
if you read the text carefully,
what he was talking about."

371
00:25:44,185 --> 00:25:46,463
"The speech was interpreted in the West

372
00:25:46,583 --> 00:25:49,735
as no less than a prediction
of World War III

373
00:25:54,721 --> 00:25:57,252
I don't think this was right though.

374
00:26:04,409 --> 00:26:06,848
Stalin didn't say anything
new or different

375
00:26:06,968 --> 00:26:08,615
in that speech.

376
00:26:10,146 --> 00:26:12,836
He said what he had always believed:

377
00:26:13,511 --> 00:26:15,912
that with imperialism and capitalism,

378
00:26:16,032 --> 00:26:17,462
war was inevitable."

379
00:26:21,035 --> 00:26:23,703
"What the Russians were thinking
in terms of, was that

380
00:26:23,823 --> 00:26:25,934
- and I think Stalin thought
in these terms -

381
00:26:26,054 --> 00:26:29,219
was that communism was
one day going to rule

382
00:26:29,569 --> 00:26:32,013
be the dominant ideology in the world,

383
00:26:32,133 --> 00:26:33,854
and all countries gradually

384
00:26:33,974 --> 00:26:35,625
were going to become communist.

385
00:26:35,986 --> 00:26:37,823
And in the meantime you didn't

386
00:26:37,943 --> 00:26:39,311
-- in Stalin's idea --

387
00:26:39,431 --> 00:26:41,665
start dangerous wars which
you might lose,

388
00:26:41,785 --> 00:26:43,113
but if you had a good chance

389
00:26:43,233 --> 00:26:44,795
of pushing the cause along

390
00:26:44,915 --> 00:26:47,076
you always pushed it along."

391
00:26:49,169 --> 00:26:52,261
Stalin had relaxed his dictatorship
during the war;

392
00:26:52,381 --> 00:26:55,734
but now he was tightening it once more.

393
00:26:55,854 --> 00:26:58,620
The Soviet Union's obvious
suspicion of the West

394
00:26:58,740 --> 00:27:00,622
disturbed Washington.

395
00:27:02,844 --> 00:27:05,657
An American diplomat in Moscow,
George Kennan

396
00:27:05,777 --> 00:27:08,102
was asked what he thought was going on.

397
00:27:09,316 --> 00:27:12,097
"When they finally sent me
a telegram expressing

398
00:27:12,217 --> 00:27:14,004
their astonishment and concern,

399
00:27:14,124 --> 00:27:15,647
because the Russians were

400
00:27:15,767 --> 00:27:18,820
dragging their feet about joining
the International Bank,

401
00:27:19,048 --> 00:27:21,616
I thought, well, for goodness sake,

402
00:27:21,962 --> 00:27:25,520
I can't answer that in one question.

403
00:27:26,071 --> 00:27:29,573
They're going to have to give me space

404
00:27:29,811 --> 00:27:32,025
and I sat down and tried
to give a picture

405
00:27:32,145 --> 00:27:35,115
of this government as it emerged
from the war."

406
00:27:35,801 --> 00:27:37,996
"One of the strengths of Kennan

407
00:27:38,294 --> 00:27:40,638
was his awareness that

408
00:27:40,758 --> 00:27:42,863
the Russia in which we were living,

409
00:27:42,983 --> 00:27:44,953
Stalin's Soviet Russia,

410
00:27:46,597 --> 00:27:49,520
communism, people called it,

411
00:27:49,640 --> 00:27:52,586
actually drew in very many ways upon

412
00:27:52,706 --> 00:27:54,043
the Russian past."

413
00:27:54,695 --> 00:27:58,179
"I had to go right back to page one

414
00:27:58,299 --> 00:28:00,052
and to try to tell them things

415
00:28:00,172 --> 00:28:02,434
that I felt they'd forgotten
during the war.

416
00:28:02,554 --> 00:28:03,980
This all hangs together

417
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:05,502
with this whole question

418
00:28:05,622 --> 00:28:07,569
that this was the same group of people

419
00:28:07,977 --> 00:28:09,528
who had dealt with Hitler,

420
00:28:09,648 --> 00:28:12,172
had tried to deal with Hitler
at our expense

421
00:28:12,545 --> 00:28:15,131
and never had changed
their views about us."

422
00:28:16,769 --> 00:28:18,626
Kennan's Moscow Embassy cable

423
00:28:18,746 --> 00:28:19,999
became history:

424
00:28:20,563 --> 00:28:22,418
an 8,000-word prophecy

425
00:28:22,538 --> 00:28:25,069
that the Soviet Union was
in the mood to expand

426
00:28:25,189 --> 00:28:28,306
across the world and must be contained.

427
00:28:30,229 --> 00:28:33,049
"The day that telegram was drafted

428
00:28:33,169 --> 00:28:35,510
I unfortunately or fortunately had

429
00:28:35,630 --> 00:28:37,668
the night duty at the code room

430
00:28:38,285 --> 00:28:40,457
and, and was rather perturbed about it

431
00:28:40,577 --> 00:28:42,425
because I happened to have
a very heavy date

432
00:28:42,545 --> 00:28:44,933
that night: there was a dance
at one of the other embassies

433
00:28:45,053 --> 00:28:47,295
and I wanted to get out
as early as possible.

434
00:28:47,415 --> 00:28:48,760
About 6:30 or 7,

435
00:28:48,880 --> 00:28:50,119
George comes walking in

436
00:28:50,239 --> 00:28:52,835
with this six-part cable which
he wants to send out,

437
00:28:53,077 --> 00:28:55,638
and I took a look at it and
I said it was nice, 'But

438
00:28:55,758 --> 00:28:58,040
let's not send it out.
Let's wait till tomorrow,'

439
00:28:58,160 --> 00:29:00,505
and I tried to talk him
into not sending it.

440
00:29:00,625 --> 00:29:02,511
He said, 'Washington wants it.

441
00:29:02,631 --> 00:29:04,252
They're going to get it and

442
00:29:04,372 --> 00:29:06,157
you stay here and do it.'"

443
00:29:06,644 --> 00:29:09,290
Kennan's telegram alarmed Washington.

444
00:29:11,147 --> 00:29:13,438
Days later, its message was reinforced

445
00:29:13,558 --> 00:29:15,876
when Churchill arrived
in the United States

446
00:29:15,996 --> 00:29:17,899
as President Truman's guest.

447
00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:22,097
"They began to get to know each other.

448
00:29:22,652 --> 00:29:26,649
Mr -- our president said
to Mr. Churchill,

449
00:29:26,769 --> 00:29:28,884
'Now we'll be on this trip quite a while

450
00:29:29,004 --> 00:29:32,386
and I would be glad if you would
call me Harry.'

451
00:29:32,926 --> 00:29:36,181
'Well,' Mr. Churchill said,
'I'll be glad to

452
00:29:36,301 --> 00:29:38,230
if you will call me Winston.'

453
00:29:38,800 --> 00:29:41,555
Mr. Truman said, 'I don't believe
I can do that.'

454
00:29:42,021 --> 00:29:43,631
He said, 'I consider you the

455
00:29:43,751 --> 00:29:45,761
First Citizen in the world

456
00:29:45,970 --> 00:29:48,712
and I just don't believe I can
call you Winston.'

457
00:29:49,680 --> 00:29:51,557
Winston Churchill said,

458
00:29:51,677 --> 00:29:53,676
'If you can't call me Winston,

459
00:29:53,796 --> 00:29:55,815
then I can't call you Harry.'

460
00:29:55,935 --> 00:29:58,353
The president said, 'On that basis,
we'll do it.'

461
00:29:58,473 --> 00:30:01,351
So it was Winston and Harry
from that time on,

462
00:30:01,471 --> 00:30:03,665
and they got on very well."

463
00:30:05,583 --> 00:30:08,329
Churchill was due to speak
to a college audience

464
00:30:08,449 --> 00:30:10,616
at Fulton in Truman's home state.

465
00:30:11,296 --> 00:30:14,200
Privately, he showed Truman
what he was going to say.

466
00:30:14,320 --> 00:30:15,470
The president,

467
00:30:15,590 --> 00:30:17,762
not sure that the American public
was ready

468
00:30:17,882 --> 00:30:20,564
for an attack on its wartime
Soviet ally,

469
00:30:20,684 --> 00:30:23,290
let Churchill test the water.

470
00:30:24,731 --> 00:30:26,898
"Mr. Churchill

471
00:30:27,018 --> 00:30:29,849
is one of the great men of the age.

472
00:30:30,325 --> 00:30:33,444
He's a great Englishman.

473
00:30:39,498 --> 00:30:42,122
He's a great Englishman

474
00:30:42,242 --> 00:30:44,326
but he's half-American."

475
00:30:50,635 --> 00:30:53,707
"From Stettin in the Baltic

476
00:30:53,827 --> 00:30:56,060
to Trieste in the Adriatic,

477
00:30:56,274 --> 00:30:59,673
an iron curtain has descended
across the continent.

478
00:31:00,275 --> 00:31:02,451
Behind that line

479
00:31:02,571 --> 00:31:04,085
lie all the capitals

480
00:31:04,205 --> 00:31:06,532
of the ancient states of central

481
00:31:06,652 --> 00:31:08,100
and eastern Europe.

482
00:31:10,446 --> 00:31:13,341
Except in the British Commonwealth

483
00:31:13,461 --> 00:31:15,144
and in the United States,

484
00:31:15,340 --> 00:31:17,665
where communism is in its infancy,

485
00:31:18,337 --> 00:31:20,942
the communist parties or fifth columns

486
00:31:21,062 --> 00:31:23,034
constitute a growing challenge

487
00:31:23,154 --> 00:31:25,862
and peril to Christian civilization.

488
00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:28,095
Whatever conclusions

489
00:31:28,215 --> 00:31:30,112
may be drawn from these facts,

490
00:31:30,232 --> 00:31:31,895
and facts they are,

491
00:31:32,257 --> 00:31:34,595
this is certainly not
the liberated Europe

492
00:31:34,715 --> 00:31:36,186
we fought to build up.

493
00:31:36,546 --> 00:31:39,427
Nor is it one which contains
the essentials

494
00:31:39,547 --> 00:31:41,364
of permanent peace."

495
00:31:42,382 --> 00:31:43,967
"Immediately after that,

496
00:31:44,087 --> 00:31:45,659
Stalin came out with answers

497
00:31:45,779 --> 00:31:47,852
to a foreign correspondent's questions

498
00:31:47,972 --> 00:31:50,238
in which he compared Churchill
to Hitler.

499
00:31:50,464 --> 00:31:53,882
And decried Churchill's speech

500
00:31:57,680 --> 00:32:02,358
as a belligerent call to arms
against Soviet Russia."

501
00:32:06,113 --> 00:32:07,458
Since 1945,

502
00:32:07,578 --> 00:32:10,032
America had been extending
its influence and

503
00:32:10,152 --> 00:32:11,751
power all over the world.

504
00:32:13,136 --> 00:32:15,121
Stalin grew nervous.

505
00:32:15,346 --> 00:32:16,873
He put pressure on Turkey

506
00:32:16,993 --> 00:32:19,416
to grant the Soviet Union
a military presence

507
00:32:19,536 --> 00:32:21,598
in the Dardanelles and the Bosporus.

508
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:25,496
America and Britain feared
a threat to the Suez Canal.

509
00:32:29,370 --> 00:32:31,388
They were determined to keep Turkey

510
00:32:31,508 --> 00:32:33,719
free of Soviet interference.

511
00:32:36,196 --> 00:32:39,453
When the Turkish ambassador
in Washington died suddenly,

512
00:32:39,573 --> 00:32:41,919
Truman used America's
biggest battleship,

513
00:32:42,039 --> 00:32:43,756
the USS Missouri,

514
00:32:43,876 --> 00:32:46,049
to deliver the body to Istanbul.

515
00:32:46,644 --> 00:32:48,509
"This was a symbol to Stalin,

516
00:32:48,629 --> 00:32:51,120
'Don't push us and don't push Turkey,

517
00:32:51,323 --> 00:32:54,013
because if you push Turkey
we'll be there.'"

518
00:32:56,551 --> 00:32:58,302
Iran, like Turkey,

519
00:32:58,422 --> 00:33:00,963
lay on the southern borders
of the Soviet Union,

520
00:33:01,083 --> 00:33:03,792
and for centuries had been
hostile to Russia.

521
00:33:05,988 --> 00:33:07,177
During the war,

522
00:33:07,297 --> 00:33:09,552
Soviet and British troops
had occupied Iran

523
00:33:09,672 --> 00:33:11,515
to protect their oil supplies.

524
00:33:11,732 --> 00:33:14,152
They even celebrated their
partnership there.

525
00:33:21,178 --> 00:33:23,756
The old shah, thought to be pro-German,

526
00:33:23,876 --> 00:33:26,305
was dethroned and replaced by his son,

527
00:33:26,425 --> 00:33:28,444
Mohammed Reza Pahlevi.

528
00:33:30,595 --> 00:33:33,088
There was an agreement that,
once the war was over,

529
00:33:33,208 --> 00:33:36,188
the British and Soviet troops
would both pull out.

530
00:33:40,472 --> 00:33:42,479
"When the occupation was due to end,

531
00:33:42,599 --> 00:33:44,636
Stalin didn't want to leave.

532
00:33:49,537 --> 00:33:52,208
He wanted to stay on.

533
00:33:54,615 --> 00:33:57,128
This created problems.

534
00:33:57,324 --> 00:33:59,481
There was lots of pressure put on us,

535
00:33:59,863 --> 00:34:01,871
pressure from the British,

536
00:34:03,449 --> 00:34:05,602
and in fact the Soviet Union

537
00:34:05,722 --> 00:34:08,234
had no legal right to stay there."

538
00:34:12,618 --> 00:34:14,786
Iran presented the Security Council

539
00:34:14,906 --> 00:34:16,771
of the newly founded United Nations

540
00:34:16,891 --> 00:34:18,512
with its first crisis.

541
00:34:21,846 --> 00:34:25,096
"That's Mr. Gromyko proposing
to the Security Council

542
00:34:25,216 --> 00:34:28,350
that the hearing of the Persian case
should be postponed."

543
00:34:30,478 --> 00:34:33,626
The Soviet Union tried to prevent
further discussion

544
00:34:33,746 --> 00:34:35,141
they lost.

545
00:34:35,851 --> 00:34:38,755
"Mr. Gromyko and the other
Russians then walked out.

546
00:34:39,062 --> 00:34:40,411
Their dramatic exit

547
00:34:40,531 --> 00:34:43,089
seems to have caused
no obvious reaction at the time,

548
00:34:43,209 --> 00:34:44,634
though we can imagine

549
00:34:44,754 --> 00:34:47,098
what most of those present
were thinking.

550
00:34:48,927 --> 00:34:51,848
One good thing, however,
emerges from this incident.

551
00:34:51,968 --> 00:34:54,724
The Security Council had
stood its ground."

552
00:34:57,346 --> 00:34:58,722
Six weeks later,

553
00:34:58,842 --> 00:35:02,354
Stalin ceremonially withdrew
his forces from Iran.

554
00:35:03,853 --> 00:35:06,404
But Truman, shaken by his behavior,

555
00:35:06,524 --> 00:35:10,366
suspected that Stalin was aiming
at world domination.

556
00:35:10,943 --> 00:35:13,820
"He said, 'I want to be in a position

557
00:35:13,940 --> 00:35:16,752
to document our concern.

558
00:35:17,135 --> 00:35:21,010
Go back over the recent agreements and

559
00:35:22,338 --> 00:35:27,440
list one by one the violations
in which the Soviets

560
00:35:27,560 --> 00:35:28,766
have engaged.'"

561
00:35:28,886 --> 00:35:31,147
"I was then Mr. Clifford's assistant
and he

562
00:35:31,267 --> 00:35:33,015
turned the task over to me.

563
00:35:33,188 --> 00:35:35,937
We talked about it a bit,
and I said, 'Well,

564
00:35:36,057 --> 00:35:37,803
it seems to me that

565
00:35:38,074 --> 00:35:39,984
that's only scratching the surface,

566
00:35:40,104 --> 00:35:42,043
a list of agreements broken.

567
00:35:42,163 --> 00:35:44,557
This is a much more - there are
much more

568
00:35:44,677 --> 00:35:46,953
fundamental problems in
our relations with

569
00:35:47,073 --> 00:35:48,515
the U.S.S.R. than that.

570
00:35:48,635 --> 00:35:51,438
So let's go at it in a somewhat
broader way.'"

571
00:35:52,336 --> 00:35:54,287
"We spent weeks on it then,

572
00:35:54,407 --> 00:35:56,976
interviewed most of the top officials

573
00:35:57,096 --> 00:35:58,614
in the United States."

574
00:35:58,734 --> 00:36:00,375
"There was absolute unanimity,

575
00:36:00,495 --> 00:36:03,114
in all of the agencies concerned,

576
00:36:03,416 --> 00:36:06,966
as to the nature of the problems we had,

577
00:36:07,086 --> 00:36:09,702
and the kind of response we were
going to have to make."

578
00:36:10,081 --> 00:36:12,848
"We ended up the report by saying

579
00:36:14,029 --> 00:36:16,000
the policy of our country

580
00:36:16,120 --> 00:36:18,465
should be set and clearly set.

581
00:36:19,827 --> 00:36:22,424
The Soviet Union constitutes

582
00:36:22,727 --> 00:36:26,826
a real menace to freedom in this world.

583
00:36:27,274 --> 00:36:30,608
Freedom in Europe, freedom
in the United States.

584
00:36:30,728 --> 00:36:32,737
So we must prepare for it."

585
00:36:35,955 --> 00:36:38,692
The Clifford-Elsey report
was kept secret.

586
00:36:45,731 --> 00:36:48,635
The report concluded that
"a war with the U.S.S.R.

587
00:36:48,755 --> 00:36:50,202
would be more total,

588
00:36:50,417 --> 00:36:51,623
more horrible,

589
00:36:51,743 --> 00:36:53,966
than anything previously known."

590
00:36:57,273 --> 00:36:59,042
The United States still had

591
00:36:59,162 --> 00:37:01,079
the monopoly of atomic weapons.

592
00:37:01,199 --> 00:37:03,138
At Bikini Atoll in the Pacific,

593
00:37:03,258 --> 00:37:07,030
two atom bombs were
detonated in July 1946.

594
00:37:08,072 --> 00:37:10,219
The warning to Stalin was plain.

595
00:37:10,597 --> 00:37:12,547
From now on all the big powers

596
00:37:12,667 --> 00:37:16,900
worked frantically to develop their
own atomic and biological weapons.

597
00:37:20,393 --> 00:37:22,989
At the Paris Conference
of Foreign Ministers,

598
00:37:23,109 --> 00:37:26,542
Molotov was determined
to maintain joint allied

599
00:37:26,662 --> 00:37:27,835
of Germany.

600
00:37:30,013 --> 00:37:32,253
But his American counterpart,

601
00:37:32,373 --> 00:37:34,213
Secretary of State Byrnes,

602
00:37:34,333 --> 00:37:37,306
wanted Germany to pay
no more reparations.

603
00:37:37,889 --> 00:37:39,120
For Molotov,

604
00:37:39,240 --> 00:37:41,978
Byrnes was too concerned
with German opinion.

605
00:37:42,229 --> 00:37:43,770
He was outraged.

606
00:37:46,427 --> 00:37:49,087
"Molotov was nicknamed Mr. No,

607
00:37:49,946 --> 00:37:51,714
but if he had been a Mr. Yes,

608
00:37:51,834 --> 00:37:54,373
Stalin would not have kept him on.

609
00:37:58,098 --> 00:38:00,978
Stalin needed a Mr. No,

610
00:38:01,098 --> 00:38:04,094
someone capable of finding out
the maximum information

611
00:38:04,214 --> 00:38:06,203
about the other side's position.

612
00:38:08,922 --> 00:38:11,087
Molotov would squeeze the other side

613
00:38:11,207 --> 00:38:13,156
to its absolute limit.

614
00:38:13,276 --> 00:38:15,456
When he had totally exhausted
these methods

615
00:38:15,576 --> 00:38:17,639
it was Stalin's turn.

616
00:38:18,928 --> 00:38:20,328
He would come back

617
00:38:20,448 --> 00:38:22,593
and resolve matters with
a friendly smile."

618
00:38:26,771 --> 00:38:29,270
It was at Paris that
the wartime alliance

619
00:38:29,390 --> 00:38:31,303
began finally to break up.

620
00:38:32,961 --> 00:38:35,967
The Americans and the British
were impatient to develop

621
00:38:36,087 --> 00:38:38,769
stable economies in
their zones of Germany,

622
00:38:39,030 --> 00:38:40,963
without Soviet interference.

623
00:38:49,125 --> 00:38:50,639
"Stuttgart, Germany.

624
00:38:50,759 --> 00:38:52,834
Scene of an event that marks a new phase

625
00:38:52,954 --> 00:38:54,355
in Europe's destiny.

626
00:38:54,475 --> 00:38:56,296
Secretary of State James F. Byrnes

627
00:38:56,416 --> 00:38:58,080
is here to set forth the policy

628
00:38:58,200 --> 00:39:00,227
of the United States on Germany.

629
00:39:00,460 --> 00:39:02,778
A speech, widely interpreted
as marking the end

630
00:39:02,898 --> 00:39:05,018
of America's appeasement of Russia,

631
00:39:05,138 --> 00:39:07,587
Byrnes tells the Germans
and the world."

632
00:39:07,707 --> 00:39:10,303
"It is not in the interests
of the German people,

633
00:39:10,915 --> 00:39:13,380
or in the interests of world peace,

634
00:39:14,038 --> 00:39:16,634
that Germany should become a pawn

635
00:39:16,754 --> 00:39:18,320
or a partner

636
00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:20,498
in the military struggle for power

637
00:39:20,618 --> 00:39:23,076
between the East and the West."

638
00:39:23,370 --> 00:39:27,376
"I listened to the Byrnes
Stuttgart speech

639
00:39:27,675 --> 00:39:29,494
with marked approval,

640
00:39:29,614 --> 00:39:32,835
because in fact I had written
most of it,

641
00:39:33,433 --> 00:39:36,687
and I -- those of us who worked on it,

642
00:39:36,807 --> 00:39:38,972
and Byrnes, were not

643
00:39:39,092 --> 00:39:41,912
thinking in anti-Soviet terms."

644
00:39:42,032 --> 00:39:44,107
"The American people want to return

645
00:39:44,227 --> 00:39:47,752
the government of Germany
to the people of Germany.

646
00:39:48,226 --> 00:39:50,231
And the American people want to help

647
00:39:50,351 --> 00:39:51,785
the German people

648
00:39:51,905 --> 00:39:53,893
to win their way back

649
00:39:54,237 --> 00:39:56,215
to an honorable place

650
00:39:56,335 --> 00:40:01,183
among the free and peace-loving
nations of the world."

651
00:40:02,951 --> 00:40:05,572
In 1945, the Allies had approved

652
00:40:05,692 --> 00:40:08,473
Poland's annexation of
Germany's eastern provinces,

653
00:40:08,593 --> 00:40:10,881
up to the Oder and Neisse rivers.

654
00:40:11,716 --> 00:40:14,309
But now Byrnes suggested
that the new frontier

655
00:40:14,429 --> 00:40:17,676
was unfair to Germany
and might be changed.

656
00:40:21,913 --> 00:40:23,759
"It was a shocking statement.

657
00:40:26,737 --> 00:40:28,932
It made us think that our western border

658
00:40:29,052 --> 00:40:31,096
was being questioned by the Germans

659
00:40:31,216 --> 00:40:33,289
and by other Western countries.

660
00:40:40,151 --> 00:40:42,406
It was one of the most important things

661
00:40:42,526 --> 00:40:45,506
that strengthened our ties
with the Soviet Union."

662
00:40:53,158 --> 00:40:55,287
"More pictures have arrived from Moscow.

663
00:40:55,407 --> 00:40:57,053
They show the everyday scene

664
00:40:57,173 --> 00:40:59,593
in the Soviet capital's
famous Red Square.

665
00:40:59,713 --> 00:41:01,260
And what's in their shops?

666
00:41:01,380 --> 00:41:03,551
Well, here's a glimpse
of the sort of things

667
00:41:03,671 --> 00:41:04,803
now on display.

668
00:41:04,923 --> 00:41:06,870
These new fashions,
our cameraman tells us,

669
00:41:06,990 --> 00:41:08,069
are so expensive,

670
00:41:08,189 --> 00:41:10,514
that they are quite beyond
the means of ordinary people

671
00:41:10,634 --> 00:41:11,821
in Russia today."

672
00:41:11,941 --> 00:41:13,832
Ordinary people were much worse off

673
00:41:13,952 --> 00:41:15,420
than the newsreels showed.

674
00:41:19,381 --> 00:41:21,593
"It was a very hard time.

675
00:41:21,946 --> 00:41:24,203
I had a son who was 1 1/2 years old.

676
00:41:24,323 --> 00:41:26,417
He used to get a plate from the cupboard

677
00:41:26,537 --> 00:41:29,037
and walk after me saying:
'Give me, give me.'

678
00:41:29,422 --> 00:41:31,053
But I had nothing to give him.

679
00:41:31,173 --> 00:41:35,621
We used to go to the market
and buy horsefeed."

680
00:41:38,641 --> 00:41:40,322
On the collective farms,

681
00:41:40,442 --> 00:41:43,729
war damage and the death of so
many workers at the front

682
00:41:43,849 --> 00:41:46,307
were deepening a grave food shortage.

683
00:41:46,427 --> 00:41:48,473
"I took a trip down through the Ukraine

684
00:41:48,593 --> 00:41:50,586
and it was the time of the '47 famine

685
00:41:50,706 --> 00:41:52,010
that was going on down there

686
00:41:52,130 --> 00:41:54,609
about which nothing was heard
in the outside world.

687
00:41:54,729 --> 00:41:57,793
The Soviets were talking
about great grain harvests

688
00:41:57,913 --> 00:41:59,686
and everything else. We got down there.

689
00:41:59,806 --> 00:42:02,582
On the train stops you
would see children with

690
00:42:02,702 --> 00:42:05,034
distended bellies begging for bread,

691
00:42:05,154 --> 00:42:07,750
at the Odessa itself,

692
00:42:07,870 --> 00:42:09,989
people lying out on the streets
outside the hospitals

693
00:42:10,109 --> 00:42:12,752
where they couldn't take them in,
starving to death.

694
00:42:12,872 --> 00:42:15,197
There was malnutrition everywhere."

695
00:42:18,814 --> 00:42:22,288
In Germany, too, hunger
and disease were spreading.

696
00:42:27,144 --> 00:42:29,273
The nightmare of the Western Allies

697
00:42:29,393 --> 00:42:31,580
was that poverty would drive the Germans

698
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:33,325
towards communism.

699
00:42:40,399 --> 00:42:42,461
"There was never enough food.

700
00:42:45,061 --> 00:42:46,861
We were always hungry.

701
00:42:48,132 --> 00:42:51,737
In those days we went on
scavenging trips.

702
00:42:51,857 --> 00:42:54,219
We went to farmers and begged.

703
00:42:54,876 --> 00:42:56,884
Sometimes we got something,

704
00:42:57,164 --> 00:42:59,938
other times nothing."

705
00:43:01,217 --> 00:43:04,153
America's General Lucius Clay reflected,

706
00:43:04,273 --> 00:43:06,525
"There is no choice between
being a communist

707
00:43:06,645 --> 00:43:08,797
on 1,500 calories a day

708
00:43:08,917 --> 00:43:10,712
and a believer in democracy

709
00:43:10,832 --> 00:43:12,169
on a thousand."

710
00:43:17,531 --> 00:43:20,837
Aid to Germany cost Britain
over a million dollars a day.

711
00:43:21,442 --> 00:43:23,469
But British supplies were not enough

712
00:43:23,589 --> 00:43:25,181
to save thousands of Germans,

713
00:43:25,301 --> 00:43:28,460
who died that winter
for lack of food and fuel.

714
00:43:41,743 --> 00:43:43,657
Britain too was weakening.

715
00:43:43,777 --> 00:43:46,627
The fierce winter of 1946-47

716
00:43:46,747 --> 00:43:48,820
brought industry to a standstill.

717
00:43:48,940 --> 00:43:50,437
The country's economy,

718
00:43:50,557 --> 00:43:52,504
undermined by six years of war,

719
00:43:52,624 --> 00:43:54,144
began to seize up.

720
00:43:54,264 --> 00:43:56,999
Coal ran out, electricity failed,

721
00:43:57,119 --> 00:43:59,452
and food rationing grew even tighter.

722
00:44:01,964 --> 00:44:03,812
"You know, people forget again:

723
00:44:03,932 --> 00:44:06,963
We never had bread rationing
during the war,

724
00:44:07,543 --> 00:44:09,738
we had bread rationing after it.

725
00:44:10,578 --> 00:44:13,426
And that was because
we were pouring wheat

726
00:44:13,688 --> 00:44:16,919
into Germany to prevent
mass starvation there."

727
00:44:18,175 --> 00:44:20,584
"That was a bad winter altogether.

728
00:44:20,704 --> 00:44:23,502
It was cold and the crops were bad,

729
00:44:23,622 --> 00:44:26,721
people were unhappy, and the

730
00:44:26,841 --> 00:44:28,734
communists were making

731
00:44:28,854 --> 00:44:32,482
strenuous gains here, there
and the other place,

732
00:44:32,602 --> 00:44:34,828
particularly in Italy and in France,

733
00:44:35,286 --> 00:44:37,406
but also in Germany."

734
00:44:41,570 --> 00:44:43,539
The British could no longer afford

735
00:44:43,659 --> 00:44:46,577
all their heavy commitments
in the Mediterranean.

736
00:44:48,638 --> 00:44:51,766
They told the Americans
they intended to pull out.

737
00:44:53,554 --> 00:44:56,626
"The message came and it was flat.

738
00:44:56,746 --> 00:45:00,212
It said, 'Great Britain is withdrawing

739
00:45:00,734 --> 00:45:03,386
from both economic aid

740
00:45:03,506 --> 00:45:06,855
and military aid to Greece and Turkey.'"

741
00:45:07,519 --> 00:45:09,415
"This simply crystallized

742
00:45:09,535 --> 00:45:11,871
the opinions in the executive branch

743
00:45:11,991 --> 00:45:13,715
that the United States had

744
00:45:13,835 --> 00:45:16,992
to move and move very, very quickly."

745
00:45:17,112 --> 00:45:19,607
"The prospect didn't look
good at all for

746
00:45:20,952 --> 00:45:24,075
Europe or for the United States
or for anybody."

747
00:45:27,093 --> 00:45:30,249
In Washington, President Truman
went to Congress.

748
00:45:31,704 --> 00:45:33,253
From now on, he announced,

749
00:45:33,373 --> 00:45:35,043
the United States would contain

750
00:45:35,163 --> 00:45:36,603
the advance of communism

751
00:45:36,723 --> 00:45:38,866
anywhere on the globe.

752
00:45:41,114 --> 00:45:44,520
This, at last, was
the official declaration

753
00:45:44,640 --> 00:45:46,336
of the Cold War.

754
00:45:47,283 --> 00:45:50,450
Subtitles by
Juan Claudio Epsteyn

755
00:45:51,328 --> 00:45:54,828
E-mail:
epsteyn@hotmail.com