1
00:00:06,872 --> 00:00:09,546
One of the CIA's
greatest spies,
2
00:00:09,608 --> 00:00:11,417
Dmitri Polyakov,
3
00:00:11,477 --> 00:00:13,150
is caught by
the KGB
4
00:00:13,212 --> 00:00:16,557
and strip searched.
5
00:00:16,615 --> 00:00:19,027
His head is held
in an arm-lock
6
00:00:19,085 --> 00:00:22,862
to prevent him
taking poison.
7
00:00:22,922 --> 00:00:24,868
[man speaking German]
8
00:00:24,924 --> 00:00:26,870
INTERPRETER:
The invisible front,
9
00:00:26,926 --> 00:00:29,634
that's what it was
in the Cold War,
10
00:00:29,695 --> 00:00:33,643
and for us
it was war.
11
00:00:33,699 --> 00:00:36,475
The soldiers may
have been on alert,
12
00:00:36,535 --> 00:00:39,982
but for us and the others
who went out into the cold,
13
00:00:40,039 --> 00:00:42,918
it was actual war.
14
00:00:46,512 --> 00:00:51,723
15
00:01:26,519 --> 00:01:30,661
NARRATION:
Dawn on the 16th of July, 1945.
16
00:01:30,723 --> 00:01:32,999
Allied scientists
at Los Alamos leave
17
00:01:33,058 --> 00:01:35,299
for the New Mexico
desert,
18
00:01:35,361 --> 00:01:40,276
to watch the test
of the first atomic bomb.
19
00:01:40,332 --> 00:01:42,642
They have been working
for years
20
00:01:42,701 --> 00:01:47,207
under a blanket
of total secrecy.
21
00:01:47,273 --> 00:01:50,152
Ted Hall,
at 19,
22
00:01:50,209 --> 00:01:53,019
was the youngest scientist
on the project.
23
00:01:53,078 --> 00:01:55,058
HALL:
I was there.
24
00:01:55,114 --> 00:01:58,425
Or at least I was there
in a truck or lorry
25
00:01:58,484 --> 00:02:00,486
some distance away.
26
00:02:00,553 --> 00:02:02,760
It was considered to be
a safe distance away.
27
00:02:02,822 --> 00:02:04,768
I can't remember
if there was
28
00:02:04,824 --> 00:02:06,770
any signal circulated
29
00:02:06,826 --> 00:02:08,772
that the test
was about to be made.
30
00:02:08,828 --> 00:02:11,672
But anyway,
the damn thing went off,
31
00:02:11,730 --> 00:02:15,041
and it was
a rather awesome sight.
32
00:02:20,472 --> 00:02:22,418
NARRATION:
For Ted Hall,
33
00:02:22,474 --> 00:02:26,012
the Cold War had begun
the year before.
34
00:02:26,078 --> 00:02:28,024
I decided to give
atomic secrets
35
00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:29,855
to the Russians
36
00:02:29,915 --> 00:02:32,828
because it seemed to me
that it was important
37
00:02:32,885 --> 00:02:35,058
that there should be
no monopoly,
38
00:02:35,120 --> 00:02:37,066
which would turn one nation
into a menace
39
00:02:37,122 --> 00:02:39,659
and turn it loose
on the world
40
00:02:39,725 --> 00:02:43,195
as Nazi Germany developed.
41
00:02:43,262 --> 00:02:45,173
There seemed to be
only one answer
42
00:02:45,231 --> 00:02:47,973
to what
one should do.
43
00:02:48,033 --> 00:02:51,708
The right thing to do
was to act
44
00:02:51,770 --> 00:02:55,513
to break
the American monopoly.
45
00:02:55,574 --> 00:03:00,023
NARRATION:
Others thought the same way.
46
00:03:00,079 --> 00:03:03,026
The KGB had several sources
inside Los Alamos,
47
00:03:03,082 --> 00:03:05,255
unknown
to one another.
48
00:03:05,317 --> 00:03:07,923
The scientist Klaus Fuchs
and Ted Hall
49
00:03:07,987 --> 00:03:09,933
both passed on details
50
00:03:09,989 --> 00:03:12,902
of how to detonate
nuclear weapons by implosion --
51
00:03:12,958 --> 00:03:15,564
a principle
so new to Soviet science
52
00:03:15,628 --> 00:03:19,132
that there was
no equivalent word in Russian.
53
00:03:22,668 --> 00:03:24,341
In 1949,
54
00:03:24,403 --> 00:03:27,213
the Soviets exploded
their first atom bomb.
55
00:03:27,273 --> 00:03:29,219
Triggered
by implosion,
56
00:03:29,275 --> 00:03:31,255
it copied key elements
of the American bomb
57
00:03:31,310 --> 00:03:33,916
that destroyed Nagasaki.
58
00:03:33,979 --> 00:03:36,391
The atom spies had
saved the Soviet Union
59
00:03:36,448 --> 00:03:39,918
perhaps two years
of research.
60
00:03:39,985 --> 00:03:42,693
Ted Hall was questioned
by the FBI
61
00:03:42,755 --> 00:03:44,962
in March, 1951,
62
00:03:45,024 --> 00:03:48,096
but not charged,
for lack of evidence.
63
00:03:48,160 --> 00:03:50,333
A month later,
64
00:03:50,396 --> 00:03:54,105
KGB agents
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
65
00:03:54,166 --> 00:03:55,770
were sentenced
to death.
66
00:03:55,834 --> 00:03:58,747
Amid the anti-Soviet fervor
of the time,
67
00:03:58,804 --> 00:04:01,375
they became the only spies
ever executed
68
00:04:01,440 --> 00:04:03,613
in peacetime
America.
69
00:04:03,676 --> 00:04:05,883
HALL:
It was gruesome.
70
00:04:05,945 --> 00:04:08,585
And certainly brought home
the fact
71
00:04:08,647 --> 00:04:12,060
that there were flames
consuming people,
72
00:04:12,117 --> 00:04:16,691
and that we were pretty close
to being consumed.
73
00:04:16,755 --> 00:04:20,168
NARRATION:
The intelligence war was lopsided.
74
00:04:20,225 --> 00:04:22,432
The KGB operated
in the West,
75
00:04:22,494 --> 00:04:26,840
but the CIA confronted
a closed world.
76
00:04:26,899 --> 00:04:30,904
Trains crossing
the Finnish border into Russia
77
00:04:30,970 --> 00:04:34,543
were sealed
by steel shutters.
78
00:04:34,606 --> 00:04:38,315
The United States faced
a long famine of information.
79
00:04:40,446 --> 00:04:42,392
MAN:
This lack of understanding
80
00:04:42,448 --> 00:04:45,122
of how the Soviet system
functioned,
81
00:04:45,184 --> 00:04:48,688
would dog us
in CIA
82
00:04:48,754 --> 00:04:51,428
throughout
the entire Cold War,
83
00:04:51,490 --> 00:04:54,369
whether it was
the Soviet Union itself
84
00:04:54,426 --> 00:04:56,872
or the carbon copies
of the Soviet Union
85
00:04:56,929 --> 00:04:58,533
in East Germany
and in Cuba,
86
00:04:58,597 --> 00:05:00,770
and you name it.
87
00:05:04,536 --> 00:05:06,607
NARRATION:
Most early infiltration operations
88
00:05:06,672 --> 00:05:08,481
into the Soviet Union
89
00:05:08,540 --> 00:05:10,918
were doomed
from the start.
90
00:05:13,178 --> 00:05:16,182
Western agents were
betrayed by KGB spies,
91
00:05:16,248 --> 00:05:18,194
like the British
intelligence officer
92
00:05:18,250 --> 00:05:20,662
Kim Philby.
93
00:05:20,719 --> 00:05:22,596
Philby came
to public attention
94
00:05:22,654 --> 00:05:24,258
because of his association
95
00:05:24,323 --> 00:05:26,269
with fellow double agents
Guy Burgess
96
00:05:26,325 --> 00:05:29,101
and Donald Maclean.
97
00:05:29,161 --> 00:05:31,266
NARRATOR: Philby, on the right,
holds a press conference
98
00:05:31,330 --> 00:05:33,276
to deny charges
that he was involved
99
00:05:33,332 --> 00:05:35,812
in the disappearance
of Burgess and Maclean.
100
00:05:35,868 --> 00:05:37,472
REPORTER:
Well, if there was a third man,
101
00:05:37,536 --> 00:05:39,015
were you, in fact
the third man?
102
00:05:39,071 --> 00:05:40,345
No, I was not.
103
00:05:40,406 --> 00:05:42,010
Do you think
there was one?
104
00:05:42,074 --> 00:05:43,985
No comment.
105
00:05:44,043 --> 00:05:45,647
Well, Mr. Philby,
the disappearance
106
00:05:45,711 --> 00:05:47,657
of Burgess and Maclean
is almost as much
107
00:05:47,713 --> 00:05:49,886
of a mystery today as it was
when they went away
108
00:05:49,948 --> 00:05:52,394
about four years ago
or more.
109
00:05:52,451 --> 00:05:54,522
Can you shed
any light on it at all?
110
00:05:54,586 --> 00:05:56,623
No, I can't.
111
00:05:56,688 --> 00:05:59,362
[ Man speaking Russian ]
112
00:05:59,425 --> 00:06:02,531
INTERPRETER:
Philby told us a lot about those missions.
113
00:06:05,798 --> 00:06:07,937
He told us
about the numbers of people.
114
00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:10,139
He told us
about the coordinates,
115
00:06:10,202 --> 00:06:13,115
where and how the operations
would be carried out,
116
00:06:13,172 --> 00:06:15,243
whether they would be
parachuted in
117
00:06:15,307 --> 00:06:17,583
or sent in
by sea.
118
00:06:17,643 --> 00:06:20,283
Those areas were of course
surrounded
119
00:06:20,345 --> 00:06:22,291
by Soviet
counterintelligence
120
00:06:22,347 --> 00:06:24,452
and they were caught.
121
00:06:26,885 --> 00:06:28,831
The normal routine was
122
00:06:28,887 --> 00:06:33,700
that the agents
were interrogated.
123
00:06:33,759 --> 00:06:37,571
Some were very hostile
and kept silent.
124
00:06:37,629 --> 00:06:39,575
In doing so,
125
00:06:39,631 --> 00:06:42,771
they signed
their own death warrants.
126
00:06:42,835 --> 00:06:45,406
NARRATION:
In 1953,
127
00:06:45,471 --> 00:06:47,883
Soviet émigré
Mikhail Kudriavtsev
128
00:06:47,940 --> 00:06:49,715
parachuted
into Russia
129
00:06:49,775 --> 00:06:53,621
to spy
for the CIA.
130
00:06:53,679 --> 00:06:55,454
[speaking Russian ]
131
00:06:55,514 --> 00:06:57,619
After we were dropped in,
we were tied up
132
00:06:57,683 --> 00:06:59,993
and taken off
to the KGB.
133
00:07:02,754 --> 00:07:05,325
When the investigator
from Moscow arrived --
134
00:07:05,390 --> 00:07:08,394
and he arrived suspiciously
quickly by nightfall...
135
00:07:10,596 --> 00:07:12,542
I got the impression
that they had been
136
00:07:12,598 --> 00:07:14,544
waiting for us,
137
00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:19,276
that somehow the KGB knew
we were coming.
138
00:07:19,338 --> 00:07:22,410
NARRATION:
Kudriavtsev saved his life
139
00:07:22,474 --> 00:07:24,579
by telling the KGB
everything
140
00:07:24,643 --> 00:07:27,419
and agreeing to parrot
a prepared statement
141
00:07:27,479 --> 00:07:30,926
at this heavily stage-managed
press conference.
142
00:07:30,983 --> 00:07:32,929
[ Kudriavtsev
speaking Russian ]
143
00:07:32,985 --> 00:07:35,966
INTERPRETER:
This is me.
144
00:07:38,524 --> 00:07:40,663
Before we spoke
at that conference,
145
00:07:40,726 --> 00:07:42,672
we were given scripts
146
00:07:42,728 --> 00:07:45,402
that we had two days
to learn by heart.
147
00:07:48,400 --> 00:07:51,745
NARRATION:
Kudriavtsev told the world of his great error
148
00:07:51,803 --> 00:07:54,511
in ever thinking ill
of the Soviet Union --
149
00:07:54,573 --> 00:07:56,985
let alone
trying to topple it.
150
00:07:57,042 --> 00:07:58,988
[speaking Russian ]
151
00:07:59,044 --> 00:08:02,287
It was hard for me
to say those things --
152
00:08:02,347 --> 00:08:04,384
very hard.
153
00:08:04,449 --> 00:08:07,521
But I had to do it,
154
00:08:07,586 --> 00:08:11,398
in order not to be
taken back to the Lubyanka.
155
00:08:11,456 --> 00:08:13,800
You begin to believe
156
00:08:13,859 --> 00:08:15,702
that this was a service
157
00:08:15,761 --> 00:08:17,763
that really had
enormous coverage
158
00:08:17,829 --> 00:08:19,775
and that everything
we did --
159
00:08:19,831 --> 00:08:22,209
you know, not a sparrow
could fall
160
00:08:22,267 --> 00:08:25,214
without this enormous KGB
finding out about it
161
00:08:25,270 --> 00:08:28,149
because in terms of our own
individual experiences,
162
00:08:28,207 --> 00:08:31,017
we know --
or we knew --
163
00:08:31,076 --> 00:08:33,215
that the operations
we were involved in
164
00:08:33,278 --> 00:08:37,522
had been betrayed
by people like Kim Philby.
165
00:08:37,583 --> 00:08:40,587
NARRATION:
The KGB put vast arrays
166
00:08:40,652 --> 00:08:43,656
of captured CIA equipment
on show.
167
00:08:43,722 --> 00:08:46,066
The West had suffered
failure abroad
168
00:08:46,124 --> 00:08:48,126
and betrayal at home.
169
00:08:48,193 --> 00:08:51,766
It was back
to the drawing board.
170
00:08:51,830 --> 00:08:55,437
[explosions]
171
00:08:55,500 --> 00:08:58,242
The Korean War provided
further blows
172
00:08:58,303 --> 00:09:00,249
to the CIA's self-confidence,
173
00:09:00,305 --> 00:09:02,410
highlighting gaps
in forecasting
174
00:09:02,474 --> 00:09:04,818
and assessment.
175
00:09:04,876 --> 00:09:07,823
MAN: The CIA was wrong about
the start of the war.
176
00:09:07,879 --> 00:09:11,088
They were wrong
about the Chinese involvement
177
00:09:11,149 --> 00:09:13,425
and intervention
in the war.
178
00:09:13,485 --> 00:09:15,431
And they were wrong about
the capabilities
179
00:09:15,487 --> 00:09:19,162
of the North Korean forces.
180
00:09:19,224 --> 00:09:20,931
I think the Korean War,
181
00:09:20,993 --> 00:09:23,405
in terms of
its intelligence failures,
182
00:09:23,462 --> 00:09:26,534
left a lot of lessons
for the policy community
183
00:09:26,598 --> 00:09:28,600
and the intelligence
community.
184
00:09:28,667 --> 00:09:30,647
And one of those
lessons was
185
00:09:30,702 --> 00:09:32,113
that indeed,
we would have to get
186
00:09:32,170 --> 00:09:33,672
better
technical intelligence
187
00:09:33,739 --> 00:09:35,946
and make more
of a commitment
188
00:09:36,008 --> 00:09:40,081
to signals intelligence
and communications intelligence.
189
00:09:40,145 --> 00:09:43,149
And with this,
you get resources put
190
00:09:43,215 --> 00:09:45,126
with the National
Security Agency,
191
00:09:45,183 --> 00:09:46,890
under the Pentagon,
192
00:09:46,952 --> 00:09:49,023
in order to develop
a capability
193
00:09:49,087 --> 00:09:52,091
to intercept messages
around the world.
194
00:09:52,157 --> 00:09:55,297
And this produced
extremely vital information
195
00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:58,204
to the intelligence
community.
196
00:10:00,599 --> 00:10:03,671
NARRATION:
Berlin was a communications nub,
197
00:10:03,735 --> 00:10:07,308
where countless Soviet Bloc
phone and teleprinter lines
198
00:10:07,372 --> 00:10:11,787
cries-crossed
beneath the city.
199
00:10:11,843 --> 00:10:13,789
To intercept them,
200
00:10:13,845 --> 00:10:15,916
The Americans and British
drove a tunnel
201
00:10:15,981 --> 00:10:18,860
deep into
the Soviet sector.
202
00:10:18,917 --> 00:10:21,363
MURPHY:
The purpose of the Berlin tunnel
203
00:10:21,420 --> 00:10:24,492
was to tap
the communications lines
204
00:10:24,556 --> 00:10:27,036
of the Soviet forces
in East Germany,
205
00:10:27,092 --> 00:10:28,901
in Poland,
206
00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:31,167
and their links
with Moscow,
207
00:10:31,229 --> 00:10:33,266
in order to provide
current intelligence
208
00:10:33,332 --> 00:10:35,778
on those forces,
209
00:10:35,834 --> 00:10:40,908
and also early warning.
210
00:10:40,972 --> 00:10:43,009
The lines from the taps
211
00:10:43,075 --> 00:10:46,022
would come down
into the tunnel itself,
212
00:10:46,078 --> 00:10:48,217
and first they would
be amplified,
213
00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:50,590
because then we had
to run the lines up
214
00:10:50,649 --> 00:10:52,458
into the area
of the warehouse
215
00:10:52,517 --> 00:10:55,020
where we had hundreds
and hundreds of recorders
216
00:10:55,087 --> 00:10:57,465
that operated day and night
217
00:10:57,522 --> 00:11:00,594
and recorded every single bit
of this stuff.
218
00:11:00,659 --> 00:11:03,230
[ Overlapping conversations ]
219
00:11:03,295 --> 00:11:05,241
NARRATION:
From the start,
220
00:11:05,297 --> 00:11:07,971
this operation was
betrayed to the KGB
221
00:11:08,033 --> 00:11:10,377
by a source inside
British intelligence --
222
00:11:10,435 --> 00:11:12,676
George Blake.
223
00:11:12,738 --> 00:11:15,412
I was
secretary at the meeting
224
00:11:15,474 --> 00:11:18,944
at which this tunnel
was being planned,
225
00:11:19,010 --> 00:11:22,423
and so I was able
226
00:11:22,481 --> 00:11:24,586
to draw
a very simple sketch
227
00:11:24,649 --> 00:11:28,825
which showed how
the tunnel was going to run
228
00:11:28,887 --> 00:11:33,597
and what cables it was
intended to attack.
229
00:11:35,660 --> 00:11:37,936
NARRATION: Blake had served as
a British intelligence officer
230
00:11:37,996 --> 00:11:39,532
in Seoul.
231
00:11:39,598 --> 00:11:41,942
Captured by
the North Koreans,
232
00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:45,174
he witnessed the West's
bombing of civilians.
233
00:11:45,237 --> 00:11:49,083
BLAKE:
When I saw these enormous
234
00:11:49,141 --> 00:11:51,849
American flying fortresses
235
00:11:51,910 --> 00:11:54,914
flying low
over what seemed to be
236
00:11:54,980 --> 00:11:57,620
defenseless
Korean villages,
237
00:11:57,682 --> 00:12:02,495
I felt a feeling
of shame.
238
00:12:02,554 --> 00:12:05,228
I felt very acutely
239
00:12:05,290 --> 00:12:07,236
that I was
on the wrong side
240
00:12:07,292 --> 00:12:10,432
and that I should do
something about it.
241
00:12:12,831 --> 00:12:14,868
Blake went home
to Britain
242
00:12:14,933 --> 00:12:16,708
in the first group
of POWs
243
00:12:16,768 --> 00:12:18,372
released from Korea
244
00:12:18,437 --> 00:12:21,043
after the 1953 armistice.
245
00:12:21,106 --> 00:12:23,052
How did you find
the food out there, Mr. Blake?
246
00:12:23,108 --> 00:12:25,054
Well, the food was
adequate but monotonous.
247
00:12:25,110 --> 00:12:27,056
It was monotonous,
was it?
248
00:12:27,112 --> 00:12:28,853
- Very monotonous.
- Anything special?
249
00:12:28,914 --> 00:12:30,825
I mean, any odd things
they gave you to eat?
250
00:12:30,882 --> 00:12:33,362
No, just rice
and turnips, mainly.
251
00:12:33,418 --> 00:12:35,329
Pretty impressive diet,
isn't it?
252
00:12:35,387 --> 00:12:37,060
Three times a day.
253
00:12:37,122 --> 00:12:39,261
NARRATION: Blake slipped back
into British intelligence,
254
00:12:39,324 --> 00:12:44,467
only now he was
a KGB spy.
255
00:12:44,529 --> 00:12:47,100
I was given
a Minox camera,
256
00:12:47,165 --> 00:12:50,942
and I carried that
Minox camera with me
257
00:12:51,002 --> 00:12:53,881
whenever I went
to work...
258
00:12:56,107 --> 00:12:58,485
like I carried
my wallet with me.
259
00:12:58,543 --> 00:13:01,251
And the reason was that
I never knew
260
00:13:01,313 --> 00:13:03,554
what important documents
261
00:13:03,615 --> 00:13:05,925
I might find
on my desk
262
00:13:05,984 --> 00:13:08,988
which were worthwhile
photographing.
263
00:13:09,054 --> 00:13:12,092
NARRATION:
Blake's warning about the tunnel
264
00:13:12,157 --> 00:13:14,467
gave the KGB
a problem.
265
00:13:14,526 --> 00:13:19,566
To move against it
risked exposing him.
266
00:13:19,631 --> 00:13:21,907
[speaking Russian ]
267
00:13:21,967 --> 00:13:24,345
This was an argument
not to take
268
00:13:24,402 --> 00:13:26,382
any measures
against the tunnel,
269
00:13:26,438 --> 00:13:29,112
not to send any
disinformation down the tunnel,
270
00:13:29,174 --> 00:13:32,485
not to show that we knew
anything about the tunnel.
271
00:13:34,513 --> 00:13:36,493
This was a very important
consideration
272
00:13:36,548 --> 00:13:38,585
because as long
as Blake remained
273
00:13:38,650 --> 00:13:40,630
inside British intelligence,
274
00:13:40,685 --> 00:13:44,098
we knew he'd be
of great value to us.
275
00:13:44,155 --> 00:13:45,862
[ Overlapping conversations ]
276
00:13:45,924 --> 00:13:47,870
NARRATION:
So the Berlin tunnel operated
277
00:13:47,926 --> 00:13:49,769
courtesy
of the KGB,
278
00:13:49,828 --> 00:13:54,402
and the CIA basked in
a signals intelligence bonanza.
279
00:13:54,466 --> 00:13:58,039
We got military order
of battle
280
00:13:58,103 --> 00:14:00,549
on the Soviet forces
in Germany
281
00:14:00,605 --> 00:14:02,551
and in Poland.
282
00:14:02,607 --> 00:14:04,712
We got information
283
00:14:04,776 --> 00:14:07,450
which came from Moscow --
284
00:14:07,512 --> 00:14:09,150
for example, on the whole
reorganization
285
00:14:09,214 --> 00:14:10,716
of the Ministry
of Defense.
286
00:14:10,782 --> 00:14:13,558
But the real, real
kicker in all this was
287
00:14:13,618 --> 00:14:15,859
the fact that we got
something
288
00:14:15,921 --> 00:14:17,764
we never expected to get --
289
00:14:17,822 --> 00:14:23,101
we got all kinds
of personality data,
290
00:14:23,161 --> 00:14:25,732
operational data
on the operations
291
00:14:25,797 --> 00:14:28,607
of the Soviet military
counterintelligence.
292
00:14:28,667 --> 00:14:30,806
So that we were,
at that point,
293
00:14:30,869 --> 00:14:33,577
totally on top,
we thought,
294
00:14:33,638 --> 00:14:35,311
of the counterintelligence
picture
295
00:14:35,373 --> 00:14:38,047
in Berlin.
296
00:14:38,109 --> 00:14:41,647
NARRATION:
But the KGB was just choosing its moment
297
00:14:41,713 --> 00:14:45,058
to pull the plug
on the tunnel.
298
00:14:45,116 --> 00:14:46,493
They warned me beforehand
299
00:14:46,551 --> 00:14:48,428
that it was
going to happen,
300
00:14:48,486 --> 00:14:50,932
so I was rather
on tenterhooks,
301
00:14:50,989 --> 00:14:52,969
and you can imagine,
302
00:14:53,024 --> 00:14:55,368
what the outcome
would be.
303
00:14:58,430 --> 00:15:01,343
NARRATION:
Heavy rain one April night in 1956
304
00:15:01,399 --> 00:15:03,401
caused a cable failure,
305
00:15:03,468 --> 00:15:05,607
giving the KGB
the excuse it needed --
306
00:15:05,670 --> 00:15:08,810
turning the West's
intelligence feat
307
00:15:08,873 --> 00:15:11,353
into a Soviet propaganda
victory.
308
00:15:13,545 --> 00:15:15,456
Obviously, there --
309
00:15:15,513 --> 00:15:18,426
I mean, there was
a feeling of, you know,
310
00:15:18,483 --> 00:15:20,554
of great unhappiness.
311
00:15:20,619 --> 00:15:23,259
On the other hand,
you know,
312
00:15:23,321 --> 00:15:25,130
you just sort of
shrugged your shoulders
313
00:15:25,190 --> 00:15:28,399
and said, "Well, we were
lucky it lasted that long."
314
00:15:28,460 --> 00:15:30,406
NARRATION:
Five years later,
315
00:15:30,462 --> 00:15:32,840
George Blake
was himself betrayed,
316
00:15:32,897 --> 00:15:35,571
and sentenced
to 42 years in prison.
317
00:15:35,634 --> 00:15:37,910
He had given the KGB
the names
318
00:15:37,969 --> 00:15:40,449
of nearly 400 agents
working for the West,
319
00:15:40,505 --> 00:15:44,248
supposedly on condition
that they wouldn't be harmed.
320
00:15:44,309 --> 00:15:46,346
BLAKE:
During my trial,
321
00:15:46,411 --> 00:15:49,255
which was held
in camera,
322
00:15:49,314 --> 00:15:52,022
so everything could
be said there,
323
00:15:52,083 --> 00:15:55,292
there was no mention
at all --
324
00:15:55,353 --> 00:15:58,300
it wasn't part
of the prosecutor's case --
325
00:15:58,356 --> 00:16:02,168
that I had been responsible
for the death
326
00:16:02,227 --> 00:16:06,471
of any number
of agents.
327
00:16:06,531 --> 00:16:09,637
NARRATION:
But armed with Blake's names,
328
00:16:09,701 --> 00:16:11,647
Moscow simply waited
329
00:16:11,703 --> 00:16:15,344
until they had
sufficient additional evidence.
330
00:16:15,407 --> 00:16:18,513
MAN: George Blake had that
innocent mind in a sense.
331
00:16:18,576 --> 00:16:21,580
He's still
a very naive man.
332
00:16:21,646 --> 00:16:23,592
He didn't want to know
333
00:16:23,648 --> 00:16:26,891
that many people
he betrayed
334
00:16:26,951 --> 00:16:29,727
were executed.
335
00:16:29,788 --> 00:16:32,064
And I think
336
00:16:32,123 --> 00:16:35,195
we even discussed
this subject at one point,
337
00:16:35,260 --> 00:16:36,864
and he wouldn't
believe it.
338
00:16:36,928 --> 00:16:38,373
He would say,
339
00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:40,376
"Well, I was told
that this would not happen."
340
00:16:40,432 --> 00:16:43,003
It did happen.
He was not told.
341
00:16:48,506 --> 00:16:50,452
As the Cold War
intensified
342
00:16:50,508 --> 00:16:52,283
through the 1950s,
343
00:16:52,343 --> 00:16:54,448
pressure
on the CIA increased.
344
00:16:54,512 --> 00:16:56,287
The West was desperate
for detail
345
00:16:56,347 --> 00:16:58,827
about the size and strength
of Soviet forces,
346
00:16:58,883 --> 00:17:00,829
glimpsed
and photographed
347
00:17:00,885 --> 00:17:04,458
at Moscow air shows
or May Day parades.
348
00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:10,770
It was
the Soviet missile force
349
00:17:10,829 --> 00:17:13,070
which worried
the CIA the most,
350
00:17:13,131 --> 00:17:15,611
and about which
they knew the least.
351
00:17:17,802 --> 00:17:21,306
There was limited
human intelligence
352
00:17:21,372 --> 00:17:23,648
about the missile
deployments
353
00:17:23,708 --> 00:17:25,585
in the Soviet Union.
354
00:17:25,643 --> 00:17:27,919
There were some
communications intelligence
355
00:17:27,979 --> 00:17:29,925
which would suggest
356
00:17:29,981 --> 00:17:31,722
that this facility
or this town
357
00:17:31,783 --> 00:17:34,389
may be involved
in missile activities,
358
00:17:34,452 --> 00:17:37,228
because of communications
with known missile sites.
359
00:17:37,288 --> 00:17:39,199
But what we were missing
360
00:17:39,257 --> 00:17:41,328
was any firm, hard evidence
361
00:17:41,392 --> 00:17:44,202
of actual deployment
of missiles.
362
00:17:44,262 --> 00:17:46,640
NARRATION:
From 1956,
363
00:17:46,698 --> 00:17:50,111
American technical superiority
started providing answers.
364
00:17:50,168 --> 00:17:53,115
The CIA's own
reconnaissance plane,
365
00:17:53,171 --> 00:17:54,809
the U2,
366
00:17:54,873 --> 00:17:57,717
flew high over Russia
to photograph Soviet bases.
367
00:17:57,776 --> 00:18:00,347
But in four years
of searching,
368
00:18:00,411 --> 00:18:01,754
found no operational
369
00:18:01,813 --> 00:18:05,522
intercontinental ballistic
missile launch sites.
370
00:18:08,620 --> 00:18:10,566
Then in 1960,
371
00:18:10,622 --> 00:18:12,158
the Americans successfully
launched
372
00:18:12,223 --> 00:18:14,169
a satellite fitted
with a camera.
373
00:18:14,225 --> 00:18:16,102
After 17 orbits,
374
00:18:16,161 --> 00:18:17,868
the film capsule
was ejected,
375
00:18:17,929 --> 00:18:19,306
caught mid-air,
376
00:18:19,364 --> 00:18:21,970
and brought back
to earth for analysis.
377
00:18:22,033 --> 00:18:24,980
A subsequent flight
confirmed the existence
378
00:18:25,036 --> 00:18:29,678
of just one Soviet ICBM
launch site.
379
00:18:29,741 --> 00:18:32,449
The rest of the puzzle's pieces
were provided
380
00:18:32,510 --> 00:18:36,185
by perhaps the greatest spy
of the Cold War.
381
00:18:36,247 --> 00:18:39,524
MAN:
This is a photograph of Oleg Penkovsky,
382
00:18:39,584 --> 00:18:41,530
colonel
in the Red Army,
383
00:18:41,586 --> 00:18:43,293
with all of his medals
which he earned
384
00:18:43,354 --> 00:18:45,356
during World War ll --
385
00:18:45,423 --> 00:18:47,232
a handsome soldier
386
00:18:47,292 --> 00:18:50,205
and a great
American patriot.
387
00:18:53,097 --> 00:18:55,043
This photograph was taken
in the hotel
388
00:18:55,099 --> 00:18:57,841
in London
in April 1961,
389
00:18:57,902 --> 00:18:59,643
after one
of our meetings,
390
00:18:59,704 --> 00:19:01,615
where Oleg Penkovsky
on the left
391
00:19:01,673 --> 00:19:02,947
and me on the right
392
00:19:03,007 --> 00:19:05,283
enjoying
a small glass of wine.
393
00:19:05,343 --> 00:19:07,983
NARRATION:
Penkovsky provided further reassurances
394
00:19:08,046 --> 00:19:10,925
about the limitations
of Soviet power.
395
00:19:10,982 --> 00:19:13,826
BULIK:
While they were still a serious threat,
396
00:19:13,885 --> 00:19:15,887
no question about it,
they were strong militarily,
397
00:19:15,954 --> 00:19:17,797
absolutely strong
militarily,
398
00:19:17,856 --> 00:19:19,767
but they were not
as strong
399
00:19:19,824 --> 00:19:22,202
as our estimators
had felt,
400
00:19:22,260 --> 00:19:24,035
and he helped us
bring it down
401
00:19:24,095 --> 00:19:25,472
to the level
where they really were.
402
00:19:25,530 --> 00:19:27,441
They were not
ten feet tall.
403
00:19:27,498 --> 00:19:29,671
They were about my size,
six foot two.
404
00:19:29,734 --> 00:19:32,408
NARRATION:
Penkovsky revealed
405
00:19:32,470 --> 00:19:34,643
the Soviet's
lack of atomic warheads
406
00:19:34,706 --> 00:19:37,550
and their problems
with guidance systems.
407
00:19:37,609 --> 00:19:39,452
He acted
out of resentment
408
00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:41,786
that his career in military
intelligence had stalled
409
00:19:41,846 --> 00:19:44,827
but also out of fear
that Khrushchev's adventurism
410
00:19:44,883 --> 00:19:47,830
would bring disaster
on the world.
411
00:19:47,886 --> 00:19:51,333
Khrushchev told Kennedy,
"I want peace.
412
00:19:51,389 --> 00:19:53,869
But if you want war,
that is your problem."
413
00:19:53,925 --> 00:19:56,428
But Penkovsky told
the CIA
414
00:19:56,494 --> 00:19:58,599
that Khrushchev
was bluffing.
415
00:19:58,663 --> 00:20:00,802
"Kennedy should be firm,"
he said.
416
00:20:00,865 --> 00:20:02,902
"Khrushchev is hot going
to fire any rockets.
417
00:20:02,967 --> 00:20:05,971
He is not ready
for any war."
418
00:20:06,037 --> 00:20:09,416
If you can get
into the mind
419
00:20:09,474 --> 00:20:12,819
of the Khrushchevs
of the world...
420
00:20:15,680 --> 00:20:19,025
then you've got
a weapon
421
00:20:19,083 --> 00:20:21,654
that no technical amount
of information
422
00:20:21,719 --> 00:20:23,596
can give you
423
00:20:23,655 --> 00:20:26,465
and this is what Penkovsky
was able to give us.
424
00:20:28,893 --> 00:20:30,668
NARRATION:
Penkovsky's information
425
00:20:30,728 --> 00:20:32,401
was critical
to the United States
426
00:20:32,463 --> 00:20:36,468
during the 1962
Cuban Missile Crisis.
427
00:20:36,534 --> 00:20:40,038
U2 photographs revealed
the presence on Cuba
428
00:20:40,104 --> 00:20:42,050
of Soviet missiles,
429
00:20:42,106 --> 00:20:44,518
for which Penkovsky
had already handed over
430
00:20:44,575 --> 00:20:48,284
the operating manuals.
431
00:20:48,346 --> 00:20:50,724
With the world
closer to nuclear conflict
432
00:20:50,782 --> 00:20:52,887
than at any time
in the Cold War,
433
00:20:52,951 --> 00:20:55,397
intelligence experts were
summoned to the White House
434
00:20:55,453 --> 00:20:57,990
to brief President Kennedy.
435
00:20:58,056 --> 00:21:00,263
The first question
the President asked was,
436
00:21:00,325 --> 00:21:03,568
"How long before
they can fire those missiles?"
437
00:21:03,628 --> 00:21:05,369
And Art Lundahl said,
438
00:21:05,430 --> 00:21:07,376
"Well, Mr. Graybeal is
the missile expert."
439
00:21:07,432 --> 00:21:09,173
So he turned to me.
440
00:21:09,233 --> 00:21:12,043
I stood up behind the President,
McNamara, and Rusk,
441
00:21:12,103 --> 00:21:14,242
and for the next
probably five to ten minutes
442
00:21:14,305 --> 00:21:16,979
they fired one question
after the other.
443
00:21:17,041 --> 00:21:19,453
In answer to
the President's question,
444
00:21:19,510 --> 00:21:21,683
"How long can
they fire these missiles?"
445
00:21:21,746 --> 00:21:25,284
I replied primarily
on the combination
446
00:21:25,350 --> 00:21:27,261
of intelligence sources,
447
00:21:27,318 --> 00:21:29,696
but mainly Penkovsky's
information,
448
00:21:29,754 --> 00:21:31,893
which told us how
these missiles operated
449
00:21:31,956 --> 00:21:34,266
in the field.
450
00:21:34,325 --> 00:21:37,272
NARRATION: The CIA assessment is
said to have bought the President
451
00:21:37,328 --> 00:21:40,400
three precious days'
breathing space.
452
00:21:44,102 --> 00:21:47,083
Ironically,
Penkovsky himself was now
453
00:21:47,138 --> 00:21:50,711
under KGB surveillance.
454
00:21:50,775 --> 00:21:52,846
The last time Joe Bulik
had seen him
455
00:21:52,910 --> 00:21:55,356
was in Paris.
456
00:21:55,413 --> 00:21:58,326
BULIK: I never had the feeling
that he was in danger,
457
00:21:58,383 --> 00:22:01,364
otherwise I would have
insisted that he stay.
458
00:22:01,419 --> 00:22:06,129
In fact, forced him,
if I had to kidnap him.
459
00:22:06,190 --> 00:22:09,171
But I never really had
the feeling that he was --
460
00:22:09,227 --> 00:22:11,537
at that time,
our last meeting in Paris,
461
00:22:11,596 --> 00:22:14,270
I never felt
that he was in danger.
462
00:22:14,332 --> 00:22:16,778
NARRATION:
Back in Moscow,
463
00:22:16,834 --> 00:22:20,714
Penkovsky sent what seemed
like a routine message.
464
00:22:20,772 --> 00:22:23,651
BULIK:
We'd gotten a signal from Penkovsky
465
00:22:23,708 --> 00:22:25,688
that a dead drop
was loaded,
466
00:22:25,743 --> 00:22:28,519
and then we sent Dick Jacobs
to service that dead drop.
467
00:22:28,579 --> 00:22:30,217
He was arrested, and as soon
as that happened,
468
00:22:30,281 --> 00:22:32,625
we knew the case was over.
It was dead.
469
00:22:32,683 --> 00:22:35,391
And that Penkovsky was
in the hands of the KGB.
470
00:22:35,453 --> 00:22:37,455
Punkt.
471
00:22:39,457 --> 00:22:42,870
[speaking Russian ]
472
00:23:09,287 --> 00:23:11,995
The chief KGB interrogator
473
00:23:12,056 --> 00:23:14,662
was Alexander Zagvozdin.
474
00:23:14,725 --> 00:23:16,329
[speaking Russian ]
475
00:23:16,394 --> 00:23:18,931
We questioned him
not once, not 10 or 20 times,
476
00:23:18,996 --> 00:23:22,034
but perhaps 100 times.
477
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:25,912
He realized
that his actions
478
00:23:25,970 --> 00:23:27,950
were punishable by death,
479
00:23:28,005 --> 00:23:30,485
and he used to ask me,
480
00:23:30,541 --> 00:23:33,988
"Will I be executed?"
481
00:23:34,045 --> 00:23:36,685
I never said
he wouldn't.
482
00:23:36,747 --> 00:23:39,421
I never said
he wouldn't be executed.
483
00:23:39,484 --> 00:23:42,829
I used to say
one thing --
484
00:23:42,887 --> 00:23:46,494
"Only if you
confess everything
485
00:23:46,557 --> 00:23:48,764
and repent fully,
486
00:23:48,826 --> 00:23:52,467
can you hope
for mercy."
487
00:23:52,530 --> 00:23:56,137
That's probably why
Penkovsky's life was not spared.
488
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:58,680
He didn't confess
everything.
489
00:24:01,239 --> 00:24:04,709
I know for sure
that Penkovsky was shot.
490
00:24:09,747 --> 00:24:12,626
I can't tell you
anything else.
491
00:24:12,683 --> 00:24:15,323
I know his body
was cremated.
492
00:24:15,386 --> 00:24:18,890
I don't know any more,
493
00:24:18,956 --> 00:24:21,766
and I'm not interested.
494
00:24:26,330 --> 00:24:28,901
NARRATION:
Not all spies wound up famous.
495
00:24:28,966 --> 00:24:31,572
These are the home movies
496
00:24:31,636 --> 00:24:33,809
of Galina and Mikhail Fedorov,
497
00:24:33,871 --> 00:24:36,442
KGB officers who operated
under deep cover
498
00:24:36,507 --> 00:24:38,612
for 20 years.
499
00:24:44,482 --> 00:24:47,053
They were never caught.
500
00:24:47,118 --> 00:24:50,190
In the event of war,
501
00:24:50,254 --> 00:24:54,225
they would be in place
to spy behind enemy lines.
502
00:24:56,260 --> 00:24:58,797
The KGB never lacked
recruits.
503
00:24:58,863 --> 00:25:01,571
Some served for money,
some for ideology,
504
00:25:01,632 --> 00:25:03,578
and some for
the sheer excitement
505
00:25:03,634 --> 00:25:05,944
of living a secret life.
506
00:25:08,139 --> 00:25:10,050
[speaking Russian ]
507
00:25:10,107 --> 00:25:12,053
I love espionage.
508
00:25:12,109 --> 00:25:13,747
Why?
509
00:25:13,811 --> 00:25:15,984
Because there is
this smell of adventure,
510
00:25:16,047 --> 00:25:18,254
the smell of risk,
511
00:25:18,316 --> 00:25:20,489
the smell of uncertainty.
512
00:25:20,551 --> 00:25:23,054
Because when you go off
to meet an agent,
513
00:25:23,120 --> 00:25:26,226
you never know whether you're
going to be arrested.
514
00:25:26,290 --> 00:25:30,432
It adds color to life.
515
00:25:30,494 --> 00:25:31,905
[ explosion ]
516
00:25:31,963 --> 00:25:33,943
I need 007.
517
00:25:36,634 --> 00:25:39,581
No, Mr. Bond.
I expect you to die.
518
00:25:45,743 --> 00:25:47,347
[ Luibimov speaking Russian]
519
00:25:47,411 --> 00:25:49,584
Spy mania in London
started
520
00:25:49,647 --> 00:25:51,752
about the time
I arrived.
521
00:25:51,816 --> 00:25:54,194
In 1961,
522
00:25:54,252 --> 00:25:56,459
we used to be asked
everywhere.
523
00:25:56,520 --> 00:25:58,659
We were very popular.
524
00:25:58,723 --> 00:26:00,600
We would be invited
to private parties,
525
00:26:00,658 --> 00:26:03,229
and the attitude towards us
was good.
526
00:26:05,296 --> 00:26:07,776
But as the '60s went on,
527
00:26:07,832 --> 00:26:09,436
there were those big
disasters --
528
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:11,946
with Blake
and the other KGB spies.
529
00:26:12,003 --> 00:26:14,244
And you had
the Profumo scandal,
530
00:26:14,305 --> 00:26:17,218
with the prostitute
Christine Keeler.
531
00:26:17,275 --> 00:26:19,983
That shook Britain
up a bit.
532
00:26:20,044 --> 00:26:22,024
After that,
when I turned up somewhere,
533
00:26:22,079 --> 00:26:24,059
people would ask,
"Are you a spy?"
534
00:26:24,115 --> 00:26:27,358
So I'd say, "Of course,
I'm a spy!"
535
00:26:27,418 --> 00:26:30,194
NARRATION:
Western governments grew weary
536
00:26:30,254 --> 00:26:33,724
of the huge KGB presence
in their midst.
537
00:26:33,791 --> 00:26:36,067
In 1971,
the British expelled
538
00:26:36,127 --> 00:26:38,334
105 Soviet intelligence
officers,
539
00:26:38,396 --> 00:26:41,275
identified
by a defector.
540
00:26:41,332 --> 00:26:43,869
Technology increasingly
assumed the burden
541
00:26:43,934 --> 00:26:45,936
of spying-
542
00:26:49,006 --> 00:26:51,418
NARRATION:
Satellites could now intercept
543
00:26:51,475 --> 00:26:53,887
radio communications
and data
544
00:26:53,944 --> 00:26:57,084
from test launches
of the opposition's missiles.
545
00:26:57,148 --> 00:26:59,822
Film taken in space
546
00:26:59,884 --> 00:27:03,696
no longer even had
to be returned to earth.
547
00:27:03,754 --> 00:27:07,327
The satellite would take
the picture of the sky,
548
00:27:07,391 --> 00:27:10,463
and this image could be
beamed back
549
00:27:10,528 --> 00:27:12,132
to an analyst
at his desk
550
00:27:12,196 --> 00:27:13,834
in the United States
551
00:27:13,898 --> 00:27:15,809
who could actually see
what was happening
552
00:27:15,866 --> 00:27:19,006
in the international arena
without leaving his desk.
553
00:27:21,772 --> 00:27:24,309
NARRATION: Here lay the
greatest intelligence successes
554
00:27:24,375 --> 00:27:26,321
of the Cold War --
555
00:27:26,377 --> 00:27:28,618
through photography
and electronic eavesdropping,
556
00:27:28,679 --> 00:27:31,819
each side received
huge flows of information,
557
00:27:31,882 --> 00:27:35,728
often too much
for the analysts to handle.
558
00:27:37,822 --> 00:27:40,234
Technological spying
even played a part
559
00:27:40,291 --> 00:27:43,465
in helping the superpowers
edge towards peace.
560
00:27:43,527 --> 00:27:47,065
The technical systems
were almost essential
561
00:27:47,131 --> 00:27:49,338
to our arms control
process.
562
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:51,437
We learned just
all kinds of things
563
00:27:51,502 --> 00:27:53,743
about Russian
military systems
564
00:27:53,804 --> 00:27:55,750
from the photographs
565
00:27:55,806 --> 00:27:57,752
and from the electronic
listening.
566
00:27:57,808 --> 00:28:01,415
At one point,
when we were negotiating
567
00:28:01,479 --> 00:28:05,450
the SALT ll
arms control treaty,
568
00:28:05,516 --> 00:28:07,462
I had to go to the Senate
and say,
569
00:28:07,518 --> 00:28:09,555
"if you ratify this treaty,
570
00:28:09,620 --> 00:28:13,261
this is how closely
I can monitor it
571
00:28:13,324 --> 00:28:15,270
and check on whether
they are complying
572
00:28:15,326 --> 00:28:17,272
with the terms
of the treaty."
573
00:28:17,328 --> 00:28:19,103
[electronic beeping,
chirping ]
574
00:28:19,163 --> 00:28:20,904
NARRATION:
Despite a fleet of spy ships,
575
00:28:20,965 --> 00:28:22,911
listening posts worldwide,
576
00:28:22,967 --> 00:28:25,038
and sputniks overhead,
577
00:28:25,102 --> 00:28:28,413
Soviet technical intelligence
lagged behind the West.
578
00:28:28,472 --> 00:28:31,646
Even so, they claimed
to have cracked
579
00:28:31,709 --> 00:28:34,121
the ciphers of over
60 countries,
580
00:28:34,178 --> 00:28:38,285
obtaining many codes
by theft and blackmail.
581
00:28:38,349 --> 00:28:42,764
Soviet technical intelligence
was far inferior
582
00:28:42,820 --> 00:28:45,824
to Soviet human
intelligence.
583
00:28:45,890 --> 00:28:48,302
The Soviets
were extremely good
584
00:28:48,359 --> 00:28:51,363
at persuasive tactics,
585
00:28:51,429 --> 00:28:55,775
which would ultimately
bring many people
586
00:28:55,833 --> 00:28:59,371
into their ideological
embrace.
587
00:29:03,474 --> 00:29:05,420
NARRATION:
KGB spying methods
588
00:29:05,476 --> 00:29:07,979
spread beyond
superpower conflict --
589
00:29:08,045 --> 00:29:10,787
routine surveillance
of ordinary citizens
590
00:29:10,848 --> 00:29:14,557
by the East German
secret police, or Stasi.
591
00:29:16,587 --> 00:29:19,932
The Stasi inhabited
a moral world of its own.
592
00:29:21,926 --> 00:29:26,671
Interrogations were
routinely filmed...
593
00:29:26,730 --> 00:29:29,973
and they had cameras
everywhere.
594
00:29:32,036 --> 00:29:34,607
[Speaking German ]
595
00:29:34,672 --> 00:29:36,276
Relations
between the various
596
00:29:36,340 --> 00:29:38,581
areas
of counterintelligence
597
00:29:38,642 --> 00:29:40,383
and with the department
which handled interrogations
598
00:29:40,444 --> 00:29:42,720
were very amicable.
599
00:29:46,050 --> 00:29:48,087
There were all sorts
of people there,
600
00:29:48,152 --> 00:29:50,826
and it was
a friendly atmosphere.
601
00:29:50,888 --> 00:29:53,300
They weren't the kind
of devious types
602
00:29:53,357 --> 00:29:55,303
who'd use
atrocious methods
603
00:29:55,359 --> 00:29:58,363
to force
confessions out of people.
604
00:29:58,429 --> 00:30:03,469
[Speaking German ]
605
00:30:16,914 --> 00:30:19,690
[Speaking German ]
606
00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:22,856
Well, terrible things
did happen.
607
00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:24,991
There were many cases
of injustice,
608
00:30:25,055 --> 00:30:27,001
particularly
in the later years
609
00:30:27,057 --> 00:30:28,764
which really
bothered me.
610
00:30:28,826 --> 00:30:30,863
Reprisals were taken
against people
611
00:30:30,928 --> 00:30:32,601
solely on the grounds
that they had
612
00:30:32,663 --> 00:30:35,234
different political opinions,
613
00:30:35,299 --> 00:30:37,802
or against people who wanted
a different,
614
00:30:37,868 --> 00:30:41,008
better form
of socialism.
615
00:30:41,071 --> 00:30:44,348
NARRATION: Vera Wollenberger joined
the East German peace movement
616
00:30:44,408 --> 00:30:46,354
in 1981,
617
00:30:46,410 --> 00:30:49,687
encouraged by
her husband Knud.
618
00:30:49,747 --> 00:30:52,785
[Wollenberger speaking German ]
619
00:30:52,850 --> 00:30:56,388
INTERPRETER: My personal motivation
for opposing state policies
620
00:30:56,453 --> 00:30:58,524
was the decision
in the early '80s
621
00:30:58,589 --> 00:31:02,537
to station nuclear
missiles in the GDR
622
00:31:02,593 --> 00:31:07,565
and to introduce
military instruction in schools.
623
00:31:07,631 --> 00:31:10,612
NARRATION: Vera and her family
were constantly harassed
624
00:31:10,668 --> 00:31:12,409
by the Stasi,
625
00:31:12,469 --> 00:31:14,210
who burgled her house
626
00:31:14,271 --> 00:31:16,877
and made sure she lost
her teaching job.
627
00:31:16,941 --> 00:31:19,615
Her husband stood by her
throughout.
628
00:31:22,413 --> 00:31:24,051
In 1988,
629
00:31:24,114 --> 00:31:27,755
Vera was arrested on her way
to this demonstration.
630
00:31:27,818 --> 00:31:29,957
Her crime --
carrying a banner
631
00:31:30,020 --> 00:31:32,000
which bore
Rosa Luxemburg's words,
632
00:31:32,056 --> 00:31:35,697
"Freedom is how free
your opponent is."
633
00:31:35,759 --> 00:31:39,969
She was interrogated
and imprisoned.
634
00:31:42,132 --> 00:31:44,009
In 1991,
635
00:31:44,068 --> 00:31:46,105
after the collapse
of the GDR,
636
00:31:46,170 --> 00:31:48,776
Vera got access
to her Stasi file,
637
00:31:48,839 --> 00:31:50,546
in which she learned
638
00:31:50,608 --> 00:31:52,383
that the main informer
against her
639
00:31:52,443 --> 00:31:54,787
had been
her own husband.
640
00:31:54,845 --> 00:31:57,052
[Speaking German ]
641
00:31:57,114 --> 00:31:59,390
I can't really say
how I felt.
642
00:31:59,450 --> 00:32:02,090
It was such
an extreme situation,
643
00:32:02,152 --> 00:32:04,632
rather as if one had
died for a moment,
644
00:32:04,688 --> 00:32:07,100
and then returned
to life.
645
00:32:10,594 --> 00:32:14,440
The surprising thing
was
646
00:32:14,498 --> 00:32:17,240
the reports were written
as if about a stranger,
647
00:32:17,301 --> 00:32:19,679
not about a wife.
648
00:32:19,737 --> 00:32:23,241
To him I was
an enemy of the State,
649
00:32:23,307 --> 00:32:25,344
and he had done everything
to fight me --
650
00:32:25,409 --> 00:32:27,685
the enemy.
651
00:32:29,680 --> 00:32:31,921
NARRATION:
Some "enemies of the State"
652
00:32:31,982 --> 00:32:35,088
received more
drastic treatment.
653
00:32:35,152 --> 00:32:37,689
In 1978,
Bulgarian intelligence
654
00:32:37,755 --> 00:32:40,395
asked the KGB
to help them kill
655
00:32:40,457 --> 00:32:42,403
the émigré writer
and broadcaster,
656
00:32:42,459 --> 00:32:44,837
Georgi Markov.
657
00:32:44,895 --> 00:32:47,239
Markov was murdered
at a London bus stop
658
00:32:47,297 --> 00:32:50,073
by a stranger who
"accidentally" prodded him
659
00:32:50,134 --> 00:32:52,740
with the tip
of an umbrella.
660
00:32:52,803 --> 00:32:55,477
The Bulgarians were given
a choice of weapons,
661
00:32:55,539 --> 00:32:58,543
and finally
they picked up
662
00:32:58,609 --> 00:33:00,748
this umbrella
663
00:33:00,811 --> 00:33:02,518
as a cover
664
00:33:02,579 --> 00:33:05,150
to shoot the man
with a poisoned pellet.
665
00:33:05,215 --> 00:33:08,389
It was not supposed
to be uncovered
666
00:33:08,452 --> 00:33:10,864
because the pellet would
dissolve in his body
667
00:33:10,921 --> 00:33:15,336
within 24 hours,
if I recall correctly.
668
00:33:15,392 --> 00:33:18,134
I did not conceive,
I did not plan,
669
00:33:18,195 --> 00:33:20,141
I was not involved
in any execution,
670
00:33:20,197 --> 00:33:21,972
but I was aware.
671
00:33:22,032 --> 00:33:24,410
And I always say
672
00:33:24,468 --> 00:33:26,675
that knowledge does not
imply misdeed,
673
00:33:26,737 --> 00:33:29,081
does it?
674
00:33:31,742 --> 00:33:33,688
Do you suppose
I would go
675
00:33:33,744 --> 00:33:35,655
over to the United States
or UK
676
00:33:35,713 --> 00:33:37,750
and announce publicly?
677
00:33:37,815 --> 00:33:39,886
I would hang myself.
678
00:33:39,950 --> 00:33:43,090
NARRATION:
The temptation was always there
679
00:33:43,153 --> 00:33:46,327
for the spymasters to earn
favor from the leadership
680
00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,392
whether by covert action,
681
00:33:48,459 --> 00:33:53,306
or just slanting
a routine report.
682
00:33:53,363 --> 00:33:55,707
[speaking Russian ]
683
00:33:55,766 --> 00:33:57,712
When we drew up reports,
684
00:33:57,768 --> 00:33:59,714
of course we dramatized
those bits
685
00:33:59,770 --> 00:34:02,250
which pointed out
the threat to the Soviet Union.
686
00:34:02,306 --> 00:34:04,582
By emphasizing
the right things,
687
00:34:04,641 --> 00:34:06,450
I'd ensure that my report
would go
688
00:34:06,510 --> 00:34:08,956
straight
to the top --
689
00:34:09,012 --> 00:34:10,958
to the Politburo.
690
00:34:11,014 --> 00:34:12,755
If the report was
dull and boring
691
00:34:12,816 --> 00:34:15,262
it would just
get filed away.
692
00:34:15,319 --> 00:34:17,856
This was the problem
693
00:34:17,921 --> 00:34:20,401
with all suppliers
of information.
694
00:34:20,457 --> 00:34:23,995
We'd tailor it to get
a high rating from Moscow.
695
00:34:26,830 --> 00:34:30,107
NARRATION: But did it matter
if spies skewed their reports?
696
00:34:30,167 --> 00:34:32,113
How much did
political leaders heed
697
00:34:32,169 --> 00:34:34,513
their intelligence services?
698
00:34:36,774 --> 00:34:38,720
I would argue that
we probably exaggerate
699
00:34:38,776 --> 00:34:40,722
the significance
of intelligence.
700
00:34:40,778 --> 00:34:43,384
Once policy-makers
decide on a course,
701
00:34:43,447 --> 00:34:45,688
I don't think
correct intelligence
702
00:34:45,749 --> 00:34:47,422
or incorrect
intelligence is going
703
00:34:47,484 --> 00:34:51,193
to bring any great changes
in that course.
704
00:34:59,863 --> 00:35:01,809
NARRATION:
1988.
705
00:35:01,865 --> 00:35:03,970
Kim Philby is buried
with full honors
706
00:35:04,034 --> 00:35:06,776
in a Moscow cemetery.
707
00:35:06,837 --> 00:35:09,374
He first betrayed Britain
708
00:35:09,439 --> 00:35:11,385
half a century before,
709
00:35:11,441 --> 00:35:15,184
passing a wealth of secrets
to the KGB.
710
00:35:15,245 --> 00:35:19,250
And yet converts were
never wholly trusted.
711
00:35:19,316 --> 00:35:22,092
To the end,
the KGB opened his mail
712
00:35:22,152 --> 00:35:25,964
and bugged his phone.
713
00:35:26,023 --> 00:35:31,097
It seemed as if
the age of the spy was over.
714
00:35:35,132 --> 00:35:36,736
In fact,
throughout the '80s,
715
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,303
the CIA had been
carefully establishing agents
716
00:35:39,369 --> 00:35:42,179
within Soviet intelligence
and defense circles --
717
00:35:42,239 --> 00:35:43,445
precious sources
like avionics expert,
718
00:35:45,676 --> 00:35:47,622
Adolf Talkachev,
719
00:35:47,678 --> 00:35:50,090
seen here on his way
to a meeting in Moscow
720
00:35:50,147 --> 00:35:52,787
with his CIA contact.
721
00:35:56,787 --> 00:35:59,427
The KGB suddenly started
to arrest
722
00:35:59,489 --> 00:36:02,766
the CIA's most important
Soviet spies.
723
00:36:06,163 --> 00:36:08,439
WOMAN:
In 1985,
724
00:36:08,498 --> 00:36:10,444
we began to lose
cases,
725
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:13,481
by which I mean
Soviet officials working for us
726
00:36:13,537 --> 00:36:16,780
and some of them
disappeared.
727
00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:20,185
This led us to believe
that something was wrong.
728
00:36:20,244 --> 00:36:22,190
It did not lead us
to believe,
729
00:36:22,246 --> 00:36:24,817
"Aha, there must
be a mole."
730
00:36:27,084 --> 00:36:30,327
NARRATION: Then the West lost
General Dmitri Polyakov,
731
00:36:30,387 --> 00:36:32,628
of Soviet
military intelligence.
732
00:36:32,689 --> 00:36:35,636
Polyakov had retired
after 18 years of spying,
733
00:36:35,692 --> 00:36:38,696
when the KGB pounced.
734
00:36:40,764 --> 00:36:44,439
He had been recruited
while at the United Nations
735
00:36:44,501 --> 00:36:46,947
in New York.
736
00:36:49,940 --> 00:36:53,012
Polyakov returned
to Europe in 1962
737
00:36:53,076 --> 00:36:55,022
on the Queen Elizabeth.
738
00:36:55,078 --> 00:36:57,422
His picture was taken
by the ship's photographer
739
00:36:57,481 --> 00:36:59,654
at the Captain's dinner.
740
00:36:59,716 --> 00:37:02,560
Seated just
a few tables away,
741
00:37:02,619 --> 00:37:04,565
the FBI man
who recruited him,
742
00:37:04,621 --> 00:37:06,794
John Mabey.
743
00:37:06,857 --> 00:37:10,202
He said, "I'm dissatisfied
with the way
744
00:37:10,260 --> 00:37:12,536
things are
in the Soviet Union.
745
00:37:12,596 --> 00:37:15,076
The government
does not
746
00:37:15,132 --> 00:37:16,805
look out for the people.
747
00:37:16,867 --> 00:37:18,813
They're headed
on a course of war
748
00:37:18,869 --> 00:37:20,815
with the United States,
749
00:37:20,871 --> 00:37:23,647
and they can't possibly
win it.
750
00:37:23,707 --> 00:37:26,654
And the only people that
are gonna suffer out of this
751
00:37:26,710 --> 00:37:29,452
are the Russian people."
752
00:37:31,615 --> 00:37:33,526
We'd met
on the Queen Elizabeth
753
00:37:33,583 --> 00:37:35,722
every day
that it was at sea,
754
00:37:35,786 --> 00:37:37,561
sometimes twice a day.
755
00:37:37,621 --> 00:37:39,931
We reviewed literally
thousands of pictures
756
00:37:39,990 --> 00:37:42,470
of Soviets who had been
in the United States
757
00:37:42,526 --> 00:37:44,369
or stationed
around the world
758
00:37:44,428 --> 00:37:46,669
and he identified
a number of them
759
00:37:46,730 --> 00:37:49,438
by picture
and by name.
760
00:37:49,499 --> 00:37:51,877
GRIMES:
Polyakov was our crown jewel.
761
00:37:51,935 --> 00:37:55,280
He worked for us
for so many years,
762
00:37:55,339 --> 00:37:58,479
and he achieved
such a rank
763
00:37:58,542 --> 00:38:01,318
that rather than us
764
00:38:01,378 --> 00:38:03,324
looking
at an organization
765
00:38:03,380 --> 00:38:05,451
through the eyes
of one of our sources,
766
00:38:05,515 --> 00:38:08,621
looking at that organization
from the bottom up,
767
00:38:08,685 --> 00:38:11,791
with Polyakov eventually
we were able
768
00:38:11,855 --> 00:38:14,131
to look at that organization,
the GRU,
769
00:38:14,191 --> 00:38:16,569
his organization
from the top down
770
00:38:16,626 --> 00:38:19,129
as well as look
at the KGB,
771
00:38:19,196 --> 00:38:21,233
and the Soviet Ministry
of Foreign Affairs,
772
00:38:21,298 --> 00:38:24,404
and the Communist Party
apparatus.
773
00:38:24,468 --> 00:38:28,075
NARRATION:
In 1991, Sandy Grimes joined the team
774
00:38:28,138 --> 00:38:31,483
investigating the CIA's
agent losses.
775
00:38:31,541 --> 00:38:33,817
In charge,
Jeanne Vertefeuille,
776
00:38:33,877 --> 00:38:37,791
now suspicious there was
a KGB mole in their ranks.
777
00:38:37,848 --> 00:38:40,829
Trying to pin down
778
00:38:40,884 --> 00:38:43,091
a counterintelligence case
779
00:38:43,153 --> 00:38:44,689
when you're looking
for a mole
780
00:38:44,755 --> 00:38:48,202
is always a very difficult
and long-term job.
781
00:38:48,258 --> 00:38:50,465
When we compiled a list
782
00:38:50,527 --> 00:38:52,473
of how many people
could have done it,
783
00:38:52,529 --> 00:38:55,806
we came up with 198 people.
784
00:38:55,866 --> 00:38:58,369
NARRATION:
The mole hunt took three years,
785
00:38:58,435 --> 00:39:01,507
homing in on CIA
counterintelligence officer,
786
00:39:01,571 --> 00:39:03,676
Aldrich Ames.
787
00:39:03,740 --> 00:39:08,621
The FBI filmed him
secretly in Bogota in 1993.
788
00:39:08,678 --> 00:39:10,715
AMES:
I was walking up and down,
789
00:39:10,781 --> 00:39:12,988
wondering what had happened
to my KGB contact,
790
00:39:13,050 --> 00:39:15,530
who had been there
an hour earlier.
791
00:39:17,821 --> 00:39:19,767
I was reasonably alert,
792
00:39:19,823 --> 00:39:22,030
but I didn't see
the surveillance.
793
00:39:22,092 --> 00:39:25,073
And I suppose it was
frustrating for the FBI
794
00:39:25,128 --> 00:39:26,732
because they were
scared to death
795
00:39:26,797 --> 00:39:29,209
of me
seeing the surveillance
796
00:39:29,266 --> 00:39:31,303
so they had
to stay way back.
797
00:39:31,368 --> 00:39:33,609
As a result, they never
saw me doing anything.
798
00:39:33,670 --> 00:39:37,277
They had no evidence
of any operational activity
799
00:39:37,340 --> 00:39:38,978
on my part.
800
00:39:39,042 --> 00:39:41,613
NARRATION:
The FBI staked out Ames' house
801
00:39:41,678 --> 00:39:43,658
and tapped his phones.
802
00:39:43,713 --> 00:39:46,023
The breakthrough had come
from CIA analysis
803
00:39:46,083 --> 00:39:49,292
of his bank statements.
804
00:39:49,352 --> 00:39:53,357
GRIMES:
We had just received records
805
00:39:53,423 --> 00:39:56,597
from one
of the banks Rick had,
806
00:39:56,660 --> 00:39:59,368
and Dan is reading these
things off
807
00:39:59,429 --> 00:40:02,137
and I'm entering them
in the computer,
808
00:40:02,199 --> 00:40:06,147
and my God,
it was unbelievable.
809
00:40:06,203 --> 00:40:09,946
On 17 May,
Rick would have --
810
00:40:10,006 --> 00:40:11,952
had reported having had
a lunch
811
00:40:12,008 --> 00:40:15,512
with his Soviet contact
Chuvahkin.
812
00:40:15,579 --> 00:40:17,957
18, May,
there's a deposit
813
00:40:18,014 --> 00:40:21,757
into his checking account
for $9,000.
814
00:40:24,421 --> 00:40:27,265
NARRATION:
On the 21st of February in 1994,
815
00:40:27,324 --> 00:40:29,326
Ames was arrested
for spying,
816
00:40:29,392 --> 00:40:31,463
along with his wife
Rosario,
817
00:40:31,528 --> 00:40:35,169
after years
of high-living.
818
00:40:37,167 --> 00:40:40,239
Shock, depression,
819
00:40:40,303 --> 00:40:42,078
instant recognition,
you know.
820
00:40:42,139 --> 00:40:45,882
You know, one's life
flashes before one.
821
00:40:45,942 --> 00:40:48,946
A sense of things
coming to an end.
822
00:40:49,012 --> 00:40:51,083
But no sense
of relief.
823
00:40:51,148 --> 00:40:55,062
It's much more
painful than that.
824
00:40:55,118 --> 00:40:57,394
NARRATION:
In April 1985,
825
00:40:57,454 --> 00:40:59,024
Aldrich Ames had walked
826
00:40:59,089 --> 00:41:00,932
into the Soviet Embassy
in Washington
827
00:41:00,991 --> 00:41:04,131
and started selling secrets
to the KGB.
828
00:41:04,194 --> 00:41:08,609
They paid him
a total of $2.7 million.
829
00:41:08,665 --> 00:41:11,771
Well, the reasons
that I did what I did
830
00:41:11,835 --> 00:41:15,146
in April of 1985,
831
00:41:15,205 --> 00:41:19,210
were personal,
832
00:41:19,276 --> 00:41:22,723
banal,
833
00:41:22,779 --> 00:41:26,386
and amounted really
to kind of greed and folly.
834
00:41:26,449 --> 00:41:28,554
As simple as that.
835
00:41:30,854 --> 00:41:34,131
VERTEFEUILLE:
I attribute it heavily to Rosario.
836
00:41:34,191 --> 00:41:37,798
She was the one who was
interested in spending money
837
00:41:37,861 --> 00:41:40,102
and who liked to live
high on the hog
838
00:41:40,163 --> 00:41:43,337
and I think he wanted
to sort of to buy her love
839
00:41:43,400 --> 00:41:45,209
and the way to buy her love
840
00:41:45,268 --> 00:41:48,545
was to get her
expensive things.
841
00:41:48,605 --> 00:41:51,051
NARRATION:
Ames had no illusions
842
00:41:51,107 --> 00:41:54,054
about the real price
of his treachery.
843
00:41:54,110 --> 00:41:56,954
AMES:
I knew quite well,
844
00:41:57,013 --> 00:41:59,755
when I gave the names
845
00:41:59,816 --> 00:42:02,422
of our agents
846
00:42:02,485 --> 00:42:04,863
in the Soviet Union,
847
00:42:04,921 --> 00:42:07,367
that I was exposing them
848
00:42:07,424 --> 00:42:10,132
to, uh...
849
00:42:10,193 --> 00:42:13,640
the full machinery
850
00:42:13,697 --> 00:42:17,406
of counterespionage
and the law,
851
00:42:17,467 --> 00:42:21,005
and then prosecution,
and capital punishment
852
00:42:21,071 --> 00:42:24,416
certainly in the case
of KGB and GRU officers.
853
00:42:24,474 --> 00:42:28,820
Obviously these folks
854
00:42:28,878 --> 00:42:32,416
I knew
would have to answer
855
00:42:32,482 --> 00:42:36,089
for what they'd done.
856
00:42:36,152 --> 00:42:39,429
And certainly, I felt...
857
00:42:42,425 --> 00:42:46,396
I inured myself
858
00:42:46,463 --> 00:42:49,842
against, you know,
859
00:42:49,899 --> 00:42:52,903
a reaction to that.
860
00:42:59,009 --> 00:43:01,615
NARRATION: Dmitri Polyakov
was one of the 25 agents
861
00:43:01,678 --> 00:43:04,124
betrayed by Ames.
862
00:43:04,180 --> 00:43:06,217
10 were executed
863
00:43:06,283 --> 00:43:08,627
and one committed suicide.
864
00:43:08,685 --> 00:43:11,894
One alone was smuggled
to safety
865
00:43:11,955 --> 00:43:15,368
by the British
Secret Service.
866
00:43:15,425 --> 00:43:17,564
[speaking Russian ]
867
00:43:17,627 --> 00:43:20,403
I was seized by the KGB
in May 1985.
868
00:43:20,463 --> 00:43:22,409
I was put
under house arrest,
869
00:43:22,465 --> 00:43:24,411
but I managed to escape
in July --
870
00:43:24,467 --> 00:43:26,947
alive, well,
and safe.
871
00:43:27,003 --> 00:43:29,609
I was lucky.
872
00:43:29,673 --> 00:43:32,279
The others were shot
873
00:43:32,342 --> 00:43:34,754
in the dungeons
of some KGB prison,
874
00:43:34,811 --> 00:43:36,688
after long months
of continuous threats
875
00:43:36,746 --> 00:43:38,885
and interrogations.
876
00:43:38,948 --> 00:43:41,485
They lost everything --
877
00:43:41,551 --> 00:43:43,827
family, children,
work,
878
00:43:43,887 --> 00:43:45,833
and then their lives.
879
00:43:45,889 --> 00:43:47,994
They spent a year,
two years,
880
00:43:48,058 --> 00:43:50,004
or in the case
of General Polyakov,
881
00:43:50,060 --> 00:43:51,664
nearly three years
882
00:43:51,728 --> 00:43:54,004
expecting to die
at any minute.
883
00:43:54,064 --> 00:43:57,534
NARRATION:
Polyakov was tried in secret,
884
00:43:57,600 --> 00:44:00,877
critical of the Soviet
leadership to the end.
885
00:44:00,937 --> 00:44:02,974
He had given
the West
886
00:44:03,039 --> 00:44:05,417
precious information
on Soviet missiles,
887
00:44:05,475 --> 00:44:09,446
nuclear strategy,
chemical and biological warfare.
888
00:44:09,512 --> 00:44:12,755
Yet so many spies
paid with their freedom,
889
00:44:12,816 --> 00:44:14,762
or their lives,
890
00:44:14,818 --> 00:44:17,765
in destructive cycles
of tit for tat.
891
00:44:17,821 --> 00:44:20,597
AMES:
The men like Polyakov
892
00:44:20,657 --> 00:44:22,762
gave up names,
893
00:44:22,826 --> 00:44:26,740
they gave up secrets.
894
00:44:26,796 --> 00:44:28,742
I did the same thing,
895
00:44:28,798 --> 00:44:31,574
for reasons
that I considered sufficient
896
00:44:31,634 --> 00:44:33,978
to myself.
897
00:44:34,037 --> 00:44:37,246
I gave up the names
898
00:44:37,307 --> 00:44:40,982
of some
of the same people...
899
00:44:43,179 --> 00:44:46,854
who had earlier
given up others.
900
00:44:46,916 --> 00:44:49,487
It's a nasty kind
of circle,
901
00:44:49,552 --> 00:44:53,329
with terrible human costs.
902
00:44:53,390 --> 00:44:56,769
Aldrich Ames is sewing
a life sentence
903
00:44:56,826 --> 00:44:59,864
with no remission.
904
00:44:59,929 --> 00:45:03,399
Dmitri Polyakov
was sentenced to death.
905
00:45:03,466 --> 00:45:06,413
He was executed
in 1988
906
00:45:06,469 --> 00:45:08,710
with a bullet
in the back of the head,
907
00:45:08,772 --> 00:45:12,652
then buried
in an unmarked grave.
908
00:45:15,078 --> 00:45:17,024
For half a century,
909
00:45:17,080 --> 00:45:19,082
the spies had peered
intently at each other
910
00:45:19,149 --> 00:45:21,993
through a fog
of ignorance and deceit.
911
00:45:22,051 --> 00:45:24,793
They produced ever more
realistic appraisals
912
00:45:24,854 --> 00:45:26,800
of their opponents'
strength.
913
00:45:26,856 --> 00:45:28,597
But very few
were able to answer
914
00:45:28,658 --> 00:45:30,501
the toughest question --
915
00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:32,836
"Does our enemy
intend to fight us?"
916
00:45:32,896 --> 00:45:36,275
Despite the CIA
and KGB's vast resources,
917
00:45:36,332 --> 00:45:39,643
the answer lay hidden
not in a satellite photo,
918
00:45:39,702 --> 00:45:41,682
or an agent report,
919
00:45:41,738 --> 00:45:45,447
but in the minds
of their opponents.
920
00:45:49,917 --> 00:45:54,171
Subtitles ripped, converted and adapted by
Juan Claudio Epsteyn
921
00:45:55,132 --> 00:45:58,337
E-mail:
epsteyn@hotmail.com