1
00:00:19,979 --> 00:00:21,173
Let's go.

2
00:00:26,152 --> 00:00:27,585
This has been going on
for weeks.

3
00:00:27,720 --> 00:00:29,153
Look, I'm not trying
to push you.

4
00:00:29,289 --> 00:00:30,381
Just go with me, all right?

5
00:00:30,523 --> 00:00:31,512
Just go with me one time.

6
00:00:31,658 --> 00:00:32,625
Leave me alone.

7
00:00:32,759 --> 00:00:34,056
I don't want to go anywhere!

8
00:00:40,233 --> 00:00:41,200
All right?

9
00:00:41,334 --> 00:00:42,858
Just go with me one time.

10
00:00:43,002 --> 00:00:44,697
Hey, what's going on here?

11
00:00:44,838 --> 00:00:46,362
There's nothing going on!

12
00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:48,737
Get in! Get in!

13
00:00:51,811 --> 00:00:53,142
Charlie Two, I've been shot.

14
00:00:53,279 --> 00:00:54,678
Start me priority backup.

15
00:01:04,224 --> 00:01:07,887
This is an all-too-familiar event
in the modern world.

16
00:01:08,027 --> 00:01:09,961
In fact, this one's an exercise:

17
00:01:10,096 --> 00:01:11,859
A SWAT team,
training for the day

18
00:01:11,998 --> 00:01:13,989
when they'll have to do it for real,

19
00:01:14,134 --> 00:01:19,572
and real events happen somewhere
every day.

20
00:01:19,706 --> 00:01:23,767
This program looks at how
those events can happen at all,

21
00:01:23,910 --> 00:01:26,879
but not at the hostages
or the criminal plan--

22
00:01:27,013 --> 00:01:29,709
at the fact that what puts
all the pieces together--

23
00:01:29,849 --> 00:01:32,181
the guns, the explosives,
the computers,

24
00:01:32,318 --> 00:01:33,376
that chopper up there,

25
00:01:33,520 --> 00:01:34,487
and to start with,

26
00:01:34,621 --> 00:01:36,452
the anesthetics
waiting in the ambulance

27
00:01:36,589 --> 00:01:37,817
for this injured officer--

28
00:01:37,957 --> 00:01:40,118
what puts all the pieces together
is history,

29
00:01:40,260 --> 00:01:43,559
because history is all about
"Getting It Together."

30
00:01:53,039 --> 00:01:57,066
In 1783, two French brothers
called Montgolfier

31
00:01:57,210 --> 00:01:59,440
amazed the world
with the first human flight.

32
00:01:59,579 --> 00:02:03,777
By 1800, hot air balloons were
the space satellites of the day,

33
00:02:03,917 --> 00:02:06,317
doing spy flights and weather watch.

34
00:02:08,054 --> 00:02:11,387
Then, in 1875,
a doctor called Paul Bayer,

35
00:02:11,524 --> 00:02:15,858
interested in why the newly discovered
laughing gas sent people unconscious,

36
00:02:15,995 --> 00:02:19,055
realized that doing this did too.

37
00:02:20,466 --> 00:02:23,697
Now, surgeons needed to know
how to knock people out

38
00:02:23,836 --> 00:02:25,531
for specific lengths of time,

39
00:02:25,672 --> 00:02:30,041
so Paul Bayer started experimenting
on high-altitude balloonists,

40
00:02:30,176 --> 00:02:33,634
concentrating above all
on their consciousness

41
00:02:33,780 --> 00:02:35,611
and how they might lose it.

42
00:02:35,748 --> 00:02:38,342
So for seven years,
he ran trials on himself

43
00:02:38,484 --> 00:02:40,748
to see what the effects
of different gases would be,

44
00:02:40,887 --> 00:02:42,650
and he discovered that what mattered

45
00:02:42,789 --> 00:02:46,156
wasn't how much gas there was
but what pressure the gas was at.

46
00:02:46,292 --> 00:02:48,226
So he tried an anesthetic mixture--

47
00:02:48,361 --> 00:02:51,091
five parts laughing gas,
one part oxygen

48
00:02:51,231 --> 00:02:53,131
at 1 1/2 times
atmospheric pressure--

49
00:02:53,266 --> 00:02:54,563
and he went unconscious.

50
00:02:54,701 --> 00:02:56,100
But he came to again,

51
00:02:56,236 --> 00:02:58,136
so he was obviously
on the right track.

52
00:02:58,271 --> 00:03:01,536
What he needed now was
an oxygen-pressure field trial

53
00:03:01,674 --> 00:03:04,973
under survival conditions
at high altitude.

54
00:03:13,052 --> 00:03:15,020
Bayer sent up a couple of volunteers

55
00:03:15,154 --> 00:03:17,486
carrying bags
filled with oxygen to breathe

56
00:03:17,624 --> 00:03:20,457
when the high altitude
caused them to start to black out,

57
00:03:20,593 --> 00:03:22,390
and it worked.

58
00:03:22,528 --> 00:03:24,462
Well, half worked.

59
00:03:24,597 --> 00:03:26,428
The one guy
who went ahead and did it

60
00:03:26,566 --> 00:03:29,729
came back
to a tumultuous reception.

61
00:03:29,869 --> 00:03:32,235
Bayer now had
all the data he needed

62
00:03:32,372 --> 00:03:34,966
to go ahead and invent anesthetic gas

63
00:03:35,108 --> 00:03:38,202
and take the world of surgery
to new heights of expertise,

64
00:03:38,344 --> 00:03:39,606
the prospect of which was,

65
00:03:39,746 --> 00:03:42,271
for his colleagues in the
medical profession of the time,

66
00:03:42,415 --> 00:03:44,610
music to the ears.

67
00:03:57,563 --> 00:04:00,031
Meanwhile, back
to the Montgolfier brothers.

68
00:04:00,166 --> 00:04:03,761
One day in 1795, one of them,
Joseph Montgolfier,

69
00:04:03,903 --> 00:04:06,838
had a great idea for upgrading
the royal amusements,

70
00:04:06,973 --> 00:04:10,238
which, amazing as it seems,
you're looking at:

71
00:04:10,376 --> 00:04:12,435
the Versailles water gardens,

72
00:04:12,578 --> 00:04:16,708
hydraulic engineering back then
being the last word in gee-whizzery.

73
00:04:21,487 --> 00:04:23,387
Now, you're not going to believe this,

74
00:04:23,523 --> 00:04:25,718
but back then, the way
aristocrats had fun was

75
00:04:25,858 --> 00:04:27,553
by squirting water about,

76
00:04:27,694 --> 00:04:30,720
so Montgolfier's idea fitted right in.

77
00:04:30,863 --> 00:04:32,353
It worked just like this toy.

78
00:04:32,498 --> 00:04:35,433
You compress air so that it builds up
behind a water reservoir,

79
00:04:35,568 --> 00:04:37,160
and then
when you release the water,

80
00:04:37,303 --> 00:04:38,270
this happens.

81
00:04:42,875 --> 00:04:44,775
Montgolfier compressed his air

82
00:04:44,911 --> 00:04:46,936
by dipping the whole contraption
in a stream.

83
00:04:47,080 --> 00:04:49,446
The faster the stream,
the more it compressed the air,

84
00:04:49,582 --> 00:04:51,015
the harder it rammed the water,

85
00:04:51,150 --> 00:04:53,584
so he called it his hydraulic ram--

86
00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:57,315
just the thing for irrigation,
canals, water gardens,

87
00:04:57,457 --> 00:05:00,893
fountains, and squirting aristocrats.

88
00:05:01,027 --> 00:05:02,517
Ho, ho.

89
00:05:16,609 --> 00:05:19,544
50 years later,
Montgolfier's water squirter

90
00:05:19,679 --> 00:05:21,806
sets in train something rather boring.

91
00:05:21,948 --> 00:05:24,746
See, mid-19th century,
the king of Sardinia,

92
00:05:24,884 --> 00:05:27,250
who happens also to be king
of a lot of northern Italy,

93
00:05:27,387 --> 00:05:28,513
decides it's high time

94
00:05:28,654 --> 00:05:30,815
he does something
about his province of Savoy,

95
00:05:30,957 --> 00:05:33,084
stuck on the wrong--
that is, the north side--

96
00:05:33,226 --> 00:05:34,250
of the Alps.

97
00:05:34,394 --> 00:05:36,885
And besides, the entire
European railway system

98
00:05:37,029 --> 00:05:39,259
and most of the roads
stop at the Alps,

99
00:05:39,399 --> 00:05:42,425
depriving the king
of lots of lovely tourist money.

100
00:05:44,437 --> 00:05:48,305
So in 1857, they started boring
a tunnel under the Alps.

101
00:05:48,441 --> 00:05:50,068
The work involved standing around

102
00:05:50,209 --> 00:05:53,701
while people hand-drilled holes
for explosives and blew them up.

103
00:05:53,846 --> 00:05:55,040
Then you dug.

104
00:05:55,181 --> 00:05:58,776
15 inches of tunnel a day
was all they could manage,

105
00:05:58,918 --> 00:06:00,510
until the chief engineer brought in

106
00:06:00,653 --> 00:06:02,518
a version of Montgolfier's
hydraulic ram

107
00:06:02,655 --> 00:06:08,252
to compress air for pneumatic drills,
and they started doing 15 feet a day.

108
00:06:09,662 --> 00:06:13,223
The breakthrough handshake
came on Christmas Day 1870,

109
00:06:13,366 --> 00:06:15,891
and it was champagne all round.

110
00:06:23,376 --> 00:06:25,606
Cutting through mountains became
even more fun

111
00:06:25,745 --> 00:06:27,770
when somebody invented dynamite,

112
00:06:27,914 --> 00:06:31,406
so by the turn of the century,
there were three tunnels under the Alps

113
00:06:31,551 --> 00:06:35,317
and a new luxury way
to get to Istanbul...

114
00:06:35,455 --> 00:06:37,719
on the Orient Express.

115
00:06:37,857 --> 00:06:39,518
Now, by an extraordinary irony,

116
00:06:39,659 --> 00:06:42,594
the three chief engineers
building all three tunnels

117
00:06:42,728 --> 00:06:44,389
died of heart attacks,

118
00:06:44,530 --> 00:06:47,590
the irony being that the
nitroglycerin they were using

119
00:06:47,733 --> 00:06:49,064
could have saved them.

120
00:06:49,202 --> 00:06:50,760
See, before dynamite,

121
00:06:50,903 --> 00:06:53,201
the main use for nitroglycerine
was as medication

122
00:06:53,339 --> 00:06:55,330
to relieve the symptoms
of a heart condition,

123
00:06:55,475 --> 00:06:56,965
because in one form,

124
00:06:57,109 --> 00:06:59,703
nitroglycerine opens up
the constricted blood vessels

125
00:06:59,846 --> 00:07:01,541
that can lead to a heart attack.

126
00:07:01,681 --> 00:07:05,117
There was one other less drastic
medical use for nitro.

127
00:07:05,251 --> 00:07:07,776
It was discovered that
handling dynamite every day

128
00:07:07,920 --> 00:07:11,117
could give you what was understatedly
known by doctors at the time

129
00:07:11,257 --> 00:07:15,785
as a dynamite headache,
relieved by taking nitroglycerine...

130
00:07:15,928 --> 00:07:20,627
until, that is, things
took a turn for the botanical.

131
00:07:22,935 --> 00:07:25,927
This little plant
is called meadowsweet,

132
00:07:26,072 --> 00:07:27,699
and back in 1835,

133
00:07:27,840 --> 00:07:30,536
a French chemist had extracted
some stuff from it

134
00:07:30,676 --> 00:07:33,201
called acetylsalicylic acid.

135
00:07:33,346 --> 00:07:34,870
Found out
it would cure headaches,

136
00:07:35,014 --> 00:07:37,881
but the process took so long,
he gave up.

137
00:07:38,017 --> 00:07:43,421
Anyway, the botanical name
for meadowsweet is spiraea ulmaria.

138
00:07:43,556 --> 00:07:45,683
Now, a few years later,

139
00:07:45,825 --> 00:07:47,884
when every German chemist
was going nuts

140
00:07:48,027 --> 00:07:50,154
trying to extract
anything they could find

141
00:07:50,296 --> 00:07:55,563
from the new wondergunk throwaway
by-product of gaslight: coal tar.

142
00:07:55,701 --> 00:07:57,999
One of them came across
a chemical called phenol,

143
00:07:58,137 --> 00:07:59,866
with which you could
artificially make

144
00:08:00,006 --> 00:08:03,237
acetylsalicylic acid
quick and fast,

145
00:08:03,376 --> 00:08:05,276
so he made up a name for it.

146
00:08:06,445 --> 00:08:09,380
"A" for acetylsalicylic acid,

147
00:08:09,515 --> 00:08:13,884
"s-p-i-r" from the botanical name
for meadowsweet,

148
00:08:14,020 --> 00:08:18,787
and nobody knows why he chose
the last two letters, "i-n."

149
00:08:18,925 --> 00:08:22,122
And that's why aspirin
is called aspirin.

150
00:08:29,502 --> 00:08:33,268
From 1899, when aspirin
first went on the market,

151
00:08:33,406 --> 00:08:35,840
headaches would never be
dynamite again.

152
00:08:35,975 --> 00:08:39,604
Meanwhile, don't forget the name
of the chemical it came from:

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00:08:39,745 --> 00:08:41,508
phenol.

154
00:08:49,722 --> 00:08:52,418
The other name for phenol
was carbolic acid,

155
00:08:52,558 --> 00:08:54,992
and it got a surgeon
called Lister all excited

156
00:08:55,127 --> 00:08:57,527
because it apparently
disinfected cows,

157
00:08:57,663 --> 00:09:01,394
so in 1867, Lister tried
dabbing it on his patients,

158
00:09:01,534 --> 00:09:02,592
and it worked.

159
00:09:02,735 --> 00:09:05,795
For the first time,
a surgeon could make an incision

160
00:09:05,938 --> 00:09:08,736
and be pretty sure he wouldn't
be committing murder.

161
00:09:08,874 --> 00:09:13,470
By 1871, Lister was squirting
carbolic acid all over his hospital,

162
00:09:13,613 --> 00:09:16,173
thus giving every British surgeon
from then on

163
00:09:16,315 --> 00:09:21,651
the chance to kick off any operation
with that immortal gag, "Let us spray."

164
00:09:23,689 --> 00:09:28,490
Then in 1893, a German engineer
picked up this spray idea--

165
00:09:28,628 --> 00:09:30,152
you probably don't know him--

166
00:09:30,296 --> 00:09:31,923
name of Maybach--

167
00:09:32,064 --> 00:09:35,431
working with a better-known
fellow called Daimler,

168
00:09:35,568 --> 00:09:39,163
whose sales chief had a daughter,
whose name you certainly do know:

169
00:09:39,305 --> 00:09:41,705
Mercedes.

170
00:09:42,875 --> 00:09:45,639
Maybach put the spray carburetor
he invented

171
00:09:45,778 --> 00:09:49,646
into the car named after the girl.

172
00:09:49,782 --> 00:09:52,250
The carburetor
basically jets a fine spray

173
00:09:52,385 --> 00:09:54,444
of air and gasoline into the cylinder,

174
00:09:54,587 --> 00:09:57,215
where a spark plug
explodes the mixture,

175
00:09:57,356 --> 00:10:00,553
and the explosion drives
the cylinder piston up and down.

176
00:10:03,596 --> 00:10:05,894
This up-and-down is converted
to round-and-round,

177
00:10:06,032 --> 00:10:07,124
thus moving the car wheels

178
00:10:07,266 --> 00:10:09,461
and anything else that needs
to turn at high speed,

179
00:10:09,602 --> 00:10:12,503
like the turbine fans
inside the engine of the police chopper,

180
00:10:12,638 --> 00:10:14,105
spinning on a blast of air,

181
00:10:14,240 --> 00:10:16,140
superheated by a spray
of burning fuel,

182
00:10:16,275 --> 00:10:19,870
driving the rotors, and keeping
the aircraft in the air.

183
00:10:20,012 --> 00:10:22,845
So the chopper is here,
thanks to the string of events

184
00:10:22,982 --> 00:10:25,177
that started back with anesthetic gas.

185
00:10:25,317 --> 00:10:27,683
Remember?

186
00:10:27,820 --> 00:10:28,844
Okay.

187
00:10:28,988 --> 00:10:31,616
This chopper's run by computer.

188
00:10:31,757 --> 00:10:34,021
Now, the reason
the computer was available

189
00:10:34,160 --> 00:10:36,526
to work out this entire SWAT scenario,

190
00:10:36,662 --> 00:10:38,926
one reason the computer
exists at all,

191
00:10:39,065 --> 00:10:43,092
is because one day
in August 1949, this happened.

192
00:10:50,276 --> 00:10:53,404
The U.S.S.R. detonated
their first nuclear bomb.

193
00:10:55,881 --> 00:11:00,284
The shocked American response was
to set up an entire new defense system,

194
00:11:00,419 --> 00:11:01,579
stretching the full length

195
00:11:01,721 --> 00:11:04,246
of the northern coastline
of Alaska and Canada--

196
00:11:04,390 --> 00:11:09,225
a chain of over 50 radar stations
called the Distant Early Warning Line,

197
00:11:09,361 --> 00:11:12,330
that from the beginning,
gave them four hours' notice

198
00:11:12,465 --> 00:11:14,899
of the arrival
of any Soviet atomic bombers

199
00:11:15,034 --> 00:11:17,662
and then, as the system
became more advanced,

200
00:11:17,803 --> 00:11:19,031
several minutes' warning

201
00:11:19,171 --> 00:11:22,732
of an intercontinental
ballistic missile impact.

202
00:11:25,010 --> 00:11:27,444
The signals from
all the radar stations in the network

203
00:11:27,580 --> 00:11:29,070
were transmitted in real time

204
00:11:29,215 --> 00:11:31,274
to the new
command and control center

205
00:11:31,417 --> 00:11:33,476
and to Cheyenne Mountain in Colorado,

206
00:11:33,619 --> 00:11:37,180
where massive IBM computers
analyzed every incoming track,

207
00:11:37,323 --> 00:11:38,984
identified the enemy planes,

208
00:11:39,125 --> 00:11:42,458
and automatically guided
fighters to a descent.

209
00:11:51,170 --> 00:11:52,728
There was
one other bunch of people

210
00:11:52,872 --> 00:11:54,601
with the same level
of vigilant concern

211
00:11:54,740 --> 00:11:57,265
for what was going on
in America's skies at the time:

212
00:11:57,409 --> 00:11:59,400
American Airlines.

213
00:11:59,545 --> 00:12:02,912
Only their particular concern
wasn't so much what a plane was

214
00:12:03,048 --> 00:12:07,451
as who was on it...
or, rather, wasn't,

215
00:12:07,586 --> 00:12:09,679
because it was becoming
painfully clear

216
00:12:09,822 --> 00:12:12,882
that airline reservation systems
just weren't fast enough

217
00:12:13,025 --> 00:12:17,894
to keep up with the rapidly rising
customer demand for tickets.

218
00:12:18,030 --> 00:12:21,989
Fascinating thing about it is
that an operator can access--

219
00:12:22,134 --> 00:12:24,864
And then one day
in the spring of 1953,

220
00:12:25,004 --> 00:12:27,734
a senior sales representative
from IBM happened to be

221
00:12:27,873 --> 00:12:31,104
on an American Airlines flight
from Los Angeles to New York.

222
00:12:31,243 --> 00:12:33,609
In the next seat was a chap

223
00:12:33,746 --> 00:12:35,737
who turned out to be
the airline's president.

224
00:12:35,881 --> 00:12:38,475
When both men discovered
they were both called Smith,

225
00:12:38,617 --> 00:12:41,415
they got into conversation.

226
00:12:41,554 --> 00:12:45,354
It may have been one of the more
meaningful conversations

227
00:12:45,491 --> 00:12:48,016
on an airplane ever
because of the way it affected

228
00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:50,458
virtually everything
here in the modern world,

229
00:12:50,596 --> 00:12:52,860
because it didn't take
those two men back there long

230
00:12:52,998 --> 00:12:56,365
to realize that what IBM was
doing for national air defense--

231
00:12:56,502 --> 00:12:59,335
linking a network of stations
thousands of miles apart,

232
00:12:59,471 --> 00:13:03,237
synthesizing massive amounts of data
from all those different locations,

233
00:13:03,375 --> 00:13:06,242
making it available
to anybody with a terminal,

234
00:13:06,378 --> 00:13:07,811
acting on their instructions,

235
00:13:07,947 --> 00:13:09,642
and doing all that in real time--

236
00:13:09,782 --> 00:13:12,182
was, back in 1953,

237
00:13:12,318 --> 00:13:15,310
just what an airline reservation system
needed to be able to do

238
00:13:15,454 --> 00:13:18,753
if it were to be ready
for the jet age of the '60s.

239
00:13:18,891 --> 00:13:19,915
Well, great.

240
00:13:20,059 --> 00:13:22,152
Let me get my people
from Santa Monica together,

241
00:13:22,294 --> 00:13:23,283
and we'll set up--

242
00:13:23,429 --> 00:13:25,226
They agreed to take things further.

243
00:13:25,364 --> 00:13:28,356
30 days later, IBM made a proposal.

244
00:13:35,975 --> 00:13:37,909
After nine years of development,

245
00:13:38,043 --> 00:13:41,740
the new Saber Reservation System,
as it was called, was up and running.

246
00:13:41,881 --> 00:13:43,974
Before Saber, going flat-out,

247
00:13:44,116 --> 00:13:46,607
it used to take you 90 minutes
to book a seat.

248
00:13:46,752 --> 00:13:49,721
From 1962 on,
you could book your seat

249
00:13:49,855 --> 00:13:51,846
and anything else
you wanted for the flight,

250
00:13:51,991 --> 00:13:54,858
as you can today,
in a few seconds.

251
00:13:59,265 --> 00:14:01,859
So as soon as you get your dates set,
give us a call back.

252
00:14:02,001 --> 00:14:03,127
We'll be happy to help you.

253
00:14:04,603 --> 00:14:08,903
Today, Saber handles over 1 million
passenger names every 24 hours,

254
00:14:09,041 --> 00:14:12,169
it processes 900 million
telephone calls a week,

255
00:14:12,311 --> 00:14:15,610
sends 4,000 reservations
messages every second,

256
00:14:15,748 --> 00:14:17,272
and deals with every other aspect

257
00:14:17,416 --> 00:14:19,782
of the airline's business
at the same time.

258
00:14:19,919 --> 00:14:21,477
But the real reason

259
00:14:21,620 --> 00:14:24,646
an airline reservation system
changed everything

260
00:14:24,790 --> 00:14:27,088
and generated places like this
was because

261
00:14:27,226 --> 00:14:29,421
what Saber had done was
to bring the computer

262
00:14:29,561 --> 00:14:32,029
out of the military arena
into the business world

263
00:14:32,164 --> 00:14:33,825
in a major way for the first time

264
00:14:33,966 --> 00:14:35,263
and show the business world

265
00:14:35,401 --> 00:14:38,199
the tremendous potential
of what the computer could do for it.

266
00:14:38,337 --> 00:14:41,101
So today, all over the world,
places like this exist

267
00:14:41,240 --> 00:14:45,836
because of that one chance meeting
on a flight in 1953.

268
00:14:47,646 --> 00:14:49,375
Round trip or one way?

269
00:14:51,116 --> 00:14:53,448
You're going out
at 1 :51 in the morning.

270
00:14:59,124 --> 00:15:02,685
The time difference will get you there
at 1 :35 in the afternoon into Newbury,

271
00:15:02,828 --> 00:15:06,059
and you will arrive in Chicago
here at 5:35 in the afternoon,

272
00:15:06,198 --> 00:15:08,291
and you'll be departing
at 10:35 in the morning.

273
00:15:08,434 --> 00:15:09,867
Thank you for calling American.

274
00:15:10,002 --> 00:15:10,991
Bye-bye.

275
00:15:15,341 --> 00:15:18,674
See, back in 1798,
Napoleon invaded Egypt,

276
00:15:18,811 --> 00:15:20,870
and as soldiers have done
throughout history,

277
00:15:21,013 --> 00:15:24,073
after awhile, his men
started sending home souvenirs--

278
00:15:24,216 --> 00:15:26,411
in this case,
the Kashmir shawls

279
00:15:26,552 --> 00:15:28,782
that the Egyptians
were importing from India.

280
00:15:28,921 --> 00:15:31,788
The shawls were traditionally
made as marriage gifts,

281
00:15:31,924 --> 00:15:33,687
and they often took months to weave.

282
00:15:33,826 --> 00:15:36,989
They were supposed to be so fine,
they would go through a wedding ring,

283
00:15:37,129 --> 00:15:41,862
and the patterns were copies
of ancient fertility symbols.

284
00:15:44,570 --> 00:15:48,006
Anyway, fertility aside,
the fashion caught on in Britain,

285
00:15:48,140 --> 00:15:50,370
where it kicked off
a whole new textile industry

286
00:15:50,509 --> 00:15:52,773
in a place in Scotland called Paisley,

287
00:15:52,911 --> 00:15:57,075
where they started to turn out cheap
cotton and wool imitation Kashmir shawls

288
00:15:57,216 --> 00:15:58,615
for the lower end of the market.

289
00:15:58,751 --> 00:15:59,877
As a matter of fact,

290
00:16:00,019 --> 00:16:02,613
if you happen to own
a paisley pattern tie or scarf,

291
00:16:02,755 --> 00:16:04,814
that's where the pattern got its name.

292
00:16:04,957 --> 00:16:08,256
Anyway, in 1890, these Indian weavers

293
00:16:08,394 --> 00:16:11,227
head their products
on to the American market.

294
00:16:11,363 --> 00:16:15,527
That same year, a young engineer
called Herman Hollerith

295
00:16:15,667 --> 00:16:17,635
happened to be working
on the U.S. census,

296
00:16:17,770 --> 00:16:21,433
and he was desperate
for an automated way to count people.

297
00:16:23,942 --> 00:16:26,433
Now, his brother-in-law
happened to be in textiles,

298
00:16:26,578 --> 00:16:28,671
and he told him
about a new loom going around

299
00:16:28,814 --> 00:16:31,874
that would do Kashmir shawl
patterns automatically.

300
00:16:32,017 --> 00:16:33,143
It worked a bit like this:

301
00:16:33,285 --> 00:16:36,482
You take a piece of paper
and put a pattern of holes in it,

302
00:16:36,622 --> 00:16:39,614
a bit like this pianola roll.

303
00:16:39,758 --> 00:16:42,886
Okay, you set up a bunch
of wire hooks on springs,

304
00:16:43,028 --> 00:16:45,553
and you'd push the whole lot
against the paper.

305
00:16:45,697 --> 00:16:48,291
Where there's a hole,
a hook goes through

306
00:16:48,434 --> 00:16:49,924
and hooks up a particular thread--

307
00:16:50,069 --> 00:16:53,402
the particular thread you want
for that particular part of the pattern,

308
00:16:53,539 --> 00:16:56,440
all of which makes weaving even
the most complex stuff like this

309
00:16:56,575 --> 00:16:58,475
a piece of cake.

310
00:17:00,245 --> 00:17:01,269
Back in the States,

311
00:17:01,413 --> 00:17:03,438
Hollerith used the idea
of holes in paper

312
00:17:03,582 --> 00:17:05,379
to represent
every kind of census data

313
00:17:05,517 --> 00:17:06,711
the government wanted.

314
00:17:06,852 --> 00:17:09,582
If you were a male married
carpenter from Oshkosh,

315
00:17:09,721 --> 00:17:11,882
you got a male hole,

316
00:17:12,024 --> 00:17:13,548
a married hole,

317
00:17:13,692 --> 00:17:14,784
a carpenter hole,

318
00:17:14,927 --> 00:17:16,019
and an Oshkosh hole.

319
00:17:16,161 --> 00:17:19,562
Okay, you pushed a sprung,
electrified set of wires

320
00:17:19,698 --> 00:17:21,097
against this card.

321
00:17:21,233 --> 00:17:22,564
Just like the Kashmir loom,

322
00:17:22,701 --> 00:17:25,192
if there was a hole,
the wire went through.

323
00:17:25,337 --> 00:17:28,170
It made an electrical contact
on the other side;

324
00:17:28,307 --> 00:17:30,138
the signal worked
an electric counter

325
00:17:30,275 --> 00:17:31,640
that added up the population.

326
00:17:31,777 --> 00:17:33,506
Did it so successfully,

327
00:17:33,645 --> 00:17:35,977
Hollerith went on
to set up a business

328
00:17:36,115 --> 00:17:40,279
that later changed its name
to International Business Machines.

329
00:17:41,954 --> 00:17:43,615
Now, the guy on the left here,

330
00:17:43,755 --> 00:17:46,986
a fellow called James Powers,
was Hollerith's partner,

331
00:17:47,126 --> 00:17:48,616
and he designed a machine

332
00:17:48,760 --> 00:17:51,388
that would use the holes
in the card to represent numbers

333
00:17:51,530 --> 00:17:55,591
for bills, inventory data,
balance sheet totals,

334
00:17:55,734 --> 00:17:58,100
sales reports, that kind of stuff.

335
00:17:58,237 --> 00:18:02,333
But the link to the SWAT exercise
going on throughout this program

336
00:18:02,474 --> 00:18:05,637
was how you put the holes in the card.

337
00:18:08,413 --> 00:18:11,041
With a ten-key punch like this one.

338
00:18:11,183 --> 00:18:13,913
I wonder if the design
of those keys she's punching

339
00:18:14,052 --> 00:18:17,852
might remind you of something else
you find in an office...

340
00:18:20,359 --> 00:18:21,883
like a typewriter?

341
00:18:22,027 --> 00:18:24,120
That's why, in 1927,

342
00:18:24,263 --> 00:18:26,891
Powers took his idea
to the Rand Company,

343
00:18:27,032 --> 00:18:29,500
the biggest office equipment
outfit in America,

344
00:18:29,635 --> 00:18:35,403
selling over 4,000 office products,
from card indexes to typewriters.

345
00:18:35,541 --> 00:18:37,941
They'd bought a company
that made typewriters.

346
00:18:42,381 --> 00:18:46,818
The typewriter had been invented
in 1867 by a fellow called Sholes,

347
00:18:46,952 --> 00:18:49,443
who'd based it
on the idea of piano keys.

348
00:18:52,057 --> 00:18:55,390
Anyway, in 1873,
he took his prototype

349
00:18:55,527 --> 00:18:57,256
to a company called Remington,

350
00:18:57,396 --> 00:18:59,489
the company
Rand would end up buying.

351
00:18:59,631 --> 00:19:03,362
And by 1888, they couldn't
keep up with demand.

352
00:19:09,575 --> 00:19:12,066
Now, Remington had bought
the typewriter pattern

353
00:19:12,211 --> 00:19:14,111
from Sholes just after the Civil War,

354
00:19:14,246 --> 00:19:16,612
when they were looking around
for something else to do

355
00:19:16,748 --> 00:19:18,909
with the machine tools
in their factories.

356
00:19:19,051 --> 00:19:21,485
During the war, the machine tools
had been making

357
00:19:21,620 --> 00:19:23,918
something very different
from typewriters.

358
00:19:25,591 --> 00:19:28,617
And it was something that
brings us back for the last time

359
00:19:28,760 --> 00:19:31,354
to the SWAT exercise, because...

360
00:19:46,478 --> 00:19:47,968
Remington had previously made

361
00:19:48,113 --> 00:19:50,581
the most successful
military rifle in the world

362
00:19:50,716 --> 00:19:52,377
and sold over a million to armies

363
00:19:52,517 --> 00:19:55,850
in Denmark, Sweden, Spain,
Egypt, France, and the U.S.

364
00:19:55,988 --> 00:20:00,721
So finally, the weapon in the hands
of this SWAT counter sniper here

365
00:20:00,859 --> 00:20:03,726
is here because the computer is here.

366
00:20:06,999 --> 00:20:09,661
Okay, the guys indicated he's
gonna come out with a weapon,

367
00:20:09,801 --> 00:20:11,735
and he's very hostile.

368
00:20:11,870 --> 00:20:13,098
I advised the perimeter

369
00:20:13,238 --> 00:20:15,433
that if he comes out
with the hostage with a weapon,

370
00:20:15,574 --> 00:20:17,872
they have authorization
for a diversionary device,

371
00:20:18,010 --> 00:20:20,137
and the C.S. has the green light
to take a shot.

372
00:20:58,317 --> 00:21:00,808
Okay, another exercise
safely concluded,

373
00:21:00,952 --> 00:21:02,579
theirs and mine,

374
00:21:02,721 --> 00:21:04,052
and as I hope I've shown,

375
00:21:04,189 --> 00:21:06,749
with the connections between
anesthetics and explosives

376
00:21:06,892 --> 00:21:08,519
and engines and guns and computers,

377
00:21:08,660 --> 00:21:10,958
and as the SWAT team here
would undoubtedly agree,

378
00:21:11,096 --> 00:21:14,156
"Getting it Together"
is what it's all about.