1
00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:18,066
I suppose it's just as well
the Dutch invented gin, really,

2
00:01:18,204 --> 00:01:21,002
because it helped to solve
one of those little problems

3
00:01:21,141 --> 00:01:24,907
that all colonial powers
came across sooner or later

4
00:01:25,044 --> 00:01:27,512
when they were running places
like Java--

5
00:01:27,647 --> 00:01:29,274
mosquitoes.

6
00:01:29,415 --> 00:01:30,575
Speaking of which.

7
00:01:36,689 --> 00:01:39,590
And mosquitoes mean malaria,

8
00:01:42,128 --> 00:01:43,789
which might be why the Dutch

9
00:01:43,930 --> 00:01:49,266
were also the world's greatest
producers of this stuff, quinine,

10
00:01:49,402 --> 00:01:52,098
grown, as it happens,
here in Bandol.

11
00:01:52,238 --> 00:01:53,603
And that's where the gin comes in,

12
00:01:53,740 --> 00:01:59,906
because quinine tastes horrible
and less so with a shot of gin,

13
00:02:00,046 --> 00:02:02,537
which created another little problem--

14
00:02:02,682 --> 00:02:04,912
running a colony drunk.

15
00:02:05,051 --> 00:02:06,951
And they all were.

16
00:02:07,086 --> 00:02:09,316
The guy who solved the problem
for the Dutch

17
00:02:09,455 --> 00:02:12,049
and for all
the Western colonial empires

18
00:02:12,192 --> 00:02:15,457
is a perfect example
of what this program's all about:

19
00:02:15,595 --> 00:02:20,032
how history is full of people
with bright ideas.

20
00:02:33,913 --> 00:02:35,813
I don't know if you've ever been
to Switzerland

21
00:02:35,949 --> 00:02:38,281
and done the tour here in Geneva,

22
00:02:38,418 --> 00:02:40,249
but you've got to hand it to the Swiss.

23
00:02:40,386 --> 00:02:42,752
It's clinically clean,
this place, isn't it?

24
00:02:42,889 --> 00:02:46,985
About as far from malarial swamps
as you can get.

25
00:02:49,662 --> 00:02:54,599
So it's ironic that it was here
the quinine problem got solved

26
00:02:54,734 --> 00:02:57,567
thanks to something that people
have always done on the tour here,

27
00:02:57,704 --> 00:03:00,138
like going to a famous Swiss jeweler's

28
00:03:00,273 --> 00:03:02,537
and bankrupting yourself
with an expensive present

29
00:03:02,675 --> 00:03:04,609
for your significant other,

30
00:03:04,744 --> 00:03:07,406
which is why,
in the late 18th century,

31
00:03:07,547 --> 00:03:09,344
a fellow here
whose first name is Jacob

32
00:03:09,482 --> 00:03:13,509
does so well at being a jeweler,
he retires to the bar--

33
00:03:13,653 --> 00:03:15,951
well, to experiment
with carbonated water,

34
00:03:16,089 --> 00:03:18,182
which is all the rage at the time,

35
00:03:18,324 --> 00:03:21,384
and invents the solution
to the foul taste of quinine

36
00:03:21,527 --> 00:03:25,429
because he puts the quinine
in sweet fizzy water, like this.

37
00:03:26,466 --> 00:03:31,529
And you knew that because
Jacob's second name was this.

38
00:03:31,671 --> 00:03:33,764
Schweppes tonic
was so successful,

39
00:03:33,906 --> 00:03:36,397
there was no stopping it, literally,

40
00:03:36,542 --> 00:03:39,773
because the trouble with effervescence
is keeping it in.

41
00:03:39,912 --> 00:03:44,645
They tried cork, tar, wire,
paper, bits of string,

42
00:03:44,784 --> 00:03:46,376
and nothing really worked

43
00:03:46,519 --> 00:03:49,613
until a fellow in Baltimore in 1892

44
00:03:49,756 --> 00:03:52,589
came up with something
that did the job so well,

45
00:03:52,725 --> 00:03:55,091
you don't even notice it
when you handle it today.

46
00:03:58,264 --> 00:04:03,258
This bright idea, the bottle cap,
kept all the health-giving fizz in

47
00:04:03,403 --> 00:04:06,804
and taught the modern world
some very bad philosophy:

48
00:04:06,939 --> 00:04:09,703
Use it and throw it away.

49
00:04:20,753 --> 00:04:23,916
One of his employees
took the concept a stage further

50
00:04:24,057 --> 00:04:27,754
with one of the greatest
throwaway bright ideas of all time

51
00:04:27,894 --> 00:04:32,524
and changed the face of history
because he changed the face of people.

52
00:04:32,665 --> 00:04:34,530
His name was King Camp Gillette,

53
00:04:34,667 --> 00:04:37,602
and thanks to the availability
of really good steel,

54
00:04:37,737 --> 00:04:41,639
his new throwaway razor blade
made him a millionaire.

55
00:04:44,744 --> 00:04:49,113
The steel, of course, was available
thanks to somebody else's bright idea:

56
00:04:49,248 --> 00:04:52,513
how to get steelmaking
to take less than forever.

57
00:04:52,652 --> 00:04:53,710
Here's the problem.

58
00:04:53,853 --> 00:04:56,481
You take a whole day
to produce molten iron,

59
00:04:56,622 --> 00:05:01,184
which you will then pour into molds
and let it cool for hours and hours.

60
00:05:01,327 --> 00:05:05,423
Once this cast iron is cold,
you stack it with charcoal in a box

61
00:05:05,565 --> 00:05:10,002
and keep it incandescent for a week,
and the charcoal seeps into the iron

62
00:05:10,136 --> 00:05:14,368
and makes a thin layer of steel
that you then hammer off.

63
00:05:16,743 --> 00:05:18,870
Two things to say about that:

64
00:05:19,011 --> 00:05:20,876
High-speed steel it ain't,

65
00:05:21,013 --> 00:05:24,642
and the bits of steel
that you hammer off are brittle,

66
00:05:24,784 --> 00:05:26,775
and there isn't a container around

67
00:05:26,919 --> 00:05:28,819
that will take
the kind of heat you'd need

68
00:05:28,955 --> 00:05:32,049
to remelt it all
and fuse the stuff together.

69
00:05:32,191 --> 00:05:36,423
And then along comes
a clock maker called Huntsman

70
00:05:36,562 --> 00:05:38,427
with a bright idea:

71
00:05:41,734 --> 00:05:48,230
this, a special pot made of clay,
and a top secret new ingredient.

72
00:05:51,944 --> 00:05:55,675
This pot will take amazing heat
and not melt down,

73
00:05:55,815 --> 00:05:58,409
so you put bits
of hammered-off steel in here,

74
00:05:58,551 --> 00:06:02,578
heat it to unheard-of temperatures
with a new wonder fuel called coke,

75
00:06:02,722 --> 00:06:05,088
and in hours,
you have Huntsman steel

76
00:06:05,224 --> 00:06:07,988
that was going to be good enough
for the kind of clock springs

77
00:06:08,127 --> 00:06:12,894
desperately needed by certain travelers
interested in time.

78
00:06:16,569 --> 00:06:17,695
Here's why:

79
00:06:17,837 --> 00:06:19,600
Time's the problem.

80
00:06:19,739 --> 00:06:23,937
A 360-degree Earth
turning once every 24 hours

81
00:06:24,076 --> 00:06:26,670
means that the sun comes up
one hour earlier

82
00:06:26,813 --> 00:06:29,976
for every 15 degrees you go east

83
00:06:30,116 --> 00:06:33,643
or later if you go
the same distance west.

84
00:06:33,786 --> 00:06:35,754
So if you know what time it is,

85
00:06:35,888 --> 00:06:39,654
then you know how much different
sunrise ought to be where you are.

86
00:06:39,792 --> 00:06:45,230
This is highly critical for a navigator,
because one degree is 60 miles,

87
00:06:45,364 --> 00:06:48,856
and that's only four minutes
in terms of time difference.

88
00:06:52,972 --> 00:06:57,102
So in 1762, another clock maker
called Harrison

89
00:06:57,243 --> 00:07:00,303
comes up with a fantastically
accurate new chronometer--

90
00:07:00,446 --> 00:07:03,176
accurate because he solves
the problem

91
00:07:03,316 --> 00:07:06,285
of the way any metal spring
expands or contracts

92
00:07:06,419 --> 00:07:08,046
with all the different
temperatures you go through

93
00:07:08,187 --> 00:07:09,984
when you sail around the world.

94
00:07:11,390 --> 00:07:13,119
Here's his little bright idea.

95
00:07:13,259 --> 00:07:14,658
Say it gets hot in the Tropics

96
00:07:14,794 --> 00:07:17,456
and your spring expands,
say, that much,

97
00:07:17,597 --> 00:07:19,861
so your clock is
gonna run slow, right?

98
00:07:19,999 --> 00:07:21,193
Not now.

99
00:07:21,334 --> 00:07:23,632
Harrison puts onto the spring
a little metal slider

100
00:07:24,003 --> 00:07:26,471
that also expands
exactly the amount

101
00:07:26,606 --> 00:07:28,665
to shorten the spring
back to where it should be

102
00:07:28,808 --> 00:07:30,867
or do the opposite when it's cold.

103
00:07:40,219 --> 00:07:45,247
So now a ship coming home
could hit the spot within 500 yards.

104
00:07:45,391 --> 00:07:47,222
Fantastic, eh?

105
00:07:47,360 --> 00:07:49,260
Not fantastic enough,

106
00:07:54,567 --> 00:07:56,967
because making
a pinpoint-accurate landfall

107
00:07:57,103 --> 00:08:00,732
was no good if you ended up
a pinpoint-accurate shipwreck

108
00:08:00,873 --> 00:08:02,966
because the lighthouse
had fallen down,

109
00:08:03,109 --> 00:08:06,875
which they used to
until a really boring guy called Smeaton

110
00:08:07,013 --> 00:08:10,005
tried using dovetailed
stone blocks on a lighthouse,

111
00:08:10,149 --> 00:08:12,379
and it never fell down again.

112
00:08:12,518 --> 00:08:17,080
Smeaton also invented a diving bell,
designed harbors,

113
00:08:17,223 --> 00:08:19,384
and what else can I say?

114
00:08:19,525 --> 00:08:23,086
Oh, in 1770,
when Smeaton was in Scotland,

115
00:08:23,229 --> 00:08:24,924
he met a man who ran an ironworks

116
00:08:25,064 --> 00:08:28,056
and designed a water-powered
boring machine for him.

117
00:08:28,200 --> 00:08:29,667
Well, I said he was boring.

118
00:08:29,802 --> 00:08:33,898
The boring machine bored cylinders
for pistons for steam engines

119
00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:37,305
and wasn't a patch on the upgrade
that followed later.

120
00:08:37,443 --> 00:08:40,276
And that Smeaton--
well, I did say, didn't I,

121
00:08:40,413 --> 00:08:44,213
that the story of his life
would cure your insomnia.

122
00:08:44,350 --> 00:08:45,681
Speaking of which.

123
00:09:04,904 --> 00:09:06,428
Meet John Wilkinson,

124
00:09:06,572 --> 00:09:10,167
who had his bright ideas
while he was asleep.

125
00:09:10,309 --> 00:09:13,574
Keep your eye on the ball.

126
00:09:13,713 --> 00:09:17,012
Here he is dreaming of a bright idea,

127
00:09:17,149 --> 00:09:25,056
and here he is waking himself up
to do something about it.

128
00:09:35,334 --> 00:09:38,064
Ah, well, it takes all sorts.

129
00:09:38,204 --> 00:09:41,105
The particular bright idea
happening up there

130
00:09:41,240 --> 00:09:46,644
is the one he had in 177 4
to upgrade the Smeaton borer

131
00:09:46,779 --> 00:09:50,840
by rotating solid iron rolls
against a steel-cutting head

132
00:09:50,983 --> 00:09:53,975
and scooping out the center
of the roll all the way through

133
00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:57,453
to make incredibly precise cylinders

134
00:09:57,590 --> 00:10:01,492
without which James Watt's steam engine
would not have worked,

135
00:10:01,627 --> 00:10:05,825
and the entire industrial revolution
would not have happened.

136
00:10:08,768 --> 00:10:10,736
Ah, he's gone back to sleep.

137
00:10:13,305 --> 00:10:16,297
Wilkinson was the hottest
iron maker there ever was--

138
00:10:16,442 --> 00:10:18,137
built the first iron boat,

139
00:10:18,277 --> 00:10:19,608
coined his own money,

140
00:10:19,745 --> 00:10:21,906
invented rifling for rifles,

141
00:10:22,048 --> 00:10:25,779
made all the iron pipes
for the great Paris waterworks,

142
00:10:30,856 --> 00:10:36,795
and had himself buried
in a cast-iron coffin three times,

143
00:10:36,929 --> 00:10:42,834
well before which:
his greatest scam.

144
00:10:42,968 --> 00:10:46,665
In spite of the fact that we Brits
are at war with France,

145
00:10:46,806 --> 00:10:49,536
Wilkinson manages
to smuggle to Napoleon

146
00:10:49,675 --> 00:10:52,405
the other thing you can make
with a cylinder borer:

147
00:10:52,545 --> 00:10:56,948
cannon barrels to fight wars
all over Europe with.

148
00:11:06,826 --> 00:11:10,523
Now, one of the things
war creates is orphans,

149
00:11:10,663 --> 00:11:14,497
which Napoleon's war did
here in Stans, Switzerland,

150
00:11:14,633 --> 00:11:20,469
where, in 1799, a middle-aged ex-farmer
set up an orphanage for them

151
00:11:23,743 --> 00:11:27,975
and changed the course of education
for little kids all over the world.

152
00:11:28,114 --> 00:11:30,605
His name was Pestalozzi,
and his bright idea

153
00:11:30,750 --> 00:11:33,241
was, to say the least,
uncomplicated--

154
00:11:33,385 --> 00:11:35,717
lots of music and games
and exercise,

155
00:11:35,855 --> 00:11:37,652
children teaching children,

156
00:11:37,790 --> 00:11:41,886
no memorizing, no classes,
no corporal punishment,

157
00:11:42,027 --> 00:11:43,426
no textbooks,

158
00:11:43,562 --> 00:11:46,463
but above all, no school.

159
00:11:55,307 --> 00:11:57,639
This was education
for Pestalozzi--

160
00:11:57,777 --> 00:11:59,176
taking kids out of school

161
00:11:59,311 --> 00:12:01,836
and getting them to learn
from direct experience:

162
00:12:01,981 --> 00:12:04,779
geography from maps
of your nature walk.

163
00:12:04,917 --> 00:12:08,353
Show kids a mountain,
and then teach them to spell it.

164
00:12:08,487 --> 00:12:11,320
Teach science
from the way nature worked.

165
00:12:11,457 --> 00:12:15,518
Above all, develop the kids'
natural abilities to observe the world

166
00:12:15,661 --> 00:12:17,959
and make sense of it
in their own way,

167
00:12:18,097 --> 00:12:20,156
have their own bright ideas.

168
00:12:32,378 --> 00:12:38,476
The guy who turned Pestalozzi's
little bright idea

169
00:12:38,617 --> 00:12:41,108
into the kind of PhD
dissertation material

170
00:12:41,253 --> 00:12:45,587
that turns your brain to porridge
was a German called Herbart,

171
00:12:45,724 --> 00:12:49,160
who got all excited by the idea
of Pestalozzi's little kids

172
00:12:49,295 --> 00:12:52,230
getting direct experience from life.

173
00:12:52,364 --> 00:12:55,492
Herbart reckoned
that each new experience

174
00:12:55,634 --> 00:12:58,125
was added to the ones
you'd already had

175
00:12:58,270 --> 00:13:03,139
and that as each new experience
changed your total experience,

176
00:13:03,275 --> 00:13:04,970
it changed you

177
00:13:05,110 --> 00:13:08,409
but that you were only aware
of the change

178
00:13:08,547 --> 00:13:12,210
if something happened
to make you aware,

179
00:13:12,351 --> 00:13:14,342
something that caused the event

180
00:13:14,486 --> 00:13:17,148
to cross your threshold
of consciousness,

181
00:13:17,289 --> 00:13:20,417
a concept Herbart invented
and proceeded to measure,

182
00:13:20,559 --> 00:13:25,087
thus turning psychology
into the exact science it is today,

183
00:13:25,231 --> 00:13:30,396
which is why I'm telling you this
in the mysterious East--

184
00:13:34,006 --> 00:13:37,464
because a guy who was at college
with a friend of Herbart's brother,

185
00:13:37,610 --> 00:13:41,046
was deeply into Eastern mysticism
and went to séances

186
00:13:41,180 --> 00:13:43,478
and wrote about the souls
of flowers and suchlike,

187
00:13:43,616 --> 00:13:45,174
and was called Fechner

188
00:13:45,317 --> 00:13:50,414
took Herbart's ideas and turned them
into what he called psychophysics,

189
00:13:50,556 --> 00:13:54,458
which was all about
measuring awareness.

190
00:14:02,067 --> 00:14:05,093
If experiences like this dance,
for instance,

191
00:14:05,237 --> 00:14:07,171
changed you like Herbart said,

192
00:14:07,306 --> 00:14:09,536
then at what stage
in an experience

193
00:14:09,675 --> 00:14:13,304
did you notice it
happening to you?

194
00:14:14,813 --> 00:14:19,682
At what stage did you become
conscious of the effect on you?

195
00:14:20,719 --> 00:14:22,277
If you know what I mean.

196
00:14:25,324 --> 00:14:26,848
If you're still there.

197
00:14:26,992 --> 00:14:29,358
So it was Fechner
and his college pal

198
00:14:29,495 --> 00:14:32,225
who came up
with the next bright idea,

199
00:14:32,364 --> 00:14:35,231
and amazing new scientific law

200
00:14:35,367 --> 00:14:38,063
that I'd bet you've waited
all your life to hear about--

201
00:14:38,203 --> 00:14:42,105
the law of the just-noticeable
difference.

202
00:14:42,241 --> 00:14:43,435
And I kid you not.

203
00:14:43,575 --> 00:14:47,102
This law would turn out to be
of cosmic significance

204
00:14:47,246 --> 00:14:50,272
once, that is, around 1860,

205
00:14:50,416 --> 00:14:53,476
they'd got down
to some really heavy research.

206
00:15:03,996 --> 00:15:05,395
This kind of heavy.

207
00:15:05,531 --> 00:15:08,295
The weight lifter is given more
and more heavy weights to lift

208
00:15:08,434 --> 00:15:10,197
and asked if he notices.

209
00:15:11,537 --> 00:15:13,528
And I'm being perfectly serious.

210
00:15:19,445 --> 00:15:21,345
Turns out, whether you notice
the difference

211
00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:22,811
with the extra weight

212
00:15:22,948 --> 00:15:25,348
depends on the weight
you started with.

213
00:15:39,164 --> 00:15:42,190
And the scale of the difference
is always the same.

214
00:15:42,334 --> 00:15:45,497
If you double the basic,
you have to double the extra.

215
00:15:45,637 --> 00:15:49,334
So if for 100 kilograms, it was 2,

216
00:15:53,045 --> 00:15:57,744
then for 200 kilograms,
it's gonna have to be 4.

217
00:16:26,178 --> 00:16:30,114
Okay, here's one for you,
no muscles needed.

218
00:16:30,249 --> 00:16:31,739
50 candles.

219
00:16:31,884 --> 00:16:33,943
Add 1 .

220
00:16:34,086 --> 00:16:35,485
Notice the difference?

221
00:16:35,621 --> 00:16:36,849
You should.

222
00:16:36,989 --> 00:16:39,856
That's the just-noticeable
difference in light levels

223
00:16:39,992 --> 00:16:41,220
the human eye can detect.

224
00:16:41,360 --> 00:16:44,056
Between 50

225
00:16:44,196 --> 00:16:47,165
and 51 candles.

226
00:16:49,268 --> 00:16:53,364
which, as I said, was to become
of cosmic significance.

227
00:16:53,906 --> 00:16:58,639
Here we are on the equator--
north here, south here,

228
00:16:58,777 --> 00:17:04,272
all marked obligingly here in Indonesia
by this equatorial monument.

229
00:17:04,416 --> 00:17:06,316
Now, I said
that just-noticeable difference

230
00:17:06,452 --> 00:17:09,216
would turn out to be
of cosmic significance--

231
00:17:09,354 --> 00:17:10,946
astronomical cosmic,

232
00:17:11,090 --> 00:17:13,490
because here
in the Southern Hemisphere

233
00:17:13,625 --> 00:17:15,217
is where astronomers
have always come

234
00:17:15,360 --> 00:17:18,227
to look up at a sky
much more full of stars

235
00:17:18,363 --> 00:17:21,161
than here in the Northern Hemisphere.

236
00:17:22,401 --> 00:17:24,562
One of these guys,
called John Herschel,

237
00:17:24,703 --> 00:17:28,799
comes south of the equator in 1834
to look at double stars

238
00:17:28,941 --> 00:17:30,465
at night, of course,

239
00:17:36,782 --> 00:17:39,751
and gets into the just-noticeable
difference business

240
00:17:39,885 --> 00:17:41,682
measuring the brightness of stars.

241
00:17:41,820 --> 00:17:44,152
Now, back then,
the official brightness

242
00:17:44,289 --> 00:17:46,154
of the brightest star in the sky--

243
00:17:46,291 --> 00:17:48,521
that is to say
a star of first magnitude--

244
00:17:48,660 --> 00:17:51,561
is said to be equal to the light
from a plumber's candle

245
00:17:51,697 --> 00:17:53,096
at one-mile distance.

246
00:17:53,232 --> 00:17:54,563
Call it that.

247
00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:57,692
Okay, now for Herschel's
bright idea.

248
00:17:57,836 --> 00:18:03,103
What you do is find another star
much dimmer than the first.

249
00:18:03,242 --> 00:18:05,676
Call it that.

250
00:18:05,811 --> 00:18:09,042
Now, you use a lens
to bring the dim star

251
00:18:09,181 --> 00:18:10,876
close enough to the bright star

252
00:18:11,016 --> 00:18:13,883
so that their brightness
is exactly equal,

253
00:18:14,019 --> 00:18:15,452
like this.

254
00:18:16,889 --> 00:18:20,586
The distance you had to move
the lens in order to do that

255
00:18:20,726 --> 00:18:24,218
is the measure of how dim
the dimmer star was.

256
00:18:42,614 --> 00:18:46,311
Okay, here is where we get cosmic.

257
00:18:49,121 --> 00:18:53,319
Turned out the different levels
of stellar magnitude,

258
00:18:53,458 --> 00:18:56,552
each magnitude marking
the just-noticeable difference

259
00:18:56,695 --> 00:18:59,892
between one star brightness
and another,

260
00:19:00,032 --> 00:19:03,058
meant that a star of fifth magnitude

261
00:19:03,202 --> 00:19:07,798
was actually 100 times dimmer
than a star of first magnitude.

262
00:19:07,940 --> 00:19:10,170
And Fechner also worked out
a formula

263
00:19:10,309 --> 00:19:14,075
to relate brightness
to how far away a star was.

264
00:19:14,213 --> 00:19:15,612
Okay.

265
00:19:15,747 --> 00:19:17,305
Now for the sky.

266
00:19:17,449 --> 00:19:19,542
This is a star cloud
in the Southern sky

267
00:19:19,685 --> 00:19:21,380
in the Magellanic clouds,

268
00:19:21,520 --> 00:19:23,147
and this is a double star.

269
00:19:23,288 --> 00:19:24,346
Remember Herschel?

270
00:19:24,489 --> 00:19:26,514
A dim star orbiting a bright one

271
00:19:26,658 --> 00:19:30,321
and going bright, dim;
bright, dim.

272
00:19:30,462 --> 00:19:34,865
Now, from a distance, that could
look like a single star varying.

273
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,629
Turns out there are single stars
that vary called Cepheids,

274
00:19:38,770 --> 00:19:40,533
and by 1920, they know

275
00:19:40,672 --> 00:19:44,130
the faster the Cepheid varies,
the brighter it is.

276
00:19:44,276 --> 00:19:48,178
An astronomer called Hubble
knows brightness relates to distance,

277
00:19:48,313 --> 00:19:53,512
so when he finds Cepheids
in the star cloud dim but varying fast,

278
00:19:53,652 --> 00:19:55,552
he knows they're a long way away.

279
00:19:55,687 --> 00:19:58,815
Now, he knows how far
the star cloud is,

280
00:19:58,957 --> 00:20:01,619
so he works out
the Cepheid distance

281
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:04,820
and knocks everybody's
cosmic socks off,

282
00:20:04,963 --> 00:20:07,727
because his Cepheids
are sitting out there

283
00:20:07,866 --> 00:20:10,926
100 million light-years away,

284
00:20:11,069 --> 00:20:15,870
the first sure indication
of the incredible size of the universe.

285
00:20:24,049 --> 00:20:28,281
So thanks to gin and tonic
and bottle caps,

286
00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:30,945
steel knives and clock springs,

287
00:20:31,089 --> 00:20:33,148
lighthouses and cannon,

288
00:20:33,292 --> 00:20:35,852
teaching kids, and weight lifters,

289
00:20:35,994 --> 00:20:39,054
we know that as far
as the cosmos is concerned,

290
00:20:39,197 --> 00:20:41,825
we haven't remotely reached
the end of it yet,

291
00:20:41,967 --> 00:20:43,491
unlike this program.

292
00:20:46,104 --> 00:20:48,368
Oh, why was I here in Java?

293
00:20:48,507 --> 00:20:51,476
Well, this observatory was built
to look for double stars,

294
00:20:51,610 --> 00:20:56,604
and it was built using money
from quinine, here in Bandol.

295
00:20:57,816 --> 00:20:58,942
Good health.