1 00:00:26,892 --> 00:00:29,292 This program is not just about India; 2 00:00:29,428 --> 00:00:32,591 it's about India and wine and war at sea 3 00:00:32,731 --> 00:00:34,631 and electricity and steam engines and love affairs 4 00:00:34,766 --> 00:00:36,927 and wallpaper and other stuff. 5 00:00:37,069 --> 00:00:43,440 So this opening sequence is not what it seems. 6 00:00:43,575 --> 00:00:46,510 However, to avoid confusion, throughout the program, 7 00:00:46,645 --> 00:00:50,081 I'll keep you posted with regular "Feedback." 8 00:01:02,294 --> 00:01:03,318 Oh, hi. 9 00:01:03,462 --> 00:01:04,656 Could you hold it for a second? 10 00:01:04,796 --> 00:01:06,058 Thanks. 11 00:01:06,198 --> 00:01:08,632 Okay, access the uplink now. 12 00:01:08,767 --> 00:01:11,895 Sorry about that. 13 00:01:12,037 --> 00:01:15,063 Well, here we are, intrepid reporter James Burke 14 00:01:15,207 --> 00:01:17,198 in one of the more remote parts of India, 15 00:01:17,342 --> 00:01:19,242 ready to start the show; 16 00:01:19,378 --> 00:01:22,472 a show that travels across the great web of knowledge, 17 00:01:22,614 --> 00:01:23,945 through space and time, 18 00:01:24,082 --> 00:01:26,516 to find the strangest connections between things... 19 00:01:26,652 --> 00:01:28,950 and all that stuff you've heard before. 20 00:01:29,087 --> 00:01:32,420 I suppose in a way, you know, the whole "Connections" concept 21 00:01:32,558 --> 00:01:34,321 is a product of the technology. 22 00:01:34,459 --> 00:01:38,293 Because back before the technology, you couldn't have seen life that way. 23 00:01:38,430 --> 00:01:41,058 I mean, the way everything is connected... 24 00:01:41,199 --> 00:01:43,724 because back then, it wasn't. 25 00:01:47,306 --> 00:01:49,103 A hundred years ago, for instance, 26 00:01:49,241 --> 00:01:52,267 I'd have been really cut off here... really intrepid. 27 00:01:52,411 --> 00:01:58,043 50 years ago, 100 miles to the nearest telegraph office. 28 00:01:58,183 --> 00:02:04,452 20 years ago, 50 miles to the nearest phone. 29 00:02:04,590 --> 00:02:10,392 Today, this laptop, this cell phone, and that satellite... 30 00:02:10,529 --> 00:02:14,329 and, bingo, here goes my script update back to the office in London. 31 00:02:14,466 --> 00:02:16,263 Okay, I'll send it now. 32 00:02:21,173 --> 00:02:24,939 This is what life in the 21st century's going to be all about. 33 00:02:25,077 --> 00:02:29,013 Wherever you are... Siberia, Paris, Manhattan... 34 00:02:29,147 --> 00:02:30,614 all of it's living on the great network 35 00:02:30,749 --> 00:02:34,742 that will connect everybody; able to be and do anything; 36 00:02:34,886 --> 00:02:37,150 free from the limitations of space and time; 37 00:02:37,289 --> 00:02:40,622 with the world at your fingertips. 38 00:02:40,759 --> 00:02:44,092 But only if we learn to live with one important little thing 39 00:02:44,229 --> 00:02:46,993 in cyberspace: our other selves; 40 00:02:47,132 --> 00:02:49,999 the electronic version of you that lives in the system 41 00:02:50,135 --> 00:02:54,731 and works for you night and day; does anything you want, 42 00:02:54,873 --> 00:02:57,535 sometimes even before you know you want it. 43 00:02:57,676 --> 00:02:58,734 Watch this. 44 00:02:58,877 --> 00:03:01,277 Run the agent program. 45 00:03:05,350 --> 00:03:06,715 Good morning, James. 46 00:03:06,852 --> 00:03:08,615 You have three appointments today, 47 00:03:08,754 --> 00:03:12,349 and it's your mother's birthday, so I've sent pink roses. 48 00:03:12,491 --> 00:03:14,891 George's electronic agent says, 49 00:03:15,027 --> 00:03:17,052 "Could the next Wednesday meeting be Friday?" 50 00:03:17,195 --> 00:03:20,892 I've confirmed you're free, and we've changed both your diaries. 51 00:03:21,033 --> 00:03:23,866 Your checking account is close to red line, 52 00:03:24,002 --> 00:03:25,492 so I've topped it up. 53 00:03:25,637 --> 00:03:28,037 Don't forget it's your anniversary next week. 54 00:03:28,173 --> 00:03:32,906 I've checked out some things she likes, okay? 55 00:03:33,045 --> 00:03:37,141 Your blood test came back; you're fine. 56 00:03:37,282 --> 00:03:39,807 I've completed the company upcoming tax returns, 57 00:03:39,951 --> 00:03:41,316 if you want to review them. 58 00:03:43,789 --> 00:03:45,518 Top temperature today: 95. 59 00:03:45,657 --> 00:03:48,455 Your conference call's at 9:00, 60 00:03:48,593 --> 00:03:51,494 and I've reminded everybody else's electronic agent. 61 00:03:51,630 --> 00:03:53,723 That's it. 62 00:03:53,865 --> 00:03:54,832 Good, eh? 63 00:03:54,966 --> 00:03:58,129 And maybe for some people a bit scary, 64 00:03:58,270 --> 00:04:00,534 because there's one thing that has to happen 65 00:04:00,672 --> 00:04:04,130 if the electronic agent really is supposed to be another you: 66 00:04:04,276 --> 00:04:08,542 The agent has to know you intimately. 67 00:04:08,680 --> 00:04:13,174 Every detail of your every day; every moment of your business life; 68 00:04:13,318 --> 00:04:16,651 your spending habits and those of your nearest and dearest; 69 00:04:16,788 --> 00:04:21,487 your personal friends; doctor's records; spare time activities. 70 00:04:21,626 --> 00:04:23,651 And every phone call you ever make. 71 00:04:23,795 --> 00:04:27,322 And when you go anywhere, see anybody, buy anything, 72 00:04:27,466 --> 00:04:32,335 break a law, tell a lie, catch a cold... it knows. 73 00:04:32,471 --> 00:04:36,669 And on the network, it doesn't matter where you do that. 74 00:04:36,808 --> 00:04:40,744 It knows. 75 00:04:40,879 --> 00:04:46,181 And then it analyzes and records and updates your behavior profile. 76 00:04:46,318 --> 00:04:48,411 And that's how it learns to be you. 77 00:04:48,553 --> 00:04:51,181 And it does that thanks to the most fundamental element 78 00:04:51,323 --> 00:04:53,257 in all learning. 79 00:04:55,494 --> 00:04:59,555 Something that also kind of won the last World War 80 00:04:59,698 --> 00:05:03,532 and every war since: Feedback. 81 00:05:07,105 --> 00:05:13,374 Feedback is what stops this happening, because it stops this happening. 82 00:05:13,512 --> 00:05:15,537 German missiles going just too fast 83 00:05:15,680 --> 00:05:18,706 for people on the ground to hit... until feedback, 84 00:05:18,850 --> 00:05:22,217 the magic idea thought up by M.I.T. and Bell Labs 85 00:05:22,354 --> 00:05:24,254 for tracking the missile; 86 00:05:24,389 --> 00:05:27,552 and then using fancy math to predict from the radar data 87 00:05:27,692 --> 00:05:30,752 where the missile is likely to be a few seconds from now. 88 00:05:30,896 --> 00:05:33,057 Then you keep feeding those predictions 89 00:05:33,198 --> 00:05:35,291 to the guys trying to shoot the missile down. 90 00:05:35,433 --> 00:05:38,925 So instead of shooting at where the thing is, 91 00:05:39,070 --> 00:05:44,098 they shoot at where it's going to be. 92 00:05:44,242 --> 00:05:46,676 By 1943, the predictors, as they're called, 93 00:05:46,812 --> 00:05:49,406 are able to do this. 94 00:05:52,651 --> 00:05:56,087 The feedback trick improved the artillery's success rate 95 00:05:56,221 --> 00:05:58,246 to the point where Hitler stops trying. 96 00:05:58,390 --> 00:06:01,655 And by 1944, thanks to feedback, 97 00:06:01,793 --> 00:06:05,058 Allied guns everywhere are hitting anything that moves. 98 00:06:05,197 --> 00:06:07,358 And people are beginning to drink 99 00:06:07,499 --> 00:06:10,093 to the end of the war being in sight. 100 00:06:12,637 --> 00:06:15,902 Appropriate, really, when you think of where the idea of feedback 101 00:06:16,041 --> 00:06:18,441 came from in the first place. 102 00:06:18,577 --> 00:06:22,673 It's all due to a guy who is a French winemaker 103 00:06:22,814 --> 00:06:25,681 and who happens to find out what goes on inside you 104 00:06:25,817 --> 00:06:28,877 when you do things, I'm happy to say, like this. 105 00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:30,419 Cheers. 106 00:06:32,224 --> 00:06:33,521 Ahh. 107 00:06:33,658 --> 00:06:36,991 His name is Claude Bernard, and he lives here in this house 108 00:06:37,128 --> 00:06:39,323 in one of the more beautiful bits of countryside 109 00:06:39,464 --> 00:06:41,398 in the world... just outside. 110 00:06:41,533 --> 00:06:45,765 Why don't you enjoy that while I enjoy this? 111 00:06:54,913 --> 00:06:58,349 This is the Beaujolais country in the heart of France, 112 00:06:58,483 --> 00:07:00,951 where some of the world's best wines come from. 113 00:07:01,086 --> 00:07:05,318 And it's every bit as delightful as it looks. 114 00:07:05,457 --> 00:07:08,392 Ironic that it should have inspired Claude Bernard 115 00:07:08,526 --> 00:07:11,120 to do the awful things he did... 116 00:07:11,263 --> 00:07:13,731 coming up, after another minute or so 117 00:07:13,865 --> 00:07:17,096 of this enjoyable tourist stuff. 118 00:07:58,176 --> 00:07:59,905 Right in the middle of the Beaujolais country, 119 00:08:00,045 --> 00:08:04,448 this is that guy's vineyard, and that over there's his house. 120 00:08:06,484 --> 00:08:09,282 And this is the reason he's in this program. 121 00:08:09,421 --> 00:08:11,355 Because back in mid-19th century, 122 00:08:11,489 --> 00:08:14,117 Claude Bernard, who's a doctor as well as a winemaker, 123 00:08:14,259 --> 00:08:20,198 notices something rather funny about, well, rabbit wee-wee. 124 00:08:20,332 --> 00:08:23,733 He discovers that if you give a rabbit regular meals to eat, 125 00:08:23,868 --> 00:08:25,893 its urine is cloudy and alkaline. 126 00:08:26,037 --> 00:08:28,471 But if a rabbit's had no food for a while, 127 00:08:28,606 --> 00:08:33,066 its urine goes clear and acid. 128 00:08:33,211 --> 00:08:37,375 This earth-shattering observation gets Claude Bernard all excited 129 00:08:37,515 --> 00:08:41,611 about stomachs and gastric juices and other such internal matters. 130 00:08:41,753 --> 00:08:43,311 And here in his farmhouse, 131 00:08:43,455 --> 00:08:48,222 he decides to take a closer, more scientific look. 132 00:08:48,360 --> 00:08:52,592 And he finds out about the way that rabbits and humans 133 00:08:52,731 --> 00:08:54,392 automatically switch to living off their fat 134 00:08:54,532 --> 00:08:56,056 if they don't get any food. 135 00:08:56,201 --> 00:08:57,862 That's why the urine changes. 136 00:08:58,003 --> 00:09:01,939 Further investigation also reveals that if you're short of sugar, 137 00:09:02,073 --> 00:09:06,203 your liver dumps more sugar into your bloodstream... 138 00:09:06,344 --> 00:09:09,108 and that there's a whole string or reactions like that 139 00:09:09,247 --> 00:09:11,943 going on in your body: Feedback reactions 140 00:09:12,083 --> 00:09:14,449 that keep all your body levels the way they're supposed to be. 141 00:09:14,586 --> 00:09:17,680 Like, if you need water, you get thirsty and drink. 142 00:09:17,822 --> 00:09:23,021 If you're hot, you sweat and cool down. 143 00:09:23,161 --> 00:09:25,129 Other people pick up on this stuff 144 00:09:25,263 --> 00:09:27,731 and, sure enough, find out about more feedback systems 145 00:09:27,866 --> 00:09:30,960 working to control the level of things like adrenaline, 146 00:09:31,102 --> 00:09:33,400 sex hormones, and other chemicals that kick in 147 00:09:33,538 --> 00:09:37,736 when you're attracted or scared or angry or cold and so on. 148 00:09:37,876 --> 00:09:41,209 All part of the marvelous body feedback mechanism 149 00:09:41,346 --> 00:09:45,578 working to preserve what Claude labels the inner balance. 150 00:09:45,717 --> 00:09:49,084 We today would call it homeostasis. 151 00:09:49,220 --> 00:09:53,179 And it's from physiologists working on homeostasis 152 00:09:53,324 --> 00:09:56,691 that those wartime predictor people you saw get their ideas 153 00:09:56,828 --> 00:10:00,821 for those antiaircraft feedback fire controls systems, remember? 154 00:10:00,965 --> 00:10:03,866 Oh, while we're here, take a look at the kind of science 155 00:10:04,002 --> 00:10:06,368 Claude Bernard is doing in 1860. 156 00:10:06,504 --> 00:10:09,234 Great big scales, 157 00:10:09,374 --> 00:10:12,810 because they're still finding out what everything weighs. 158 00:10:12,944 --> 00:10:16,778 Giant glass containers for boiling and condensing and reducing... 159 00:10:16,915 --> 00:10:19,281 kind of science as cookery almost. 160 00:10:19,417 --> 00:10:22,443 And then you write it all up in pen and ink, 161 00:10:22,587 --> 00:10:24,987 because this is before even typewriters. 162 00:10:25,123 --> 00:10:27,717 But then, in contrast, look at this: 163 00:10:27,859 --> 00:10:30,157 The kind of delicate precision instruments 164 00:10:30,295 --> 00:10:32,763 craftsmen handcraft back then. 165 00:10:32,897 --> 00:10:34,262 Beautiful, eh? 166 00:10:34,399 --> 00:10:37,994 This one's particularly relevant. 167 00:10:40,071 --> 00:10:43,165 See, Claude's discovery of how your insides work 168 00:10:43,308 --> 00:10:48,439 is great news for medicine but not such great news for rabbits 169 00:10:48,580 --> 00:10:52,482 or guinea pigs, dogs, frogs, cats, rats, horses, 170 00:10:52,617 --> 00:10:54,608 or any of the many experimental animals 171 00:10:54,752 --> 00:10:55,946 that young medical students 172 00:10:56,087 --> 00:10:58,555 now start to investigate the workings of... 173 00:10:58,690 --> 00:11:03,218 in the interest of discovery or of just getting qualified. 174 00:11:03,361 --> 00:11:05,420 Vivisection it's called. 175 00:11:05,563 --> 00:11:10,159 Using instruments like this on animals like this. 176 00:11:17,876 --> 00:11:21,972 As a result of which Claude's wife, well, leaves him 177 00:11:22,113 --> 00:11:26,709 and joins some animal rights people, one of whom is trying to kill Claude 178 00:11:26,851 --> 00:11:30,753 with something that science at the time has not yet discovered: 179 00:11:30,889 --> 00:11:33,050 Thought waves. 180 00:11:36,261 --> 00:11:37,956 The real movers and shakers 181 00:11:38,096 --> 00:11:40,621 in antivivisection at the time are the English, 182 00:11:40,765 --> 00:11:44,030 because up to now, they've treated animals worst of anybody 183 00:11:44,169 --> 00:11:47,070 and have now decided it's time to develop a soft spot 184 00:11:47,205 --> 00:11:48,365 for man's best friends. 185 00:11:48,506 --> 00:11:51,202 So as early as 1822, there's a Society 186 00:11:51,342 --> 00:11:54,334 for the Protection of Animals from Vivisection. 187 00:11:54,479 --> 00:11:58,438 And it's leading light is a formidable lady called Cob, 188 00:11:58,583 --> 00:12:01,848 whose followers start to call themselves humane societies 189 00:12:01,986 --> 00:12:05,683 in spite of the fact that it was this kind of behavior 190 00:12:05,823 --> 00:12:08,587 the original humane societies were set up to handle: 191 00:12:08,726 --> 00:12:12,127 Saving what's described as "the apparently drowned" 192 00:12:12,263 --> 00:12:14,925 from various watery graves. 193 00:12:15,066 --> 00:12:17,159 That kind of humane stuff really hits the headlines 194 00:12:17,302 --> 00:12:20,999 here at a place called Bamburgh in the northeast of England; 195 00:12:21,139 --> 00:12:23,232 a place famous for its ancient castle 196 00:12:23,374 --> 00:12:27,276 and even more famous for its lousy winter weather. 197 00:12:27,412 --> 00:12:31,075 Rarely lousier than at 5:00 in the morning 198 00:12:31,216 --> 00:12:33,878 on September the 7th, 1838, 199 00:12:34,018 --> 00:12:37,146 when a luxury steamer with 68 people on board, 200 00:12:37,288 --> 00:12:41,088 heading for Scotland, breaks up in a humungous storm 201 00:12:41,226 --> 00:12:43,353 out there off the Farne Islands. 202 00:12:43,494 --> 00:12:46,463 And everybody goes down except for nine people 203 00:12:46,598 --> 00:12:49,726 clinging to the rocks and, fortunately for them, 204 00:12:49,867 --> 00:12:53,268 spotted by the young daughter of the local lighthouse man. 205 00:12:53,404 --> 00:12:56,396 The girl, Grace Darling, and her dad, 206 00:12:56,541 --> 00:13:00,272 make two death-defying trips, rescue all the survivors, 207 00:13:00,411 --> 00:13:05,576 and trigger massive public support for more of the same. 208 00:13:05,717 --> 00:13:09,380 As a result of which, if you're ever clinging to the rocks, 209 00:13:09,520 --> 00:13:11,715 with a bit of luck, this will happen. 210 00:13:15,760 --> 00:13:18,752 Lifeboats is what Grace Darling starts, 211 00:13:18,896 --> 00:13:21,524 and early on, they look like this. 212 00:13:21,666 --> 00:13:23,463 Covered in cork to make them unsinkable, 213 00:13:23,601 --> 00:13:25,398 with five pairs of oars, 214 00:13:25,536 --> 00:13:28,733 eventually this design gets used all over the world. 215 00:13:28,873 --> 00:13:31,740 So thanks to antimissile feedback 216 00:13:31,876 --> 00:13:35,368 and Claude Bernard's vivisection and humane societies, 217 00:13:35,513 --> 00:13:38,380 here we are on the way to help somebody in distress 218 00:13:38,516 --> 00:13:41,508 from becoming an "apparently drowned." 219 00:13:41,653 --> 00:13:43,450 South by southeast of the pinnacles, 220 00:13:43,588 --> 00:13:48,821 and due west of the Longstown might. 221 00:13:48,960 --> 00:13:51,895 Now, it has to be said that back in 1854, 222 00:13:52,030 --> 00:13:54,498 when lifeboat associations really get going, 223 00:13:54,632 --> 00:13:58,762 it isn't all volunteer altruism, although there's a lot of that. 224 00:13:58,903 --> 00:14:01,497 No, rescuing people back then 225 00:14:01,639 --> 00:14:05,040 tends to be something you do on the way to rescuing their cargo, 226 00:14:05,176 --> 00:14:09,340 because what with industrial production going up in Europe and America, 227 00:14:09,480 --> 00:14:12,643 and raw materials by the thousand tons crossing the ocean, 228 00:14:12,784 --> 00:14:17,744 there's a lot more shipping out there, so there's a lot more money out there. 229 00:14:17,922 --> 00:14:20,720 But there's another reason for all those ships, 230 00:14:20,825 --> 00:14:23,055 as I'm sure you've guessed. 231 00:14:23,194 --> 00:14:26,129 And it's linked to a new seafaring habit 232 00:14:26,264 --> 00:14:30,758 of chucking bottles over the side. 233 00:14:30,902 --> 00:14:33,462 Now, it's not often a bottle changes the course of history, 234 00:14:33,604 --> 00:14:39,509 but this is no ordinary bottle, as you can see. 235 00:14:39,644 --> 00:14:42,044 Meanwhile, all that extra shipping out there, 236 00:14:42,180 --> 00:14:45,616 which is out there thanks to a young American naval officer, 237 00:14:45,750 --> 00:14:47,581 who knows more about what goes on at sea 238 00:14:47,719 --> 00:14:50,813 than you could shake a crab net at. 239 00:14:54,092 --> 00:14:56,959 This guy is so hot at oceanography... 240 00:14:57,095 --> 00:14:59,063 like how far winds and currents will take you 241 00:14:59,197 --> 00:15:00,630 at particular times of the year... 242 00:15:00,765 --> 00:15:04,132 that one day, when an American troop ship 243 00:15:04,268 --> 00:15:06,566 gets hit by a gigantic storm in the Atlantic, 244 00:15:06,704 --> 00:15:10,333 our pal, Matthew Maury, marks a cross on the chart, 245 00:15:10,475 --> 00:15:14,002 and that's exactly where the rescue ship finds the survivors 246 00:15:14,145 --> 00:15:16,875 floating in the water days later. 247 00:15:17,014 --> 00:15:18,641 Pretty good, eh? 248 00:15:25,289 --> 00:15:29,282 Maury's able to do that X marks the spot stuff 249 00:15:29,427 --> 00:15:32,157 because by 1847, he's spent years 250 00:15:32,296 --> 00:15:34,059 going through more than a million observations 251 00:15:34,198 --> 00:15:38,430 on wind and currents from piles of dusty old ships' logbooks 252 00:15:38,569 --> 00:15:40,867 that the department of the Navy have hung onto 253 00:15:41,005 --> 00:15:44,236 but never done anything about. 254 00:15:44,375 --> 00:15:47,936 And that's why I'm here in posh Academic surroundings 255 00:15:48,079 --> 00:15:51,913 with a bunch of people who owe their careers to the bottle, 256 00:15:52,049 --> 00:15:54,381 if you get my drift. 257 00:15:54,519 --> 00:15:57,249 And if you don't, you soon will. 258 00:15:57,388 --> 00:15:59,652 Attention on deck. 259 00:15:59,791 --> 00:16:03,227 Thank you, take seats. 260 00:16:03,361 --> 00:16:06,797 The end result of all Maury's data collecting 261 00:16:06,931 --> 00:16:11,300 is basic training in every navigation class today. 262 00:16:11,436 --> 00:16:12,733 Basically what Maury comes up with 263 00:16:12,870 --> 00:16:16,465 is a kind of road map of the sea showing, well, the expressways. 264 00:16:16,607 --> 00:16:19,633 This is one of his best examples: The Gulf Stream. 265 00:16:19,777 --> 00:16:21,972 You jump on this 50-mile-wide current 266 00:16:22,113 --> 00:16:24,638 going across the Atlantic that way at a time of the year 267 00:16:24,782 --> 00:16:27,910 when Maury tells you the winds are also going that way, 268 00:16:28,052 --> 00:16:29,485 and you will be across the Atlantic 269 00:16:29,620 --> 00:16:32,851 quicker than you can say "path of minimum time sailing," 270 00:16:32,990 --> 00:16:34,855 which is what Maury calls this trick: 271 00:16:34,992 --> 00:16:37,927 Using winds and currents instead of a straight line 272 00:16:38,062 --> 00:16:40,326 to go from any A to any B, 273 00:16:40,465 --> 00:16:46,301 thus saving a lot of time and, more important, a lot of money. 274 00:16:46,437 --> 00:16:49,201 So Maury produces a book called "Sailing Directions" 275 00:16:49,340 --> 00:16:52,309 and keeps it updated, because every navigator 276 00:16:52,443 --> 00:16:55,606 gets a free copy of this book from the U.S. government 277 00:16:55,746 --> 00:16:58,840 as long as they agree to fill in a form every day of a voyage 278 00:16:58,983 --> 00:17:00,974 with temperature, pressure, 279 00:17:01,118 --> 00:17:04,884 speed and direction of wind and currents, and so on; 280 00:17:05,022 --> 00:17:08,355 and at certain times, throw over the side a bottle, 281 00:17:08,493 --> 00:17:14,454 corked, of course, with a bit of paper inside saying: 282 00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:18,695 Date, time, and position, see? 283 00:17:18,836 --> 00:17:23,205 Oh, and pick up any other bottle they happen to see floating by. 284 00:17:23,341 --> 00:17:26,310 As a result of all this, not surprisingly, 285 00:17:26,444 --> 00:17:28,571 Maury becomes an international weather biggie, 286 00:17:28,713 --> 00:17:30,647 which is why he gets to organize 287 00:17:30,781 --> 00:17:33,978 the first international weather conference, in Brussels in 1853, 288 00:17:34,118 --> 00:17:37,747 where he talks everybody into standard formats for weather charts. 289 00:17:37,889 --> 00:17:42,917 The other thing Maury is hot for is a weather reporting network 290 00:17:43,060 --> 00:17:45,620 that will use the latest wonder technology, 291 00:17:45,763 --> 00:17:48,095 a new gizmo called the telegraph; 292 00:17:48,232 --> 00:17:51,167 which of course bumps Maury into Sam Morse, 293 00:17:51,302 --> 00:17:54,567 well-known by history for having invented the Morse code 294 00:17:54,705 --> 00:17:59,369 and almost entirely forgotten by history for something else. 295 00:17:59,510 --> 00:18:00,704 But before we get to that, 296 00:18:00,845 --> 00:18:04,008 why are we doing all this about Maury here? 297 00:18:04,148 --> 00:18:05,740 Because this place was his idea. 298 00:18:05,883 --> 00:18:09,046 It's where you become a career naval officer like Maury: 299 00:18:09,186 --> 00:18:12,349 The United States Naval Academy. 300 00:18:36,714 --> 00:18:38,306 Okay, enough of the fun. 301 00:18:38,449 --> 00:18:41,816 Now for Sam Morse, revelations of thwarted ambition, 302 00:18:41,953 --> 00:18:43,580 and conspiracy theory. 303 00:18:43,721 --> 00:18:45,552 And where better for such revelations 304 00:18:45,690 --> 00:18:49,649 than the home of such revelations, Capitol Hill? 305 00:18:49,794 --> 00:18:51,762 The court is in session. 306 00:18:51,896 --> 00:18:54,091 All rise. 307 00:19:05,176 --> 00:19:07,736 The evidence would seem to indicate 308 00:19:07,878 --> 00:19:12,144 that Mr. Matthew Maury and all those other weather experts 309 00:19:12,283 --> 00:19:18,153 are able to exchange data thanks to a trip Mr. Samuel Morse takes 310 00:19:18,289 --> 00:19:21,520 back from Europe to America in 1832 311 00:19:21,659 --> 00:19:27,154 and during which he "invents" the telegraph. 312 00:19:27,298 --> 00:19:29,789 In fact, any court in the land would agree 313 00:19:29,934 --> 00:19:33,165 that he's probably the sixth person to do so. 314 00:19:33,304 --> 00:19:37,866 Anyway, back in New York... let me see... 315 00:19:38,009 --> 00:19:41,342 he reads up on electricity, picks everybody's brains, 316 00:19:41,479 --> 00:19:44,971 and has the two ideas that make his telegraph 317 00:19:45,116 --> 00:19:48,916 the one that will end up famous rather than anybody else's. 318 00:19:49,053 --> 00:19:51,920 Exhibit A, the key you tap with, 319 00:19:52,056 --> 00:19:56,288 and exhibit B, the code you tap: 320 00:19:56,427 --> 00:20:00,227 The Morse code. 321 00:20:00,364 --> 00:20:03,660 In 1844, here in the old U.S. Supreme Court, 321a 00:20:03,760 --> 00:20:06,937 in Washington D.C., before astonished members of Congress, 322 00:20:07,037 --> 00:20:10,701 Sam Morse powers up his contraption and blows everybody away 323 00:20:10,841 --> 00:20:13,674 with what must have seemed a little short of magic: 324 00:20:13,811 --> 00:20:15,574 "An instant message all the way from Baltimore, 325 00:20:15,713 --> 00:20:17,943 45 miles away," he says. 326 00:20:18,082 --> 00:20:20,107 "And here it comes now." 327 00:20:20,251 --> 00:20:22,719 And this happens. 328 00:20:42,773 --> 00:20:45,765 And the rest, as they say, is history... 329 00:20:45,910 --> 00:20:47,969 the history everybody knows. 330 00:20:48,112 --> 00:20:50,603 Now for the less-known bit. 331 00:20:50,748 --> 00:20:54,275 And get ready for some culture. 332 00:20:54,418 --> 00:20:57,649 This is the Capitol building rotunda in Washington 333 00:20:57,788 --> 00:21:00,222 and the next bit of the story. 334 00:21:02,593 --> 00:21:06,689 The reason Morse is on that ship back from Europe... remember?... 335 00:21:06,831 --> 00:21:10,858 is because he's been over there painting this kind of stuff, 336 00:21:11,001 --> 00:21:13,299 for which he's already quite famous. 337 00:21:13,437 --> 00:21:14,734 I mean, he's president 338 00:21:14,872 --> 00:21:19,002 of the National Academy of Art and Design in New York, for a start. 339 00:21:19,143 --> 00:21:23,944 So you won't be surprised to know that in terms of what happens next, 340 00:21:24,081 --> 00:21:27,744 he pretty much reckons he's got the picture. 341 00:21:29,987 --> 00:21:32,012 Thing is, back in 1836, 342 00:21:32,156 --> 00:21:34,624 they haven't quite finished building the rotunda. 343 00:21:34,759 --> 00:21:38,058 And of the decoration and stuff left to do, the main job 344 00:21:38,195 --> 00:21:40,755 the rotunda art committee still have to commission 345 00:21:40,898 --> 00:21:43,890 is for a set of four giant paintings like this one; 346 00:21:44,034 --> 00:21:47,026 a commission which Sam Morse's pitch to the committee 347 00:21:47,171 --> 00:21:50,800 kind of takes for granted. 348 00:21:50,941 --> 00:21:52,670 Take a look at this, gentlemen, 349 00:21:52,810 --> 00:21:56,143 and you'll see that important themes are my stock-in-trade. 350 00:21:56,280 --> 00:22:00,649 This is called "The Gallery of The Louvre in Paris." 351 00:22:00,785 --> 00:22:02,810 I mean, I think big. 352 00:22:02,953 --> 00:22:05,820 So a job like the rotunda for a man of my talents 353 00:22:05,956 --> 00:22:09,756 would be a piece of cake, right? 354 00:22:09,894 --> 00:22:10,986 Wrong. 355 00:22:11,128 --> 00:22:14,256 The problem is, Morse is a political looney. 356 00:22:14,398 --> 00:22:17,765 He believes that the pope is infiltrating Catholics 357 00:22:17,902 --> 00:22:21,065 into Missouri in preparation for an armed uprising; 358 00:22:21,205 --> 00:22:23,730 that there is a foul foreign conspiracy 359 00:22:23,874 --> 00:22:25,273 against these United States; 360 00:22:25,409 --> 00:22:30,278 and that very soon there will be an American world empire! 361 00:22:30,414 --> 00:22:31,608 Well, you can imagine the reaction 362 00:22:31,749 --> 00:22:33,740 of the rotunda art committee, can't you? 363 00:22:33,884 --> 00:22:35,249 Don't call us. 364 00:22:35,386 --> 00:22:39,948 Morse is so ticked off, he gives up painting for good. 365 00:22:40,090 --> 00:22:43,116 Still, as you know, he makes a fortune with the telegraph. 366 00:22:43,260 --> 00:22:44,318 Can't win 'em all. 367 00:22:44,461 --> 00:22:49,558 Meanwhile, why was he on that trip to Europe 368 00:22:49,700 --> 00:22:51,190 in the first place? 369 00:22:51,335 --> 00:22:54,202 Well, as I said, boning up on European art 370 00:22:54,338 --> 00:22:56,135 in preparation for this presentation. 371 00:22:56,273 --> 00:22:59,800 And also spending some time with his big hero, 372 00:22:59,944 --> 00:23:03,505 a fellow who had the kind of disease 373 00:23:03,647 --> 00:23:06,172 most of us would like to have. 374 00:23:14,458 --> 00:23:16,449 The disease in question is a condition 375 00:23:16,594 --> 00:23:20,928 for which the only cure, even today, is trips to Italy. 376 00:23:21,065 --> 00:23:24,523 And Sam Morse's hero is nuts about the place, 377 00:23:24,668 --> 00:23:29,162 especially this place: The tiny hill town of Olevano Romano, 378 00:23:29,306 --> 00:23:32,434 just south of Rome, where the food and the wine 379 00:23:32,576 --> 00:23:33,804 and the people and the architecture 380 00:23:33,944 --> 00:23:35,775 and the sun and the olive groves 381 00:23:35,913 --> 00:23:40,043 will do to you what they do to this gent here, 382 00:23:40,184 --> 00:23:43,415 Washington Allston, who turns up in 1805, 383 00:23:43,554 --> 00:23:46,580 so that he can do what all Romantic painters did: 384 00:23:46,724 --> 00:23:52,788 Go totally over the top about how, well, Italian Italy is. 385 00:24:00,571 --> 00:24:02,630 Now, clearly this program 386 00:24:02,773 --> 00:24:05,537 hasn't suddenly turned into an art history class. 387 00:24:05,676 --> 00:24:09,271 As usual, there's more to all this than meets the eye. 388 00:24:09,413 --> 00:24:12,280 First of all, because Allston goes on to become 389 00:24:12,416 --> 00:24:14,179 America's leading Romantic painter, 390 00:24:14,318 --> 00:24:18,414 which is why Morse worships him and why he's in this program. 391 00:24:18,555 --> 00:24:21,956 And because, apart from mooning around, hugging trees, 392 00:24:22,092 --> 00:24:24,925 and smelling the flowers and taking his sketches home 393 00:24:25,062 --> 00:24:27,758 and filling them with classical maidens and Greek temples 394 00:24:27,898 --> 00:24:29,263 and all that good stuff, 395 00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:32,836 Allston gets mixed up with a rather dubious type 396 00:24:32,970 --> 00:24:36,667 I'm quite sure the puritanical Sam Morse never knew about. 397 00:24:36,807 --> 00:24:40,106 The chap I have in mind turns up here to visit 398 00:24:40,244 --> 00:24:43,702 and accompanies Allston on his daily commune with nature 399 00:24:43,847 --> 00:24:48,147 while they discuss the meaning of life. 400 00:24:48,285 --> 00:24:51,311 Only, however, on those very rare days 401 00:24:51,455 --> 00:24:52,922 when the gentlemen in question 402 00:24:53,057 --> 00:24:56,891 is in a fit state to discuss anything. 403 00:24:59,530 --> 00:25:02,226 And the name of this candidate for the rehab clinic: 404 00:25:02,366 --> 00:25:07,167 Romantic poetry hotshot Samuel Taylor Coleridge, 405 00:25:07,304 --> 00:25:10,205 one of the greatest scribblers and drug addicts in English Lit. 406 00:25:10,341 --> 00:25:12,775 And who spends time over in Olevano Romano, Italy, 407 00:25:12,910 --> 00:25:15,970 visiting Allston on his way back to England 408 00:25:16,113 --> 00:25:19,605 from this delightful spot: The holiday island of Malta, 409 00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:23,242 where he's been up to some pretty strange shenanigans. 410 00:25:23,387 --> 00:25:27,414 But before I dish the dirt, a quick catch-up on the story so far. 411 00:25:27,558 --> 00:25:31,426 Electronic agents on the internet and wartime guns 412 00:25:31,562 --> 00:25:33,427 use feedback techniques 413 00:25:33,564 --> 00:25:35,930 discovered in the first place by Claude Bernard, 414 00:25:36,066 --> 00:25:37,966 whose vivisection experiments 415 00:25:38,102 --> 00:25:40,195 kick off all those animal rights movements 416 00:25:40,337 --> 00:25:42,134 called humane societies 417 00:25:42,272 --> 00:25:46,038 that really start out as lifeboat crews rescuing people 418 00:25:46,176 --> 00:25:47,734 from all the shipwrecks happening 419 00:25:47,878 --> 00:25:49,846 because of all the extra ships out there 420 00:25:49,980 --> 00:25:52,414 who are using Maury's data on wind and currents 421 00:25:52,549 --> 00:25:54,449 transmitted by the amazing new telegraph, 422 00:25:54,585 --> 00:25:57,554 invented by Sam Morse, who's also a painter 423 00:25:57,688 --> 00:25:59,451 whose hero is Washington Allston, 424 00:25:59,590 --> 00:26:01,285 who spends time in Italy with Coleridge, 425 00:26:01,425 --> 00:26:04,417 who is, as I said, here in Malta... 426 00:26:04,561 --> 00:26:05,858 and, as you will see, 427 00:26:05,996 --> 00:26:09,397 spending a lot of time writing back to London. 428 00:26:15,939 --> 00:26:18,533 Okay, on with the story. 429 00:26:36,026 --> 00:26:39,553 What Coleridge is up to here is traveling all over the island 430 00:26:39,696 --> 00:26:42,290 on picnics and jolly trips to the countryside 431 00:26:42,433 --> 00:26:43,991 and at the same time 432 00:26:44,134 --> 00:26:48,093 working for the contemporary British equivalent of the CIA. 433 00:26:48,238 --> 00:26:51,264 And trying and failing miserably 434 00:26:51,408 --> 00:26:54,241 to get over his rather unfortunate habit, 435 00:26:54,378 --> 00:26:56,846 which is to take humungous amounts of opium 436 00:26:56,980 --> 00:27:00,381 four or five times a day and get totally off the wall. 437 00:27:00,517 --> 00:27:05,819 So surprise, surprise, Coleridge is in Malta for his health. 438 00:27:20,838 --> 00:27:23,033 By this time, his marriage is also on the rocks, 439 00:27:23,173 --> 00:27:27,473 and he's broke, has rheumatism, gout, heart problems, 440 00:27:27,611 --> 00:27:29,340 paranoia, hypochondria, 441 00:27:29,480 --> 00:27:32,278 and a giant guilt complex about various kinds of sin, 442 00:27:32,416 --> 00:27:34,646 and he's only 32. 443 00:27:34,785 --> 00:27:37,185 Oh, and he has written some great poetry, 444 00:27:37,321 --> 00:27:39,789 most of it hallucinatory. 445 00:27:43,093 --> 00:27:48,531 Now, as I said, Coleridge isn't just taking in the scenery here. 446 00:27:48,665 --> 00:27:51,031 By day, he's doing the 007 act, 447 00:27:51,168 --> 00:27:55,366 deeply involved with "For Your Eyes Only" stuff. 448 00:27:56,974 --> 00:27:59,966 On hush-hush missions he won't talk about, 449 00:28:00,110 --> 00:28:01,975 for the fellow running this place, 450 00:28:02,112 --> 00:28:07,015 the British governor of Malta, a Navy type called Alexander Ball. 451 00:28:07,151 --> 00:28:09,551 That's Coleridge by day. 452 00:28:13,123 --> 00:28:17,059 By night, he's burning the candle as rewrite man 453 00:28:17,194 --> 00:28:20,186 on Governor Ball's secret reports back to London 454 00:28:20,330 --> 00:28:23,299 about all the spying and skulduggery going on here. 455 00:28:23,433 --> 00:28:26,960 Because Malta, in mid-Mediterranean, see, 456 00:28:27,104 --> 00:28:29,868 is just where everybody wants to be. 457 00:28:30,007 --> 00:28:32,805 Russia wants a Mediterranean outpost. 458 00:28:32,943 --> 00:28:34,433 France wants to stop them. 459 00:28:34,578 --> 00:28:37,513 Britain wants to stop France. 460 00:28:37,648 --> 00:28:42,551 And America's having a war with Libya and needs a local base. 461 00:28:42,686 --> 00:28:48,488 So the island is what you might call a classic hotbed of intrigue, 462 00:28:48,625 --> 00:28:50,786 as they say on stuffier programs than this. 463 00:28:50,928 --> 00:28:52,054 Well, you get the point about Coleridge. 464 00:28:52,196 --> 00:28:54,960 Malta's the last place for a Romantic poet 465 00:28:55,098 --> 00:28:57,123 to get a lot of musing and scribbling done. 466 00:28:57,267 --> 00:28:58,734 So he doesn't. 467 00:28:58,869 --> 00:29:01,064 And by 1806, 468 00:29:01,205 --> 00:29:04,003 he's getting seriously worried about his literary output... 469 00:29:04,141 --> 00:29:06,666 with good reason, because there isn't any. 470 00:29:06,810 --> 00:29:09,574 So he heads for home, via Olevana Romano, 471 00:29:09,713 --> 00:29:11,613 where he will stay with Allston, 472 00:29:11,748 --> 00:29:15,013 leaving behind the good Governor Alexander Ball, 473 00:29:15,152 --> 00:29:19,589 whose attitude to drug addict poets is typically Navy: 474 00:29:19,723 --> 00:29:22,123 Shape up or ship out. 475 00:29:24,528 --> 00:29:26,962 Alexander Ball gets that governor's job 476 00:29:27,097 --> 00:29:29,691 in the first place because back in 1798, 477 00:29:29,833 --> 00:29:31,767 he's a Navy captain fighting the French 478 00:29:31,902 --> 00:29:37,033 and gets orders to join a new squadron in the Mediterranean. 479 00:29:37,174 --> 00:29:41,770 The job of the squadron is to keep tabs on Napoleon. 480 00:29:41,912 --> 00:29:46,645 His fleet is rumoured to be in the French port of Toulon, here. 481 00:29:46,783 --> 00:29:48,648 Now, British intelligence says 482 00:29:48,785 --> 00:29:53,381 his plan is to cross the Mediterranean and invade Egypt, here. 483 00:29:53,523 --> 00:29:56,924 But just in case his real plan is to go for Britain, 484 00:29:57,060 --> 00:30:00,359 the Brits are covering their bets here, 485 00:30:00,497 --> 00:30:04,934 as well as blockading the other big French naval port of Brest, here, 486 00:30:05,068 --> 00:30:06,501 as well as hanging around 487 00:30:06,637 --> 00:30:10,937 another possible bolt-hole for the French fleet, in Cadiz, here. 488 00:30:11,074 --> 00:30:14,100 So the Brits are stretched pretty thin. 489 00:30:14,244 --> 00:30:17,941 Turns out Napoleon's real target is Egypt after all. 490 00:30:18,081 --> 00:30:21,312 So he slips out of Toulon with 29 warships 491 00:30:21,451 --> 00:30:23,715 and arms and ammunition up the ying-yang... 492 00:30:23,854 --> 00:30:26,345 everything they need to take over Egypt. 493 00:30:26,490 --> 00:30:29,288 Now, this is a catastrophe in the making, 494 00:30:29,426 --> 00:30:31,291 and all there is to stop Napoleon 495 00:30:31,428 --> 00:30:38,425 is Alexander Ball, his boss, and six measly little ships. 496 00:30:38,568 --> 00:30:40,035 And then up comes a gale. 497 00:30:40,170 --> 00:30:43,537 The Brits get driven way down here off Sardinia, 498 00:30:43,674 --> 00:30:45,665 so there's nobody to prevent Napoleon 499 00:30:45,809 --> 00:30:50,610 making it all the way to Egypt and taking over as planned. 500 00:30:52,516 --> 00:30:55,349 And this is where Ball gets that job in Malta. 501 00:30:55,485 --> 00:30:57,544 There they are in the teeth of a storm, 502 00:30:57,688 --> 00:31:00,088 his boss' flagship has lost its mast, 503 00:31:00,223 --> 00:31:02,191 and Ball is towing him. 504 00:31:02,326 --> 00:31:05,193 The winds are up to force ten, the seas are humongous, 505 00:31:05,329 --> 00:31:07,957 they're nearly on the rocks, and the boss signals, 506 00:31:08,098 --> 00:31:09,565 "Cut loose and leave me." 507 00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:13,136 The aptly named Ball signals, "No way." 508 00:31:13,270 --> 00:31:14,897 Things are looking pretty disastrous, 509 00:31:15,038 --> 00:31:19,998 and then, at the last minute, in the nick of time, the storm abates. 510 00:31:20,143 --> 00:31:23,670 And it all ends like Hollywood, as you knew it would. 511 00:31:23,814 --> 00:31:27,750 It just so happens, the guy whose life Ball has just saved 512 00:31:27,884 --> 00:31:30,853 is Admiral Horatio Nelson, the great British hero, 513 00:31:30,987 --> 00:31:33,547 who promptly thanks Ball 514 00:31:33,690 --> 00:31:37,126 by making him Governor of Malta... down here, you remember... 515 00:31:37,260 --> 00:31:40,787 while Nelson himself nips off to mop up Napoleon 516 00:31:40,931 --> 00:31:43,593 at the Battle of the Nile. 517 00:31:43,734 --> 00:31:46,828 From which he then sails off for some R and R 518 00:31:46,970 --> 00:31:51,339 and all the pasta the crew can eat, to Italy, here. 519 00:31:51,475 --> 00:31:53,807 It's in Naples that Nelson comes across 520 00:31:53,944 --> 00:31:55,241 the hottest thing he's ever seen. 521 00:31:55,379 --> 00:32:01,943 No, not Vesuvius; a lady called Emma Hamilton. 522 00:32:02,085 --> 00:32:05,543 These two are about to make whoopee... sorry, history. 523 00:32:05,689 --> 00:32:09,386 And this is where they will meet, Naples, 524 00:32:09,526 --> 00:32:12,723 a city that has welcomed sailors with open arms for centuries; 525 00:32:12,863 --> 00:32:15,889 the place for food, fun, and frolic. 526 00:32:16,032 --> 00:32:18,330 And Emma Hamilton's husband is giving her enough rope, 527 00:32:18,468 --> 00:32:22,996 so she's spending most of her time partying with the locals. 528 00:32:23,140 --> 00:32:26,371 The elderly Hamilton is hardly the ideal match 529 00:32:26,510 --> 00:32:27,670 for a dish like Emma, 530 00:32:27,811 --> 00:32:31,747 so she's in the market for some pretty fishy stunts 531 00:32:31,882 --> 00:32:36,148 with the local gentry, including one I can't possibly show you, 532 00:32:36,286 --> 00:32:39,084 so try this spaghetti-eating contest instead. 533 00:32:39,222 --> 00:32:41,383 But Emma knows her ship will come in 534 00:32:41,525 --> 00:32:42,856 if she plays her cards right. 535 00:32:42,993 --> 00:32:45,962 Well, it does, and I bet you've guessed who's on it. 536 00:32:46,096 --> 00:32:48,656 Yes, in 1798, 537 00:32:48,799 --> 00:32:52,496 the megastar Admiral Horatio Nelson arrives in Naples. 538 00:32:52,636 --> 00:32:57,039 Everybody faints in fashionable style, especially Emma. 539 00:32:57,174 --> 00:33:00,541 There are parties where Emma distributes buttons and ribbons 540 00:33:00,677 --> 00:33:01,939 with "H.N." on them. 541 00:33:02,078 --> 00:33:04,979 She also entertains Nelson wearing no underwear, 542 00:33:05,115 --> 00:33:08,573 and not surprisingly, they become friends. 543 00:33:08,718 --> 00:33:11,551 Nelson persuades his wife to stay back home 544 00:33:11,688 --> 00:33:13,588 with tales of how Italy's bad for your health, 545 00:33:13,723 --> 00:33:16,157 and eventually he and Emma return here to England, 546 00:33:16,293 --> 00:33:20,696 where she has his child and they hit the tabloids, so to speak. 547 00:33:20,831 --> 00:33:22,458 He leaves again for sea, 548 00:33:22,599 --> 00:33:24,032 is killed at the Battle of Trafalgar, 549 00:33:24,167 --> 00:33:28,866 and that's it: One of history's greatest soap operas. 550 00:33:29,005 --> 00:33:33,669 Though grieving Emma lives on, widow of the nation's role model. 551 00:33:33,810 --> 00:33:35,971 Not bad for a gal who got her start 552 00:33:36,112 --> 00:33:40,276 in what can only be described as shocking circumstances. 553 00:33:48,458 --> 00:33:52,554 Doors have been opening for Emma since she was a hooker, aged 14, 554 00:33:52,696 --> 00:33:56,757 from which she graduates to be mistress of various aristocrats. 555 00:33:56,900 --> 00:34:00,097 She hits the big time around 1780, 556 00:34:00,237 --> 00:34:03,070 pouring drinks for the well-heeled suckers 557 00:34:03,206 --> 00:34:07,199 who are flocking into London's latest health and beauty salon 558 00:34:07,344 --> 00:34:09,972 with a difference, where they charge you 559 00:34:10,113 --> 00:34:14,345 in more senses than one: With electric shocks. 560 00:34:16,987 --> 00:34:19,956 Doctor James Graham claims his current treatment 561 00:34:20,090 --> 00:34:22,388 will generate a galvanizing effect 562 00:34:22,526 --> 00:34:24,687 on anybody who has a spark of life in them 563 00:34:24,828 --> 00:34:28,127 and wants to be a real live wire. 564 00:34:28,265 --> 00:34:29,960 And if you think that sentence was dreadful, 565 00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:34,161 you should read Graham's original sales pitch. 566 00:34:34,304 --> 00:34:36,169 But where Graham really scores 567 00:34:36,306 --> 00:34:40,037 is with his Electrico-Magnetico Celestial Bed, 568 00:34:40,176 --> 00:34:42,508 where, if you can't have children, 569 00:34:42,646 --> 00:34:45,046 a few high-voltage sessions with the good doctor, 570 00:34:45,181 --> 00:34:49,083 and from then on all your troubles will be little ones. 571 00:34:51,354 --> 00:34:54,812 Now, this may all look like indictable offenses to you, 572 00:34:54,958 --> 00:34:57,119 but you've got to remember that back then, 573 00:34:57,260 --> 00:34:59,956 this is high-tech amazement... I mean, who knows? 574 00:35:00,096 --> 00:35:02,997 This quack is a fully paid-up member 575 00:35:03,133 --> 00:35:05,499 of the respectable professional classes, 576 00:35:05,635 --> 00:35:09,366 a friend of Benjamin Franklin and various Dukes and Duchesses. 577 00:35:09,506 --> 00:35:11,531 And of course, he's studied 578 00:35:11,675 --> 00:35:14,872 at the best medical school in Britain: Edinburgh, 579 00:35:15,011 --> 00:35:19,539 where he is taught by a fellow with a drinking problem. 580 00:35:21,952 --> 00:35:26,048 The problem in question is being solved by Graham's prof, 581 00:35:26,189 --> 00:35:29,750 Dr. Joe Black, here in bonny Scotland, 582 00:35:29,893 --> 00:35:32,623 for the people who make this delicious stuff. 583 00:35:32,762 --> 00:35:34,821 Here's how they do that. 584 00:35:39,569 --> 00:35:43,471 Well, more or less. 585 00:35:43,607 --> 00:35:46,508 Fire heats up the whiskey mash. 586 00:35:46,643 --> 00:35:47,974 It makes steam. 587 00:35:48,111 --> 00:35:50,511 You run the steam through a jacket of cold water, 588 00:35:50,647 --> 00:35:55,175 which condenses the steam into drips of whiskey. 589 00:35:55,318 --> 00:35:58,344 And that's still all there is to a still, 590 00:35:58,488 --> 00:36:01,048 except, of course, for the secret magic ingredient 591 00:36:01,191 --> 00:36:02,488 of the whiskey mash. 592 00:36:02,626 --> 00:36:06,687 Okay, Black's job for the distillers is to quantify 593 00:36:06,830 --> 00:36:10,027 how much fire you need to make how much steam 594 00:36:10,166 --> 00:36:12,430 to be condensed by how much water 595 00:36:12,569 --> 00:36:15,732 to give you how much whiskey. 596 00:36:15,872 --> 00:36:19,330 In the inebriating course of these researches, 597 00:36:19,476 --> 00:36:22,843 Black discovers that steam is so scalding hot 598 00:36:22,979 --> 00:36:25,209 because it has a massive amount of heat in it. 599 00:36:25,348 --> 00:36:28,909 Latent heat he calls it. 600 00:36:29,052 --> 00:36:30,849 So he tells James Watt, 601 00:36:30,987 --> 00:36:33,455 and that's why Watt comes up with a steam engine 602 00:36:33,590 --> 00:36:37,651 that works so well it kicks off the Industrial Revolution. 603 00:36:37,794 --> 00:36:39,989 And the legend is, he does it here, 604 00:36:40,130 --> 00:36:45,261 at a place called Bo'ness, near Edinburgh, in this very cottage. 605 00:36:48,705 --> 00:36:50,366 Well, ruin. 606 00:36:50,507 --> 00:36:51,940 Standing, however, 607 00:36:52,075 --> 00:36:55,044 in the grounds of something rather grander. 608 00:36:58,281 --> 00:37:01,079 In 1764, Kinneil House is being rented 609 00:37:01,217 --> 00:37:04,050 by a yuppie coal mine owner called Roebuck, 610 00:37:04,187 --> 00:37:06,348 who backs Watt's steam engine research, 611 00:37:06,489 --> 00:37:08,753 and then his coal mines flood out, and he goes bankrupt 612 00:37:08,892 --> 00:37:11,417 before Watt can finish his work. 613 00:37:11,561 --> 00:37:14,121 The two of them split amicably enough, 614 00:37:14,264 --> 00:37:15,788 it's nobody's fault, 615 00:37:15,932 --> 00:37:17,900 and there's not much point, is there, 616 00:37:18,034 --> 00:37:19,797 in crying over spilt milk. 617 00:37:24,674 --> 00:37:27,507 Appropriately enough, spilt milk is the reason 618 00:37:27,644 --> 00:37:30,272 Roebuck makes his money in the first place. 619 00:37:30,413 --> 00:37:32,574 See, this is the old way to bleach cotton, 620 00:37:32,716 --> 00:37:35,116 soaked in sour milk for six weeks. 621 00:37:35,251 --> 00:37:38,015 A lot of time and a lot of real estate. 622 00:37:38,154 --> 00:37:43,182 Until Roebuck comes up with a better way... cheaper and faster. 623 00:37:43,326 --> 00:37:45,954 But the bleachers aren't keen, with good reason, 624 00:37:46,096 --> 00:37:50,157 because although Roebuck's new stuff will bleach in 24 hours 625 00:37:50,300 --> 00:37:55,294 and costs a lot less, sulfuric acid's not exactly user-friendly 626 00:37:55,438 --> 00:37:57,201 if you happen to spill it. 627 00:37:57,340 --> 00:38:01,242 So thanks to the electrical Graham's link with Black, 628 00:38:01,444 --> 00:38:03,036 who introduced Watt to Roebuck, 629 00:38:03,179 --> 00:38:06,273 here we are about to see the bleach fields disappear forever 630 00:38:06,416 --> 00:38:09,249 when somebody now invents a way to bleach cloth 631 00:38:09,385 --> 00:38:12,548 just like the way you do it in your washing machine today. 632 00:38:12,689 --> 00:38:17,183 This somebody is called Tennant, and he takes a scientific approach. 633 00:38:17,327 --> 00:38:18,954 First he makes chlorine gas 634 00:38:19,095 --> 00:38:20,722 and then mixes it with lime and water 635 00:38:20,864 --> 00:38:23,025 and comes up with a magic liquid 636 00:38:23,166 --> 00:38:25,634 that will put all these people out of work. 637 00:38:34,077 --> 00:38:35,772 Tennant's bleaching liquid 638 00:38:35,912 --> 00:38:38,472 relocates the bleaching industry into factories. 639 00:38:38,615 --> 00:38:41,209 And when he produces a powdered version of the stuff, 640 00:38:41,351 --> 00:38:44,149 you can bleach clothes in the comfort of your own kitchen. 641 00:38:44,287 --> 00:38:47,085 So the bleach fields go back to being moorland, 642 00:38:47,223 --> 00:38:50,215 and Tennant goes on to become a paper millionaire. 643 00:38:50,360 --> 00:38:54,922 Ironic, considering what his bleaching powder does to paper. 644 00:38:57,066 --> 00:39:00,502 Here's an important bit of paper I'll get to in a second. 645 00:39:00,637 --> 00:39:02,832 Meanwhile, where are we? 646 00:39:02,972 --> 00:39:05,406 Remember Coleridge in Malta? 647 00:39:05,542 --> 00:39:07,533 Where he worked for Captain Alexander Ball, 648 00:39:07,677 --> 00:39:12,011 who saves Nelson's life so he can fall for the dubious Emma, 649 00:39:12,148 --> 00:39:15,379 whose electrical start in life was with Dr. Graham, 650 00:39:15,518 --> 00:39:18,976 educated in Scotland by the whiskey experimenter Joe Black, 651 00:39:19,122 --> 00:39:21,147 who's friends with the sulfuric Roebuck, 652 00:39:21,291 --> 00:39:23,953 whose bleaching techniques are improved by Tennant, 653 00:39:24,093 --> 00:39:28,496 who gets rich by making things whiter than white. 654 00:39:28,631 --> 00:39:32,692 Not, however, this important bit of paper, 655 00:39:32,836 --> 00:39:35,964 The American Declaration of Independence. 656 00:39:36,105 --> 00:39:37,732 Have you ever noticed how American documents 657 00:39:37,874 --> 00:39:40,809 from this period are all kind of mud colored, 658 00:39:40,944 --> 00:39:44,209 and the English stuff from the same time is gray? 659 00:39:44,347 --> 00:39:46,338 That's because they're made from rags, 660 00:39:46,482 --> 00:39:49,417 and whatever color the rags are you get. 661 00:39:49,552 --> 00:39:53,044 Well, Tennant's new bleach makes paper white at last, 662 00:39:53,189 --> 00:39:56,317 because it does the same to the rags no matter what the cloth, 663 00:39:56,459 --> 00:39:58,359 no matter what the pattern on them. 664 00:39:58,494 --> 00:40:01,156 And the need for good white paper is on the rise, 665 00:40:01,297 --> 00:40:04,095 like everything else in the Industrial Revolution. 666 00:40:04,234 --> 00:40:06,725 Which is why, around 1812, 667 00:40:06,870 --> 00:40:11,170 a new French patent makes such a big hit here in London. 668 00:40:11,307 --> 00:40:14,708 Take a lot of bleached pulp made from rags 669 00:40:14,844 --> 00:40:17,278 and spread it evenly on a wire mesh belt, 670 00:40:17,413 --> 00:40:20,712 which is vibrating to shake all the water out. 671 00:40:20,850 --> 00:40:24,752 Then run the damp pulp between a series of heated rollers, 672 00:40:24,888 --> 00:40:28,380 and what you get is cheap enough to stick on the walls... 673 00:40:28,524 --> 00:40:33,689 and cover with fancy designs too. 674 00:40:33,830 --> 00:40:36,924 And the printing is mechanized by now, too, 675 00:40:37,066 --> 00:40:41,127 because in 1840 a Yorkshire cotton printing firm 676 00:40:41,271 --> 00:40:44,866 comes up with a way for printing paper with rollers. 677 00:40:45,008 --> 00:40:48,409 Between them, mechanized papermaking and roller printing 678 00:40:48,544 --> 00:40:50,102 make life in the modern world 679 00:40:50,246 --> 00:40:53,044 just that little bit more fun for young home owners, 680 00:40:53,182 --> 00:40:57,482 because they make possible... cheap wallpaper. 681 00:40:57,620 --> 00:41:00,418 And this is where things take a left-hand turn 682 00:41:00,556 --> 00:41:05,084 for the decorative, the medieval, and the socialist. 683 00:41:11,267 --> 00:41:13,201 This is the medieval bit. 684 00:41:13,336 --> 00:41:16,271 By the mid-19th century, the Romantic movement 685 00:41:16,406 --> 00:41:18,738 has everybody nostalgic for the Middle Ages 686 00:41:18,875 --> 00:41:19,899 and what life was like 687 00:41:20,043 --> 00:41:22,534 before they built the factory down the street. 688 00:41:22,679 --> 00:41:25,079 So real aesthetes turn their homes 689 00:41:25,214 --> 00:41:29,947 into kind of Victorian versions of the 15th century with gas light. 690 00:41:30,086 --> 00:41:33,817 Into this radical, chic world of historical inaccuracy 691 00:41:33,957 --> 00:41:35,083 comes a failed architect 692 00:41:35,224 --> 00:41:37,488 who is hot stuff at the new rustic simplicity, 693 00:41:37,627 --> 00:41:38,958 name of William Morris, 694 00:41:39,095 --> 00:41:42,064 who promptly invents what we now call decor, 695 00:41:42,198 --> 00:41:45,361 the kind of country fresh design work people pay the earth for 696 00:41:45,501 --> 00:41:47,992 at some of the fancier fabric outlets; 697 00:41:48,137 --> 00:41:51,334 as well as arts and crafts furnishings and textiles 698 00:41:51,474 --> 00:41:54,238 that are supposed to make your little suburban home 699 00:41:54,377 --> 00:41:58,837 Iook less rookery nook and more "Queen Elizabeth slept here." 700 00:41:58,982 --> 00:42:00,745 Now, you'd expect a nice middle-class decorator 701 00:42:00,883 --> 00:42:03,477 like William Morris to have a favorite color, right? 702 00:42:03,619 --> 00:42:05,610 Well, he does: It's red. 703 00:42:05,755 --> 00:42:09,589 And here's where the left-hand turn I mentioned comes in. 704 00:42:09,726 --> 00:42:12,251 Because Morris is also revolutionary. 705 00:42:12,395 --> 00:42:17,526 Where home is a hovel and dull we grovel, 706 00:42:17,667 --> 00:42:23,537 forgetting that the world is fair. 707 00:42:23,673 --> 00:42:28,303 In 1883, Morris and Karl Marx's sister and others get together 708 00:42:28,444 --> 00:42:31,504 and a year later, Morris founds The Socialist League 709 00:42:31,647 --> 00:42:34,548 with uplifting class warfare songs to match. 710 00:42:34,684 --> 00:42:39,212 Come, shoulder to shoulder ere the world grows older. 711 00:42:39,355 --> 00:42:44,258 Help lies in nought but thee and me. 712 00:42:44,394 --> 00:42:46,089 And over on the piano: 713 00:42:46,229 --> 00:42:48,697 A couple of canoodling socialist nobodies 714 00:42:48,831 --> 00:42:50,196 who are more than just friends 715 00:42:50,333 --> 00:42:53,200 and who are about to become world famous. 716 00:42:53,336 --> 00:42:56,772 ...than men may be. 717 00:42:56,906 --> 00:42:59,272 Now, those two lovebirds I mentioned, 718 00:42:59,409 --> 00:43:01,900 George Bernard Shaw and Annie Besant 719 00:43:02,045 --> 00:43:04,673 first meet when she gets herself embroiled 720 00:43:04,814 --> 00:43:09,513 in what becomes know as the Great Contraception Trial. 721 00:43:09,652 --> 00:43:12,485 Now, you've got to remember that back then, 722 00:43:12,622 --> 00:43:15,182 you can get yourself in deep doo-doo just by 723 00:43:15,324 --> 00:43:18,885 putting the words "family" and "planning" together. 724 00:43:19,028 --> 00:43:23,192 Annie, however, does a good deal more than that. 725 00:43:23,332 --> 00:43:26,165 In Britain, she publishes a new book, 726 00:43:26,302 --> 00:43:28,099 recently arrived from America 727 00:43:28,237 --> 00:43:30,034 and called "The Fruits of Philosophy." 728 00:43:30,173 --> 00:43:33,233 Now, this little book is no big deal to you or me. 729 00:43:33,376 --> 00:43:36,436 The stuff in here is so tame it would cure your insomnia. 730 00:43:36,579 --> 00:43:40,174 But, boy, does it cook Annie's goose. 731 00:43:42,385 --> 00:43:45,684 Let me read you a little bit of the stuff 732 00:43:45,822 --> 00:43:50,350 that offends all right-thinking, decent-minded folk back in 1877, 733 00:43:50,493 --> 00:43:55,260 gets Annie a fine and six months in jail. 734 00:43:55,398 --> 00:43:57,923 And I hope you're ready for this. 735 00:43:58,067 --> 00:44:01,764 "Another check which the old idea of conception 736 00:44:01,904 --> 00:44:04,498 "has led some to recommend with considerable confidence 737 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:08,098 "consists in introducing, previous to connection, 738 00:44:08,244 --> 00:44:11,145 "a very delicate piece of sponge moistened with water 739 00:44:11,280 --> 00:44:13,373 "to be immediately afterwards withdrawn 740 00:44:13,516 --> 00:44:17,816 by means of a very narrow ribbon attached to it." 741 00:44:17,954 --> 00:44:21,151 Lurid stuff, eh? 742 00:44:21,290 --> 00:44:23,986 Well, the fine and the sentence 743 00:44:24,127 --> 00:44:27,062 turn Annie into a real revolutionary, 744 00:44:27,196 --> 00:44:31,394 which accounts for me playing the piano badly here in India. 745 00:44:31,534 --> 00:44:33,866 Madras, to be specific. 746 00:44:37,573 --> 00:44:39,063 After a couple of decades 747 00:44:39,208 --> 00:44:42,507 of fighting the establishment back in England for women's rights, 748 00:44:42,645 --> 00:44:45,944 Annie comes out here to India to fight another cause. 749 00:44:46,082 --> 00:44:48,414 We Brits are running the place at the time, 750 00:44:48,551 --> 00:44:50,178 and Annie reckons we shouldn't be. 751 00:44:50,319 --> 00:44:54,653 So she takes on the crazy task of getting the British out of India. 752 00:44:54,790 --> 00:44:59,227 Did pretty well... we're out, aren't we? 753 00:45:05,168 --> 00:45:10,970 By 1893, Annie's done courses in spiritualism, hypnotism, 754 00:45:11,107 --> 00:45:12,301 and psychic perception, 755 00:45:12,441 --> 00:45:15,205 and moved on to various swamis and gurus 756 00:45:15,344 --> 00:45:18,313 and the Indian National Congress. 757 00:45:18,447 --> 00:45:22,281 Of which, by 1917, she will become president 758 00:45:22,418 --> 00:45:28,687 and get to know such movers and shakers as Gandhi and Nehru. 759 00:45:28,824 --> 00:45:30,758 On the way to the political high life, 760 00:45:30,893 --> 00:45:32,224 she also sets up this place, 761 00:45:32,361 --> 00:45:34,829 the International Theosophy Headquarters, 762 00:45:34,964 --> 00:45:38,400 where courses in comparative religion are given. 763 00:45:50,413 --> 00:45:54,144 So Annie has come a long way since tinkling the ivories 764 00:45:54,283 --> 00:45:57,309 with down-and-out socialists like George Bernard Shaw. 765 00:45:57,453 --> 00:46:00,752 She's now very well-known wherever liberals flourish... 766 00:46:00,890 --> 00:46:02,187 even America. 767 00:46:05,161 --> 00:46:09,097 Where she and her gurus go over very big in 1893 768 00:46:09,232 --> 00:46:12,030 at the Great Columbia Exposition in Chicago, 769 00:46:12,168 --> 00:46:14,898 where they fire everybody's imagination. 770 00:46:15,037 --> 00:46:18,063 And I don't just mean with the spices in the curry. 771 00:46:18,207 --> 00:46:21,472 I mean the curry... vegetarianism. 772 00:46:21,611 --> 00:46:22,839 Which, by this time, 773 00:46:22,979 --> 00:46:25,140 has also become the subject of some visionary thinking 774 00:46:25,281 --> 00:46:29,809 by another lady who knows a bit about religion... in Michigan. 775 00:46:45,167 --> 00:46:47,260 The lady here in Michigan is Ellen White, 776 00:46:47,403 --> 00:46:48,631 a leading member 777 00:46:48,771 --> 00:46:52,172 of the 19th-century Seventh Day Adventist Church. 778 00:46:52,308 --> 00:46:59,271 I hail thy hallowed day of rest. 779 00:46:59,415 --> 00:47:01,645 Ellen White has a series of visions, 780 00:47:01,784 --> 00:47:04,617 most of them about the direction the church ought to be going. 781 00:47:04,754 --> 00:47:08,884 But as you'll see, from this little visionary home of hers, 782 00:47:09,025 --> 00:47:14,463 she changes more than just life in the church. 783 00:47:14,597 --> 00:47:22,629 The solace of my careworn breast. 784 00:47:22,772 --> 00:47:25,240 See, one of the things Adventists stand for 785 00:47:25,374 --> 00:47:27,899 is moderation in all things, and that includes 786 00:47:28,044 --> 00:47:30,740 something close to Annie Besant's heart too. 787 00:47:30,880 --> 00:47:33,348 Because the Adventist church discourages its members 788 00:47:33,482 --> 00:47:37,748 from taking stimulants of any kind and from eating meat. 789 00:47:40,856 --> 00:47:44,223 At one point, some Adventists visit Dansville, New York, 790 00:47:44,360 --> 00:47:47,818 famous for its water cures... cold baths, that sort of stuff. 791 00:47:47,963 --> 00:47:49,521 And hygiene and health 792 00:47:49,665 --> 00:47:53,465 fit very well with the New Adventist diet. 793 00:47:53,602 --> 00:48:01,441 The holy calm I find in Thee. 794 00:48:01,577 --> 00:48:04,068 And this is where the Adventist church 795 00:48:04,213 --> 00:48:06,511 begins to affect the rest of us. 796 00:48:11,153 --> 00:48:14,748 Inspired by Dansville, they do this... 797 00:48:14,890 --> 00:48:17,188 a 19th-century version of what I'm doing. 798 00:48:17,326 --> 00:48:19,191 They set up the first real organized 799 00:48:19,328 --> 00:48:21,228 health and fitness center, 800 00:48:21,364 --> 00:48:23,161 and it sets a whole new style of living, 801 00:48:23,299 --> 00:48:26,325 as a result of which, today, every morning, people like me 802 00:48:26,469 --> 00:48:29,927 work up a sweat with some kind of keep fit thing or other. 803 00:48:30,072 --> 00:48:33,564 And speaking of sweat, excuse me. 804 00:48:34,910 --> 00:48:37,674 Well, we're almost at the end of our story. 805 00:48:37,813 --> 00:48:42,182 In 1866, the Adventists open the Western Health Reform Institute 806 00:48:42,318 --> 00:48:43,785 and, ten years later, 807 00:48:43,919 --> 00:48:46,046 invite a young doctor they've sponsored through training 808 00:48:46,188 --> 00:48:48,884 to be the superintendent. 809 00:48:49,024 --> 00:48:52,016 He changes the name to The Sanitarium, 810 00:48:52,161 --> 00:48:54,527 introduces room service and entertainment, 811 00:48:54,663 --> 00:48:58,360 and turns this place into where the elite meet. 812 00:48:58,501 --> 00:49:01,868 If you're into healthy living, this place is playing your tune. 813 00:49:02,071 --> 00:49:06,474 The new superintendent is quite a guy. 814 00:49:06,609 --> 00:49:08,008 18-hour days. 815 00:49:08,144 --> 00:49:12,478 He can dictate letters at 125 words a minute for 48 hours. 816 00:49:12,615 --> 00:49:14,048 He dresses only in white 817 00:49:14,183 --> 00:49:17,550 and can often be seen with his cockatoo on his shoulder. 818 00:49:17,686 --> 00:49:20,883 He does away with some of the more violent water cures 819 00:49:21,023 --> 00:49:24,015 and opens schools of nursing, physical education, 820 00:49:24,160 --> 00:49:25,923 and home economics. 821 00:49:26,061 --> 00:49:28,120 He works everybody to exhaustion 822 00:49:28,264 --> 00:49:31,529 on exercise machines known as muscle beaters 823 00:49:31,667 --> 00:49:34,295 and makes everybody sit, all the time, 824 00:49:34,437 --> 00:49:37,804 on posture chairs like this. 825 00:49:37,940 --> 00:49:42,468 He starves his clients on a diet of water, yogurt, rice, 826 00:49:42,611 --> 00:49:44,875 nuts, fresh fruit and veggies, 827 00:49:45,014 --> 00:49:49,974 and then he does something that only changes the entire world. 828 00:49:53,022 --> 00:49:55,582 Thank you, I'll take the breakfast, please. 829 00:49:55,724 --> 00:49:58,386 So here we are with a new menu for living 830 00:49:58,527 --> 00:50:02,258 thanks to the ingredients that have made up this program. 831 00:50:02,398 --> 00:50:05,458 Electronic agents using feedback techniques 832 00:50:05,601 --> 00:50:07,364 developed for wartime guns 833 00:50:07,503 --> 00:50:10,131 because of Claude Bernard and all those experiments 834 00:50:10,272 --> 00:50:13,139 that kick off the antivivisection humane societies 835 00:50:13,275 --> 00:50:16,369 that really start out as lifeboat organizations 836 00:50:16,512 --> 00:50:18,673 set up to rescue people from ships 837 00:50:18,814 --> 00:50:21,248 using the wind and weather data from Maury, 838 00:50:21,383 --> 00:50:24,819 based on telegraphy invented by Samuel Morse, 839 00:50:24,954 --> 00:50:26,751 who learns painting from Allston, 840 00:50:26,889 --> 00:50:29,983 who's a pal of Coleridge, who works in Malta for Ball, 841 00:50:30,125 --> 00:50:32,184 who saves Nelson for Emma, 842 00:50:32,328 --> 00:50:34,023 who's worked for the electrical Graham, 843 00:50:34,163 --> 00:50:36,256 who's taught by Whiskey scientist Black, 844 00:50:36,398 --> 00:50:37,990 who knows the sulfuric Roebuck, 845 00:50:38,133 --> 00:50:41,034 who bleaches paper that will be decorated by Morris, 846 00:50:41,170 --> 00:50:43,502 who's a socialist with Annie Besant, 847 00:50:43,639 --> 00:50:47,769 who is a vegetarian just like the Seventh Day Adventists. 848 00:50:50,779 --> 00:50:54,078 Which is why we end, as I said, with the day that changed the world. 849 00:50:54,216 --> 00:50:56,912 Because here in 1895, 850 00:50:57,052 --> 00:51:00,146 the superintendent was trying to invent a healthier kind of bread, 851 00:51:00,289 --> 00:51:02,757 and all he came up with was some mushy gunk. 852 00:51:02,892 --> 00:51:05,725 So just for kicks, he put it through rollers and baked it. 853 00:51:05,861 --> 00:51:09,058 And what came out changed the daily routine 854 00:51:09,198 --> 00:51:11,666 of the inhabitants of planet Earth. 855 00:51:11,800 --> 00:51:13,665 Today, it's named after 856 00:51:13,802 --> 00:51:16,202 the superintendent who produced the original mush, 857 00:51:16,338 --> 00:51:19,796 and that is why a program that began with electronic agents in India 858 00:51:19,942 --> 00:51:24,345 ends here in Battle Creek, Michigan, with this. 859 00:51:28,083 --> 00:51:29,948 Kellogg's Corn Flakes. 860 00:51:30,085 --> 00:51:31,882 Good for my feedback.