1 00:01:08,883 --> 00:01:11,983 This is the life isn't it? Hmm? The bit you dream about all year, 2 00:01:12,255 --> 00:01:16,207 getting away from the rat race, soaking up all the sun and the fun somewhere exotic. 3 00:01:16,498 --> 00:01:17,360 Good stuff. 4 00:01:17,980 --> 00:01:21,050 And with new package tour destinations all the time 5 00:01:21,051 --> 00:01:23,210 and costs going down and so on, 6 00:01:23,501 --> 00:01:24,886 a lot of people can go to places 7 00:01:24,992 --> 00:01:27,860 that they could never have dreamed of going to just a few years ago. 8 00:01:28,606 --> 00:01:32,219 And yet, the whole concept of time-off is a new thing. 9 00:01:32,528 --> 00:01:35,308 It has only been around as long as we have had the world we live in today, 10 00:01:35,398 --> 00:01:37,763 the world back home, you know, working to the clock, 11 00:01:38,035 --> 00:01:40,860 the daily routine, the job prospects, making the money, 12 00:01:40,973 --> 00:01:45,158 the car, the house, all the possessions we all share, as long as we have got a job. 13 00:01:45,242 --> 00:01:47,025 The whole rat race. 14 00:01:47,298 --> 00:01:50,910 All that, like time-off, it’s machine made. 15 00:01:51,323 --> 00:01:54,598 Everything you do, everything around, is mass produced, 16 00:01:54,899 --> 00:01:58,568 everything from your underwear to this cruise liner. 17 00:02:28,908 --> 00:02:34,538 Life today consists of thousands of identical bits made by other people for you to buy. 18 00:02:34,716 --> 00:02:39,774 Just like they buy what you make with the money that they earn from selling you the things they make. 19 00:02:40,056 --> 00:02:44,363 And then, once a year, everybody stops doing it to each other and does it with the tourist industry. 20 00:02:44,635 --> 00:02:46,774 And they are just as mass-produced as everybody else, 21 00:02:46,952 --> 00:02:51,391 just as dependent on the power that we all take so much for granted. 22 00:02:51,616 --> 00:02:53,587 You are not quite sure I am talking about. 23 00:02:53,822 --> 00:02:54,535 Power? 24 00:02:55,135 --> 00:02:57,350 Look at all this in terms of what you couldn't have 25 00:02:57,631 --> 00:03:01,516 if you had to make it and move it with your own bare hands. 26 00:03:11,924 --> 00:03:17,695 The irony is, our modern ability to escape to sunny foreign parts like the Caribbean, 27 00:03:17,891 --> 00:03:21,082 get away from home, started with a bunch of people 28 00:03:21,204 --> 00:03:25,051 who were here in the West Indies, 300 years ago. 29 00:03:31,348 --> 00:03:34,970 The irony is, all they wanted to do, desperately, 30 00:03:35,017 --> 00:03:37,175 was get out of here and go home. 31 00:03:54,057 --> 00:03:58,186 Now, although these 18th century African slaves were doubtless homesick, 32 00:03:58,197 --> 00:04:00,271 they are not the ones I am talking about. 33 00:04:00,497 --> 00:04:03,396 I mean the people who owned these people. 34 00:04:09,186 --> 00:04:11,730 If you were English and you wanted to make oodles of boodle, 35 00:04:11,767 --> 00:04:16,656 you came out here to Malaria, Yellow Fever, Dysentery, Hookworm, 36 00:04:16,768 --> 00:04:19,029 and the most valuable real estate in the world. 37 00:04:19,030 --> 00:04:24,988 One steamy Caribbean island made more profit than all the American colonies, together. 38 00:04:31,632 --> 00:04:35,302 It was sugar cane and slavery that did it. Good job slaves were cheap. 39 00:04:35,442 --> 00:04:40,754 Thanks to the way they were worked, most of them only lasted seven years after they got here. 40 00:04:42,461 --> 00:04:46,797 Sugar producers then were like oil producers now: what they had, everybody wanted 41 00:04:47,059 --> 00:04:52,417 and, like oil producers now, ostentatious expenditure was their thing, made life bearable. 42 00:04:52,539 --> 00:04:57,081 Buccaneers and humidity earned the Caribbean the name “dunghill of the universe”. 43 00:05:01,642 --> 00:05:04,504 And at the bottom of the heap, so to speak, were the Africans. 44 00:05:04,644 --> 00:05:10,453 Brutalised, savagely flogged for the slightest mistake, living at virtually starvation level. 45 00:05:11,231 --> 00:05:15,914 The way to control thousands of slaves was “keep them frightened”. 46 00:05:16,965 --> 00:05:20,700 The planters discouraged riots with a particularly effective trick. 47 00:05:20,879 --> 00:05:26,350 They burnt the rioters’ legs off. But anyway, out of sight out of mind, eh? 48 00:05:30,197 --> 00:05:35,321 After years of gilded hardship, the planter’s dream was to use his profits to buy estates in England 49 00:05:35,462 --> 00:05:37,376 and retire to live surrounded, again, 50 00:05:37,377 --> 00:05:41,224 by labourers destitute and poverty stricken, but English. 51 00:05:44,827 --> 00:05:47,980 Of course, the new sunburnt squires from over the seas passed all this misery 52 00:05:47,981 --> 00:05:52,513 by without a second glance as they rocketed from one set of good times to another. 53 00:05:53,244 --> 00:05:58,481 Their life was one long spending spree, interspersed with huntin’, shootin’, fishin’, parties and booze. 54 00:05:58,575 --> 00:06:02,328 They bought horses and jewels and more land and villages and titles 55 00:06:02,329 --> 00:06:06,692 and more plantations back in the Caribbean and jobs in Parliament and positions at court, 56 00:06:06,824 --> 00:06:07,856 you name it. 57 00:06:11,872 --> 00:06:15,335 Oh, and manor houses and servants too, of course. 58 00:06:30,481 --> 00:06:33,015 And then, about 1700, 59 00:06:33,278 --> 00:06:35,248 having run out of things to buy, 60 00:06:35,586 --> 00:06:40,682 some of these beaucolic buffoons up in East Anglia, started ploughing the ill-gotten gains 61 00:06:40,973 --> 00:06:42,643 into improving the land. 62 00:06:49,840 --> 00:06:53,322 You see, the big problem of the time was livestock. 63 00:06:53,651 --> 00:06:59,469 In winter, when nothing grows, cows have this unfortunate habit of still being hungry. 64 00:06:59,919 --> 00:07:02,237 Well that is okay, you just slaughter them. 65 00:07:02,641 --> 00:07:04,658 Then what do you do for meat the following year? 66 00:07:05,315 --> 00:07:08,102 The new alternative was watermeadows. 67 00:07:08,346 --> 00:07:11,199 You cover your meadow with 1 inch of running water, 68 00:07:11,349 --> 00:07:14,858 keeps off the frost, and the grass grows for the animals throughout the year. 69 00:07:15,487 --> 00:07:19,269 Or better, the new continental wonder root, the turnip. 70 00:07:19,531 --> 00:07:22,844 Grew in autumn, ready in winter, animals loved it. 71 00:07:23,670 --> 00:07:26,100 Another high-tech import was clover, 72 00:07:26,194 --> 00:07:28,531 it put nitrogen in the soil, though they didn't know it. 73 00:07:28,896 --> 00:07:32,706 And it would turn the worst scrub into instant arable. 74 00:07:32,988 --> 00:07:36,835 That's when they started saying somebody was “in clover” when he was well-off. 75 00:07:39,886 --> 00:07:42,250 And then, one of them had a really brilliant idea. 76 00:07:42,579 --> 00:07:45,911 Take a group of fields, and rotate the crops in them: 77 00:07:46,014 --> 00:07:51,541 wheat first, then corn, then turnips, then clover, then wheat again and so on. 78 00:07:51,907 --> 00:07:55,792 Does good things to the soil, gives you four times the yield. 79 00:07:56,712 --> 00:08:01,216 And then, in 1720, came something that nobody could have ever expected. 80 00:08:01,695 --> 00:08:07,776 30 years of incredible weather. Bumper harvests, food prices down, wages up. 81 00:08:08,077 --> 00:08:11,342 The result? What we call the ploughman's lunch. 82 00:08:11,642 --> 00:08:14,401 Actually, a real improvement in the peasants’ diet. 83 00:08:14,580 --> 00:08:18,906 Beer in a glass, white bread, potatoes, fresh vegetables. 84 00:08:19,563 --> 00:08:24,217 Life became just a bit like those ads you see on television for country fresh eggs. 85 00:08:32,873 --> 00:08:39,207 I said, “just a bit”, because, by our standards, life in merry England with its totalitarian landlords 86 00:08:39,265 --> 00:08:43,148 hanging people for stealing a shilling, and no travel without a permit, 87 00:08:43,254 --> 00:08:47,958 wasn't at all like the chocolate-box, Constable-painting view of it we get nostalgic about. 88 00:08:50,116 --> 00:08:53,412 Still, as far as English peasants were concerned, good times were here. 89 00:08:53,576 --> 00:08:57,963 Real luxuries like cottages with walls of stone instead of cow dung, 90 00:08:58,175 --> 00:08:59,782 jobs in the building trades 91 00:08:59,829 --> 00:09:02,210 that were booming because of the spare money around 92 00:09:02,211 --> 00:09:05,049 and the families everybody was having, because they could afford to. 93 00:09:05,494 --> 00:09:06,972 And as the population went up, 94 00:09:07,125 --> 00:09:11,113 so did the demand for equipment and implements and, most of all, for furnishings 95 00:09:11,114 --> 00:09:13,060 and household goods. 96 00:09:14,550 --> 00:09:18,187 Now, if the general riff-raff were making hay like this down on the farm, 97 00:09:18,316 --> 00:09:20,591 think how much the landlords were making. 98 00:09:22,245 --> 00:09:26,316 In no time at all, England had a most unusual cash flow problem. 99 00:09:26,574 --> 00:09:31,665 Too much cash, and not enough flow. No way to move the money around. 100 00:09:32,017 --> 00:09:36,134 Fortunately, however we had recently gone Dutch. 101 00:09:41,812 --> 00:09:45,624 You see, the Dutch had had this amazing new folding stuff for decades. 102 00:09:45,941 --> 00:09:49,882 And what the existence of paper money meant was that they already had a credit system going 103 00:09:50,012 --> 00:09:54,470 and a central bank to make it all respectable enough for people to take this paper promise, 104 00:09:54,646 --> 00:09:56,264 instead of the real thing in gold. 105 00:09:58,469 --> 00:10:01,719 Why were the Dutch so clever? Well, they were running the shop at the time. 106 00:10:01,918 --> 00:10:05,766 Biggest traders in Europe, the Dutch, with entrepreneurs out everywhere from Japan 107 00:10:05,767 --> 00:10:09,121 to South America, bringing home everything from pomegranates to parrots 108 00:10:09,285 --> 00:10:12,358 and selling it all back here in Europe at cutthroat prices. 109 00:10:12,652 --> 00:10:13,543 Your throat. 110 00:10:13,907 --> 00:10:16,758 And in financing all this mercantile marketeering, 111 00:10:16,759 --> 00:10:20,511 the Dutch banks were, of course, streets ahead of everybody else in the fine art of 112 00:10:20,522 --> 00:10:22,071 ‘taking a percentage’. 113 00:10:22,258 --> 00:10:25,625 So, on the good old English principle of “if you can't beat them join them,” 114 00:10:25,847 --> 00:10:30,527 in 1688 we invited a Dutchman over to kind of, be King. 115 00:10:30,821 --> 00:10:34,093 And, sure enough, he brought with him the secret that would make England great: 116 00:10:34,222 --> 00:10:36,181 how to live up to your neck in debt. 117 00:10:37,238 --> 00:10:39,291 The first thing he did was to borrow a million 118 00:10:39,292 --> 00:10:42,493 from a bunch of happy investors who set up the Bank of England to do it. 119 00:10:42,786 --> 00:10:47,572 In return, of course, for a fat profit, the right to raise taxes and to print money. 120 00:10:47,936 --> 00:10:50,833 And then, we were away. 121 00:10:51,995 --> 00:10:56,382 You wanted to borrow? Well, new Dutch-type laws made it easy to get a mortgage on your land. 122 00:10:56,651 --> 00:11:01,156 Or you could write IOUs that would circulate just like the new open cheques. 123 00:11:01,754 --> 00:11:02,763 Investment? 124 00:11:02,893 --> 00:11:05,673 With the newly invented Limited companies all you risked was your share. 125 00:11:05,674 --> 00:11:09,638 Oh, and there were the new stocks and shares. And if they were in shipping or property, 126 00:11:10,529 --> 00:11:13,814 well, marine insurance and fire insurance took the risk of that. 127 00:11:14,178 --> 00:11:18,565 Net result? More money going around, lower interest rates, more borrowing, 128 00:11:18,822 --> 00:11:22,447 for more investment, in more companies, so more money going round. 129 00:11:26,071 --> 00:11:29,273 So why was I telling you that on a boat in a Dutch harbour? 130 00:11:29,590 --> 00:11:32,605 Well, the irony is that having pinched their credit system, 131 00:11:32,711 --> 00:11:37,778 generated in the first place by overseas trade from ports like Hoorn in northern Holland, 132 00:11:38,577 --> 00:11:41,732 we then went on to pinch their overseas trade. 133 00:11:41,826 --> 00:11:44,278 Quite took the wind out of their sails, that did. 134 00:12:13,205 --> 00:12:19,281 Nice little pile, that, isn't it? Money from overseas trade. Well, petty cash, really. 135 00:12:19,903 --> 00:12:25,533 Some really rather English things started because of the spectacular loads of filthy lucre 136 00:12:25,686 --> 00:12:28,642 finding its way into this country from India and the colonies. 137 00:12:29,111 --> 00:12:33,357 Things like this: our national taste for tea with sugar. 138 00:12:33,849 --> 00:12:38,893 They both arrived on the English palate from East and West at the same time, 139 00:12:40,207 --> 00:12:42,072 Tea merchants made a fortune. 140 00:12:42,846 --> 00:12:46,659 One of the other English things, was “being something in the city”. 141 00:12:46,835 --> 00:12:51,656 All that commission to be made from insuring ships and new ideas like import/export. 142 00:12:51,820 --> 00:12:54,213 Oh, trade was now quite respectable. 143 00:12:55,797 --> 00:12:58,788 Third thing, stately homes. 144 00:12:59,186 --> 00:13:04,805 See, with no tax on profits, that's what I said, a fellow had enough of the readies to buy himself 145 00:13:04,863 --> 00:13:08,922 a peerage, marry the right girl, invent an ancestral home. 146 00:13:09,415 --> 00:13:11,550 Mid 18th century, a lot of these went up, 147 00:13:11,937 --> 00:13:15,749 as the material wealth of certain Indian princes went down, you understand. 148 00:13:16,183 --> 00:13:18,951 Anglo-Palladian was all the rage, architecturally. 149 00:13:19,479 --> 00:13:24,511 We’d call it “conspicuous consumption”, I think. Care to see some? 150 00:13:26,763 --> 00:13:31,784 Well, here we are, and, as you are no doubt thinking, yes, most of them bought it by the yard. 151 00:13:31,940 --> 00:13:34,239 This is what you get when money is no object. 152 00:13:34,673 --> 00:13:38,438 As a matter of fact, now, was when modern house layout began. 153 00:13:38,685 --> 00:13:43,259 Dining rooms, sitting rooms, lavatories, that kind of stuff. 154 00:13:45,989 --> 00:13:50,072 Library. They didn't read much, but you had to have one. 155 00:13:50,435 --> 00:13:58,294 Anyway, John Locke, philosopher, 18th century influential, and bore. 156 00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,497 He is the fellow who made sure every Englishman's home was his castle. 157 00:14:02,037 --> 00:14:06,001 Revolutionary idea, that the King couldn't grab your stuff any time he felt like it, 158 00:14:06,119 --> 00:14:08,465 they could everywhere else. Not England. 159 00:14:08,711 --> 00:14:10,846 Here, the government could hang you, 160 00:14:10,904 --> 00:14:13,860 but it couldn't touch your property or stop you passing it on. 161 00:14:14,036 --> 00:14:17,390 “And,” said Locke, “that being the only purpose of government, 162 00:14:17,531 --> 00:14:22,540 to protect your property rights, the only sane kind of deal was a social contract,” 163 00:14:22,704 --> 00:14:25,567 note the trading vocabulary, “between you and the government 164 00:14:25,942 --> 00:14:29,637 to allow everybody to pursue their own enlightened self interest”. 165 00:14:30,094 --> 00:14:33,156 A kind of mutual ‘hands-off’. 166 00:14:33,343 --> 00:14:35,455 Well, the stately home owners loved it 167 00:14:35,724 --> 00:14:38,680 and, since anybody with the wherewithal could buy into the upper crust, 168 00:14:38,927 --> 00:14:41,120 that attitude encouraged ambition and drive. 169 00:14:41,402 --> 00:14:45,355 We British became really rather dynamic back then. For a bit. 170 00:14:45,870 --> 00:14:48,111 Which left only one fly in the economic appointment, 171 00:14:48,545 --> 00:14:52,651 when you have ploughed all your money into agriculture and slaves and colonising and trade, 172 00:14:52,897 --> 00:14:56,698 and all you got all for your effort was even more money. What then? 173 00:14:57,424 --> 00:15:01,307 Well, I said that everybody could buy into the game. Not quite. 174 00:15:01,718 --> 00:15:07,219 Fortunately for the rest of this programme, one rather earnest bunch couldn't. 175 00:15:13,846 --> 00:15:16,520 This is the earnest lot I was talking about, 176 00:15:16,532 --> 00:15:20,473 the Dissenters: free churchmen who wouldn't sign loyalty oaths 177 00:15:20,649 --> 00:15:22,444 and got the book thrown at them. 178 00:15:22,527 --> 00:15:27,007 They couldn't meet in public, study at university, hold municipal office, 179 00:15:27,102 --> 00:15:31,806 go to Parliament, join the army, preach within 5 miles of a city 180 00:15:31,946 --> 00:15:36,650 because they were considered to be potentially dangerous revolutionary fanatics. 181 00:15:36,732 --> 00:15:39,371 They were, however, allowed to have babies. 182 00:15:39,711 --> 00:15:43,136 The end and design of infant baptism, 183 00:15:43,477 --> 00:15:48,286 by which rite the parents, solemnly dedicate their offspring to the service of God 184 00:15:48,287 --> 00:15:50,326 and to Jesus Christ whom he has sent, 185 00:15:51,288 --> 00:15:56,449 is to impress on the minds of the parents, a sense of their duty towards them, 186 00:15:56,942 --> 00:15:59,393 in their innocent and helpless age. 187 00:15:59,828 --> 00:16:04,708 There was one other thing, the Quakers, Baptists, Unitarians, Presbyterians and 188 00:16:04,709 --> 00:16:06,890 Congregationalists were free to do. 189 00:16:07,066 --> 00:16:12,204 They could indulge in the one thing the snob English gentry considered beneath their dignity. 190 00:16:12,391 --> 00:16:16,532 They could go into industry. So, one thing you could be sure of, 191 00:16:16,673 --> 00:16:20,297 this kid was going to grow up wanting to do better than his tradesman father. 192 00:16:20,379 --> 00:16:25,235 ..that, as soon as he becomes capable of learning, you will instruct him in the Christian religion, 193 00:16:25,481 --> 00:16:29,469 according to the best understanding and abilities you are indued with. 194 00:16:29,586 --> 00:16:33,422 By the middle of the 18th century, the Dissenters were doing alright, considering. 195 00:16:33,551 --> 00:16:38,020 In small time jobs in local commerce, though some of them, Quakers, 196 00:16:38,113 --> 00:16:42,477 had gone to Pennsylvania to get away from the prejudice and lack of religious freedom. 197 00:16:45,292 --> 00:16:48,166 I baptise thee in the name of the Father, 198 00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:52,518 and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit. 199 00:16:57,398 --> 00:17:00,096 The Dissenters had one thing going for them, though. 200 00:17:00,202 --> 00:17:04,835 They had an inexhaustible amount of optimism and a dedicated urge to succeed. 201 00:17:05,012 --> 00:17:06,502 Let us pray. 202 00:17:10,349 --> 00:17:11,299 Almighty God, 203 00:17:11,346 --> 00:17:14,314 However, with the road to power and position blocked, 204 00:17:14,490 --> 00:17:16,812 you wouldn't have thought the poor kid had a prayer. 205 00:17:16,941 --> 00:17:19,721 But that is reckoning without these extraordinary people. 206 00:17:19,838 --> 00:17:25,140 Thanks to the way their talents had been channelled, they were almost single handedly to turn England 207 00:17:25,199 --> 00:17:29,329 from a bunch of sea-faring farmers, into a nation of technocrats. 208 00:17:34,923 --> 00:17:37,809 And, thanks to the priority Dissenters gave education, 209 00:17:37,903 --> 00:17:42,161 leading England into the greatest revolution ever was going to be child’s play. 210 00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:53,879 On the basis of ‘if you can't join them, beat them’, 211 00:17:54,020 --> 00:17:58,560 the Dissenters set up their own academies all over the country, like this one at Ackworth in Yorkshire, 212 00:17:58,783 --> 00:18:02,349 and started training their kids for the only job left open to them, 213 00:18:02,536 --> 00:18:07,134 that of entrepreneurial millionaire tycoon, ready and willing to profit from the fact 214 00:18:07,369 --> 00:18:11,029 that they were surrounded by potential customers with more money than sense, 215 00:18:11,263 --> 00:18:15,709 A) because the Dissenters religion didn't oblige a tycoon to wait for his reward in heaven 216 00:18:15,955 --> 00:18:19,920 and B) because these places were turning out the 18th century equivalent 217 00:18:20,037 --> 00:18:24,530 of the Harvard Business School graduate, onto the greatest bull-market the world has ever seen. 218 00:18:24,753 --> 00:18:26,888 And not a competitor in sight. 219 00:18:31,581 --> 00:18:33,118 The secret of their success? 220 00:18:33,282 --> 00:18:35,710 A religion that put profit next to piety. 221 00:18:35,875 --> 00:18:41,775 A workaholic attitude towards life and, above all, an educational system that was without equal. 222 00:18:42,478 --> 00:18:46,537 In their classrooms, they had learned what the real world was just desperate for: 223 00:18:46,620 --> 00:18:52,578 maths, foreign languages, engineering, accountancy, commerce, and the latest science. 224 00:18:52,719 --> 00:18:56,144 With up to date equipment and experimental learning techniques. 225 00:18:56,261 --> 00:19:00,367 And everything, taught in English, not Latin. 226 00:19:01,329 --> 00:19:05,200 With the universities from which the Dissenters were excluded 227 00:19:05,259 --> 00:19:10,843 turning out clerics whose idea of a balanced equation was “how many angels you could get on the head of a pin” 228 00:19:11,195 --> 00:19:15,394 these academy boys moved in on the manufacturing industries without opposition. 229 00:19:15,500 --> 00:19:20,333 And, backed by a nationwide Dissenter old-boy network, 230 00:19:20,391 --> 00:19:22,186 determined to keep it in the family, 231 00:19:22,773 --> 00:19:25,025 by 1760 or so, 232 00:19:27,089 --> 00:19:29,670 they were a regular underground movement. 233 00:19:46,797 --> 00:19:50,105 Dissenters had most of the mining concessions in the country, 234 00:19:50,163 --> 00:19:53,706 and here in the English woods, was where they started their revolution. 235 00:19:53,847 --> 00:19:59,196 With coalmines nobody wanted, until a Dissenter called Abraham Darby found a use for them. 236 00:20:06,844 --> 00:20:10,762 People couldn't make enough household utensils to satisfy rising demand 237 00:20:10,844 --> 00:20:13,037 because, until Darby solved the problem, 238 00:20:13,120 --> 00:20:16,475 there just wasn't enough wood around to burn to heat the furnaces, 239 00:20:16,476 --> 00:20:19,419 to smelt all the metal, to make all the goods. 240 00:20:20,885 --> 00:20:26,293 Coal had impurities that produced bad metal, so Darby burnt them out and used the coke. 241 00:20:31,032 --> 00:20:35,548 And that is when things really took off, because England was an island built on coal. 242 00:20:35,677 --> 00:20:40,252 The fuel crisis was over. Just as well, they were running out of trees. 243 00:20:45,530 --> 00:20:49,342 These coke-fired Dissenter furnaces produced cast-iron everything: 244 00:20:49,412 --> 00:20:56,099 boxes, grates, hearths, shears, sickles, pokers, rakes, kettles, frying pans, ladles, 245 00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:57,284 weights, 246 00:20:59,571 --> 00:21:03,289 and the reason they make pots of money, 247 00:21:04,368 --> 00:21:05,706 pots. 248 00:21:07,804 --> 00:21:11,476 I said the fuel crisis was over. That left another crisis, 249 00:21:11,559 --> 00:21:14,526 one that really stymied any would-be millionaire businessman 250 00:21:14,738 --> 00:21:19,735 because it kept his business well away from the markets, and up in the hills. 251 00:21:19,970 --> 00:21:22,163 Any business that needed power. 252 00:21:28,216 --> 00:21:33,870 These water mills, making anything you needed to bang, grind, draw, saw, spin, 253 00:21:33,976 --> 00:21:38,257 anything but hot metal, ran their mill-wheels in mountain streams. 254 00:21:38,375 --> 00:21:41,577 That is why they were up in the hills, and so was all the industry. 255 00:21:41,917 --> 00:21:43,912 Especially textiles. 256 00:21:50,668 --> 00:21:56,744 And producing up in the hills meant your deliveries weren't going to be exactly hot foot. 257 00:22:10,926 --> 00:22:14,551 This was another reason why industry stayed small-scale. 258 00:22:14,809 --> 00:22:17,190 What was the point in producing tons of goodies, 259 00:22:17,249 --> 00:22:21,049 if all it was going to do was fall-off in the mire down some packhorse trail 260 00:22:21,154 --> 00:22:25,858 while racing to market at speeds between 3 miles an hour and stop? 261 00:22:26,878 --> 00:22:30,738 And this was the express service. There were no roads worth mentioning. 262 00:22:30,984 --> 00:22:34,139 So, what with this stick-in-the-mud approach to transportation, 263 00:22:34,256 --> 00:22:38,291 and industry scattered on isolated mountainsides all over the place, 264 00:22:38,632 --> 00:22:41,893 the business of getting business to do more business 265 00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:44,767 was something of an uphill task. 266 00:22:49,073 --> 00:22:54,011 Still, for the Dissenters with no option but industry, uphill or not, 267 00:22:54,410 --> 00:22:55,911 it was money. 268 00:23:02,128 --> 00:23:07,442 Well, here we are in the back of beyond, that's anywhere north of London in 1760 or so, 269 00:23:07,618 --> 00:23:10,797 you are one of those small-scale Dissenter industrialists, 270 00:23:10,913 --> 00:23:14,221 you look around and what do you see? I will give you a clue. 271 00:23:14,538 --> 00:23:18,455 Not enough of this stuff around, for a start. Ready cash. 272 00:23:18,713 --> 00:23:23,464 But at the same time, miles and miles of untapped supply-and-demand country. 273 00:23:23,828 --> 00:23:29,071 On the one hand, all those hooray-henrys with their left-over wealth from overseas trade, 274 00:23:29,141 --> 00:23:35,687 slaves, rents, land improvement, and on the other, local councils wanting money to build new bridges. 275 00:23:36,531 --> 00:23:40,953 All over the country, industrialists were short of the wherewithal to expand, 276 00:23:41,271 --> 00:23:45,506 tradesmen were desperate for collateral to buy new stocks and people were looking for mortgages. 277 00:23:45,764 --> 00:23:50,245 Well, as they say in these parts, it was just a matter of finding a way to let the dog see the rabbit. 278 00:23:50,386 --> 00:23:53,447 Let the demand get at the supply. 279 00:23:54,714 --> 00:23:59,301 Well, sure enough, a way was found, by the Dissenters to give them credit, 280 00:23:59,501 --> 00:24:01,776 or to give other people credit, which is what happened. 281 00:24:02,069 --> 00:24:08,239 Because, where no upright, establishment English gent would have dreamt of taking banking to the provinces, 282 00:24:08,615 --> 00:24:11,055 that wasn't beneath a certain Quaker called Lloyd. 283 00:24:11,337 --> 00:24:14,997 This one, I mean. Followed hotly by another called Barclay. 284 00:24:15,255 --> 00:24:18,669 By 1770, there were 10 banks outside London. 285 00:24:18,879 --> 00:24:24,369 Now, if all went well, industry would no longer have lie around waiting for everything to go via London. 286 00:24:25,343 --> 00:24:29,249 Now the idea was that spare money in East Anglia could, for instance, 287 00:24:29,250 --> 00:24:33,859 be directly available for investment in the Midlands, where small villages like Manchester 288 00:24:33,988 --> 00:24:36,122 were only waiting for the cheque to arrive. 289 00:24:36,627 --> 00:24:40,005 And that was the operative word. Waiting. 290 00:24:44,122 --> 00:24:47,136 Because, until somebody did something about the state of the roads, 291 00:24:47,195 --> 00:24:49,764 waiting was all anybody was going to be doing. 292 00:24:54,293 --> 00:24:57,671 Well, guess who did do something about the state of the roads? 293 00:24:57,765 --> 00:24:59,430 Yes, the Dissenters. 294 00:24:59,642 --> 00:25:05,683 They formed companies to finance gangs of Irish labourers to cut routes across country following lines on a map. 295 00:25:06,105 --> 00:25:08,885 Navigators, they were called, or “navvies”. 296 00:25:09,178 --> 00:25:15,489 In ten years, they had done 500 miles, along which you could take stuff on a ride as smooth as silk. 297 00:25:16,510 --> 00:25:19,490 The Dissenter engineers built a transportation network 298 00:25:19,536 --> 00:25:22,880 that could take any amount of traffic you wanted to move on it. 299 00:25:23,842 --> 00:25:27,021 At one stroke, they had bridged the gap to high-level production. 300 00:25:27,197 --> 00:25:31,033 Their road carried 400 times what a packhorse would. 301 00:25:31,362 --> 00:25:32,933 Because it wasn't a road. 302 00:26:12,817 --> 00:26:15,280 You could take up to 80 tons on a barge, 303 00:26:15,339 --> 00:26:20,359 80 tons of those boring, bulk supplies without which, high standards of living don’t happen. 304 00:26:21,134 --> 00:26:24,359 And with genius engineering like staircase locks, 305 00:26:24,465 --> 00:26:27,984 you took your limestone, fertiliser, bricks, salt or whatever 306 00:26:28,043 --> 00:26:30,963 up-hill and down-dale, with ease. 307 00:26:35,234 --> 00:26:37,803 In mid 18th century, thanks to the canals, 308 00:26:37,815 --> 00:26:40,900 things started moving around the country like never before. 309 00:26:41,052 --> 00:26:46,671 Non-stop, that is. Deliveries that had once taken months, now took only days. 310 00:26:53,604 --> 00:26:57,557 Now, canals may look very quaint and snail’s-pace to you. 311 00:26:57,850 --> 00:27:02,800 But I will have you know, that in their time, they kicked the 18th century economy into high gear, 312 00:27:02,918 --> 00:27:06,800 they gave the country new engineering skills, and they made a noise like money. 313 00:27:07,187 --> 00:27:12,466 You see, if you owned a bit of land with a coal mine on it and you used your agricultural revolution 314 00:27:12,467 --> 00:27:16,478 profits to cut yourself a canal to the nearest city, then bingo. 315 00:27:16,678 --> 00:27:20,994 Like His Grace the Duke of Bridgewater who did just that that in 1759, bingo, as I said, 316 00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:23,293 you were knee-deep in loot. 317 00:27:23,668 --> 00:27:28,090 I mean, look at it from a cash register point of view. In the old days: it rained, 318 00:27:28,138 --> 00:27:31,621 the roads got muddy, the transportation costs went up. Now? 319 00:27:31,821 --> 00:27:35,235 The more water the better. So, like the Duke, 320 00:27:35,236 --> 00:27:38,672 you moved coal to Manchester for 1/6 the previous cost, 321 00:27:38,860 --> 00:27:42,684 but you sell it for one half the previous price, get it? 322 00:27:43,223 --> 00:27:45,064 And was it ever a seller's market? 323 00:27:45,346 --> 00:27:48,806 millers, bakers, brewers, potters all those guys who needed the fuel 324 00:27:48,982 --> 00:27:51,434 to make the stuff to sell to the growing city crowds. 325 00:27:51,633 --> 00:27:56,138 Plus, of course, the irresistible novelty of the way your canal could now bring to simple city folk, 326 00:27:56,268 --> 00:27:59,963 exotic goods and materials from foreign parts, like the next county. 327 00:28:00,619 --> 00:28:05,135 All this, and the only word you were hearing from the customer is “more, more”. 328 00:28:05,499 --> 00:28:06,824 Well? 329 00:28:08,725 --> 00:28:11,775 In no time at all there was a canal network stretching out from Birmingham, 330 00:28:11,776 --> 00:28:15,294 connecting coal fields, cities, ports. Everything looked super-colossal 331 00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:17,054 except for one, dull thud. 332 00:28:17,288 --> 00:28:21,921 Those moron industrialists up on the hills, who wouldn't come down because that's where their water-power was. 333 00:28:22,075 --> 00:28:25,781 And there were millions to be made, if only you could solve their problem. But how? 334 00:28:25,782 --> 00:28:28,855 And all the time, life and profits were slipping by. 335 00:28:28,856 --> 00:28:33,171 It was enough to make a, good, honest Dissenting entrepreneur turn to drink. 336 00:28:59,212 --> 00:29:04,233 In a way, the problem of lack of power for industry was solved by turning to drink. 337 00:29:04,538 --> 00:29:07,306 This drink. Scotch. Cheers. 338 00:29:09,852 --> 00:29:12,456 See, by 1761, 339 00:29:12,737 --> 00:29:17,136 the recent union of England with Scotland, that opened up enormous markets to the Scottish producers, 340 00:29:17,393 --> 00:29:20,725 had the whisky distillers here in the Highlands desperate to cash in, 341 00:29:20,983 --> 00:29:23,599 by getting output up, and costs down. 342 00:29:24,056 --> 00:29:27,939 And when these canny 18th century Scotsmen talked about “profit from whisky”, 343 00:29:28,267 --> 00:29:31,188 the most heated arguments were about heat. 344 00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:34,402 You will see what I mean in the distillery, down there. 345 00:29:44,818 --> 00:29:49,722 The thing that got the distillers all steamed up about making this wonderful golden stuff, 346 00:29:49,969 --> 00:29:53,558 was the cost of boiling the raw materials to start the distilling process. 347 00:29:53,628 --> 00:29:58,403 How much fuel, at what expense? Because nobody had money to burn. 348 00:30:05,793 --> 00:30:08,972 And the other problem was exactly how much water you needed 349 00:30:08,994 --> 00:30:11,845 to condense the vapours back into the magic liquid. 350 00:30:16,865 --> 00:30:21,182 It was a Glasgow University professor called Joseph Black who found the answer. 351 00:30:21,616 --> 00:30:26,202 Because he said he used to wonder why a hot sunny day didn't melt all the snow on the hills around here. 352 00:30:26,613 --> 00:30:29,968 Obviously, because it took a lot more heat than you would expect 353 00:30:30,742 --> 00:30:31,762 to melt ice. 354 00:30:33,428 --> 00:30:36,947 So, he took some, and left it for 10 hours, 355 00:30:37,029 --> 00:30:40,255 together with the same amount of near-freezing water, 356 00:30:40,256 --> 00:30:43,762 and as the water rose fairly quickly to room temperature, 357 00:30:43,985 --> 00:30:49,228 the thermometer showed it was warming at a rate of 14°F every hour. 358 00:30:49,627 --> 00:30:53,099 Now, to do the same, melt and get up to room temperature, 359 00:30:53,357 --> 00:30:56,607 the ice had to be left for all 10 hours. 360 00:30:59,622 --> 00:31:03,798 So, at the general warming rate that meant that the ice had absorbed 361 00:31:03,927 --> 00:31:07,774 10 times 14°, 140° of heat. 362 00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:13,287 But the thermometer in it had only gone from freezing to room temperature. 363 00:31:13,592 --> 00:31:16,232 So obviously, when the ice changed to water, 364 00:31:16,326 --> 00:31:19,798 there was a lot of heat involved that didn't show on the thermometer. 365 00:31:20,384 --> 00:31:21,804 Hidden heat. 366 00:31:22,836 --> 00:31:26,437 So, did the same thing happen when you went from water to steam? 367 00:31:26,848 --> 00:31:30,872 Black put two identical amounts of water over the same slow fire. 368 00:31:31,270 --> 00:31:36,561 This one, from cold to boiling, heated up at a rate of about 40° an hour. 369 00:31:36,923 --> 00:31:39,668 By the time this one had all boiled away in steam, 370 00:31:39,821 --> 00:31:43,797 it had absorbed no less than 810° of heat. 371 00:31:43,844 --> 00:31:46,660 Well, that was it, bar the shouting. 372 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:50,836 Black was able to come up with figures that would show how much fuel you would need, 373 00:31:50,906 --> 00:31:54,121 for how long, to vaporise how much liquid, 374 00:31:54,543 --> 00:31:59,282 and then how much water you would need to condense that steam back into liquid. 375 00:32:02,743 --> 00:32:07,552 Black’s little experiment had two results. One: it made the distillers happy, 376 00:32:07,834 --> 00:32:11,810 and two: it changed the entire world. 377 00:32:24,385 --> 00:32:29,499 The fellow who made Black's experimental gear was another Dissenter called James Watt, 378 00:32:29,546 --> 00:32:34,320 who used Black's figures to perfect the engine that would drive us all into the machine age. 379 00:32:34,438 --> 00:32:37,018 Because it brought industry down out of the hills. 380 00:32:37,218 --> 00:32:41,359 And with typical Dissenter know-how, Watt didn't sell his steam engine, 381 00:32:41,417 --> 00:32:46,286 he charged his buyers one third of the fuel savings it made them, every year. 382 00:32:49,722 --> 00:32:54,907 In 1781, Watt’s assistant invented a way to use the push-pull action of a steam piston 383 00:32:55,001 --> 00:33:01,030 to turn a wheel, and industry no longer needed water-power to drive its machine belts. 384 00:33:12,749 --> 00:33:18,415 The new factories, with their coal-fired steam engines, went up in the growing coalfield towns. 385 00:33:18,497 --> 00:33:22,403 Growing, because industrial expansion sucked in thousands from the countryside 386 00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:27,283 to stand hour after hour over the new automatic cotton-weaving machines. 387 00:33:27,354 --> 00:33:30,122 They even shipped orphan children in from London, 388 00:33:30,133 --> 00:33:34,579 to meet the insatiable demand for industrial labour of every kind. 389 00:33:37,089 --> 00:33:40,737 In the new mills and factories they started, for the first time ever, 390 00:33:40,903 --> 00:33:45,208 doing the kind of work we would call work. I mean: repetitive, 391 00:33:45,278 --> 00:33:49,009 every day of the week, with Sundays off and regular wages. 392 00:33:49,431 --> 00:33:55,120 And they also started doing it at night, too, thanks to a new French lamp that lit the place up like noon. 393 00:33:55,719 --> 00:34:00,247 So, with machines that never tired or made a mistake 24 hours a day, 394 00:34:00,376 --> 00:34:04,787 and plenty of light to see by, production could go round the clock, too. 395 00:34:06,171 --> 00:34:08,071 Shift work was invented. 396 00:34:08,199 --> 00:34:12,305 Steam made an almost incredible difference, in 1800, 397 00:34:12,492 --> 00:34:15,824 one factory installed a 100 horsepower engine. 398 00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:21,594 It did the work of 880 men, ran 50,000 thread-winding spindles, 399 00:34:21,852 --> 00:34:27,753 created jobs for 750 people, and turned out 226 times more product 400 00:34:27,847 --> 00:34:30,087 than they had before steam. 401 00:34:31,436 --> 00:34:34,392 People from villages who had never looked at a clock were 402 00:34:34,462 --> 00:34:38,744 worked like machines themselves. In unspeakable conditions, 403 00:34:39,401 --> 00:34:40,433 for regular wages. 404 00:34:53,510 --> 00:34:57,698 And there was a new kind of customer, too. Living in the new suburbs. 405 00:34:59,446 --> 00:35:05,451 The up and coming middle classes had an appetite for possessions that couldn't be satisfied. 406 00:35:05,839 --> 00:35:10,472 Thanks to a fellow who practically invented the idea of “keeping up with the Joneses”. 407 00:35:10,765 --> 00:35:14,613 He was Josiah Wedgewood, potter to the Royal family. 408 00:35:14,801 --> 00:35:20,126 You knew that because it was on his bills, letterhead, catalogues, ads and wherever else he could get it. 409 00:35:22,320 --> 00:35:27,235 Whatever he made vases, medallions, ornamental work, 410 00:35:27,540 --> 00:35:30,426 he made people want it for snob reasons. 411 00:35:31,435 --> 00:35:36,901 Even tableware. That's why the biggest seller, this stuff, was called ‘Queensware’. 412 00:35:37,229 --> 00:35:40,596 You and the Queen eating off the same plates, get it? 413 00:35:42,871 --> 00:35:46,039 By the end of the century, Wedgewood had exhibitions in London. 414 00:35:46,040 --> 00:35:50,391 Invitation only, gentry only, ads in all the posh papers, 415 00:35:50,649 --> 00:35:55,071 travelling salesman with free delivery and money back guarantees, 416 00:35:55,223 --> 00:35:58,156 clients everywhere from China to the USA, 417 00:35:58,273 --> 00:36:02,860 and the first steam-powered factory going night and day to keep up with demand. 418 00:36:03,646 --> 00:36:07,095 By the time he had finished, if you didn't have Wedgwood, 419 00:36:07,635 --> 00:36:08,984 you were nobody. 420 00:36:09,359 --> 00:36:12,913 And for the first time ever, that kind of middle-class thing started to matter. 421 00:36:13,042 --> 00:36:14,990 Because consumerism had arrived. 422 00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:19,541 Our modern expectation of continually rising standards of living started 423 00:36:19,775 --> 00:36:22,544 with the 18th century industrial middle class. 424 00:36:29,546 --> 00:36:34,086 And in the increasingly crowded cities, with new paved streets and gaslight, 425 00:36:34,097 --> 00:36:37,945 there was a new kind of building called a “shop”, with plate glass windows 426 00:36:38,003 --> 00:36:41,780 persuading you that what had been luxuries, like cutlery or table linen, 427 00:36:41,957 --> 00:36:44,795 were now the decencies of life. And the decencies? 428 00:36:45,042 --> 00:36:48,678 Well, they were now absolute bare-necessities, weren't they? 429 00:36:55,588 --> 00:36:58,391 But all this new spending power created new jobs and that 430 00:36:58,427 --> 00:37:02,239 meant more training and that meant more illiterates had to be taught to read and write. 431 00:37:02,462 --> 00:37:05,723 And with the presses available, that meant, in the long run, 432 00:37:05,782 --> 00:37:09,876 the voice of an entirely new group of people beginning to be heard. 433 00:37:11,857 --> 00:37:14,344 They were, not surprisingly, the workers. 434 00:37:14,438 --> 00:37:17,980 And, basically, what they were saying was “No. Regular wages wasn't enough 435 00:37:18,251 --> 00:37:23,400 when you lived in stinking slums with factory bosses who felt no responsibility towards you, 436 00:37:23,588 --> 00:37:26,427 other than as machine fodder to be worked until you dropped”. 437 00:37:27,388 --> 00:37:30,251 They started coming together for support and protection, 438 00:37:30,297 --> 00:37:34,415 in clubs and societies that would one day turned into trades unions. 439 00:37:34,696 --> 00:37:41,030 And an ideology that would stand for one side of the split in society that the industrial revolution created: 440 00:37:41,242 --> 00:37:46,040 between capital and labour, master and man, management and workforce, 441 00:37:46,157 --> 00:37:47,295 whatever you want to call it. 442 00:37:47,518 --> 00:37:53,207 A split, essentially created by the machines, that changed the meaning of the word “work”, 443 00:37:53,512 --> 00:37:58,450 back in that 18th century world we still keep alive in industrial museums like this one. 444 00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:05,289 The split, we don't need a museum for. It's alive all over the world, 445 00:38:05,524 --> 00:38:11,401 thanks to the other steam engine that exported our industrial revolution to everybody else, 446 00:38:11,882 --> 00:38:13,148 on the railways. 447 00:38:20,210 --> 00:38:23,471 The railways started very modestly. In 1825, 448 00:38:23,472 --> 00:38:27,636 the first 27 miles of track carried a few daredevils on a joyride. 449 00:38:29,982 --> 00:38:32,915 But, basically, the railway was there to do what canals did, 450 00:38:32,916 --> 00:38:35,824 only faster, to carry bulk supplies. 451 00:38:36,094 --> 00:38:40,434 And then, in no time at all, there were railways all over the British Empire. 452 00:38:40,552 --> 00:38:42,863 Or was it railways that made the Empire happen? 453 00:38:43,179 --> 00:38:47,085 Either way, we were laying lines up the jungle, here in Jamaica, 454 00:38:47,214 --> 00:38:53,266 as early as 1843. The Imperial goods trains removed the wealth of the colonies to England 455 00:38:53,501 --> 00:38:55,096 extremely efficiently. 456 00:38:59,015 --> 00:39:02,287 But the thing that really sent the steam engine people off the rails, 457 00:39:02,288 --> 00:39:07,061 because they were all ready to haul freight and nothing else, was the way the public wanted to go for a ride. 458 00:39:07,379 --> 00:39:11,062 It was as if, after centuries of being stuck down on the farm, 459 00:39:11,168 --> 00:39:16,552 they just couldn't resist the thrill of rocketing off to anywhere at 25 miles an hour. 460 00:39:17,549 --> 00:39:22,159 So, while the population shot up, thanks to the general improvement in wages and diet, 461 00:39:22,254 --> 00:39:26,172 because now, of course, the trains were bringing fresh food into the cities every day, 462 00:39:26,371 --> 00:39:28,412 people started doing something else new. 463 00:39:28,588 --> 00:39:32,178 They started marrying people from the other end of the country for the first time. 464 00:39:32,623 --> 00:39:36,084 Fortunately for all, in-breeding was out. 465 00:39:42,711 --> 00:39:45,749 The railways really made the modern world happen. 466 00:39:45,936 --> 00:39:48,622 Because they separated the consumer from the producer, 467 00:39:48,623 --> 00:39:52,622 so that today you and I couldn't survive alone even if we wanted to. 468 00:39:53,315 --> 00:39:56,904 They united the country because they brought the papers with the national news in them, 469 00:39:56,905 --> 00:40:01,444 and the new postal services that let people talk to each other long distance. 470 00:40:13,949 --> 00:40:19,439 They boosted business with trainloads of raw materials, consumer goods and salesman. 471 00:40:33,809 --> 00:40:35,897 They set all the clocks to the same time. 472 00:40:35,991 --> 00:40:39,885 Whatever the weather, they delivered all the bits necessary to make a standardised world, 473 00:40:39,886 --> 00:40:46,970 like a nationwide conveyor belt. But above all, they started a kind of “industrial feedback”. 474 00:40:47,240 --> 00:40:51,486 They carried coal, to smelt iron, to make railways, that burned coal, 475 00:40:51,487 --> 00:40:55,955 to carry coal, to smelt iron, and so the spiral went up and up. 476 00:40:59,298 --> 00:41:03,967 All the industrial production figures go off the top of the graph in the middle of the 19th century. 477 00:41:03,968 --> 00:41:09,608 And then, as a result, here we are, back in the tourist paradise of Jamaica where we began, 478 00:41:09,761 --> 00:41:12,917 among the sugar plantations that helped to start it all off. 479 00:41:13,386 --> 00:41:19,333 In a world health, wealthier, more diverse, more mobile, more optimistic than ever in history, 480 00:41:19,334 --> 00:41:25,373 because each one of us leads a life that would have taken dozens of servants and a small fortune, 481 00:41:25,513 --> 00:41:26,839 before this all began. 482 00:41:27,836 --> 00:41:31,320 Thanks to the Dissenters and the landowners and the colonial buccaneers 483 00:41:31,321 --> 00:41:35,437 and the Industrial Revolution they helped to make possible, we don't need servants. 484 00:41:35,613 --> 00:41:39,589 Thanks to machines we have the muscle power to change the shape of the planet. 485 00:41:58,710 --> 00:42:04,950 That good weather back in 1720 and the Industrial Revolution started the population growing, 486 00:42:05,267 --> 00:42:09,536 matching the way the production figures were going, faster and faster upwards. 487 00:42:09,770 --> 00:42:14,732 Today, the population depends on finding more raw materials for production, 488 00:42:14,838 --> 00:42:15,999 every day. 489 00:42:18,252 --> 00:42:19,753 In Jamaica, for instance, 490 00:42:19,847 --> 00:42:23,765 one quarter of the country is being scraped away because it contains Bauxite. 491 00:42:23,766 --> 00:42:25,430 You make aluminium from it. 492 00:42:25,431 --> 00:42:29,465 Worldwide, we are pulling out of the ground: 2 billion tons of oil, 493 00:42:29,677 --> 00:42:33,594 3 billion tons of coal, 750 million tons of iron, 494 00:42:33,711 --> 00:42:37,054 820 million tons of copper-ore, and so on. 495 00:42:37,195 --> 00:42:39,341 And that's in one year. 496 00:42:39,987 --> 00:42:42,344 Makes you wonder how much more there is to come. 497 00:42:56,573 --> 00:43:00,949 Of course, the other side of the coin is that if you live in a fun world, you have got to pay for the ride. 498 00:43:01,160 --> 00:43:06,333 The “onward and upward” style of Western life, the good times, the ‘throwaway’ philosophy 499 00:43:06,532 --> 00:43:10,239 that goes with building a new model every year, so that everybody can keep their jobs, 500 00:43:10,309 --> 00:43:15,083 and they can increase their standard of living, is really a 19th century way of doing things. 501 00:43:16,044 --> 00:43:22,226 That's what the industrial revolution gave us, the desire for more, bigger, better, cheaper, faster. 502 00:43:22,765 --> 00:43:24,067 And back then, 503 00:43:24,337 --> 00:43:28,724 there was hardly anybody around to make much of a dent in the raw materials they started to dig up 504 00:43:28,888 --> 00:43:33,733 to turn into amazing luxuries, or “bare-necessities” as we would call them now. 505 00:43:34,132 --> 00:43:38,965 Today, whole countries rely, almost totally, on the raw material that they have that we want. 506 00:43:39,317 --> 00:43:43,681 Chrome, copper, gold, silver, tin, platinum, or, in this case, 507 00:43:44,513 --> 00:43:45,616 Bauxite. 508 00:43:45,757 --> 00:43:52,127 And you see, it is easy enough to get that. Sure, we can alter the shape of the planet with our new found industrial muscle. 509 00:43:52,655 --> 00:43:55,212 We can turn it into a giant hole in the ground. 510 00:43:55,493 --> 00:43:56,784 Then what?