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In 1840, one man
transformed travel in Britain.

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His name was George Bradshaw,
and his railway guides inspired
the Victorians to take to the tracks

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Stop by stop,
he told them where to travel,
what to see and where to stay.

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Now, 170 years later, I'm making
four long journeys across the length

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and breadth of the country to see
what remains of Bradshaw's Britain.

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From the early days of Britain's
railways,

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you couldn't contemplate a journey
without first consulting

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Bradshaw's - a comprehensive guide
to train timetables.

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Over the coming weeks,
using an ancient Bradshaw's guide,
I will criss-cross Britain,

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on four fascinating routes
to view the places and achievements
that delighted the Victorians,

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to see how the railways
changed the British people

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and to understand
how much we've changed since.

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Along today's route,
I'll be discovering how Manchester
came to be known as Cottonopolis...

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By the end of the century,
the Indians were getting Indian
designs sent back from Manchester

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to India that maybe came from cotton
that they had grown originally.
It was crazy.

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..finding out how Bradshaw
helped unify time across the UK...

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Each provincial city, like
Birmingham, Manchester and so on,
had their own time, and of course,

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this was liable to create great
confusion with railway timetables.

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..and how the railways brought
fish and chips to British plates.

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Thank you very much indeed. Lovely.

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It was the onset of the railways that
allowed all this population,

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this inland population, for the first
time to experience sea fish.

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On this journey, I'm travelling

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from Liverpool
along the world's first

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passenger railway to Manchester.

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Then, I'll continue
on across the country,

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from west to east
through Yorkshire,

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along the Humber estuary to Hull,

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and eventually, up the coast

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to my final destination
at Scarborough.

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My first train is from Eccles
to the centre of Manchester.

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Then, I'll head to Denton

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and travel north to Bury.

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Manchester has a rich railway
history, so I'm going to spend some
time exploring it and its suburbs.

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The city helped to build
the first modern train line
from Liverpool in 1830.

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In turn, the railway
transformed Manchester
into a powerful global hub,

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and it was here
that the first railway timetables
were published and sold.

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So to start off, I'm heading right
for the centre, where it all began.

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Manchester Victoria. Manchester -
one of the hugely important cities

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in the development of our railways,
and also the birthplace of one
George Bradshaw.

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Thank you.

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Bradshaw, being from Manchester,
must have written about this city

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with particular pride,

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and his guide book contains
this page of illustrations of

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the buildings that the Victorians
were so proud of -

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the Free Trade Hall, the Exchange
building, fantastic achievements

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that I'm really looking forward
to seeing again.

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Many of these grand buildings
so familiar to Bradshaw were built

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with the wealth
generated by the cotton trade
in the early 19th century,

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and it was around that time that
Manchester was nicknamed
Cottonopolis.

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I'm hoping to get a tour of
Cottonopolis from local guide

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Jonathan Schofield, starting
at the Royal Exchange building.

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Hi, I'm Michael. Great to see you.

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Nice to meet you, Michael.
Welcome to Manchester.

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It's lovely to be here.
Why have you brought me to
the Exchange building first?

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Well, I suppose the Royal Exchange is
the spiritual heart of Manchester.
What really gave Manchester

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its dynamism was trade, was
business, and the Royal Exchange
is the heart of that business.

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Well, I'm carrying this 150-year-old
guide book, Bradshaw's, and
Bradshaw describes this building...

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He was very impressed by this
rounded Doric front,

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and he describes the "cotton lords"
meeting here on a Tuesday.
Yes, well,

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they were cotton lords.

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Manchester was Cottonopolis
and these were the cotton barons,

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or the Cottontots
they were often called as well,

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and they would come here
and they would do business.

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And by the way, it was so crowded in
there that you had a grid reference.

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On the columns on the inside,
you had letters and numbers,

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so I'll meet you at J2, because you
would not find the trader otherwise.

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Describe the trade to me.

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Where is the cotton coming from
before it reaches Manchester?

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Where is it going to
after it has been in Manchester?

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It's coming from the hotter parts of
the world, in some respects.

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It's coming from the southern
states of the USA or Egypt - places
where they can grow raw cotton.

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We cannot grow raw cotton around
here, and so therefore, it would
have come at least a thousand miles.

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The new railway gave Manchester
a competitive edge over

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the rest of the world and sent
the cotton industry into overdrive.

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Textiles, spinning,
weaving and dyeing dominated

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Victorian Manchester and the small
mill towns that surrounded it.

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By 1913, 65 per cent of the world's
cotton was processed in the area.

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By the end of the century, we were
selling printed fabric back to...

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tribes people in Africa.

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The Indians were getting Indian
designs sent back from Manchester

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to India, that maybe came from cotton
that they had grown originally.

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It was crazy, but it just builds up
that classic competitive advantage.

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So, what's going to be the next stop
on Jonathan's tour of Cottonopolis?

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Now, we're here at the
cotton cathedral, I suppose,
with the Royal Exchange.

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Let's go to the civic cathedral,
which is Manchester town hall. OK.

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All around the city, you get these
little gems that tell a story about
Manchester and its cotton heyday.

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Sometimes, they're on the buildings.
Sometimes, they're literally
on city streets,

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and just here, you can see iron
kerbs, which are very distinctive.

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I've come across them in
other cities, but not with

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the regularity you see them in
Manchester, and that's because these

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vast cotton trucks, covered in cotton
bales, over-laden with cotton bales,
would crack and smash stone kerbs.

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So what they thought to
do - we'll put iron kerbs.
It didn't actually work.

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They just got pushed into the ground,
but they didn't crack at least.
And you can see these

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certainly in the warehouse districts,
but also in other areas of the city,
and it's just a little reminder.

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We still rattle around in the bones
of the cotton industry in Manchester.

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A vein of history
written into the streets.

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Exactly.

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This is a wonderful way to approach
the town hall, isn't it?

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It is. It's the best way - face on
to Manchester's civic cathedral that

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tried to embody all those virtues of
independence of spirit and mind.

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This grand Neo-Gothic pile cost a
million pounds to complete in 1887.

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That's about £48 million
in today's money,

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which shows just how wealthy
Manchester had become.

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What it is really, I suppose, is
a complete encapsulation of that

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high Victorian utter confidence, and
I think the golden ball with spikes
on the top there is a classic one.

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Most town halls might have had
a crown, or a cross, or something
like that. We've got...

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a symbol of the cotton industry,
the cotton bud about to burst and
give us the raw material itself.

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But also - and I love
this particular one - is the sun,

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and it's saying, "Wherever the sun
shines, Manchester has business."

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We are international. We don't look
local, we don't even look national.

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We look across the world to our
trade, and we feel we have influence
on the world as well.

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George Bradshaw was extremely
proud of his home city and its
monopoly of the cotton industry.

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He wrote, "Watt's steam engine,

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"Arkwright's power loom
and the factory system and

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"inexhaustible supplies of coal have
given superiority to Manchester."

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But when India gained independence,
it began to process its own
cotton much more cheaply.

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Manchester's cotton scene
slowed and, by the 1950s,

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the mills began to close. Today,

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the mill buildings are surrounded by
a different Manchester -

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a city of glass and steel.
And that's partly due to

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one recent event that
profoundly changed the skyline.

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In the 1990s, a massive bomb
destroyed the Arndale Centre,

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during that dark period for Ireland
and the United Kingdom of which I
have many poignant memories myself.

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But in Manchester today, you
sense that it wasn't just the

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unhappy chance of a bomb that's
led to the city's transformation.

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There is today an appetite
for architecture as provocative and

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outstanding as that that Bradshaw
admired a century and a half ago.

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Mancunians, it seems,
have always been looking ahead,
ready to embrace the future.

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Good morning. Good morning.
How are you? Fine, how are you?

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So, Manchester now is full of modern
buildings, skyscrapers and so on.

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What do you think of those?
I like it, cos it's like...

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a diverse mix of
old buildings and new buildings,
and some of them, like,

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you can see how
Manchester's changing over the years.
Like, you've got cobbled streets

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in Market Street and then next to it,
you've got the Hilton Hotel and
everything, so it's really different.

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You can see the timeline of how
everything's changed.

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What do you think of Manchester now?

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Oh, I always liked Manchester.

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It's a changing city, isn't it?
Yeah, but I still like it.

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So what's better - the old
Manchester or the new Manchester?

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Well, you've got to go with
the times, haven't you?

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Manchester's
busiest station, Piccadilly,
certainly did move with the times.

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Manchester Piccadilly has none of
the Victorian old-world charm
of Manchester Victoria.

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This has been made to look like
an airline terminal.

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This says, "I'm classy, I'm glassy
and brand new."

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I'm heading south, to find out about
another textile success story for
Manchester driven by the railways.

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Bradshaw's guide tells me that
Denton, towards which I'm headed
now, has several "hat manufacturies"

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as he puts it. Denton then was
a village of about 3,500 people.

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I think now, I'm going to discover
it's pretty much been absorbed
into Greater Manchester.

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Thank you.

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In the 1800s, there were
90 hat factories around here,

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employing almost
40 per cent of the population.

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It's claimed the trilby hat
was born here,

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but the hat industry was all but
killed off with the arrival of

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the motor car. It provided shelter
from the elements,

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so hats were no longer needed.

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Failsworth Hats is one of
the few hat factories left,

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and manager Karen Turner is going to
make me my very own Denton trilby.

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Are you Karen?

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Oh, I am, yes. Hi!
Nice to meet you, Michael.

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Lovely to see you. I keep
hearing about the history of hats.

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So we'll just measure round your
head, just above the ears at the

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widest point, which is 58cm, which is
a seven and one eighth in imperial.

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Oh, seven and one eighth.
Useful to know. I'm often being
asked that, yeah. That's it.

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This is what we start off with.

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This is what we call a hood,
and it's made from rabbit hair,

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felted rabbit hair.
Nothing else, just felt and...

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It's nice and soft. Yeah.

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Ancient-looking machinery.

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I suppose this hasn't changed
very much in many decades.

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No, not at all.
This machinery's probably, what...?

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How old do you think?
80 years old perhaps.

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Some of it's even older, yeah.

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Now, you seem to have put that
into a steam chamber. Is that right?

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Yeah, steam is really important.

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The steam is softening it now.

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Abracadabra...
I've been following a guide book

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150 years old that talks about
the hatters around Manchester.

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Would the process be very different
150 years ago?

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Probably not, no. The only difference
might have been that, whereas

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we start off now with a hood,
they will have

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actually bought in rabbit hair
and made the hoods themselves,

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which was even more labour-intensive.

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In Bradshaw's time, mercury was used
to separate the rabbit hair from
the hide to make the felted hoods.

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Many hat workers suffered from
mercury poisoning, with symptoms
like erratic behaviour and dementia.

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It's said that the expression
"mad as a hatter" came from that.

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Back to my hat. After much more
steaming, stretching

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and setting of its shape and size,
it's almost complete.

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So, now we're going to
line the hat in,

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and perhaps you'd like to have
a go at this to finish the hat off?

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I'd be worried to have a go, because
when I make construction kits,

192
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I always manage to get
the glue everywhere.

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Er, not bad, Michael! But this is
very nearly a completed hat.

194
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It is very nearly, yeah, yeah.

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Pull the brim down your nose.

196
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And at a jaunty angle.

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That's it, yeah, yeah. Very good.

198
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Is that it? Yeah, very nice.

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Thank you very much.

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Over many decades, thousands of
workers making headwear for
the world

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helped put Manchester on the map
and I lift my hat to them.

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Do you ever wear a hat?
No, not any more. I used to.

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Did you? Yes. And what made you
give up wearing a hat?

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Er, well, none of them fit me now!

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They're all too big!

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But do you think it's a pity that
people don't wear hats any more?

207
00:16:00,660 --> 00:16:02,340
Oh, the young ones do, don't they?

208
00:16:02,340 --> 00:16:06,060
They seem to wear these trilby things
that are in fashion.
Oh, do you think so? Yeah.

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So, maybe there's still hope
for the hat industry.

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Now, it's back into Manchester
for my bed for the night.

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And my trusty edition of Bradshaw

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has brought me to one of the most
impressive buildings in Manchester.

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In Victorian times,

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even the most utilitarian
of buildings were magnificent.

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As Bradshaw's guide says, "For
style of architecture and beauty,

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"perhaps Watts's new warehouses in
Portland Street excel all others
and ought by all means to be seen."

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00:16:48,900 --> 00:16:52,900
When it opened in 1858, it was
the world's first cash and carry.

218
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:57,220
Now, it's a listed building
and, luckily for me,
my hotel for the night.

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00:16:58,980 --> 00:17:01,460
This building
was designed to look like

220
00:17:01,460 --> 00:17:06,260
a highly decorated Venetian palazzo
from the 15th century.

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00:17:06,260 --> 00:17:11,900
It was a way of saying,
"The cotton barons of Manchester
are as powerful and wealthy

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00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:16,780
"as the merchants of Venice were
when they dominated trade in Europe.

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00:17:29,820 --> 00:17:34,460
Bright new morning in Manchester,
and the interior of the warehouse

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that is now my hotel is
just as magnificent as the exterior.

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00:17:38,780 --> 00:17:43,420
It's incredible that the Victorians
built warehouses to this quality,
but even so, I can't believe that

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00:17:43,420 --> 00:17:47,140
the original warehouse
had that chandelier.

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00:17:49,340 --> 00:17:56,180
These days, there's not much sign
of the cotton industry left,
but I'm told that the sweeping,

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00:17:56,180 --> 00:17:59,620
cantilevered iron staircase
and balconied stairwell

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00:17:59,620 --> 00:18:01,940
are part of the original warehouse.

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00:18:12,100 --> 00:18:16,500
Bradshaw's home city has changed
dramatically since he set up

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00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:20,940
his company here in the 1830s,
publishing railway timetables.

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00:18:23,180 --> 00:18:26,820
In this short street,
George Bradshaw had his office once,

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00:18:26,820 --> 00:18:29,140
but it's perfectly clear
there's no trace of it left now.

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00:18:29,140 --> 00:18:34,180
But I'm interested to find out
more about this son of Manchester
and how it was that he came to bring

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00:18:34,180 --> 00:18:38,300
order to that chaotic world
in which the many railway companies

236
00:18:38,300 --> 00:18:43,500
had uncoordinated
and largely unknowable timetables.

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00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:48,860
I know that he was born in Salford,
just outside Manchester, in 1801.

238
00:18:48,860 --> 00:18:54,460
As a Quaker, he was involved in
charity work and would have been
a well-known figure amongst

239
00:18:54,460 --> 00:18:58,180
the Manchester radicals.
A political animal perhaps,

240
00:18:58,180 --> 00:19:02,500
which makes him
even more interesting to me.

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00:19:04,420 --> 00:19:08,940
Historian Trevor Thomas is an expert
on Bradshaw and his railway guides,

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00:19:08,940 --> 00:19:12,100
many of which have ended up here,
at the John Rylands Library.

243
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:17,660
Nice to meet you. I feel as if
I've come to Bradshaw's shrine here.

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00:19:17,660 --> 00:19:21,380
Yes, I think you're right.
This is the city he was born in
and lived in all his life.

245
00:19:21,380 --> 00:19:29,100
'Bradshaw's big idea was to gather
all the railway timetables for the
whole country into one handy guide.'

246
00:19:30,860 --> 00:19:34,700
And here is the Bradshaw collection.

247
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:38,980
Wow. It's all Bradshaw.
Bradshaw, Bradshaw, Bradshaw...

248
00:19:38,980 --> 00:19:42,420
Bradshaw, Bradshaw, Bradshaw...
And Bradshaw is up here. It's huge.

249
00:19:42,420 --> 00:19:47,900
Yes, it's one of the...probably the
best collection of Bradshaw material
that there is in the country. Yes.

250
00:19:49,820 --> 00:19:52,940
Trevor's picked out one of
the earliest editions

251
00:19:52,940 --> 00:19:54,860
so that we can take a closer look.

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00:19:58,220 --> 00:20:01,940
So, this is very small,
clearly intended to go in a pocket.

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00:20:01,940 --> 00:20:04,100
I think it's a waistcoat guide,

254
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,940
which you could stick easily
in your coat pocket,

255
00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:11,580
and this is actually
the first edition of 1839.

256
00:20:11,580 --> 00:20:16,180
And this was the first time these
timetables had been brought together
in one place, is that right?

257
00:20:16,180 --> 00:20:21,780
Er, it's... A number of people were
trying to produce timetables in 1839

258
00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:23,940
and Bradshaw was the one
that won the race

259
00:20:23,940 --> 00:20:27,180
to produce the first
unified national timetable.

260
00:20:27,180 --> 00:20:30,540
And the interesting thing about
this particular copy is that it's

261
00:20:30,540 --> 00:20:35,500
an association copy which a previous
owner had bought from Mrs Bradshaw.

262
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:40,540
And the note says that the coloured
lines of the railways were done by

263
00:20:40,540 --> 00:20:44,260
George Bradshaw's son
and granddaughter,

264
00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:49,460
so it's a historical connection with
George Bradshaw, this particular map.

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00:20:49,460 --> 00:20:53,500
This tells us about
Bradshaw's origin, doesn't it?
Because he started as a map-maker.

266
00:20:53,500 --> 00:20:57,620
He was an engraver, and he set up
an engraving shop in Manchester that

267
00:20:57,620 --> 00:21:04,060
first produced canal maps. And he was
very quick to spot the commercial
potential of the new railways

268
00:21:04,060 --> 00:21:09,220
and the need for a unified timetable
to make sense of them for the user.

269
00:21:09,220 --> 00:21:13,500
So, by the time that
he's producing timetables,

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00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:17,660
has time been standardised
across Britain?

271
00:21:17,660 --> 00:21:21,540
Not at this stage, no.
Each provincial city,

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00:21:21,540 --> 00:21:24,340
like Birmingham, Manchester
and so on, had their own time,

273
00:21:24,340 --> 00:21:28,900
and of course, this was liable
to create great confusion
with railway timetables.

274
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:33,900
So each city is setting its
own time, according to when the sun
sets in that particular place.

275
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:37,460
That's right. There's no GMT, there's
no pips, nothing of that kind.

276
00:21:37,460 --> 00:21:45,260
And the early trains - the guard
used to carry a fob watch - which was
London time - with him on the train,

277
00:21:45,260 --> 00:21:49,980
so that there was at least one
established sort of rule of time.

278
00:21:49,980 --> 00:21:52,860
And the railway manufacturers,
or the railway companies,

279
00:21:52,860 --> 00:21:55,780
did start political pressure
to standardise time,

280
00:21:55,780 --> 00:22:01,260
so they were responsible for
pressure to actually produce what
we now know as GMT, I suppose.

281
00:22:01,260 --> 00:22:05,860
The first time I ever heard of
Bradshaw I think was in
Sherlock Holmes.

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00:22:05,860 --> 00:22:11,540
Whenever there's a new case and they
have to travel somewhere, Holmes
says to Watson, "Get the Bradshaw!"

283
00:22:11,540 --> 00:22:16,620
There are many, many literary
references, including Jules Verne -
Around The World In Eighty Days,

284
00:22:16,620 --> 00:22:21,380
where the first thing they
do is to consult Bradshaw,
so it was universally known.

285
00:22:21,380 --> 00:22:23,700
Bradshaw got as far as
India and China.

286
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:28,260
One of the most interesting ones
is an overland guide, in which

287
00:22:28,260 --> 00:22:34,220
he describes the railway journey
from London to India in some detail,

288
00:22:34,220 --> 00:22:37,300
so they did extend very, very widely.

289
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:39,460
You're giving me a very good idea
for the next series.

290
00:22:39,460 --> 00:22:41,740
I did wonder about that.

291
00:22:45,580 --> 00:22:50,020
Despite the enormous changes in
Manchester since Bradshaw's time,

292
00:22:50,020 --> 00:22:53,060
with its iron kerbs
and grand public buildings,

293
00:22:53,060 --> 00:22:57,180
the city's history
is still evident for all to admire.

294
00:23:04,180 --> 00:23:09,060
Hello. Castleton, single, please.

295
00:23:09,060 --> 00:23:11,660
Single to Castleton... £2.90, please.
Thank you very much.

296
00:23:15,540 --> 00:23:17,500
There you go.

297
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:19,980
Thanks a lot. Thank you.

298
00:23:24,660 --> 00:23:30,700
Easy enough to buy a ticket,
and just as well, because nothing
drives me mad like bureaucracy.

299
00:23:30,700 --> 00:23:36,660
When Bradshaw first travelled
by rail, you had to buy your ticket
a day ahead, you had to give

300
00:23:36,660 --> 00:23:43,060
your purpose for travel,
your place of birth,
your age, your name, your address -

301
00:23:43,060 --> 00:23:46,220
a bit like buying
an airline ticket today, really.

302
00:23:50,460 --> 00:23:56,420
For the last leg of my journey,
I'm heading north, to the hills
and valleys around Bury.

303
00:24:06,100 --> 00:24:08,580
I don't know what I did
with my ticket...

304
00:24:12,780 --> 00:24:16,020
In Bradshaw's day,
this area was alive with industry.

305
00:24:16,020 --> 00:24:18,060
Thank you.

306
00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:23,740
He writes, "Stone, coal, slate
are quarried in great plenty
in the neighbouring moorlands,

307
00:24:23,740 --> 00:24:29,940
"and cotton, woollen and flannel are
the staple articles of manufacture."

308
00:24:29,940 --> 00:24:33,500
There's little evidence of
any of this today.

309
00:24:37,580 --> 00:24:43,260
But one thing that the railways
brought here is still going
strong...

310
00:24:44,860 --> 00:24:46,540
..fish and chips.

311
00:24:46,540 --> 00:24:50,140
Hello, I've come to see Tony.

312
00:24:50,140 --> 00:24:52,380
Tony Rogers? That's the one.

313
00:24:52,380 --> 00:24:55,460
Tony Rogers and his family
have been supplying fish

314
00:24:55,460 --> 00:25:00,020
to fish and chip shops in the area
for over 100 years.

315
00:25:03,820 --> 00:25:08,180
I'm following a 19th-century
guide book to Britain's
railways, and I assume

316
00:25:08,180 --> 00:25:10,900
the railways made a big difference
to the availability of fish.

317
00:25:10,900 --> 00:25:12,700
They made a tremendous difference.

318
00:25:12,700 --> 00:25:17,900
Prior to the rail, people living in
inland towns and cities could only

319
00:25:17,900 --> 00:25:22,860
eat fresh-water fish caught in the
local ponds and rivers and streams.

320
00:25:22,860 --> 00:25:26,020
It was the onset of the railways that
allowed all this population,

321
00:25:26,020 --> 00:25:31,980
this inland population, for the first
time to experience sea fish.

322
00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:35,740
The railway was a revolution.
For the first time,

323
00:25:35,740 --> 00:25:38,180
it meant that fish
could be caught, transported

324
00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:43,860
and sold in a city like Manchester,
all in the space of a few hours.

325
00:25:43,860 --> 00:25:49,940
Soon, the popular dish -
fish and chips - was born,
although it's not clear where.

326
00:25:49,940 --> 00:25:55,100
It's a source of great rivalry
between where the origins were -

327
00:25:55,100 --> 00:26:00,540
in the East End of London,
or Ashton-under-Lyne - Mossley.

328
00:26:00,540 --> 00:26:07,580
Mr Lees, in Mossley, claims to be
the originator of bringing over
French fries and the chip potatoes.

329
00:26:07,580 --> 00:26:11,820
Now, as a Northerner,
I stake my claim!

330
00:26:13,020 --> 00:26:16,740
Well, all this talk of food
is making me hungry.

331
00:26:16,740 --> 00:26:20,340
Rock salmon
was a favourite in the 19th century,

332
00:26:20,340 --> 00:26:23,700
but at Caroline Thomson's chip shop,
the menu is always changing.

333
00:26:23,700 --> 00:26:26,820
Hello! Hiya. How are you? Hello.

334
00:26:26,820 --> 00:26:29,500
Hi, Caroline. Fine, thanks.

335
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:32,340
Oh, thank you very much indeed.
Lovely. Smashing. Thanks, Caroline.

336
00:26:32,340 --> 00:26:34,220
You're Caroline, aren't you? I am.

337
00:26:34,220 --> 00:26:37,820
Tony's been telling me all about
you. Come and join us. I will.

338
00:26:37,820 --> 00:26:39,860
I'm eating traditional cod.

339
00:26:39,860 --> 00:26:42,500
Are tastes changing very much?

340
00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:48,580
I think cod is our best seller,
although we do such a variety of
fish. Any new developments?

341
00:26:48,580 --> 00:26:50,660
Yes, there are, actually.
We've got these.

342
00:26:50,660 --> 00:26:54,940
They're called ocean pearls,
which is a mussel deep-fried.

343
00:26:54,940 --> 00:26:59,780
In batter? In batter, yes, yes.
And then this is scampi,

344
00:26:59,780 --> 00:27:02,300
but you know what scampi is.

345
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:03,860
Very hot.

346
00:27:03,860 --> 00:27:07,060
Everything has to be hot. If it's
dipped in the chilli, it's nice.

347
00:27:07,060 --> 00:27:10,940
It's nice, very nice. And
should I be worried about calories?

348
00:27:10,940 --> 00:27:13,540
You just have to say no
to the cream cake afterwards!

349
00:27:16,500 --> 00:27:20,940
In Bradshaw's time, the railways
reached into every corner

350
00:27:20,940 --> 00:27:25,940
of people's lives, in ways
that no-one could have predicted.

351
00:27:25,940 --> 00:27:28,380
You can scarcely overstate

352
00:27:28,380 --> 00:27:31,380
how much change the railways
brought to Britain.

353
00:27:31,380 --> 00:27:33,420
They made Manchester not only big,

354
00:27:33,420 --> 00:27:37,820
they put it at the heart of a global
trading empire, and they altered

355
00:27:37,820 --> 00:27:41,260
ordinary people's lives too,
including the food
that they could eat.

356
00:27:41,260 --> 00:27:48,380
Few people understood, and certainly
no-one recorded, the transformation
better than George Bradshaw.

357
00:27:54,020 --> 00:27:59,300
Tomorrow,
I'll be travelling back in time
in a Victorian railway carriage.

358
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:04,380
In the age before health and safety,
it doesn't say, "Do not lean out of
the window". So, may I have a lean

359
00:28:04,380 --> 00:28:07,180
out of the window, please?
Yes, of course. Thank you.

360
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:16,540
I'll be finding out about the latest
Roman discoveries in York.

361
00:28:16,540 --> 00:28:21,740
This is a part of the city wall that
was only exposed about 30 years ago.

362
00:28:21,740 --> 00:28:26,660
And I'll be taking to the air
in the Network Rail helicopter.

363
00:28:26,660 --> 00:28:29,780
The Victorians
built it right along the cliff edge.

364
00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,100
It is one of the most spectacular
bits of track I have ever seen.

365
00:28:50,780 --> 00:28:53,780
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

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00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:56,780
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