0
00:00:05,800 --> 00:00:10,476
In 1 840, one man transformed
travel In BrItaIn.

1
00:00:10,560 --> 00:00:12,949
HIs name was George Bradshaw,

2
00:00:13,080 --> 00:00:17,471
and hIs raIlway guIdes InspIred
the VIctorIans to take to the tracks.

3
00:00:18,320 --> 00:00:19,594
Stop by stop,

4
00:00:19,720 --> 00:00:21,517
he told them where to travel,

5
00:00:21,640 --> 00:00:23,915
what to see and where to stay.

6
00:00:25,440 --> 00:00:27,715
Now, 1 70 years later,

7
00:00:27,840 --> 00:00:31,628
I'm makIng a serIes ofjourneys across
the length and breadth of the country

8
00:00:31,760 --> 00:00:34,638
to see what of Bradshaw's BrItaIn
remaIns.

9
00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:57,431
My Bradshaw's GuIde has now steered me

10
00:00:57,560 --> 00:01:01,917
towards the stunning naturaI beauty
of the Cumbrian coast.

11
00:01:02,040 --> 00:01:04,873
In these parts,
the proximity of the sea,

12
00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:08,436
the rich mineraI deposits
and a network of raiIways

13
00:01:08,560 --> 00:01:12,872
has Ied to industriaI deveIopment
centred around the mines.

14
00:01:14,440 --> 00:01:16,271
On today's part of my journey,

15
00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:19,790
I'll be explodIng the myths
behInd CumbrIan slate...

16
00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:21,672
(aIr horn blows)

17
00:01:23,560 --> 00:01:25,755
That was a much bigger bang
than I'd expected.

18
00:01:25,880 --> 00:01:29,031
..submergIng myseIf
In a top-secret world...

19
00:01:29,160 --> 00:01:31,469
Not much room here.

20
00:01:31,600 --> 00:01:35,115
..and dIscoverIng why VIctorIans
loved the HangIng Town.

21
00:01:35,240 --> 00:01:36,992
This is a short drop rope.

22
00:01:37,120 --> 00:01:39,918
(MIchael) Short drop meaning
that they wouId be strangIed.

23
00:01:40,040 --> 00:01:41,917
They danced on the end of the rope.

24
00:01:44,960 --> 00:01:46,996
I began my trIp In BerwIck-upon-Tweed

25
00:01:47,120 --> 00:01:50,476
and I'm travellIng through
the spectacular countIes of CumbrIa,

26
00:01:50,600 --> 00:01:52,431
Northumberland and LancashIre,

27
00:01:52,560 --> 00:01:56,155
fInIshIng by saIlIng
the IrIsh Sea to the Isle of Man.

28
00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,470
Today's leg of thejourney
starts In Kirby-In-Furness

29
00:02:01,600 --> 00:02:05,195
and then hugs the west coast,
cIrcumscrIbIng Morecambe Bay,

30
00:02:05,320 --> 00:02:07,754
culmInatIng In the CIty of Lancaster.

31
00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:16,235
My Bradshaw's says that peopIe here

32
00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:20,239
are engaged in the sIate,
iron and copper mines.

33
00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:23,796
But I'm intrigued by this entry
under Kirby-in-Furness.

34
00:02:23,920 --> 00:02:29,358
It says, ''This pIace
has a popuIation of 1 ,666

35
00:02:29,480 --> 00:02:32,278
empIoyed in the bIue sIate quarries.''

36
00:02:33,400 --> 00:02:36,198
That sounds Iike quite a Iot of peopIe
in Victorian times.

37
00:02:36,320 --> 00:02:39,630
I'm not sure I even know
what bIue sIate is.

38
00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:44,589
I've arrIved at Kirby-In-Furness,

39
00:02:44,720 --> 00:02:46,915
perched on the West CumbrIan coast.

40
00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:49,952
ThIs area Is renowned
for Its famous blue slate,

41
00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:52,753
whIch has been coveted
sInce Roman tImes.

42
00:02:52,880 --> 00:02:56,714
But It was durIng the 19th century
that productIon ballooned.

43
00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:02,470
I've come to the BurlIngton quarry
to fInd out more from Ian Kelly.

44
00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:05,750
You've brought us
to a fantastic vantage-point

45
00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:08,678
and I see sIates aII around us
but I'm in search of bIue sIate.

46
00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,234
- Do you have bIue sIate?
- Lots of bIue sIate here.

47
00:03:11,360 --> 00:03:12,918
There's a few pieces there.

48
00:03:13,040 --> 00:03:15,395
This entire mountain
that we're Iooking at here

49
00:03:15,520 --> 00:03:18,990
- where the quarry is is fuII of it.
- (MIchael) What's bIue sIate used for?

50
00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:22,078
The product is stiII used
for roofing sIate. We make quite a Iot.

51
00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:27,399
We aIso make architecturaI products.
WaII cIadding, fIooring, kitchen tops.

52
00:03:27,520 --> 00:03:31,513
Anything you can basicaIIy think of that
in a buiIding we can make from sIate.

53
00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:36,754
As towns and IndustrIes grew In BrItaIn
In the VIctorIan era,

54
00:03:36,880 --> 00:03:40,998
so the clamour for good qualIty buIldIng
materIals Increased dramatIcally.

55
00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,635
The questIon was how to transport
the vast volumes of slate

56
00:03:44,760 --> 00:03:48,833
out of the quarry dIrectly to customers
throughout BrItaIn.

57
00:03:49,560 --> 00:03:53,269
HIstorIcally, the Furness area
had always been Isolated,

58
00:03:53,400 --> 00:03:57,234
wIth the only road across the
treacherous sands of Morecambe Bay.

59
00:03:57,360 --> 00:03:59,715
So the local landowners buIlt a raIlway,

60
00:03:59,840 --> 00:04:03,913
IncludIng the spectacular
and stIll functIonIng ArnsIde VIaduct,

61
00:04:04,040 --> 00:04:07,589
to allow for shIppIng
eIther by raIl or sea.

62
00:04:09,640 --> 00:04:14,111
After two years of constructIon,
the raIlway opened In 1 846.

63
00:04:17,120 --> 00:04:18,758
There were quarrying sIate by hand.

64
00:04:18,880 --> 00:04:21,235
They wouId make it
into what we caII cIogs of sIate,

65
00:04:21,360 --> 00:04:24,397
which is a piece of sIate they can
manage by hand and ith puIIeys.

66
00:04:24,520 --> 00:04:26,556
They wouId Ioad it
onto a raiIway bogie,

67
00:04:26,680 --> 00:04:29,911
which they wouId then push by hand
or puII ith a pony

68
00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:32,349
through tunneIs
and out to the production area.

69
00:04:32,480 --> 00:04:34,311
When it's been made
into roofing sIates

70
00:04:34,440 --> 00:04:38,035
they'd use another raiI mechanism,
which was an incIine,

71
00:04:38,160 --> 00:04:41,038
which was a sIope where Ioaded bogies
wouId go down

72
00:04:41,160 --> 00:04:42,639
and empty bogies wouId come up.

73
00:04:42,760 --> 00:04:46,070
This wouId take the sIate approximateIy
a miIe down into Kirby viIIage

74
00:04:46,200 --> 00:04:47,679
where the raiIway station is.

75
00:04:48,720 --> 00:04:52,315
GravIty-powered raIlways were amongst
the earlIest tracks In BrItaIn,

76
00:04:52,440 --> 00:04:55,557
relyIng on the weIght
of the full wagons goIng downhIll

77
00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:57,636
to pull the empty wagons up.

78
00:04:57,760 --> 00:05:00,991
These open-sIded trucks,
or ''bogIes'' as they were known,

79
00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:04,112
delIvered the slate
straIght to the raIlway statIon.

80
00:05:05,600 --> 00:05:07,795
I'm keen to see more
of thIs hIstorIc quarry,

81
00:05:07,920 --> 00:05:09,831
whIch remaIns fully operatIonal.

82
00:05:24,080 --> 00:05:28,517
That is an impressive sight, I must say.
This is huge.

83
00:05:28,640 --> 00:05:31,712
You can see by the voIume of rock
that been extracted over the years

84
00:05:31,840 --> 00:05:33,034
there's a Iot gone out.

85
00:05:33,160 --> 00:05:37,039
Rumour has it that it is one of the
deepest man-made hoIes in Europe.

86
00:05:37,160 --> 00:05:40,072
It Iooks Iike they've worked it down
by Iayers over the years.

87
00:05:40,200 --> 00:05:43,158
What's happened is they've worked
one IeveI of the quarry fIoor

88
00:05:43,280 --> 00:05:45,271
and when that's been finished,
they go down

89
00:05:45,400 --> 00:05:47,834
and put a sink in,
which is sinking into the fIoor

90
00:05:47,960 --> 00:05:50,349
if you Iike, dropping down,
take another IeveI out.

91
00:05:50,480 --> 00:05:53,313
If you Iook to the east end,
you can see the different IeveIs

92
00:05:53,440 --> 00:05:55,396
of where they've gone down
over the years

93
00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:56,999
into the bottom of the quarry.

94
00:05:58,840 --> 00:06:01,593
In Bradshaw's day the slate was
wrested from the rock face

95
00:06:01,720 --> 00:06:04,792
usIng only hand tools and explosIves.

96
00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:07,480
The VIctorIan mIners worked hard
to ensure

97
00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:10,034
that the blocks remaIned
as Intact as possIble

98
00:06:10,160 --> 00:06:13,232
In order to provIde
the best-qualIty raw materIal.

99
00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:18,873
Today,just 150 people
work a total of seven quarrIes

100
00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:20,911
wIth a hIgh degree of mechanIsatIon.

101
00:06:21,040 --> 00:06:24,555
But VIctorIan quarryIng technIques
are stIll practIsed today

102
00:06:24,680 --> 00:06:26,716
and recognIsed to be hIghly effectIve.

103
00:06:29,960 --> 00:06:32,315
We try to be as gentIe
ith rock as we possibIy can.

104
00:06:32,440 --> 00:06:35,193
We're using a technique there
caIIed diamond ire saing.

105
00:06:35,320 --> 00:06:38,312
They did use ire saws in here
a Iong time ago,

106
00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:42,228
but this is a more modern technique
used in the ItaIian marbIe quarries.

107
00:06:42,360 --> 00:06:45,158
It invoIves driIIing hoIes into the rock
to meet up,

108
00:06:45,280 --> 00:06:48,113
threading a diamond-encrusted
ire around them,

109
00:06:48,240 --> 00:06:51,198
then spinning it and draing it back
Iike a cheese ire.

110
00:06:54,360 --> 00:06:57,591
Ian's takIng me to the very heart
of the quarry to show me

111
00:06:57,720 --> 00:07:01,429
a rather more spectacular
VIctorIan extractIon technIque

112
00:07:01,560 --> 00:07:03,551
that's stIll practIsed today.

113
00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:10,553
(aIr horn sounds)

114
00:07:17,360 --> 00:07:19,476
That was a much bigger bang
than I'd expected.

115
00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:21,875
That IittIe bit of gunpowder.
Quite a bIast.

116
00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:24,468
- It is quite Ioud.
- That's been a success?

117
00:07:24,600 --> 00:07:26,670
- That's done what you wanted.
- Yes. Yes.

118
00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:30,428
In the 19th century,
roof slates were made

119
00:07:30,560 --> 00:07:34,075
by dressIng or hand workIng
large blocks of rock.

120
00:07:34,200 --> 00:07:38,716
Unusually, thIs quarry's slates
have tradItIonally had a curved end,

121
00:07:38,840 --> 00:07:42,196
earnIng Kirby resIdents
the nIckname ''Roundheads''.

122
00:07:42,320 --> 00:07:44,470
The current hand dresser, John Earl,

123
00:07:44,600 --> 00:07:47,353
Is goIng to let me have a stab
at dressIng a roof tIle

124
00:07:47,480 --> 00:07:49,277
In the old-fashIoned way.

125
00:07:49,400 --> 00:07:52,119
A few pointers
might be usefuI here, John.

126
00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:54,148
OK.

127
00:07:56,520 --> 00:07:59,592
(John) Grip it Iike that ith your hand
and your thumb on there.

128
00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:03,394
- OK.
- If you just start in there.

129
00:08:03,520 --> 00:08:05,476
- (MIchael) Just take that edge off?
- Yes.

130
00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:06,669
(MIchael) Whoops.

131
00:08:07,920 --> 00:08:09,831
Keep your finger out of the way.

132
00:08:10,480 --> 00:08:12,914
- Oh!
- You're aIright.

133
00:08:13,040 --> 00:08:14,792
I'm aIright, am I? Just keep going.

134
00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:21,830
That's not quite as beautifuI
as yours, is it?

135
00:08:21,960 --> 00:08:23,996
The hardest bit
is getting a straight Iine.

136
00:08:24,120 --> 00:08:25,553
Once you get that, you're away.

137
00:08:27,120 --> 00:08:29,031
I'm getting the hang of it now.

138
00:08:29,160 --> 00:08:31,071
I'm getting the hang of that now.

139
00:08:33,200 --> 00:08:34,713
(both laugh)

140
00:08:35,840 --> 00:08:36,909
Right, here goes.

141
00:08:38,760 --> 00:08:40,990
- There we go.
- There we... (laughs)

142
00:08:42,720 --> 00:08:44,836
It's not quite Iike yours, is it?

143
00:08:44,960 --> 00:08:48,111
Oh, dear. Oh, dear.
Thank you very much indeed.

144
00:08:49,560 --> 00:08:51,994
HavIng got the chop
from my tIle dressIng job,

145
00:08:52,120 --> 00:08:54,918
I'm now followIng the route
that the slate would have taken,

146
00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:58,476
south down the raIls
to the port of Barrow-In-Furness.

147
00:09:00,600 --> 00:09:02,477
I'm told that thIs lIne provIdes

148
00:09:02,600 --> 00:09:05,876
one of the most delIghtful
raIlway journeys In England,

149
00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:08,753
sandwIched between the IrIsh Sea
to the west

150
00:09:08,880 --> 00:09:11,838
and glImpses of the Lake DIstrIct
to the east.

151
00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:23,797
These mountains produce
more than just bIue sIate.

152
00:09:23,920 --> 00:09:26,593
As my Bradshaw's puts it poeticaIIy,

153
00:09:26,720 --> 00:09:29,678
''Iron is now forged in this vicinity

154
00:09:29,800 --> 00:09:34,351
where the stag, woIf and iId boar
were formerIy hunted.''

155
00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:39,713
LocaI Iandowners and entrepreneurs put
in a raiIway Iine to Barrow-in-Furness

156
00:09:39,840 --> 00:09:43,435
and there they constructed a dock
and a steeIworks

157
00:09:43,560 --> 00:09:47,314
and they used that steeI to buiId ships.

158
00:09:57,160 --> 00:09:59,310
DurIng Queen VIctorIa's reIgn,

159
00:09:59,440 --> 00:10:02,352
BrItaIn became the most powerful
tradIng natIon In the world.

160
00:10:02,480 --> 00:10:07,110
At the heart of thIs was the successful
development of steam technology.

161
00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:09,117
It powered not only the raIlway network,

162
00:10:09,240 --> 00:10:12,198
but also the shIps that operated
on the major trade routes

163
00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:15,676
to IndIa, South AfrIca,
the OrIent and AustralIa.

164
00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:18,633
BrItIsh shIpyards
came to domInate the world,

165
00:10:18,760 --> 00:10:22,150
as they pIoneered the use of Iron
and steel In shIpbuIldIng.

166
00:10:22,840 --> 00:10:24,831
WIth Iron ore In the CumbrIan hIlls,

167
00:10:24,960 --> 00:10:29,272
Barrow-In-Furness grew from a tIny
hamlet to a major shIpbuIldIng town,

168
00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:33,359
home to the largest steelworks
In the world by 1 876,

169
00:10:33,480 --> 00:10:37,155
earnIng ItseIf the monIker
''the ChIcago of the North''.

170
00:10:37,840 --> 00:10:39,876
The dockyard Is stIll goIng strong,

171
00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:42,639
famous for buIldIng
a very specIal type of boat,

172
00:10:42,760 --> 00:10:45,593
fIrst constructed here
In the VIctorIan perIod.

173
00:10:45,720 --> 00:10:47,472
SubmarInes.

174
00:10:47,600 --> 00:10:52,230
I've been granted very specIal access
to the top-secret DevonshIre dock.

175
00:10:52,360 --> 00:10:54,078
My guIde Is BrIan Hurley.

176
00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:55,838
It is enormous, isn't it?

177
00:10:55,960 --> 00:10:59,032
It's Iike the Iast scene
of a James Bond movie, isn't it?

178
00:10:59,160 --> 00:11:01,151
It is. It's a phenomenaI buiIding.

179
00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:02,918
It's 1 7 storeys taII.

180
00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:06,396
It's probabIy the biggest open space
that we have in the country.

181
00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:10,513
At the moment from what I can see
you've got two boats, as you caII them,

182
00:11:10,640 --> 00:11:13,950
two submarines, under construction.
How are they getting on?

183
00:11:14,080 --> 00:11:17,516
Behind you you can see Audacious.
This is boat four.

184
00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:20,154
She's in what we caII open outfit.

185
00:11:20,280 --> 00:11:25,115
On the south buiId Iine we have ArtfuI,
which is now into cIosed outfit

186
00:11:25,240 --> 00:11:27,071
where we're now finishing systems

187
00:11:27,200 --> 00:11:30,237
and getting ready to hand them across
to the commissioning team.

188
00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:35,471
AstonIshIngly, submarInes
have been buIlt at Barrow sInce 1 886,

189
00:11:35,600 --> 00:11:39,479
when the shIpyard buIld
Its fIrst submersIbles for the DanIsh.

190
00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:42,398
EarnIng a growIng reputatIon
for qualIty buIlt boats,

191
00:11:42,520 --> 00:11:44,829
the shIpyard claImed
at the turn of the century

192
00:11:44,960 --> 00:11:48,350
to be the only one capable
of desIgnIng, buIldIng,

193
00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:51,392
engInIng and armIng Its own vessels.

194
00:11:52,520 --> 00:11:55,034
What is the chaIIenge
of making a submarine?

195
00:11:55,160 --> 00:11:58,311
The chaIIenge of making a submarine
is putting aII the things

196
00:11:58,440 --> 00:12:01,432
that you wouIdn't want to put together
into one tin can.

197
00:12:01,560 --> 00:12:05,917
You've got a nucIear reactor,
you've got a power station, a hoteI.

198
00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:10,556
High-voItage systems, high pressure
systems, aII inside a confined space.

199
00:12:10,680 --> 00:12:14,719
It's one thing you wouIdn't want to do.
You'd want as much space as possibIe.

200
00:12:15,760 --> 00:12:19,548
Barrow won the contract for
the Royal Navy's fIrst fIve submarInes.

201
00:12:19,680 --> 00:12:23,036
BuIlt and launched In utmost secrecy
In 1901,

202
00:12:23,160 --> 00:12:27,676
the HMS Holland 1 could dIve
to a depth of only 100 feet

203
00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:29,870
and had to surface every day.

204
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,389
But the AdmIralty
was suffIcIently convInced

205
00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:34,875
to contInue
wIth submarIne development.

206
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:38,959
SIx decades later the shIpyard
constructed Dreadnought,

207
00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:42,356
BrItaIn's fIrst
nuclear-powered submarIne,

208
00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:44,835
launched In 1960 by the Queen.

209
00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:47,520
I name this ship Dreadnought.

210
00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:51,677
May God bIess her
and aII who saiI in her.

211
00:12:53,840 --> 00:12:54,989
(cheerIng)

212
00:12:56,360 --> 00:12:59,238
- (man) Hip, hip!
- (crowd) Hooray!

213
00:12:59,360 --> 00:13:03,512
Do you have a sense working here
of the heritage of submarine buiIding?

214
00:13:03,640 --> 00:13:05,198
Is it something you're aware of?

215
00:13:05,320 --> 00:13:06,799
CertainIy from my perspective,

216
00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:09,718
I'm the fourth generation
in shipbuiIding.

217
00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:13,958
My father actuaIIy worked for me
on Ambush as a paint supeRVisor.

218
00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:18,915
Before that, his father was a rigging
supeRVisor on one of the boats.

219
00:13:19,040 --> 00:13:22,510
Before that, his father
was a machinist in the shipyards.

220
00:13:22,640 --> 00:13:23,789
So, yes.

221
00:13:23,920 --> 00:13:27,595
The heritage and the Iegacy
rest quite heavy ith me

222
00:13:27,720 --> 00:13:33,909
and I'm quite emotive about
the whoIe buiId of submarines in Barrow.

223
00:13:34,960 --> 00:13:38,316
As I walk besIde the levIathan
that Is HMS AudacIous,

224
00:13:38,440 --> 00:13:43,309
It's rIvetIng to recall that all thIs
began wIth VIctorIan entrepreneurs.

225
00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:47,319
TheIr constructIon
of the Furness RaIlway In the 1 840s

226
00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:50,159
to carry Iron ore, slate and lImestone,

227
00:13:50,280 --> 00:13:54,637
allowed for the Immense expansIon
of the deep water port at Barrow.

228
00:13:55,840 --> 00:13:59,037
Being underneath the submarine
you get another idea of how big it is.

229
00:13:59,160 --> 00:14:01,390
Things have reaIIy come on
over the years.

230
00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:02,555
Yes, certainIy.

231
00:14:02,680 --> 00:14:06,195
The HoIIand cIass submarine that we
first buiIt was just over 20ft Iong.

232
00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,915
The Astute cIass submarine
is just over 300ft Iong.

233
00:14:10,960 --> 00:14:12,632
I've been gIven the rare prIvIlege

234
00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:16,196
of goIng on board
the nuclear-powered submarIne HMS Ambush

235
00:14:16,320 --> 00:14:21,474
as she lIes In the water undergoIng
fInal tests before her sea trIals.

236
00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:23,318
Not much room here.

237
00:14:26,640 --> 00:14:29,837
Fantastic, isn't it?
You enter a different worId.

238
00:14:29,960 --> 00:14:32,599
They shouId warn me.
Not much headroom here.

239
00:14:32,720 --> 00:14:35,109
No, it's quite confined inside.

240
00:14:35,240 --> 00:14:36,434
Where are we now?.

241
00:14:36,560 --> 00:14:40,075
We are in the controI room
of HMS Ambush.

242
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,237
AII the information
wouId be dispIayed here.

243
00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:45,954
The controI room isn't
the traditionaI controI room

244
00:14:46,080 --> 00:14:48,036
that you expect to see
ith the periscope.

245
00:14:48,160 --> 00:14:50,594
We have externaIIy mounted masts
and digitaI input.

246
00:14:50,720 --> 00:14:55,635
What you see, the screens,
are the digitaI outputs from the masts.

247
00:14:56,840 --> 00:14:59,752
I'm rather amazed to dIscover
that 2 1st-century submarInes

248
00:14:59,880 --> 00:15:02,678
don't necessarIly
have tradItIonal perIscopes.

249
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:05,439
The Astute class are
the fIrst BrItIsh submarInes

250
00:15:05,560 --> 00:15:08,677
to use hIgh-spec
vIdeo technology Instead.

251
00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:13,510
- The commanding officer sits here.
- The commanding officer's chair.

252
00:15:13,640 --> 00:15:17,235
Has a perfect view of the whoIe scene
in the controI room.

253
00:15:17,360 --> 00:15:20,238
Fantastic. BeautifuIIy air-conditioned.

254
00:15:20,360 --> 00:15:22,396
Wires everywhere.

255
00:15:24,120 --> 00:15:28,511
So, this is the Senior Rates Mess?

256
00:15:28,640 --> 00:15:32,553
That's the senior
non-commissioned officers on the boat.

257
00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:33,874
How many are they?

258
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:36,560
There is approximateIy 30 on board.

259
00:15:36,680 --> 00:15:39,638
Thirty. Not so big for 30, is it?
What wouId they do in here?

260
00:15:39,760 --> 00:15:42,320
(BrIan) They'd spend
some of their recreationaI time,

261
00:15:42,440 --> 00:15:45,113
eating and drinking
ithin this faciIity.

262
00:15:45,240 --> 00:15:47,435
- ObviousIy in shifts.
- In shifts.

263
00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:51,997
The guys work four-on-four-off,
so they rotate through this faciIity.

264
00:15:52,120 --> 00:15:54,031
How many months is the same crew at sea?

265
00:15:54,160 --> 00:15:55,752
A patroI couId Iast three months

266
00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:59,316
and that's based on the amount of food
that the submarine can carry.

267
00:16:00,760 --> 00:16:05,515
Before I leave, I want to meet someone
who's spent hIs whole workIng lIfe

268
00:16:05,640 --> 00:16:07,676
as a welder on the submarInes.

269
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:09,552
Joe Murphy.

270
00:16:09,680 --> 00:16:13,150
They toId me to Iook you up.
They toId me you're a bit of a weIder.

271
00:16:13,280 --> 00:16:17,068
I've been weIding 40 years.
I've been teaching for another six.

272
00:16:17,200 --> 00:16:18,713
Teaching others to weId.

273
00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:21,354
It's nice to pass on your skiII
to somebody eIse.

274
00:16:21,480 --> 00:16:23,710
How do you feeI about this work
you've done here?

275
00:16:23,840 --> 00:16:26,400
The boats that we buiId
are the highest specification.

276
00:16:26,520 --> 00:16:28,795
BuiIt to the highest specification
in the worId.

277
00:16:28,920 --> 00:16:30,911
Nobody eIse buiIds them
Iike we buiId them.

278
00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:32,189
Oh, it's great.

279
00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:35,392
I get a Iot of satisfaction
from what I do now.

280
00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:38,592
What we're trying to instiI in the Iads
is pride. Pride in the work.

281
00:16:38,720 --> 00:16:40,870
That's everything. Neatness.

282
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:42,991
When I Iook at weIding
and see the neatness,

283
00:16:43,120 --> 00:16:46,908
I see the concentration
that these Iads have put into that.

284
00:16:47,040 --> 00:16:49,315
Neatness equaIs pride.

285
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:52,034
And that's what it's aII about.
Pride in your work.

286
00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:54,151
Pride keeps our crews safe.

287
00:16:54,280 --> 00:16:56,191
That's what keeps the water out.

288
00:16:56,320 --> 00:16:58,117
This town depends on this shipyard.

289
00:16:58,240 --> 00:17:02,552
Without the shipyard, there's no...
That town wouId foId behind it.

290
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:05,998
Let's hope that never happens.
A reaI priviIege to meet you.

291
00:17:06,120 --> 00:17:07,519
- Thank you very much.
- Bye.

292
00:17:07,640 --> 00:17:08,709
Thank you. Bye now.

293
00:17:10,360 --> 00:17:12,920
I was once the polItIcal boss
of the armed forces.

294
00:17:13,040 --> 00:17:16,157
I've always found It humblIng
to meet the people

295
00:17:16,280 --> 00:17:20,671
whose energy and skIll
provIde the natIon wIth Its submarInes.

296
00:17:26,240 --> 00:17:29,596
For my overnIght stop,
I'm takIng the West Coast MaIn LIne

297
00:17:29,720 --> 00:17:33,030
and crossIng the border Into LancashIre,
headed for Lancaster.

298
00:17:34,080 --> 00:17:38,039
The cIty's port was one of the busIest
In BrItaIn durIng the 19th century.

299
00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:42,597
The raIlway statIon Is InspIred
by the towerIng 13th-century fortress

300
00:17:42,720 --> 00:17:45,154
beneath whIch It nestles.

301
00:17:45,280 --> 00:17:50,035
My Bradshaw's refers to Lancaster CastIe
Station as being the northern terminus

302
00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:52,230
of the Lancaster and Preston raiIway.

303
00:17:52,360 --> 00:17:58,754
''The station is a very neat buiIding
erected of fine, white freestone.''

304
00:17:58,880 --> 00:18:02,759
I Iove the fact that it's been made
to Iook Iike a castIe.

305
00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:09,670
I'm stayIng overnIght at a Bradshaw
recommendatIon, the King's Arms.

306
00:18:09,800 --> 00:18:13,236
But he's not the only great VIctorIan
who took a shIne to the place.

307
00:18:13,360 --> 00:18:16,830
Bradshaw says that Charles DIckens
stayed here In 1 857

308
00:18:16,960 --> 00:18:18,951
and remarked that hIs orders were,

309
00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:24,438
''Promptly executed as all orders are
In thIs excellent hotel. ''

310
00:18:24,560 --> 00:18:26,915
- Which fIoor is that?
- Fourth. Enjoy your stay.

311
00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:29,474
- Thank you very much. Good night.
- Good night, sir.

312
00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:36,950
SleepIng where DIckens once dId
was certaInly novel.

313
00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:41,198
WIth the arrIval of mornIng,
I'm up early to head Into town.

314
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:46,238
My breakfast order was promptIy executed

315
00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:49,716
and that's put me in a good mood
for a new day.

316
00:18:50,320 --> 00:18:54,074
The late-19th century saw an Increase
In leIsure tIme for all,

317
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,873
wIth the fIve-and-a-haIf day week
becomIng standard.

318
00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:59,594
LancashIre, as the gateway
to the Lake DIstrIct,

319
00:18:59,720 --> 00:19:02,553
experIenced an upsurge
In VIctorIan tourIsts,

320
00:19:02,680 --> 00:19:06,639
as traIn companIes such as
the Furness RaIlway wIdened theIr remIt

321
00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:08,557
from ferryIng IndustrIal traffIc

322
00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:11,513
to embrace the carryIng
of fare-payIng passengers.

323
00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:16,269
My next destInatIon was a favourIte
locatIon for VIctorIan vIsItors.

324
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:18,789
Although perhaps,
as I am led to belIeve,

325
00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,388
not for the most savoury of reasons.

326
00:19:25,960 --> 00:19:28,155
Lancaster CastIe, my Bradshaw's says,

327
00:19:28,280 --> 00:19:32,353
''Standing on a hiII west of the town,
it incIudes the Shire court,

328
00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,438
County jaiI, four or five oId towers,

329
00:19:35,560 --> 00:19:39,633
of which the dungeon, 90ft high,
is the oIdest.''

330
00:19:40,440 --> 00:19:43,318
And to my amazement,
I see that even today

331
00:19:43,440 --> 00:19:48,514
it has a notice describing it as
''Her Majesty's Prison Lancaster CastIe''.

332
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:51,911
I've come to HadrIan's Tower,

333
00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:54,554
one of a number of towers
that defended the castle,

334
00:19:54,680 --> 00:19:58,275
to meet Steve Allen,
my guIde to thIs ancIent bastIon.

335
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:03,076
- HeIIo, weIcome to Lancaster CastIe.
- It's a magnificent buiIding.

336
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:04,997
How oId is Lancaster CastIe?

337
00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:08,157
WeII, there's been a fortification here
since Roman times.

338
00:20:08,280 --> 00:20:12,796
But it was the Normans who rebuiIt it
and turned it into a stone fortress.

339
00:20:12,920 --> 00:20:16,515
They controIIed Lancashire and what is
now South LakeIand area from here.

340
00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:18,232
How Iong has it been a prison?

341
00:20:18,360 --> 00:20:20,476
It's been a prison
reaIIy since Norman times.

342
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,194
It has a history stretching back
nearIy 900 years.

343
00:20:23,320 --> 00:20:26,153
The prison here is the oIdest
working prison in the country,

344
00:20:26,280 --> 00:20:30,558
or rather it was up untiI March 201 1
when it cIosed.

345
00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:34,639
It stiII receives and dispatches
prisoners to criminaI court here.

346
00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:40,231
The court housed wIthIn the castle
began dIspensIng justIce In 1 800

347
00:20:40,360 --> 00:20:44,876
and Is the oldest contInuously workIng
crImInal court In the country.

348
00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:49,708
VIsItors could be forgIven for thInkIng
thIs more lIke a torture chamber

349
00:20:49,840 --> 00:20:52,354
lookIng at the shackles
hangIng from the walls.

350
00:20:52,480 --> 00:20:54,789
These chaIns were often used
for prIsoners

351
00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:57,992
who were sentenced
to transportatIon to AustralIa.

352
00:20:58,120 --> 00:21:02,796
ShockIngly, Lancaster Crown Court
sent many hundreds of men, women

353
00:21:02,920 --> 00:21:05,195
and even chIldren Down Under.

354
00:21:06,240 --> 00:21:10,233
Steven wants to show me another room
In thIs labyrInthIne fortIfIcatIon

355
00:21:10,360 --> 00:21:12,351
that has a macabre hIstory.

356
00:21:12,480 --> 00:21:14,550
What took place there, he belIeves,

357
00:21:14,680 --> 00:21:18,389
Is the real reason that VIctorIans
flocked to the castle.

358
00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:23,758
- So, here we are now in the Drop Room.
- Drop Room.

359
00:21:23,880 --> 00:21:26,348
Yes, a kind of en-suite
execution faciIity.

360
00:21:26,480 --> 00:21:30,519
It was part of the rebuiId
and extension of the castIe here.

361
00:21:30,640 --> 00:21:33,950
This is a short drop rope. A noose.

362
00:21:34,080 --> 00:21:36,958
Short drop, of course,
meaning that they wouId be strangIed.

363
00:21:37,080 --> 00:21:38,115
That's right.

364
00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:39,798
They danced on the end of the rope.

365
00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:43,515
Indeed. Three, four, five, six minutes.

366
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:47,519
This wouId be in fuII view
of thousands of peopIe

367
00:21:47,640 --> 00:21:50,279
who wouId come to the town
to see the execution.

368
00:21:50,800 --> 00:21:54,110
In VIctorIan tImes,
publIc hangIngs were very popular.

369
00:21:54,240 --> 00:21:56,993
People would come from mIles around
to watch.

370
00:21:57,120 --> 00:22:01,238
SpecIal traIns were laId on,
as the poet AE Houseman recalled

371
00:22:01,360 --> 00:22:03,157
about hIs natIve ShropshIre.

372
00:22:03,280 --> 00:22:07,273
''They hang us now In Shrewsbury jaIl.
The whIstles blow forlorn. ''

373
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:12,428
''And traIns all nIght groan on the raIl.
To men who dIe at dawn. ''

374
00:22:12,560 --> 00:22:14,391
This indow is aIso a door.

375
00:22:14,520 --> 00:22:18,399
It's a wooden door disguised
on the outside as a stone indow.

376
00:22:18,520 --> 00:22:20,670
The door opens inward...

377
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:24,156
..and the party step out
onto a temporary wooden pIatform

378
00:22:24,280 --> 00:22:26,032
that's been erected the night before.

379
00:22:26,160 --> 00:22:30,233
Sort of keep in an easy-to-assembIe
kit version for these speciaI occasions.

380
00:22:30,360 --> 00:22:33,158
Outside, this vast crowd of peopIe

381
00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,953
have aII packed into
every avaiIabIe bit of space.

382
00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:40,198
In fact, the vicar was abIe to charge
peopIe to stand or perch up on the roof

383
00:22:40,320 --> 00:22:44,518
so that they couId get a good
gaIIery view seat of the operation.

384
00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:47,598
And even today you can see the hoIes
in the waII of the castIe

385
00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:50,234
where the super-structure was attached.

386
00:22:51,280 --> 00:22:54,158
The noose wouId be put around
the condemned man's neck.

387
00:22:54,280 --> 00:22:56,589
Then a hood put over the head.

388
00:22:56,720 --> 00:22:59,234
The sheriff or his deputy
wouId read a procIamation.

389
00:22:59,360 --> 00:23:01,396
The priest wouId say a prayer.

390
00:23:01,520 --> 00:23:05,752
And then the officiaIs wouId ithdraw.

391
00:23:05,880 --> 00:23:08,075
The executioner stepped down,

392
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:12,955
puIIed the Iever, reIeased the boIts
and we're in business.

393
00:23:13,080 --> 00:23:15,036
Lancaster Court Is saId
to have sentenced

394
00:23:15,160 --> 00:23:18,835
more people to swIng from the rope
than any place outsIde London,

395
00:23:18,960 --> 00:23:21,838
earnIng It the epIthet
''the HangIng Town''.

396
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:24,155
But as the century progressed,

397
00:23:24,280 --> 00:23:27,795
the authorItIes realIsed that the crowds
were more entertaIned

398
00:23:27,920 --> 00:23:30,639
than deterred
from commIttIng hIdeous offences.

399
00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:33,672
So a ParlIamentary Act of 1 868

400
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:38,396
fInally removed executIons
to wIthIn the prIson walls.

401
00:23:42,240 --> 00:23:45,312
WIth all the dramatIc landscapes
that I'm travellIng through,

402
00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:50,116
It's hardly surprIsIng that I'm passIng
over some spectacular brIdges.

403
00:23:50,240 --> 00:23:52,674
Bradshaw's attentIon
was caught partIcularly

404
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:54,518
by the one I'm approachIng now,

405
00:23:54,640 --> 00:23:58,519
just east of Lancaster
on my last leg of today'sjourney.

406
00:23:59,440 --> 00:24:04,116
My Bradshaw's says, ''Further up
the River Lune is the aqueduct bridge,

407
00:24:04,240 --> 00:24:08,597
ith five semi-circuIar arches
each ith a 70ft span.''

408
00:24:08,720 --> 00:24:14,272
''This magnificent undertaking conveys
the Lancaster CanaI over the Lune

409
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:16,436
and under one of the arches

410
00:24:16,560 --> 00:24:20,109
the North Western RaiIway Iine
passes up to Yorkshire.''

411
00:24:20,240 --> 00:24:22,549
With a wonderfuI description Iike that,

412
00:24:22,680 --> 00:24:26,468
of raiIway and aqueduct,
I just have to see it.

413
00:24:32,960 --> 00:24:35,428
Before he turned hIs attentIon
to the raIlways,

414
00:24:35,560 --> 00:24:37,790
Bradshaw had made hIs mark In 1 830

415
00:24:37,920 --> 00:24:41,799
by publIshIng a guIde to the canals
of LancashIre and YorkshIre.

416
00:24:42,440 --> 00:24:44,908
Throughout the 1 8th and 19th century,

417
00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:48,032
the canals were the lIfeblood
of the IndustrIal RevolutIon.

418
00:24:48,160 --> 00:24:50,833
At a tIme when the roads
were poor and haphazard,

419
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:56,273
a sIngle barge could transport
ten tImes the cargo of a horse and cart.

420
00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:02,397
BrItaIn was the fIrst country to acquIre
a natIonwIde canal network.

421
00:25:02,520 --> 00:25:06,195
Over 4,000 mIles of waterway
at Its heIght.

422
00:25:06,320 --> 00:25:10,359
ThIs led to some stunnIng engIneerIng
and archItectural breakthroughs.

423
00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:14,396
The Lune Aqueduct Isjust such
an achIevement.

424
00:25:21,080 --> 00:25:25,437
I'm takIng a barge on the
Lancaster Canal over the RIver Lune

425
00:25:25,560 --> 00:25:28,552
to meet canal expert Andrew Tegg.

426
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:35,113
Setting foot on this aqueduct towering
above the river, I'm very impressed.

427
00:25:35,240 --> 00:25:39,279
This is a fantastic achievement quite
earIy in the IndustriaI RevoIution.

428
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:40,594
Very much so.

429
00:25:40,720 --> 00:25:44,508
This was conceived and constructed
in the Iate 18th century.

430
00:25:44,640 --> 00:25:48,474
It's a great exampIe
of the engineer's art and abiIity,

431
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:50,238
at that stage mainIy constructed

432
00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:52,396
using rudimentary machinery
and manpower.

433
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:54,556
(MIchael) What was the purpose
of the canaI?

434
00:25:54,680 --> 00:25:59,470
(Andrew) The canaI was constructed to
Iink the coaI fieIds in the Wigan area

435
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,433
ith the South LakeIand area
for Iimestone.

436
00:26:02,560 --> 00:26:04,551
So it was known as
the bIack and white canaI.

437
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:07,069
(MIchael) Because I aIways
bang on about raiIways,

438
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,192
I'm in danger of forgetting
that before the raiIway revoIution

439
00:26:10,320 --> 00:26:12,880
there was a canaI revoIution,
there was a canaI mania.

440
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,195
There was. In the Iate 18th century,

441
00:26:15,320 --> 00:26:18,392
you know,
canaI technoIogy was the future.

442
00:26:18,520 --> 00:26:22,638
It was the High Speed Two
of its generation.

443
00:26:22,760 --> 00:26:24,955
It reaIIy revoIutionised transport.

444
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:27,640
CanaIs Iike this
were very much an exampIe of that.

445
00:26:27,760 --> 00:26:31,514
They made the movement of goods
very, very profitabIe.

446
00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:35,428
Therefore, investors were very keen
to invest in such schemes.

447
00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:41,156
On Its completIon In 1 797, the aqueduct
was InscrIbed wIth a LatIn motto,

448
00:26:41,280 --> 00:26:46,070
whIch translates, ''Old needs are served,
far dIstant sItes combIned. ''

449
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:49,158
''RIvers by art to brIng new wealth
arejoIned. ''

450
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,988
But the golden age of water transport
came to an end In the mId-19th century

451
00:26:54,120 --> 00:26:57,430
and It was none other than
the more competItIve raIlway network

452
00:26:57,560 --> 00:26:59,915
that drove It Into dIsuse.

453
00:27:00,040 --> 00:27:03,794
But thanks to conservatIon
and tourIsm over the last few decades,

454
00:27:03,920 --> 00:27:08,630
the BrItIsh canal network Is startIng
agaIn to dIsplay scope and beauty.

455
00:27:08,760 --> 00:27:12,036
That is gIorious.
That is so eIegant, isn't it?

456
00:27:12,160 --> 00:27:14,355
That is a thing of beauty.

457
00:27:14,480 --> 00:27:17,631
It absoIuteIy exceIs my expectation
when we were waIking up there.

458
00:27:17,760 --> 00:27:20,911
It's... WeII, it is so 18th century,
isn't it?

459
00:27:21,040 --> 00:27:23,998
It's just... Just magnificent.

460
00:27:32,160 --> 00:27:33,309
On this Ieg of the journey

461
00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:37,194
I feeI I've seen the span
of the IndustriaI RevoIution.

462
00:27:37,320 --> 00:27:39,151
From an 18th-century aqueduct

463
00:27:39,280 --> 00:27:42,909
to a 21st-century
nucIear-powered submarine.

464
00:27:43,040 --> 00:27:47,192
The common thread is the vision
of briIIiant engineers,

465
00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:50,392
the sort of peopIe
that George Bradshaw admired,

466
00:27:50,520 --> 00:27:53,512
the sort that I revere.

467
00:27:56,360 --> 00:27:58,237
On the next step of my raIl trIp,

468
00:27:58,360 --> 00:28:01,796
I'll be vIsItIng an Island
steeped In smugglIng hIstory...

469
00:28:01,920 --> 00:28:05,151
He stepped onto his ship
and his trousers spIit

470
00:28:05,280 --> 00:28:07,840
discharging the tea
into the harbour water beIow him.

471
00:28:07,960 --> 00:28:12,511
..dIscoverIng BrItaIn's fear of enemy
spIes In the Second World War...

472
00:28:12,640 --> 00:28:15,029
The British Government
toId the Manx Government

473
00:28:15,160 --> 00:28:18,277
to teII aII the boarding-house keepers
and hoteIiers

474
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:20,834
to move out ith ten days' notice.

475
00:28:20,960 --> 00:28:24,794
..and scalIng the heIghts
to vIew seven kIngdoms...

476
00:28:24,920 --> 00:28:27,150
We're in the GuInness Book of Records
for having

477
00:28:27,280 --> 00:28:29,669
the oIdest working tram in history.