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00:00:04,660 --> 00:00:09,660
For Edwardian Britons, a Bradshaw's
was an indispensable guide

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00:00:09,660 --> 00:00:12,300
to a railway network at its peak.

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I'm using
an early-20th-century edition

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00:00:16,900 --> 00:00:19,980
to navigate a vibrant
and optimistic Britain

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at the height of its power
and influence in the world...

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..but a nation
wrestling with political,

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00:00:28,420 --> 00:00:31,620
social and industrial unrest
at home.

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My journey across northern England
continues in Yorkshire.

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In the years before
the First World War,

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migration was spurred by the
persecution of minorities in Europe,

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by hunger, and by the yearning
for a better life.

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At the beginning
of the 20th century,

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those moving from one country to
another

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reached three million a year.

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Many were headed for the New World,
and of those,

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large numbers travelled
between Hull and Liverpool,

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where they boarded
transatlantic steamers.

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Others, by choice or by chance,
remained in England.

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My journey began in East Yorkshire,

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and I'll soon be within
the ancient walls of York.

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I'll traverse
the industrial heartlands

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of West and South Yorkshire,
and Merseyside.

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After exploring the cathedral city
of Liverpool,

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I'll wend my way to North Wales
to skirt the coast,

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before finishing at Caernarfon.

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This leg of my journey
starts in York.

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From there, I'll head
to the spa town of Harrogate,

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before ending close to Bradford,
in Frizinghall.

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On this trip, I do important
research in an historic tearoom...

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What shall we have? We should order
some tea and some dainty cakes.

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And some scones? Absolutely.
And cream and jam.

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..I get a dressing-down in Leeds...

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How am I looking, sir? Erm,

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I would suggest you're wearing that
slightly a bit tight,

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especially round here. Erm...

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It's the size of my wallet,
Garry. Yeah.

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THEY LAUGH

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..and attend
a private Edwardian concert.

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# La lune blanche

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# Luit dans les bois... #

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My next stop will be York.

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My Bradshaw's reveals what
a railway hub the city had become,

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lying at the centre
of a cat's cradle of lines.

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I remember that, when I first made
a journey to York,

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I was shocked to find
that the early railway builders

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had punched a hole
in the old Roman wall.

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But by the time of my Bradshaw's,
the complexity of the network

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required that today's station be
built outside the old Roman centre.

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In Edwardian times, York's station
welcomed over 350 trains per day,

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catering for a prosperous city,

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whose primary employer
was the railway,

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and the next most important -
confectionery.

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The Terry's and Rowntree's
sweet factories

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earned York the moniker
Chocolate City.

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Nowadays, York thrives on
its beautiful setting and rich past.

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York has a pretty river,
a very complete city wall,

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in the minster, one of the finest
cathedrals in the country,

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a medieval street plan,
a very fine railway station.

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Unfortunately,
it's not exactly undiscovered.

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Be prepared for crowds.

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Like modern visitors,

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early-20th-century travellers
came to York to step back in time.

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York retains many
of its medieval thoroughfares

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with ancient names like
Minster Gates, Stonegate, Petergate,

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but at the turn of the 19th,
into the 20th century,

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the city had its meaner streets,
as well -

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crowded and filthy housing
where people lived on low wages

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with little entertainment
other than the boozer on the corner

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that might induce them
to part with their scarce resources.

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The city's poverty
was about to take centre stage

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in the history of the country.

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One man from the Rowntree
chocolate dynasty made sure of it.

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To find out more,
I'm at the University of York

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to meet the assistant archivist
at the Borthwick Institute,

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Alexandra Medcalf.

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Alexandra, the city of York is
well known for Rowntree's chocolate,

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made by a Quaker family
who are also rather famous,

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but one of them was interested
in poverty, I believe?

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That's true, yes. Seebohm Rowntree
was one of the early

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social investigators. One of
the first, in fact, nationally.

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He conducted a very important survey

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in the early 1900s
about poverty in York.

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Now, there was a man
called Charles Booth,

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who surveyed poverty in London.

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Was that before this?
It was. Ten to 15 years earlier.

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He certainly inspired
Seebohm's work.

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They'd corresponded
about this survey.

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Seebohm Rowntree's Quakerism
led him to believe

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that all people
are inherently equal,

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and he was determined to understand
the nature and extent of poverty.

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Booth had shed light
on London's state of affairs.

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Rowntree wanted to report
on cities away from the capital,

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and thought York representative.

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So, he sent out investigators
to interview people,

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and they interviewed
45,000 people in the city.

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45,000? 45,000 in a year, yeah.
That's quite a sample. It is.

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In a city of 75,000 people,
Rowntree's rigorous methodology

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required a huge number
of interviews.

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The case studies
offer a bleak insight

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into lives of misery.

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"Railway confectioner.
Nine young children.

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"Had parish relief stopped
for illegitimate child.

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"Query - how do they live?"

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"Spinster. Blind.

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"Shares one water tap
with seven other houses,

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"and one closet with one other."

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There were several key discoveries
of this survey.

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The first one is that he finds
that 30% of the population in York

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are living in poverty,
which is a revelation at the time.

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People assume that
there's poverty in London,
as a result of Booth's survey,

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but they don't think
it's happening elsewhere.

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What does he do with
his very interesting result?

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Seebohm goes into government,

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and he has decades of time
working in policy advising.

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And he was hoping to achieve
all kinds of social reform,

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things like an old age pension,
sick pay, minimum wage.

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He really foreshadows
the welfare state to a great extent.

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While working with government,

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Rowntree befriended and advised
David Lloyd George,

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who became Chancellor
of the Exchequer.

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And in 1908, Lloyd George brought in
the Old Age Pensions Act,

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followed, in 1911,
by the National Insurance Act.

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The new legislation provided
for pensions from the age of 70,

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and a scheme to ensure employees

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against time off work
due to sickness or disability.

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So, all those momentous acts,
the beginning of the welfare state -

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they bear the fingerprints
of Seebohm Rowntree?

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Oh, absolutely.
I think he's been forgotten,

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but I think you can see him
certainly as one of

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the grandfathers
of the modern welfare state.

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It had been widely argued

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that the poor had
only themselves to blame.

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Rowntree's work fuelled a debate
on the causes of poverty,

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which continues to this day.

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I shall continue west.

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My next stop will be Harrogate,

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which Bradshaw's tells me
is situated,

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"On a moorland plateau
with a large, open common -

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"a most important factor
in the general health of the town -

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"making Harrogate air
decidedly invigorating.

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"It is perhaps more closely allied
to the great spas of the Continent

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"than any in the British Isles."

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And I think that's true.
Harrogate has a je-ne-sais-quoi,

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an exotic feel, although it is,
in fact, as English as a cup of tea.

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At the time of my Bradshaw's,

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visitors to Harrogate would have
found a successful spa town,

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with the newly-built Royal Hall

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to accommodate the influx
of high society.

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Then, as now, the area most in vogue
was the Montpellier Quarter,

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so-called after the fashion,
in Victorian times,

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for French spa names.

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There's one teahouse
that cannot be missed - Bettys.

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I've arranged to meet
archivist Mardi Jacobs.

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So, Mardi, were you founded
by a lady called Betty?

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No. Our founder
was Frederick Belmont.

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He was a Swiss immigrant who came
to England to find his fortune.

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In 1907, he landed
on the shores of England.

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That is extraordinary - that
this most British of institutions

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was founded by someone from abroad.
Tell me about this character.

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So, Frederick, as a Swiss child,
lost his parents by the age of five,

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and he was auctioned off
to the local farmers

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to be used as child labour.

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Good Lord!
What a very difficult childhood.

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00:11:05,820 --> 00:11:08,260
So, how does he make
a change in his life?

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00:11:08,260 --> 00:11:10,700
By the age of 14,
as soon as he was able to,

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he left the farmhouse,
and he trained to be a baker.

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So, how does he come to England?

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He decided to come to the shores
of England to find his fortune.

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00:11:20,020 --> 00:11:22,260
When he arrived in England,

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he had actually lost the address
of where he intended to travel to,

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but he did remember that it sounded
something like bratwurst.

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So, he eventually found
the right station

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and the right train,
and travelled to Bradford.

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HE CHUCKLES

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Frederick found work there,
married a Yorkshire girl,

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and saved enough money to open
his tearoom in Harrogate in 1919.

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It was an instant success.

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Frederick kept a book of progress
of his business.

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So, there is newspaper articles
and adverts there

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that document the opening
of his other branches.

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Leeds was opened in 1924.

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I find it charming
that he keeps a scrapbook,

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00:12:06,740 --> 00:12:08,580
particularly that he calls it
a progress book.

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That's absolutely wonderful.

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And what do we know about what
they were serving in those days?

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So, this is a menu from the 1920s.

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We know that they were serving

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some of the delights
that we actually serve today.

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So, afternoon tea featured heavily.

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00:12:22,580 --> 00:12:24,420
And here, by the look of it,

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an illustration of the decor
of the time.

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00:12:27,380 --> 00:12:29,300
Again, not so very different.

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00:12:29,300 --> 00:12:31,900
Did he bring anything
distinctively Swiss to the business?

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00:12:31,900 --> 00:12:33,380
He did indeed.

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00:12:33,380 --> 00:12:36,820
Small and dainty cakes,
the Swiss precision,

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00:12:36,820 --> 00:12:40,900
the Swiss finesse are all elements
that he brought to Bettys.

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00:12:40,900 --> 00:12:43,340
And it's quite a good story,
isn't it? I mean,

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it's a life that begins with

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00:12:45,300 --> 00:12:50,540
a great deal of hardship and pain
and sadness, and ends in triumph.

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00:12:51,140 --> 00:12:53,900
It's really heart-warming for us

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00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:57,220
that such a tragedy
led to such success.

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00:12:58,420 --> 00:13:00,940
The icing on the cake. Definitely.

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00:13:04,540 --> 00:13:07,460
Frederick Belmont brought
a Continental touch

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00:13:07,460 --> 00:13:10,340
to the very British afternoon tea.

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00:13:10,340 --> 00:13:14,020
He included, in his menu, breads
and pastries such as croissant,

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00:13:14,020 --> 00:13:16,820
and treated his customers
to peppermint creams,

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00:13:16,820 --> 00:13:20,540
macaroons and truffles
that can still be found today.

208
00:13:21,900 --> 00:13:24,540
Well, at last, time for some tea.
What shall we have?

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00:13:24,540 --> 00:13:26,780
I think we should order some tea
and some dainty cakes.

210
00:13:26,780 --> 00:13:30,700
And some scones? Absolutely.
And cream and jam.

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00:13:33,380 --> 00:13:36,540
There we are. Enjoy.
Thank you very much.

212
00:13:36,540 --> 00:13:40,220
Thank you. Where's yours?
HE LAUGHS

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00:13:40,220 --> 00:13:42,620
There's enough for two.
I was just joking.

214
00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:57,180
Hello. Hi. How are you doing? Hi.

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00:13:57,180 --> 00:13:59,780
Do you mind if I squeeze in
for a second? Not at all.

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00:13:59,780 --> 00:14:02,300
What's brought you
to this delightful emporium

217
00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:03,540
for your tea today?

218
00:14:03,540 --> 00:14:06,580
We're actually celebrating
a year together, so...

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00:14:06,580 --> 00:14:08,420
That's fantastic!

220
00:14:08,420 --> 00:14:12,300
We're in Yorkshire. Congratulations.
My first-ever afternoon tea.

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00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:14,340
Your first-ever afternoon tea!
Yeah.

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00:14:14,340 --> 00:14:16,700
I was going to ask you
if it was the first time here,

223
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:18,820
but your first-ever
afternoon tea! Yeah.

224
00:14:18,820 --> 00:14:21,860
Do you think this could catch on?
Most definitely, I think it could.

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00:14:21,860 --> 00:14:23,420
Really?
THEY LAUGH

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00:14:43,780 --> 00:14:48,500
The Majestic Hotel was advertised
in my Bradshaw's 110 years ago,

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00:14:48,500 --> 00:14:53,700
and, apparently, Majestic Expresses
left King's Cross in London at 11.25

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and 1.40pm, and arrived
in Harrogate in four hours.

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00:14:59,260 --> 00:15:02,260
Having established that
Harrogate has a Continental feel,

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00:15:02,260 --> 00:15:05,740
I'd asked for a Swiss beer.
They didn't have one,

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00:15:05,740 --> 00:15:08,220
so I've settled for one
brewed in Harrogate.

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00:15:10,340 --> 00:15:11,980
Very satisfactory!

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00:15:37,860 --> 00:15:42,060
It's a new day, and I'm resuming
my journey through Yorkshire.

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00:15:42,060 --> 00:15:43,620
I'm on my way to Leeds,

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00:15:43,620 --> 00:15:48,380
a place that owed its early success
to a single commodity.

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00:15:48,380 --> 00:15:52,460
Wool made the town rich
in the 17th century,

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00:15:52,460 --> 00:15:56,060
the canals enabled the trade
to boom in the 18th,

238
00:15:56,060 --> 00:15:58,500
and the railways extended
the product's range

239
00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:01,180
and the city's wealth in the 19th.

240
00:16:01,180 --> 00:16:05,060
It's time for me to measure up
what's happened since.

241
00:16:26,980 --> 00:16:29,420
At the beginning
of the 20th century,

242
00:16:29,420 --> 00:16:33,620
Leeds was a growing city,
thirsty for education and culture.

243
00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:42,500
In the first few years
of King Edward VII's reign,

244
00:16:42,500 --> 00:16:45,980
statues were erected,
Leeds University founded,

245
00:16:45,980 --> 00:16:48,620
and the city's first cinema opened.

246
00:16:48,620 --> 00:16:51,780
That elan is still here today.

247
00:16:51,780 --> 00:16:54,180
The standard image
of Leeds is made up

248
00:16:54,180 --> 00:16:57,820
of those heavy,
neoclassical civic buildings

249
00:16:57,820 --> 00:17:00,180
that were put up
in the Victorian period.

250
00:17:00,180 --> 00:17:03,100
But I find, when I get off
the train here, every time,

251
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:06,380
something new has erupted -
new glass buildings.

252
00:17:06,380 --> 00:17:08,820
And here, with this
sculpture gallery, for example,

253
00:17:08,820 --> 00:17:12,660
the Henry Moore Institute,
it seems that Leeds is determined

254
00:17:12,660 --> 00:17:16,100
to have a distinctive
artistic personality.

255
00:17:18,380 --> 00:17:23,060
For centuries, Leeds has expressed
itself through its textiles.

256
00:17:25,460 --> 00:17:27,380
At the beginning
of the 20th century,

257
00:17:27,380 --> 00:17:30,900
the industry relied on a group
of skilled Jewish men

258
00:17:30,900 --> 00:17:32,340
to take it forward.

259
00:17:32,340 --> 00:17:34,620
Hello, Michael. How nice to see you.

260
00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:37,540
Thank you, Malcolm.
It's a great honour. After you, sir.

261
00:17:37,540 --> 00:17:40,340
Third-generation tailor
Malcolm Berwin

262
00:17:40,340 --> 00:17:43,860
was born in this community in 1927.

263
00:17:43,860 --> 00:17:47,500
He's walking me through
his company's distribution centre.

264
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:50,140
Originally, it was our factory,

265
00:17:50,140 --> 00:17:53,740
where we produced
1,000 suits a week.

266
00:17:53,740 --> 00:17:55,540
Would have been
a noisy old place then.

267
00:17:55,540 --> 00:17:58,780
It was lovely. I loved it.
HE CHUCKLES

268
00:17:58,780 --> 00:18:03,700
To see something being produced is,
to me, wonderful. It's magic.

269
00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:09,540
Malcolm, am I right in thinking
that persecution of Jews in Europe

270
00:18:09,540 --> 00:18:11,380
was the reason why
many Jewish people

271
00:18:11,380 --> 00:18:15,020
came to Leeds and other cities?
Yes, particularly in Russia.

272
00:18:15,020 --> 00:18:18,740
They were brought over from Poland
and Eastern Europe.

273
00:18:18,740 --> 00:18:22,100
Did your grandfather, Barnet Berwin,
come because of the pogroms?

274
00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:23,700
No, he wasn't, actually.

275
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:28,900
He was seeking an improvement in the
economic situation for his family.

276
00:18:29,300 --> 00:18:32,100
He had a skill, as a tailor,

277
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:37,140
and he was told that there was
a position in clothing manufacture -

278
00:18:37,300 --> 00:18:38,860
working for John Barron,

279
00:18:38,860 --> 00:18:43,260
who was an established
clothing manufacturer in Leeds.

280
00:18:43,260 --> 00:18:46,140
In those days, a garment was made
singularly to measure.

281
00:18:46,140 --> 00:18:48,860
John Barron went to a sawmill,

282
00:18:48,860 --> 00:18:51,180
and he saw a knife
cutting through wood.

283
00:18:51,180 --> 00:18:53,380
He said,
"If they can cut through wood,

284
00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:55,860
"they can cut through cloth."

285
00:18:55,860 --> 00:19:00,660
So, he developed this idea
of cutting cloth in many layers,

286
00:19:00,660 --> 00:19:03,820
and then he was able
to mass-produce suits.

287
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:09,260
John Barron's pioneering work
in ready-made clothing

288
00:19:09,260 --> 00:19:13,580
transformed the industry and called
for an ever-growing workforce.

289
00:19:15,260 --> 00:19:19,020
Word got out amongst the
Eastern European Jewish community.

290
00:19:19,020 --> 00:19:22,380
Skilled men and anyone
willing to learn the craft

291
00:19:22,380 --> 00:19:24,100
made their way to Leeds,

292
00:19:24,100 --> 00:19:26,940
and contributed
to the city's prosperity.

293
00:19:26,940 --> 00:19:30,780
They came here with nothing.
They couldn't speak the language.

294
00:19:30,780 --> 00:19:33,620
There was no social services.
Nothing.

295
00:19:33,620 --> 00:19:35,820
They arrived, they worked...

296
00:19:37,100 --> 00:19:39,900
..they slaved
and they developed their businesses.

297
00:19:39,900 --> 00:19:41,100
It was sheer hard work.

298
00:19:43,180 --> 00:19:46,260
That hard work paid off for some
more than others.

299
00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:49,420
Barnet Berwin saved enough
to build his own business,

300
00:19:49,420 --> 00:19:52,140
and Michael Marks,
from Marks & Spencer,

301
00:19:52,140 --> 00:19:55,340
and Montague Burton,
founder of Burton of London,

302
00:19:55,340 --> 00:19:57,340
both built empires here.

303
00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:03,300
Nowadays, Berwin & Berwin
supplies high-street chains

304
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:07,140
and works for
some high-profile customers.

305
00:20:07,140 --> 00:20:12,140
Today, the Leeds United footballing
legend Eddie Gray is here,

306
00:20:12,140 --> 00:20:15,700
and logistics manager Garry Wilson
is looking after him.

307
00:20:15,700 --> 00:20:18,460
Gentlemen, I'm Michael.
Michael, nice to meet you.

308
00:20:18,460 --> 00:20:20,420
Eddie, a great honour.
A great honour indeed.

309
00:20:20,420 --> 00:20:23,660
Garry. Michael, how are you?
Lovely to see you. So,

310
00:20:23,660 --> 00:20:26,340
looks like Eddie has a new suit.
Tell me what's going on here.

311
00:20:26,340 --> 00:20:30,460
Basically, we're giving Eddie
his final fit for his club suit.

312
00:20:30,460 --> 00:20:34,580
For the Leeds United suit?
Absolutely. 100% wool.

313
00:20:34,580 --> 00:20:38,620
Italian fabric.
Made specifically for Leeds United.

314
00:20:38,620 --> 00:20:41,300
And you can see,
he looks absolutely superb.

315
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,500
I think you could benefit yourself,
Michael.

316
00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:47,580
Well, I'm looking at it,
and, Eddie, if I may say so,

317
00:20:47,580 --> 00:20:51,220
you've kept your figure and the suit
shows your figure very nicely.

318
00:20:51,220 --> 00:20:53,820
Do you mind if I just...
Have a walk round. ..inspect you?

319
00:20:55,260 --> 00:20:57,180
Yes, that looks very nice.

320
00:20:58,340 --> 00:21:03,580
Now, the only thing, Garry,
for my money - for my money -

321
00:21:03,860 --> 00:21:07,820
I would say this sleeve was
a tiny bit long. What do you think?

322
00:21:07,820 --> 00:21:10,340
I'd probably say no. A lot of it
is personal preference.

323
00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:13,500
I do know that you like
your cuffs showing. I like
my cuffs showing. There we are.

324
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:17,220
But the way we test it is,
when Eddie moves his hand out,

325
00:21:17,220 --> 00:21:19,580
his sleeve goes up
and shows his watch,

326
00:21:19,580 --> 00:21:24,300
whereas, when it goes down,
that's the way we tend to...

327
00:21:24,300 --> 00:21:26,220
Yes, yes. How am I looking, sir?

328
00:21:26,220 --> 00:21:29,620
Erm... Now, Garry, be truthful.
This is a comparison.

329
00:21:29,620 --> 00:21:31,860
I would suggest you're wearing that
slightly a bit tight,

330
00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:33,900
especially around here.

331
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,300
Erm... It's the size
of my wallet, Garry. Yeah.

332
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:37,940
And if you don't mind me saying,

333
00:21:37,940 --> 00:21:40,180
I'd also say that
the sleeves are slightly short.

334
00:21:40,180 --> 00:21:41,900
BOTH LAUGH

335
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:44,700
It's all a matter
of personal preference.

336
00:21:56,620 --> 00:21:59,060
I'm now heading due west.

337
00:22:07,620 --> 00:22:11,060
I have here a press cutting
from February 1910.

338
00:22:11,060 --> 00:22:15,740
"Mr Frederick Delius's Opera,
A Village Romeo And Juliet,

339
00:22:15,740 --> 00:22:18,620
"which has acquired
great popularity in Germany,

340
00:22:18,620 --> 00:22:23,820
"was performed for the first time in
England last night at Covent Garden,

341
00:22:23,980 --> 00:22:27,260
"sung in English
by British artists."

342
00:22:27,260 --> 00:22:31,340
And it was conducted by
that colossus of the Edwardian age,

343
00:22:31,340 --> 00:22:33,180
Thomas Beecham.

344
00:22:33,180 --> 00:22:37,260
Now, interestingly, this report
is from the Yorkshire Post,

345
00:22:37,260 --> 00:22:42,300
for, after all, Frederick Delius
was a Bradford Grammar School boy.

346
00:22:54,460 --> 00:22:58,580
I'm keen to find out about
this prominent Edwardian composer

347
00:22:58,580 --> 00:23:00,660
by visiting Bradford Grammar School.

348
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:11,500
Having been founded in 1548,
at the time of Frederick Delius,

349
00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,220
the school was in the heart
of Bradford,

350
00:23:14,220 --> 00:23:17,700
but it moved to this location
in 1949.

351
00:23:19,140 --> 00:23:24,180
Head of music technology Ross McOwen
is a Delius enthusiast.

352
00:23:24,380 --> 00:23:27,020
Ross, Frederick Delius
was one of your pupils.

353
00:23:27,020 --> 00:23:29,300
He was. He was known
as Fritz Delius.

354
00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:33,540
Delius was born in Bradford to
German parents of Jewish extraction,

355
00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:35,540
and he came
to Bradford Grammar School from

356
00:23:35,540 --> 00:23:37,980
1874-1878.

357
00:23:37,980 --> 00:23:40,420
What had brought
his father to England?

358
00:23:40,420 --> 00:23:42,380
Well, Delius's father
was a wool merchant,

359
00:23:42,380 --> 00:23:45,140
and, as was the case
in the north of England at the time,

360
00:23:45,140 --> 00:23:47,540
he came to seek his fortune
in that trade.

361
00:23:47,540 --> 00:23:50,180
How did his career develop
after school?

362
00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:53,380
After school, Delius's father wanted
him to move into the wool trade,

363
00:23:53,380 --> 00:23:55,260
but Delius wasn't really very keen,

364
00:23:55,260 --> 00:23:58,500
and he'd much rather seek out
the nearest concert hall

365
00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:01,820
than the nearest
wool trade arrangement.

366
00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:02,980
So, where did he go to?

367
00:24:02,980 --> 00:24:06,020
He actually went to manage
an orange grove in Florida.

368
00:24:06,020 --> 00:24:08,140
Did that develop
his musical interest?

369
00:24:08,140 --> 00:24:11,300
Well, it did, but perhaps
not through the channels
you might expect.

370
00:24:11,300 --> 00:24:14,740
The orange grove was
on the banks of the river,

371
00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:18,740
and Delius would listen to
African-American spirituals,

372
00:24:18,740 --> 00:24:20,460
sung by the deckhands on the boats

373
00:24:20,460 --> 00:24:22,020
that travelled up
and down the river.

374
00:24:23,660 --> 00:24:25,980
Delius headed back to Europe.

375
00:24:25,980 --> 00:24:31,060
He studied in Leipzig and became
a celebrated composer in Germany,

376
00:24:31,060 --> 00:24:34,700
before moving to France where
he lived for the rest of his life.

377
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:39,460
How did Delius's work
become popular in Britain?

378
00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:42,580
Well, really, it was
all down to Thomas Beecham,
the English conductor,

379
00:24:42,580 --> 00:24:44,980
who heard Delius's
Appalachia variations

380
00:24:44,980 --> 00:24:47,580
in a concert in London in 1907.

381
00:24:47,580 --> 00:24:50,100
Beecham was very taken
by Delius's music,

382
00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,140
and he championed his music
for the rest of Beecham's life.

383
00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:56,940
So, he spends much of
his creative life away from Britain?

384
00:24:56,940 --> 00:24:59,060
Is he an English composer, then?

385
00:24:59,060 --> 00:25:01,660
Delius's mature work
is very British.

386
00:25:01,660 --> 00:25:03,740
The melodies are very pastoral.

387
00:25:03,740 --> 00:25:06,740
On Hearing The First Cuckoo
In Spring, In A Summer Garden -

388
00:25:06,740 --> 00:25:08,940
those works are
very quintessentially British.

389
00:25:08,940 --> 00:25:10,140
Very much so.

390
00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:14,060
Delius remains one of
the most distinctive figures

391
00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:18,300
in the revival of British music
at the opening of the 20th century.

392
00:25:20,180 --> 00:25:23,260
Pupils at Bradford Grammar School
today study Delius

393
00:25:23,260 --> 00:25:25,380
as part of their music A level.

394
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:31,140
Hello. This is John, one of
our outstanding music pupils.

395
00:25:31,140 --> 00:25:33,380
Hi. I'm Michael.
Great pleasure to meet you.

396
00:25:33,380 --> 00:25:35,780
I think you're going
to sing some Delius.

397
00:25:35,780 --> 00:25:37,980
How have you found, singing Delius?

398
00:25:37,980 --> 00:25:40,700
Very interesting because
it's an impressionistic style

399
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:44,260
where the music is very
unpredictable and jumps everywhere.

400
00:25:44,260 --> 00:25:47,580
Difficult to sing? Sometimes, yes.
The melody is all over the place,

401
00:25:47,580 --> 00:25:50,980
so some strange intervals,
kind of difficult to sing.

402
00:25:50,980 --> 00:25:52,860
And there's some people
that'll think,

403
00:25:52,860 --> 00:25:54,940
"Hmm, that sounds odd,"
and comparing that

404
00:25:54,940 --> 00:25:56,940
to normal classical music,
they won't like it.

405
00:25:56,940 --> 00:25:59,180
What are you going to sing?
La Lune Blanche.

406
00:25:59,180 --> 00:26:01,580
Which, I suppose, means
the white moon. The white moon, yes.

407
00:26:05,420 --> 00:26:10,420
# La lune blanche

408
00:26:10,420 --> 00:26:15,780
# Luit dans les bois

409
00:26:16,620 --> 00:26:20,860
# De chaque branche

410
00:26:20,860 --> 00:26:24,740
# Part une voix

411
00:26:24,740 --> 00:26:29,380
# Sous la ramee

412
00:26:33,060 --> 00:26:38,340
# Oh, bien-aimee

413
00:26:47,220 --> 00:26:51,900
# L'etang reflete

414
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:56,740
# Profond miroir

415
00:26:56,740 --> 00:27:01,180
# La silhouette

416
00:27:01,180 --> 00:27:06,020
# Du saule noir... #

417
00:27:06,020 --> 00:27:08,220
In the years before
the First World War,

418
00:27:08,220 --> 00:27:11,500
some immigrants to Britain
were highly successful.

419
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:16,540
Frederick Belmont, the cake-maker,
Barnet Berwin, the tailor,

420
00:27:16,780 --> 00:27:20,620
and Frederick Delius,
the son of an immigrant.

421
00:27:20,620 --> 00:27:24,500
But by then, poverty was top
of the political agenda,

422
00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:27,780
and the Welsh firebrand
Chancellor of the Exchequer,

423
00:27:27,780 --> 00:27:32,420
David Lloyd George,
devised landmark social reform,

424
00:27:32,420 --> 00:27:36,700
ably assisted by another
radical Liberal, Winston Churchill.

425
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:39,900
But even they weren't pushing
fast enough,

426
00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:41,940
and at the end of the Great War,

427
00:27:41,940 --> 00:27:45,420
the Liberals were elbowed aside
by Labour -

428
00:27:45,420 --> 00:27:49,220
the party of the trade unions
and of the working class.

429
00:27:50,580 --> 00:27:53,100
Next time, things are hotting up...

430
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:56,620
The heat was intense, glowing red.
When the next one comes out,

431
00:27:56,620 --> 00:27:59,820
that'll be at
1,250 degrees centigrade.

432
00:27:59,820 --> 00:28:02,260
..I freewheel to new heights...

433
00:28:02,260 --> 00:28:04,900
So... Whoa!

434
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:08,740
Yeah, power is kicking in,
zooming up the hill!

435
00:28:08,740 --> 00:28:12,620
..and experience a life of brine.

436
00:28:12,620 --> 00:28:15,180
I can smell the salt in the water.

437
00:28:15,180 --> 00:28:18,300
I'm not particularly tempted
to taste it.