NARRATOR: THEY BROUGHT US DEMOCRACY, EPIC POETRY,
SCIENCE, AND THE OLYMPIC SPIRIT.
AND YET, MENTION GREECE THESE DAYS AND
YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO THINK ATM LINES, GOVERNMENT BAILOUTS,
AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.
BETTANY HUGHES: THEY ARE IN AN IMPOSSIBLE ECONOMIC SITUATION,
BUT I THINK THE GREEKS DRAW INSPIRATION
FROM THEIR OWN PAST.
NARRATOR: 3,000 YEARS AGO,
GREECE, AND MUCH OF THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD
FOR THAT MATTER,
FACED HARDSHIPS UNLIKE ANYTHING HUMANS HAD BEFORE.
WAR AND FAMINE, ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL MELTDOWNS,
MASS MIGRATIONS.
IT WAS THE WORST COLLAPSE IN HUMAN HISTORY.
THE SOPHISTICATED GREEK CIVILIZATIONS OF
THE BRONZE AGE, FIRST THE MINOANS,
THEN THE MYCENAEANS, FADED INTO MEMORY.
BETTANY HUGHES: YOU HAVE THESE AMAZING CIVILIZATIONS
IN THE GREEK BRONZE AGE,
INCREDIBLE EXAMPLES OF HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT
AND SOMEONE OR SOMETHING BRINGS THAT ALL CRASHING DOWN.
NARRATOR: AND YET, SOMEHOW, THE GREEKS WHO EMERGED FROM
THIS DARK AGE WOULD BE THE FIRST TO WRITE IN VERSE,
POSIT A THEORY OF NATURE, AND VOTE IN AN ELECTION.
JOSIAH OBER: IMAGINE THAT THERE WAS NEVER A COLLAPSE,
IT'S VERY UNLIKELY THAT WE WOULD HAVE WHAT WE THINK OF
AS GREEK CIVILIZATION.
NARRATOR: THROUGH ONE OF HISTORY'S DARKEST CHAPTERS,
INDIVIDUALS STRIVING TO BE BETTER,
WOULD BAND TOGETHER, BUILD A NEW SOCIETY
AND ULTIMATELY CHANGE THE WORLD.
JOHN CAMP: YOU ARE SUPPOSED TO TRY TO BE THE BEST YOU CAN.
NARRATOR: FROM STRIFE ROSE THE FOUNDATIONS OF
WESTERN CIVILIZATION, RIGHT NOW ON NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC'S
"THE GREEKS".
♪[NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC THEME MUSIC PLAYS]. ♪
NARRATOR: IN GREECE THESE DAYS,
THE SIGNS OF STRIFE ARE INESCAPABLE.
CITIZENS ARE OUTRAGED OVER THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS.
[EXPLOSION]
IT'S ESPECIALLY DEMORALIZING IN A COUNTRY WHERE REMINDERS
OF CIVILIZATION'S FORMER GLORIES ARE EVERYWHERE.
MANY ARE FINDING CREATIVE WAYS TO EXPRESS THEIR CONCERNS.
IN ATHENS, GRAFFITI BLANKETS PRACTICALLY
EVERY WALL IN THE CITY.
DIMITRI: IT'S A KIND OF JUNGLE AT THE MOMENT.
ALL THIS CONFUSION TAKING PLACE IN GREECE.
IT'S A WAY OUT, A WAY FOR EACH PERSON TO SHOW THEIR ANGER.
OF COURSE, THROUGH THIS, BEAUTIFUL THINGS EMERGE.
NARRATOR: ONE ATHENIAN ARTIST IN PARTICULAR SEEMS
TO BE DRAWING ON THE ANCIENTS FOR INSPIRATION,
INVOKING THEIR WISDOM TO PROTEST EVERYTHING FROM
CORRUPTION TO AUSTERITY TO GREED.
HIS MURALS ARE WIDELY RECOGNIZED NOT ONLY IN GREECE,
BUT THROUGHOUT THE WORLD, EVEN IF THE ARTIST HIMSELF
PREFERS TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS.
HE'S KNOWN ONLY AS INO.
TODAY, ON A PROMINENT BUILDING IN ATHENS' BUSTLING
PORT OF PIRAEUS, HE'S STARTING ON A NEW MURAL,
ONE THAT HE HOPES WILL INSPIRE FELLOW GREEKS
AND INCITE CHANGE IN HIS COUNTRY.
INO: MANY PEOPLE, THEY WANT EVERYTHING READY IN THE DISH.
THEY WANT THINGS, BUT THEY DON'T TRY,
SO TO HAVE A CHANGE, YOU MUST TRY.
FOR ME THAT IS WHAT KEEPS YOU ALIVE.
YOU'RE POOR IF YOU HAVE EVERYTHING,
AND IF YOU DON'T FIGHT FOR SOMETHING.
NARRATOR: IT'S A SENTIMENT INO COULD HAVE PULLED
STRAIGHT OUT OF ANCIENT GREECE.
THAT STRIFE CAN BRING OUT THE BEST IN PEOPLE
IS AN AGE-OLD NOTION.
BUT FOR THE GREEKS IT WOULD FORM THE BASIS
OF THEIR IDENTITY.
WITHOUT STRIFE, THE ANCIENT GREEK POET HESIOD WROTE
NEARLY 3,000 YEARS AGO, THERE COULD BE NO GREATNESS.
SO LONG AS IT'S THE RIGHT KIND OF STRIFE.
HESIOD: INDEED ON THIS EARTH, TWO KINDS EXIST.
FOR ONE FOSTERS EVIL, WAR AND BATTLE: HER NO MAN LOVES;
THE SECOND, SET IN THE ROOTS OF THE EARTH,
SHE IS FAR KINDER TO MEN.
SHE STIRS UP EVEN THE LAZY TO TOIL;
FOR A MAN GROWS EAGER TO WORK WHEN HE
CONSIDERS HIS NEIGHBOR, A RICH MAN WHO HASTENS
TO PLOUGH AND PLANT;
NEIGHBOR VIES WITH NEIGHBOR AS HE HURRIES AFTER WEALTH.
THIS STRIFE IS WHOLESOME FOR MAN.
JOHN CAMP: THE VERY EARLIEST LINES OF GREEK LITERATURE ARE
HESIOD TELLING YOU ABOUT BAD STRIFE WHICH CREATES WAR
AND DEATH AND A GOOD STRIFE WHICH MAKES MEN STRIVE
AGAINST EACH OTHER TO BE THE BEST AND IT SAYS,
"POET AGAINST POET, POTTER AGAINST POTTER."
EDITH HALL: OR A PAINTER COMPETES WITH A PAINTER,
HE EVEN SAYS A BEGGAR CAN COMPETE WITH ANOTHER BEGGAR.
JOSIAH OBER: HESOID SEES THE ADVANTAGE OF HARD WORK.
HE SEES COMPETITION AS BEING VALUABLE.
POTTER CONTENDS AGAINST POTTER.
DOESN'T MEAN THAT PEOPLE WERE CUTTING EACH OTHER'S THROATS.
IT MEANS THAT PEOPLE WERE TRYING TO MAKE BETTER POTS,
IN A WORLD THAT SAW SOME MARKET IN GOOD POTS.
NARRATOR: IT'S A WORK ETHIC THAT MAY HAVE LIFTED
INO'S GREEK ANCESTORS OUT OF SOME VERY DARK TIMES.
A LITTLE MORE THAN 3,000 YEARS AGO,
HUNDREDS OF YEARS BEFORE ATHENS' GLORIOUS GOLDEN AGE,
GREECE AND SOCIETIES ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN FACED
STRUGGLES UNLIKE ANYTHING WE'VE EXPERIENCED
IN MODERN TIMES: FAMINE, MASS MIGRATIONS,
A GLOBAL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.
THE MYCENAEAN EMPIRE, WHOSE EXTRAVAGANT PALACES IN MYCENAE
AND PYLOS WOULD INSPIRE THE LIKES OF "THE ILIAD"
AND "THE ODYSSEY", WAS BROUGHT TO ITS KNEES.
ERIC CLINE: OVER A PERIOD OVER 200 YEARS,
YOU GO FROM THE HEIGHT OF CIVILIZATION TO ALMOST
ABSOLUTELY NOTHING.
EVERYTHING THAT THEY HAD KNOWN IN THE BRONZE AGE
SUDDENLY COLLAPSES.
NARRATOR: ARCHAEOLOGISTS CALL THIS PERIOD,
FROM 1200 DOWN TO 800 BC, THE GREEK DARK AGE,
SINCE SO FEW HALLMARKS OF CIVILIZATION HAVE BEEN FOUND.
AND YET, EVEN IF PEOPLE MAY HAVE BEEN BUILDING AND
WRITING LESS DURING THIS TIME, SCHOLARS ARE BEGINNING TO
RECOGNIZE THAT CULTURE DIDN'T VANISH COMPLETELY.
BETTANY HUGHES: THERE IS NO TIME WHEN THE LIGHT OF
CIVILIZATION AND SOCIETY IS COMPLETELY EXTINGUISHED.
THERE ARE ALWAYS GLIMMERS SOMEWHERE.
NARRATOR: KINGS AND PALACES WERE GONE,
BUT THE COMMONERS WERE STILL THERE TO PICK UP THE PIECES.
GREG NAGY: THINK OF IT AS A PYRAMID WHERE THE
ENTIRE SOCIETY IS DEFINED, LET'S SAY, BY THE PINNACLE,
SO WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT THE TOP OF THE PYRAMID IS
LOPPED OFF, BUT EVERYTHING UNDERNEATH IS THERE.
EDITH HALL: WE DO KNOW THAT THE BASIC GREEK WAY OF LIFE,
THESE SMALL CRAFTSMAN, THESE PEASANT FARMERS,
THESE SEA GOING TRADERS, STAYED BASICALLY THE SAME.
NARRATOR: ONLY NOW FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY AND
IN TRUE HESIODIC FASHION, THE FRUITS OF THEIR HARD WORK,
SKILLS AND TALENTS DIDN'T GO TO A SELECT
FEW ELITE AT THE TOP.
THE WORKERS THEMSELVES WOULD HAVE A SHOT AT THE GOOD LIFE.
♪ ♪
JOHN HALE: OUT OF THIS COMES ONE OF THE MOST DISTINCTIVE
GREEK POSSESSIONS THAT WE HAVE STILL TO DEFINE THE WEST,
THE CULT OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
IT IS THE SUPREME OPPORTUNITY GIVEN TO EACH
OF US AS INDIVIDUALS TO MAKE OUR OWN IDENTITY,
MAKE OUR OWN WORLD, MAKE OUR OWN LIFE.
BETTANY HUGHES: I THINK THE GREEKS KEEP HOLD OF THIS IDEA
THAT THEY ARE SOMEHOW SPECIAL, THAT THEY HAVE POTENTIAL.
EVEN IF TIMES ARE HARD THEY HAVE A KIND OF PLUCKINESS AND
A GRIT AND REALLY THEY ARE CREATING THE CONDITIONS FOR
CHANGE THAT ALLOW THE GLORIES OF GREECE THEN TO
EMERGE A HUNDRED OR SO YEARS LATER.
♪ ♪
[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]
NARRATOR: THE EARLIEST EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THIS
TIMELESS GREEK IDENTITY ENDURED THROUGH THE DARK AGE
COMES FROM A SMALL POEM,
INSCRIBED IN A MOST UNLIKELY PLACE:
THE SIDE OF AN ANCIENT WINE POT CALLED THE CUP OF NESTOR.
IT'S EARLY IN THE 8TH CENTURY BC.
A GROUP OF GREEK TRADERS, HAVING SAILED FROM RHODES OFF
THE WESTERN COAST OF TURKEY, WHERE THE POT ORIGINATED TO
THE ISLAND OF ISCHIA OFF OF ITALY WHERE IT WAS DISCOVERED,
ARE KICKING BACK.
EDITH HALL: ONCE THEY GET TO THEIR DESTINATION
TO SELL THE POT, PRESUMABLY, GUESS WHAT?
THEY'RE GREEKS; THEY DECIDE TO HAVE A DRINKING PARTY.
AND THERE ARE THREE MEN WHO ARE HAVING A COMPETITION
IN MAKING A POEM, WITTY ONE LINERS.
NARRATOR: THEY PASS THE POT BETWEEN THEM,
EACH ONE SCRIBBLING A VERSE IN THEIR OWN HANDWRITING.
EDITH HALL: I AM THE CUP OF NESTOR GOOD FOR DRINKING FROM,
WHOEVER DRINKS FROM THIS CUP ON HIM STRAIGHT AWAY
WILL COME DESIRE FOR APHRODITE OF THE LOVELY CROWN.
NARRATOR: IN OTHER WORDS.
EDITH HALL: IF YOU DRINK WINE OUT OF THIS CUP YOU WILL BEGIN
TO FEEL EXTREMELY SEXY INDEED AND WANT TO FIND A WOMAN
AS BEAUTIFUL AS THE GODDESS OF LOVE APHRODITE.
NARRATOR: THEY ARE JUST THREE LINES OF VERSE,
BUT THEY REVEAL A LOT ABOUT THE GREEKS
WHO LIVED DURING THIS MYSTERIOUS TIME.
THE CUP WAS FOUND ON A REMOTE ISLAND HUNDREDS OF MILES
FROM GREECE, SO WE KNOW THAT LIKE THEIR MINOAN
AND MYCENAEAN ANCESTORS, THEY CONTINUED TO BE SEAFARING.
THE WRITING ITSELF IS NEW, NOT THE HIEROGLYPHIC SCRIPT OF
THEIR MYCENAEAN PREDECESSORS, BUT INNOVATIVE LETTERS
ADAPTED FROM THE PHOENICIANS, GREEK,
THE EARLIEST EXAMPLE EVER FOUND.
JOHN HALE: THE VERY FIRST USE OF LETTERS WE HAVE,
THE OLDEST ONE THAT WE'VE DISCOVERED FOR GREECE,
IS AN EXPRESSION OF PERSONAL FEELING, A PERSONALITY.
WELL, THAT IS NOT WHAT PHOENICIANS USED LETTERS FOR,
THAT IS NOT WHAT PEOPLE IN THE NEAR EAST OR
EGYPT USED WRITING FOR.
WRITING IN THOSE WORLDS BELONGED
TO THE AUTHORITY STRUCTURE.
TO KINGS, TO PRIESTS.
NARRATOR: THE SUGGESTION OF A GAME IMPLIES COMPETITIVENESS.
THEY'RE GETTING DRUNK AND CRACKING JOKES
SO IT SEEMS THEY KNOW HOW TO HAVE A GOOD TIME.
EDITH HALL: THEY ARE LAUGHING AT SEX, THEY ARE WITTY,
THEY ARE VERBAL, THEY ARE ALREADY COMPLETELY GREEK
JUST AS THEY WERE 500 YEARS BEFORE IN MYCENAE.
NARRATOR: THEY'D GONE THROUGH THE WORST COLLAPSE
IN HUMAN HISTORY, BUT WITHIN ONLY A FEW HUNDRED YEARS,
ABSENT THE CENTRALIZED POWER OF KINGS AND BUREAUCRACY,
GREEKS WERE FORGING A NEW SOCIAL ORDER FOR THEMSELVES,
REBUILDING THEIR CIVILIZATION FROM THE BOTTOM UP.
JOHN HALE: THE IDEA THAT YOU COULD GO AND PARLEY YOUR
WEALTH OR SKILLS INTO A NEW SOCIAL IDENTITY,
OR YOU COULD PULL YOURSELF UP BY YOUR BOOT STRAPS,
WHERE YOU COULD ELEVATE YOUR RANK, THIS IS ANATHEMA,
IN THE AUTOCRATIC KINGDOMS OF EGYPT, MESOPOTAMIA, PERSIA.
IT IS WHAT GREECE IS ALL ABOUT.
NARRATOR: OF COURSE, THERE WAS NO GREECE JUST YET,
NO ATHENS, NO SPARTA, JUST DISPARATE GROUPS OF PEOPLE.
BUT THERE WAS SOMETHING BINDING THEM TOGETHER,
A COMMON LANGUAGE AND SOME OF THE GREATEST STORIES EVER TOLD.
MOVIE CLIP: THE GOLDEN AGE OF ADVENTURE SURGES
TO LIFE AGAIN.
NARRATOR: WE'VE ALL HEARD THE EPIC STORIES OF
THE TROJAN WAR, OF ACHILLES AND AGAMEMNON,
HELEN AND ODYSSEUS AND OF THE GODS, ZEUS, POSEIDON, ATHENA,
AND THE MANY OTHERS WHO PUT THE HEROES THROUGH THEIR PACES.
MOVIE CLIP: WHEN MEN LIKE US AND GODS LIKE MEN,
LIVE AND LOVE VIOLENTLY.
NARRATOR: WELL THE POST-DARK AGE GREEKS,
WOULD HAVE BEEN WELL VERSED IN THEM TOO.
IN FACT IT MAY WELL HAVE BEEN THESE EPIC STORIES
THAT KEPT THEM GOING WHEN THEIR CIVILIZATION WAS
FALLING DOWN AROUND THEM.
MICHAEL COSMOPOULOS: WHEN YOU GO THROUGH A PERIOD
OF DIFFICULTY, WHEN YOU GO THROUGH A CRISIS,
YOUR INSTINCT IS TO RETURN TO YOUR ROOTS.
ERIC CLINE: THAT'S ONE OF THE HALLMARKS OF A SYSTEMS
COLLAPSE IS WHEN THE GROUP AFTER THE COLLAPSE LOOKS BACK
AND TELLS STORIES ABOUT WHAT IT WAS LIKE
BACK WHEN MEN WERE MEN, THAT, OH THAT WAS BACK IN THE DAY.
NARRATOR: FROM THE BRONZE AGE COLLAPSE IN ABOUT 1200 BC
AND FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS THROUGH THE DARK AGE,
PEOPLE PASSED THE STORIES DOWN ORALLY,
FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION, TOWN TO TOWN,
THROUGH WANDERING POETS, CAPABLE OF MEMORIZING AND
RECITING HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF LINES OF VERSE.
UNTIL FINALLY, SOMETIME IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 8TH CENTURY BC,
GOOD OLD HESIOD AND ANOTHER GUY, THE GREEK POET HOMER,
USE THEIR NEW HIGH-TECH ALPHABET TO WRITE THEM DOWN.
EDITH HALL: THE GREEKS WERE EXTREMELY PROUD OF THREE
REALLY LONG POEMS, WHICH THEY ALL LEARNED BY HEART
IN CHILDHOOD, "THE ILIAD", "THE ODYSSEY",
AND HESIOD'S "BIRTH OF THE GODS".
THESE THREE POEMS WERE THE ABSOLUTE LYNCH PINS
OF GREEK IDENTITY.
NARRATOR: UNFORTUNATELY FOR US,
THERE ARE NO FIRST EDITION "ILIAD'S" OR "ODYSSEY'S"
FLOATING AROUND; PAPYRI SCROLLS WEREN'T
WRITTEN FOR POSTERITY.
THE CLOSEST WE'RE ABLE TO GET ARE FRAGMENTS RESCUED FROM
ANCIENT TRASH HEAPS AND NOW IN THE CARE OF RESEARCHERS
IN OXFORD, ENGLAND.
THE COLLECTION, OWNED AND MAINTAINED BY THE EGYPT
EXPLORATION SOCIETY, CONTAINS MILLIONS OF PIECES
OF PAPYRI FROM A FORMER GREEK COLONY IN OXYRHYNCUS, EGYPT.
DIRK OBBINK: THERE WERE RUBBISH DUMPS FROM THE ANCIENT
TOWN RINGING THE VILLAGE ON THE DESERT EDGE,
BUT AS SOON AS THEY STUCK THEIR SHOVEL INTO ONE
OF THESE RUBBISH MOUNDS, THE PAPYRI JUST STARTED TO
FALL OUT OF THEM.
NARRATOR: 100 YEARS LATER, DIRK OBBINK AND HIS TEAM HAVE
THE MONUMENTAL TASK OF TRANSLATING
AND PUBLISHING EACH ONE.
DIRK OBBINK: IT'S NOT GOING TO STOP.
5,000 ITEMS OUT OF A MILLION HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED SO FAR.
IT'S THE, PROBABLY THE LARGEST INCOMPLETE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT IN THE WORLD.
NARRATOR: SO FAR THEY'VE PULLED OUT WORKS BY HESIOD,
NEW POEMS BY THE LYRIC POET SAPPHO,
A COPY OF ARISTOTLE'S ATHENIAN CONSTITUTION
AND HUNDREDS OF OTHER ANCIENT TEXTS.
BUT BY FAR, THE VAST MAJORITY OF FRAGMENTS STEM
FROM ONE SOURCE, HOMER.
DIRK OBBINK: THE ANCIENT AUTHORS ARE VASTLY OUTNUMBERED
BY HOMER JUST BECAUSE OF HIS POSITION IN THE
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM, EVERYONE READ HOMER FIRST
AND MEMORIZED LARGE SWATHS OF IT.
NARRATOR: THE PAPYRI DATE TO AT THE 1ST CENTURY BC
AT THE EARLIEST, HUNDREDS OF YEARS AFTER HOMER.
BUT THAT HIS WORKS WERE BEING COPIED AND READ IN EGYPT,
HUNDREDS OF MILES FROM GREECE, SO MANY CENTURIES LATER,
REVEALS HOW SIGNIFICANT HOMER'S EPICS WERE TO THE ANCIENTS.
WHETHER WRITTEN OR SPOKEN, HIS STORIES OF BRAVERY,
DIGNITY, LOVE AND WAR, ARTICULATED
WHAT IT MEANT TO BE GREEK.
ERIC CLINE: IN TELLING THESE STORIES,
THEY ARE HANDING DOWN THE KNOWLEDGE.
THEY ARE HANDING DOWN THE IDEAS,
THEY ARE HANDING DOWN CONCEPTS OF IDENTITY.
WHO ARE WE, WHERE DID WE COME FROM?
BETTANY HUGHES: THE GREEKS ARE VERY SMART BECAUSE THEY
RECOGNIZE THAT ALTHOUGH WE SHOULD NEVER LIVE IN THE PAST,
WE ARE FOOLS IF WE DON'T ADMIT THAT WE LIVE WITH IT,
AND SO THEY REALLY NOURISH THIS IDEA OF THE PAST,
OF HISTORY, OF MEMORY.
NARRATOR: AND IN THEIR DEEPEST OF MEMORIES,
EVEN MORE CENTRAL TO THE GREEKS THAN THE
HEROES OF HOMER, WERE MORE POWERFUL FORCES.
THERE WOULD BE NO GREECE WITHOUT ITS GODS.
BETTANY HUGHES: YOU CAN'T UNDEREMPHASIZE HOW CENTRAL
RELIGION WAS TO THE GREEKS.
FOR THEM THERE WERE GODS, AND GODDESSES AND DEMIGODS
AND SPIRITS AROUND EVERY CORNER.
CHELSEA GARDNER: THE BEAUTY OF GREECE,
THE BEAUTY OF THE MOUNTAINS AND THE MEDITERRANEAN,
ALLOWED PEOPLE TO IMBUE NATURAL PHENOMENON
WITH PERSONALITY.
EVERYTHING IN NATURE IS IMBUED WITH THIS DIVINE ESSENCE.
NARRATOR: THE 12 MAIN GODS LIVED HERE,
ATOP GREECE'S HIGHEST PEAK, MOUNT OLYMPUS.
ALMIGHTY ZEUS CONTROLLED THE WEATHER, POSEIDON THE SEA,
HADES THE UNDERWORLD.
THERE WAS ATHENA, GODDESS OF WISDOM;
APHRODITE, BEAUTY; APOLLO, GOD OF THE SUN AND MUSIC,
ALL JOCKEYING FOR POWER AND FOR THE AFFECTIONS OF
THE INSIGNIFICANT HUMANS BELOW.
IT'S QUITE A DEPARTURE FROM HOW FORMALIZED RELIGIONS
VIEW THEIR GODS TODAY.
[CHANTING INAUDIBLY].
CHELSEA GARDNER: THERE IS NOT A BIG BOOK THAT TELLS
YOU EXACTLY HOW TO PRACTICE GREEK RELIGION.
BECAUSE THERE IS NO WAY TO WRITE SOMETHING DOWN THAT
IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING, SOMETHING THAT HAS DIFFERENT
INCARNATIONS DEPENDING UPON WHERE YOU ARE
IN GREECE AND WHAT PERIOD OF TIME YOU LIVE IN.
NARRATOR: EVEN WITHOUT A RULEBOOK IT SEEMS THEIR
RELIGION PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT ROLE IN BRINGING DISPARATE
GROUPS OF GREEKS TOGETHER, MUCH MORE SO THAN MANY
ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVED.
THE TEXTBOOK VERSION OF HOW GREECE CAME TO BE TYPICALLY
DOESN'T BEGIN WITH RELIGION,
BUT WITH THE EMERGENCE OF CITIES.
AFTER THE MYCENAEAN COLLAPSE THE STORY GOES,
POCKETS OF PEOPLE, SEPARATED BY A MOUNTAINOUS LANDSCAPE
AND ROCKY COAST, BANDED TOGETHER INTO SMALL,
ISOLATED VILLAGES THROUGHOUT GREECE.
OVER TIME VILLAGES, GREW INTO TOWNS,
TOWNS GREW INTO CITIES, AND BY THE END OF THE DARK AGE,
RIGHT AROUND HOMER'S TIME IN THE 8TH CENTURY BC,
CITIES GREW INTO WHAT THE GREEKS CALL POLIS,
OR CITY-STATES: ATHENS, SPARTA, CORINTH,
AND SOME 1500 OTHERS.
SUE ALCOCK: GREECE DID NOT EXIST.
GREECE AS A WHOLE, AS ENTIRE NATION-STATE, NUH-UH,
THERE WERE LIKE HUNDREDS OF TINY LITTLE CITY-STATES,
WHAT WE CALL POLIS.
AND THERE IS KIND OF ENDEMIC FIGHTING;
THIS IS NOT A HAPPY, PEACEFUL UH, PEACEFUL BUNCH OF PEOPLE.
NARRATOR: ACCORDING TO THE TRADITIONAL THEORY,
THE BIG RELIGIOUS SANCTUARIES, CROPPED UP ONLY AFTER THE
CITY-STATES WERE ESTABLISHED.
BUT NEW DISCOVERIES ARE TURNING THAT ON ITS HEAD.
ABOUT TWO HOURS NORTH OF ATHENS,
AT AN ANCIENT TEMPLE SITE CALLED KALIPODI,
ARCHAEOLOGIST WOLF-DIETRICH NIEMEIER AND HIS TEAM HAVE
UNCOVERED ALTARS AND ARTIFACTS THAT INDICATE PEOPLE
WERE WORSHIPPING THEIR GODS HERE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS
BEFORE THE FORMATION OF CITIES,
ALL THE WAY BACK TO THE MYCENAEAN PERIOD.
WOLF NIEMEIER: YOU READ IN HANDBOOKS THERE WERE
NO GREEK TEMPLES BEFORE THE 8TH CENTURY BC,
WHEN THE POLIS DEVELOPED, THE GREEK CITY-STATE.
BUT HERE WE HAVE THREE MYCENAEAN TEMPLES,
AND THEN WE HAVE A TEMPLE OF THE 10TH CENTURY.
WE HAVE A TEMPLE OF THE 9TH CENTURY.
WE HAVE A TEMPLE OF THE 8TH CENTURY.
AND THIS IS WHEN THE POLIS ARISE.
NARRATOR: IN ALL, THE TEAM HAS UNCOVERED 10 DIFFERENT
TEMPLES HERE, BUILT, DESTROYED, AND REBUILT OVER
MILLENNIA ON THIS VERY SPOT, RIGHT THROUGH THE DARK AGE.
WOLF NIEMEIER: AT LEAST IN THIS AREA WE HAVE NO
DARK AGE AT ALL, WE HAVE A CONTINUITY.
NARRATOR: BY OFFERING REFUGE, PROVIDING A FORUM FOR THE
EXCHANGE OF CULTURE AND IDEAS, AND BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER
AROUND SHARED BELIEFS, NIEMEIER BELIEVES THE
TEMPLES HERE, AND OTHERS LIKE THEM ACROSS GREECE,
MAY HAVE HELPED GREEKS SURVIVE THOSE MEAGER DARK AGE YEARS.
WOLF NIEMEIER: WHAT BROUGHT THEM TOGETHER,
WHAT MADE THEM GREEKS, WAS THEIR RELIGION AND THEIR GODS.
THIS WAS VERY IMPORTANT FOR THE GREEK IDENTITY.
THE SANCTUARIES HAD AN IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THE
FORMATION OF THE CITY-STATES, AND NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND.
NARRATOR: BY THE LATE 8TH CENTURY BC,
STUNNING CENTERS OF WORSHIP HAVE STARTED CROPPING UP ALL
OVER THE GREEK WORLD, WITH AS MANY AS 1500 CITY-STATES
GROWING AROUND THEM, STRETCHING EAST TO THE
BLACK SEA, WEST TO ITALY AND SOUTH TO NORTH AFRICA.
BUT IN ANCIENT GREECE ONE SANCTUARY IN PARTICULAR
STOOD OUT ABOVE THE OTHERS.
EDITH HALL: DELPHI IS THE RITUAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL,
AND GEOGRAPHICAL CENTER OF THE GREEK WORLD.
WHEN YOU MAKE THE GREAT ASCENT UP THE VALLEY PAST
ALL THE OLIVE GROVES AND VINEYARDS TO THIS HIGH,
HIGH PLACE YOU KNOW THAT THIS IS WHERE THE GOD OF THE SUN,
APOLLO, WOULD HAVE CHOSEN TO HAVE HIS SEAT OF PROPHECY.
NARRATOR: A WHO'S WHO OF GREEK HISTORY MADE THE TREK UP
THIS MOUNTAINSIDE TO DELPHI, ENTERING THROUGH THESE
TOWERING COLUMNS TO SEEK THE WISDOM OF THE ORACLES,
PRIESTESSES BELIEVED TO BE THE MOUTHPIECES OF APOLLO.
SAID TO SEE YEARS INTO THE FUTURE,
THE DELPHIC ORACLES WERE CONSULTED ON ALL KINDS
OF MATTERS, FROM FORMING ALLIANCES TO GOING TO WAR.
THEY WARNED OEDIPUS THAT HE WOULD KILL HIS FATHER AND
MARRY HIS MOTHER, AND PRONOUNCED THAT NO ONE WAS
WISER THAN SOCRATES, FOR HE WAS WISE ENOUGH TO KNOW
THAT HE INDEED KNEW NOTHING.
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS, THE ORACLE'S WORDS WERE
GOSPEL TO THE ANCIENTS.
BUT IN KEEPING WITH THE DEFIANT, INDIVIDUALISTIC,
SOME MIGHT SAY HUBRISTIC GREEK CHARACTER,
THEY WEREN'T EXACTLY HUMBLE BEFORE THEIR GODS.
THEY WERE AMONG THE FIRST TO IMAGINE THEIR
DEITIES IN THEIR OWN IMAGE.
NICHOLAS STAMPOLIDIS: THEIR GODS RESEMBLE THEM.
THEY CREATED THE OLYMPIAN GODS AS HUMAN BEINGS
WITH THEIR THOUGHTS, WITH THEIR WAYS OF THINKING.
THEY ARE NOT RESEMBLING TO DRAGONS,
THEY ARE NOT RESEMBLING TO ANIMAL-HEADED GODS.
THEY ARE HUMANS.
NARRATOR: IF THE LOWLY GREEK HUMANS EARNED THE GODS' FAVOR,
THEY COULD EVEN ACHIEVE GOD-LIKE STATUS FOR THEMSELVES
AND HAVE THEIR NAMES SUNG ACROSS ALL ETERNITY.
BETTANY HUGHES: I THINK THIS IS ONE OF THE REASONS THAT THE
GREEKS ACHIEVE SO MUCH IS THAT THEY HAVE THIS NOTION THAT
THE BEST WAY TO BECOME IMMORTAL WAS TO DO SOMETHING
IN YOUR LIFE THAT MADE YOU WORTHY OF IMMORTALITY.
NARRATOR: IT WAS AN IDEA SO ENGRAINED IN THEIR CULTURE,
THEY EVEN CONJURED A PLACE WHERE PEOPLE FROM ALL RUNGS
OF SOCIETY COULD PROVE THEIR WORTH.
THIS IS OLYMPIA.
IT BEGAN LIKE THE MANY OTHER RELIGIOUS
SANCTUARIES ACROSS GREECE.
BUT STARTING IN 776 BC, EVENTS WOULD TAKE PLACE IN
THIS VERY ARENA THAT WOULD GIVE MORTALS A SHOT AT IMMORTALITY,
AND UNITE THE GREEKS IN THE PROCESS.
ATHLETES AT THE PEAK OF PERFORMANCE FLOCKED HERE FROM
HUNDREDS OF GREEK CITY-STATES TO RUN, JUMP, WRESTLE, BOX,
THROW, AND COMPETE FOR THE FAVOR OF ZEUS.
THE OLYMPICS.
EDITH HALL: PEOPLE CAME FROM ALL OVER THE
GREEK-SPEAKING WORLD, THE BEST CHARIOT RACERS
CAME FROM NORTH AFRICA, FROM LIBYA,
SOME OF THE BEST SPRINTERS CAME FROM SOUTHERN ITALY,
THE BOXERS CAME FROM THE GREEK ISLANDS AND
THEY WOULD BRING THEIR PACK OF FANS WITH THEM.
NARRATOR: ALL THAT WAS REQUIRED WAS THAT YOU HAD
TO BE GREEK, WHICH MEANS THEY HAD A SENSE FOR WHAT
THAT WAS BY THEN, YOU HAD TO BE MALE,
AND YOU HAD TO BE NAKED,
PREFERABLY SLATHERED IN OLIVE OIL.
EDITH HALL: THE ANCIENT GREEKS ABSOLUTELY DELIGHTED IN BEAUTY
AND THEY DELIGHTED IN THE BEAUTY OF THE PHYSICAL FORM,
THEY SAW MEN'S BODIES AS ABSOLUTELY AS BEAUTIFUL
IN A DIFFERENT WAY AS WOMEN'S BODIES.
THEY OILED THEMSELVES WITH OLIVE OIL PARTLY TO HELP GET
A NICE TAN BUT ALSO FOR THE COMBAT SPORTS TO MAKE IT LESS
EASY FOR THEIR OPPONENTS TO GET A GRIP ON THEM.
NARRATOR: NEARLY 3,000 YEARS AFTER THE FIRST OLYMPICS,
MODERN COMPETITION IS A LITTLE DIFFERENT.
WE HAVE CLOTHING FOR STARTERS, AND WOMEN, FINALLY.
AND IT SEEMS WE MIGHT HAVE GROWN A LITTLE SOFT.
COMPARED TO THE HUNDREDS OF OLYMPIC EVENTS TODAY,
GREEK COMPETITIONS WERE LIMITED TO SKILLS
USEFUL IN COMBAT, RUNNING, WRESTLING, BOXING.
AND WHILE TODAY THREE TEAMS MAKE IT TO THE
PODIUM FOR BRONZE, SILVER AND GOLD, IN ANCIENT GREECE.
JOHN CAMP: ONE GUY IS THE WINNER AND EVERYBODY ELSE
IS THE LOSER.
THERE'S NO SECOND PLACE, THERE'S NO THIRD PLACE.
SO THERE'S A WHOLE DIFFERENT ETHOS,
A COMPETITIVE ETHOS WHICH RUNS RIGHT THROUGH ALL OF
GREEK LIFE ALL THE TIME,
WHERE THEY'RE STRIVING TO BE THE BEST.
NARRATOR: THE GREEKS HAD A WORD FOR THIS COMPETITIVE
ETHOS, AGON, AS IN AGONY,
AND IT WASN'T CONFINED TO THE OLYMPICS.
BOB COSTAS: AGON IS REALLY JUST AN ANCIENT PREDECESSOR OF
SOMEBODY TELLING YOU NOW THAT NOTHING WORTHWHILE COMES EASY,
IN LOFTY PURSUITS LIKE PHILOSOPHY OR GOVERNMENT
OR LITERATURE OR WHATEVER IT MIGHT BE,
IF WE'RE FORCED TO DO OUR VERY BEST IN THE PURSUIT
OF THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE THEN THAT'S GOING
TO MAKE US BETTER.
NARRATOR: WHEN IT CAME TO PUTTING AGON ON DISPLAY,
THE OLYMPICS WEREN'T THE ONLY GAME IN TOWN.
SO-CALLED PANHELLENIC FESTIVALS WERE HELD
AT FOUR DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS SANCTUARIES ACROSS GREECE,
IN OLYMPIA, DELPHI, NEMEA AND ISTHMIA,
ALTERNATING ANNUALLY BETWEEN EACH ONE,
WHICH IS WHY THE OLYMPICS ARE ONLY HELD EVERY FOUR YEARS.
BUT THERE WAS ONE PLACE THAT MAY PREDATE THEM ALL,
JUST 22 MILES AWAY FROM OLYMPIA,
IN A SMALL MOUNTAIN VILLAGE CALLED LYKAION.
AND EVERY FOUR YEARS RESIDENTS HERE HOST THE LYKAION GAMES
TO KEEP THEIR COMPETITIVE TRADITIONS ALIVE.
♪ ♪
THE MYTHS TELL US ZEUS WASN'T JUST WORSHIPED HERE,
HE WAS BORN HERE.
AND ARCHAEOLOGIST, AND COMPETITOR, DAVID ROMANO,
HAS FOUND EVIDENCE THAT THE GAMES TO HONOR HIM WERE
LIKELY HELD HERE HUNDREDS OF YEARS
BEFORE THE TORCH AT OLYMPIA WAS EVEN LIT.
DAVID ROMANO: WE NOW BELIEVE THAT THE WHOLE IDEA
OF OLYMPIA WAS PROBABLY MODELED ON LYKAION.
SO FOR MANY CENTURIES, ZEUS WAS BEING WORSHIPPED,
AND WAS BEING CELEBRATED HERE,
AND ONLY 22 MILES AWAY AT OLYMPIA,
THERE WAS NO CULT OF ZEUS, UNTIL THE 11TH CENTURY.
NARRATOR: ROMANO'S WORK IS REVEALING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SIGNIFICANCE OF LYKAION, AND TODAY THE PROUD GREEKS
ARE HOPING THE FINDS, AND THEIR GAMES,
WILL PUT THEIR TOWN BACK ON THE MAP.
♪ ♪
THEY'VE GOT A WAYS TO GO.
BUT THE PATH TO EXCELLENCE HAS NEVER BEEN EASY.
OF COURSE THE OLYMPIC SPIRIT HAS ALWAYS BEEN
ABOUT MUCH MORE THAN WINNING.
IN A LAND FILLED WITH AS MANY AS 1500 CITY-STATES,
OFTEN DOING BATTLE OVER RESOURCES, TERRITORY,
AND INFLUENCE, MUCH LIKE TODAY,
THEY BROUGHT PEOPLE TOGETHER.
BOB COSTAS: WITHIN REASON YOUR CITY, YOUR SCHOOL,
YOUR TEAM, OR IN THE CASE OF THE OLYMPICS,
YOUR NATION COMPETING ON A GLOBAL STAGE,
THERE ARE INDIVIDUAL ACHIEVEMENTS, YES,
AND THEY WANT IT FOR THEMSELVES TOO,
LET'S BE REALISTIC, BUT IF THEY GET TO THE TOP
OF THE PODIUM, THEY HEAR THAT NATION'S NATIONAL ANTHEM,
THEIR NATION, AND MUCH OF THAT COUNTRY SWELLS WITH PRIDE,
NOT JUST THE COMPETITOR.
NARRATOR: THIS COMPETITIVE PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE BECAME
A CORE FACET OF GREEK CULTURE,
MUCH LIKE STORIES OF HEROES AND SHARED BELIEFS IN THE GODS.
IT'S WHY 776 BC, DATE OF THE FIRST OLYMPIC GAMES,
IS WIDELY CONSIDERED TO BE THE UNOFFICIAL
BIRTH YEAR OF GREECE.
EVEN IF GREECE WOULD REMAIN A FACTIOUS
COLLECTION OF CITY-STATES.
OVER THE NEXT FEW CENTURIES, NEW GREEK CITY-STATES WOULD
FORM AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD.
EDITH HALL: WHENEVER THERE WASN'T ENOUGH TO EAT,
WHENEVER THERE WAS A BAD TYRANT,
GREEKS JUST GOT UP PACKED THEIR SHIPS AND
WENT OFF SOMEWHERE NEW.
MICHAEL COSMOPOULOS: THE GREEKS COLONIZED THE MEDITERRANEAN.
MARSEILLES AND NICE.
NAPLES IN ITALY.
THEY GO AS FAR NORTH AS THE BLACK SEA, UKRAINE.
THE NEAR EAST, CYPRUS, SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY.
NARRATOR: LIKE FROGS AROUND A POND, TO USE PLATO'S WORDS,
THE GREEKS SAILED AS FAR AND WIDE AS THEIR SHIPS
WOULD TAKE THEM, SPREADING THEIR LANGUAGE
AND TRADITIONS WHEREVER THEY WENT.
BUT ONE THING DISTINGUISHED THESE
GREEK COLONIZERS FROM OTHERS.
NO MATTER HOW TIED TO THEIR ROOTS THEY WERE OR
HOW FAR AFIELD THEY WENT, THEY ALWAYS SEEMED TO EMBRACE
NEW IDEAS FROM THE LANDS THEY SETTLED.
BETTANY HUGHES: IDEAS ARE REALLY THE KIND OF FAVORITE
CURRENCY OF THE GREEKS SO THE GREEKS
MAKE IDEAS THEIR BUSINESS.
AND "IDEA" IS ACTUALLY A PURE GREEK WORD: ADIE.
IT COMES DOWN TO US AS COMPLETELY UNCHANGED.
NARRATOR: AND IN THE 6TH CENTURY BC,
ON WHAT IS NOW THE WEST COAST OF TURKEY,
INSPIRED BY THEIR NEW ASTRONOMICALLY AND
MATHEMATICALLY INCLINED NEIGHBORS IN MESOPOTAMIA
AND EGYPT, GREEK COLONISTS WOULD CONJURE IDEAS SO RADICAL,
THEY'D RESHAPE OUR ENTIRE VISION OF THE WORLD.
THIS IS MILETUS.
YOU'D NEVER KNOW IT NOWADAYS,
BUT 2500 YEARS AGO IT WAS A COASTAL CITY.
THE GREEKS WHO LIVED HERE WOULD TRANSFORM IT INTO
ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST PORTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.
TODAY THE SEA IS JUST OVER 6 MILES TO THE WEST.
BEVERLY GOODMAN: YOU HAVE TO KIND OF IMAGINE THAT INSTEAD
OF HAVING ALL OF THESE FIELDS, THAT THE WATER CAME ALL THE
WAY UP INTO THIS VALLEY.
AND THIS IS THE PLACE WHERE THEY CHOSE TO ESTABLISH MILETUS.
NARRATOR: ACCORDING TO GEO-ARCHAEOLOGIST
BEVERLY GOODMAN, THE REASON FOR THE LANDLOCKED VALLEY
AND FOR THE REVOLUTION IN THOUGHT THAT TOOK PLACE HERE,
BEGINS IN CENTRAL TURKEY FAR TO THE EAST.
THE LONG, WANDERING MAEANDER RIVER,
WHICH GAVE THE WORD "MEANDER" ITS NAME.
BEVERLY GOODMAN: THIS IS THE RIVER THAT, BASICALLY,
WAS ONE OF THE REASONS THAT THEY SETTLED WHERE THEY DID.
BUT IT'S ALSO THE SAME RIVER THAT DESTROYED
THE HARBOR EVENTUALLY.
EDITH HALL: THE SILT FROM THE RIVER MAEANDER GRADUALLY
EXTENDED THE LAND DOWN AND DOWN AND DOWN WESTWARD,
WESTWARD, AND WESTWARD.
SO YOU HAD THESE MEN ACTUALLY WATCHING
THEIR OWN BELOVED CITY, THEY ARE SEAMEN, THEY ARE GREEKS,
BECOMING LANDLOCKED.
NARRATOR: THE HARBOR WAS GONE WITHIN A GENERATION.
TYPICALLY, ANCIENTS FROM GREECE TO EGYPT TO INDIA WOULD
HAVE HAD A SIMPLE ANSWER FOR NATURAL PHENOMENA LIKE THESE:
THE GODS CAUSED THEM.
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: PEOPLE HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IS GOING ON
AND SO IT'S SIMPLER TO SAY ZEUS DID IT, POSEIDON DID IT.
NARRATOR: BUT AS THE WORLDLY CITIZENS OF MILETUS
WATCH THEIR PRECIOUS HARBOR DISAPPEAR PRACTICALLY
IN FRONT OF THEIR EYES, THEY DON'T BLAME THE GODS.
THEY LOOK AT THE STONES AND SILT BEING CARRIED BY THE
MAEANDER INTO THE SEA AND FOR THE FIRST TIME IN RECORDED
HISTORY ATTRIBUTE THEIR WOES TO NATURAL CAUSES.
THEY'RE CONSIDERED TO BE THE WORLD'S FIRST SCIENTISTS AND
FROM THAT MOMENT ON, LIFE WOULD NEVER BE THE SAME.
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: ONCE YOU HATCH THAT EGG,
ONCE YOU CRACK THAT ICE, ONCE YOU PRY OPEN THAT DOOR,
ALL OF NATURE IS THERE FOR YOU TO EXPLORE.
TAKE IT AND RUN WITH IT.
NARRATOR: AND THESE GREEKS ON THE WEST COAST
OF TURKEY DID JUST THAT.
FIRST CAME THALES, CONSIDERED THE WORLD'S FIRST PHILOSOPHER
BY NONE OTHER THAN ARISTOTLE, HE USED GEOMETRY TO CALCULATE
THE DISTANCE OF SHIPS FROM SHORE AND THE HEIGHT
OF EGYPT'S GREAT PYRAMID, WAS FIRST TO PREDICT A SOLAR
ECLIPSE AND POSITED A CAUSE FOR EARTHQUAKES.
HE GOT THE DETAILS WRONG, THAT THE EARTH FLOATED ON WATER
LIKE A GIANT RAFT, BUT HIS NATURAL EXPLANATION WAS WORLDS
BEYOND THE PREVIOUS THEORY, THAT POSEIDON CAUSED THEM.
THALES WOULD INSPIRE OTHER GREEKS, LIKE PYTHAGORAS,
WHO FOUNDED A BROTHERHOOD AROUND THE BELIEF THAT NUMBERS
AND MATHEMATICS COULD EXPLAIN THE UNIVERSE,
EVERYTHING FROM ASTRONOMY TO NATURE TO MUSIC.
AND HIPPOCRATES, A RENOWNED ANCIENT PHYSICIAN WHO
DEVELOPED AN ETHICAL CODE FOR PRACTICING MEDICINE.
TODAY, DOCTORS SWEAR BY AN OATH IN HIS HONOR
TO FIRST DO NO HARM.
COUNTLESS PHILOSOPHERS AND SCIENTISTS WOULD FOLLOW
IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF THESE GREAT THINKERS,
AND THEIR ANCIENT WISDOM CONTINUES TO MOTIVATE ONE
ARTIST IN ATHENS PORT OF PIRAEUS TODAY.
AFTER FOUR LONG DAYS AND NIGHTS,
INO'S MURAL IS FINALLY TAKING SHAPE.
IT SHOWS THE FACE OF DEMOCRITUS,
ANOTHER ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHER WHO DETERMINED
THAT EVERYTHING IN THE UNIVERSE WAS MADE UP OF TINY,
BUILDING BLOCKS CALLED ATOMS, GREEK FOR INDIVISIBLE.
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: FOR ME WHEN I THINK OF A FIRST IDEA
THAT MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS, THAT TELLS YOU THAT THEY ARE
THINKING THAT MAYBE THE UNIVERSE IS KNOWABLE,
NATURE IS KNOWABLE.
THAT'S PROFOUND BECAUSE THAT WOULD BECOME THE VERY
FOUNDATION OF SCIENCE, THAT WE HAVE METHODS AND
TOOLS THAT TRANSCEND OUR FIVE SENSES,
THAT PROBE THE OPERATIONS OF NATURE IN WAYS THAT
YOUR LIFE EXPERIENCE HAS NO ENCOUNTERS WITH.
NARRATOR: PROBING NATURE, QUESTIONING THE ORIGINS OF
PHENOMENA, EVEN OUR VERY EXISTENCE,
THEY ARE PROFOUND IDEAS THAT ALL HAD THEIR START
IN THE EASTERN AEGEAN.
BUT THEY WOULDN'T STAY THERE.
BY THE 6TH CENTURY BC, A NEW POWER WAS EMERGING
IN THE EAST, THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.
AND AS IT EXPANDED, MANY GREEKS WOULD HEAD WEST,
BACK ACROSS THE AEGEAN, TAKING THEIR RADICAL NEW
WAYS OF THINKING WITH THEM.
OVER THE NEXT CENTURY, THE FLOOD OF REASON THAT
BEGAN IN THE MAEANDER RIVER VALLEY WOULD WASH
OVER THE GREEK WORLD, AND EVENTUALLY CULMINATE IN
A SMALL BACKWATER OF A CITY-STATE CALLED ATHENS.
EDITH HALL: SO AGAINST THIS BACKGROUND OF
INTELLECTUAL TURMOIL, OF THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE,
OF ABSTRACT REASONING, AND INDEED IDEAS OF A PHYSICAL
UNIVERSE WHERE MAN CAN INTERVENE IN AND CONTROL,
THAT HE'S NOT ENTIRELY AT THE WHIMS OF THE GODS,
COMES ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY.
NARRATOR: FOR CENTURIES, ATHENS HAD BEEN JUST ONE OF
THOSE 1500 CITY-STATES, CLIMBING ITS WAY OUT OF
THE ASHES OF THE DARK AGE.
TEETERING BETWEEN THE RULE OF RICH, ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES,
WHO CAME TO POWER BY BIRTH,
OR POWER-GRABBING LEADERS CALLED TYRANTS,
PEOPLE WERE OFTEN SUBJECTED TO DRACONIAN LAWS, LITERALLY,
THEY WERE WRITTEN BY A TYRANT NAMED DRACO IN 621 BC.
FARMERS WHO COULDN'T PAY THEIR DEBTS WERE
FORCED INTO SLAVERY.
SIMPLE CRIMES LIKE "STEALING A CABBAGE"
WERE PUNISHABLE BY DEATH.
ATHENS WAS ON THE BRINK OF REVOLUTION UNTIL A WISE
REFORMER NAMED SOLON STEPPED IN WITH A SERIES
OF REFORMS THAT WOULD MAKE TODAY'S GREEKS PROUD.
HE FREED ALL DEBTOR SLAVES, ELIMINATED THE DEATH PENALTY
FOR ALL BUT EXTREME CASES, AND WRESTLED POLITICAL POWER
OUT OF THE HANDS OF NOBLE BLOODLINES BY ESTABLISHING
A COUNCIL OF 400 CITIZENS TO RUN THE CITY.
IT WAS A BIG STEP, UNTETHERING GOVERNANCE FROM INHERITANCE.
BUT ONLY ATHENS' WEALTHIEST CITIZENS HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF
SERVING ON THE COUNCIL,
AND IN THE DECADES THAT FOLLOWED,
FACTIONS OF COMPETING ARISTOCRATS FORMED.
EDITH HALL: YOU HAVE A LOT OF SEESAWING AROUND ABOUT
WHO'S ACTUALLY IN CHARGE AND THIS ACTUALLY
GETS WORSE AND WORSE.
NARRATOR: IN 508 BC, THE POWER STRUGGLE CAME TO A BOIL
BETWEEN TWO RIVAL ARISTOCRATS, ISAGORAS AND CLEISTHENES.
ISAGORAS, WITH SUPPORT FROM MILITARY POWERHOUSE SPARTA,
TOOK CONTROL OF THE CITY,
INSTALLED AN OLIGARCHY OF NOBLES,
AND BANISHED CLEISTHENES.
WITH THE ATHENIAN ELITE SQUARELY IN ISAGAORAS' CORNER,
CLEISTHENES WAS LEFT WITH ONLY ONE PLACE TO TURN.
BETTANY HUGHES: WE ARE TOLD THAT CLEISTHENES TOOK
INTO HIS FACTION, CHA DEMOS, THE COMMON PEOPLE.
NARRATOR: ORDINARY CITIZENS HAD HAD JUST ABOUT ENOUGH OF
ARISTOCRATS AND NOBLES RUNNING THEIR CITY.
FOR THEIR SUPPORT, CLEISTHENES AGREED TO BREAK
THE HOLD OF ARISTOCRATIC FACTIONS,
DETERMINE POWER BY ELECTIONS, NOT WEALTH,
AND INSTITUTE TRIALS BY JURY.
NEITHER LEADER COULD HAVE PREDICTED WHAT HAPPENED NEXT.
AN ALL-OUT REVOLT SWEPT OVER ATHENS.
CITIZENS STORMED THE ACROPOLIS AND SENT ISAGORAS
AND THE SPARTANS PACKING.
AND CLEISTHENES?
JOSIAH OBER: THE WAY TO THINK ABOUT CLEISTHENES
IS HE'S A SURFER.
HE IS RIDING A REALLY BIG WAVE OF AN INCREASINGLY CLEAR
IDENTITY OF A COMMON PEOPLE THAT
THEY ARE THE PEOPLE OF ATHENS.
THEY ARE ATHENS.
HE GETS AHEAD OF THE WAVE,
HE RIDES IT WELL AND THE REST OF IT IS HISTORY.
NARRATOR: WHETHER HE MEANT TO OR NOT,
CLEISTHENES USHERED IN A REVOLUTIONARY NEW WAY OF
RUNNING A SOCIETY.
IN 507 BC, DEMOCRACY WAS BORN.
BETTANY HUGHES: I CANNOT OVER EMPHASIZE HOW
STOMACH-CHURNINGLY MIND-BLOWINGLY
ELECTRICALLY-EXCITING THIS WAS IN ANCIENT GREECE.
BECAUSE THIS IS THE FIRST TIME IN THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE
AS FAR AS WE KNOW WHEN "I" THE PEOPLE ARE ALLOWED
TO ACT AS A POLITICAL AGENT.
SUDDENLY YOU GET PERFUME MAKERS AND CHEESE TRADERS AND
GENERALS AND ARISTOCRATS STANDING NEXT TO ONE ANOTHER
IN THE ASSEMBLY DECIDING HOW THEY SHOULD RUN THEIR OWN LIVES.
NARRATOR: ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY WASN'T EXACTLY OF,
BY AND FOR ALL THE PEOPLE.
YOU NEEDED TO BE A FREE MALE CITIZEN.
WOMEN, SLAVES AND FOREIGN BORN NEED NOT APPLY,
WHICH MEANS FEWER THAN 50,000 IN A CITY OF MORE THAN 200,000,
LESS THAN 20%, WERE ACTUALLY ELIGIBLE TO VOTE.
STILL, THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY WAS WILDLY POPULAR.
"DEMOCRITUS," OR JUDGE OF THE PEOPLE,
THE STAR OF INO'S MURAL, BECAME ONE OF THE MOST
PREVALENT NAMES OF THE TIME.
BETTANY HUGHES: SO THIS IS THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY
MOMENT IN THE HUMAN STORY.
DEMOCRACY JUST APPEARS FROM THAT FEBRILE,
FERVENT BUBBLE THAT IS GREECE AND IT'S BEEN DELIVERED
DOWN TO US AS ONE OF THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY
LEGACIES OF THE GREEK WORLD.
JOSIAH OBER: THE DEMOCRACY EMERGES IN STRIFE.
IT WAS THE WILL OF THE ORDINARY PEOPLE.
THAT IS WHAT MADE DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE.
NARRATOR: TWO AND A HALF MILLENNIA LATER,
IT'S ORDINARY PEOPLE WHO CONTINUE TO FIGHT FOR IT.
♪ ♪
PEOPLE LIKE INO, WHO'S PUTTING THE FINISHING TOUCHES
ON HIS MURAL, AN INFANT LOOKING UP AT DEMOCRITUS.
INO: IT'S ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE, AND THE POWER OF KNOWLEDGE.
THE CHILD IS THE PEOPLE.
THE YOUNGER PEOPLE AFTER THE ANCIENTS.
IT'S A CONNECTION, FROM THEN TO NOW.
THE POWER IS IN EVERY ONE OF US AND WITH COLLABORATION
WE CAN WORK TO MAKE THIS PLACE BETTER.
NARRATOR: INDIVIDUALS CORRALLING THEIR TALENTS
TO MAKE LIFE BETTER, IT'S WHAT THE GREEKS
HAVE ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT.
THROUGH ONE OF THE DARKEST CHAPTERS IN HISTORY,
THEY BUILT A CIVILIZATION FROM THE BOTTOM UP,
DELIVERING SOME OF HUMANITY'S GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS:
LITERATURE, THE OLYMPICS,
SCIENTIFIC REASONING, DEMOCRACY.
AND THEY WERE JUST GETTING STARTED.
BETTANY HUGHES: WHAT IS VERY INTERESTING ABOUT DEMOCRACY
IN GREECE IS THAT VERY QUICKLY IT BECOMES THIS IDEA
THAT CATCHES LIKE WILDFIRE AND THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT
THAT POWERS THE KIND OF ENGINE OF CHANGE AND THE
DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION THAT STILL SPEAKS TO US TODAY.
NARRATOR: WITH POWER NOW SQUARELY IN THE
HANDS OF THE PEOPLE, CITIZENS WOULD FINALLY HAVE
THE CHANCE TO SET THEIR OWN COURSE,
NOT ONLY FOR ATHENS, BUT FOR ALL OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION.
ANNOUNCER: NEXT TIME ON "THE GREEKS",
THE GOLDEN AGE FINALLY ARRIVES,
THE PEOPLE RULE AND NEW IDEAS TAKE HOLD.
BETTANY HUGHES: THEY'RE WORKING OUT THE BEST WAY
TO BE HUMAN, THE BEST WAY TO LIVE IN THE WORLD.
AND THAT'S AN IDEA THAT IS AS STRONG NOW AS WHEN
IT WAS FIRST CONCEIVED 25 CENTURIES AGO.
ANNOUNCER: CHASING GREATNESS, ON "THE GREEKS".
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS PROGRAM, VISIT PBS.ORG.
"THE GREEKS" IS AVAILABLE ON DVD.
THE COMPANION BOOK IS ALSO AVAILABLE.
TO ORDER, VISIT SHOPPBS.ORG OR CALL 1-800-PLAY-PBS.
THE GREEKS WAS MADE POSSIB