1
00:00:07,700 --> 00:00:12,267
NARRATOR: THEY BROUGHT
US DEMOCRACY, EPIC POETRY,

2
00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:18,333
SCIENCE, AND
THE OLYMPIC SPIRIT.

3
00:00:22,200 --> 00:00:25,133
AND YET, MENTION
GREECE THESE DAYS AND

4
00:00:25,133 --> 00:00:29,267
YOU'RE MORE LIKELY TO THINK
ATM LINES, GOVERNMENT BAILOUTS,

5
00:00:29,267 --> 00:00:32,900
AND ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.

6
00:00:32,900 --> 00:00:37,000
BETTANY HUGHES: THEY ARE IN AN
IMPOSSIBLE ECONOMIC SITUATION,

7
00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:39,167
BUT I THINK THE
GREEKS DRAW INSPIRATION

8
00:00:39,167 --> 00:00:42,533
FROM THEIR OWN PAST.

9
00:00:42,533 --> 00:00:44,767
NARRATOR: 3,000 YEARS AGO,

10
00:00:44,767 --> 00:00:46,667
GREECE, AND MUCH OF
THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD

11
00:00:46,667 --> 00:00:48,567
FOR THAT MATTER,

12
00:00:48,567 --> 00:00:54,000
FACED HARDSHIPS UNLIKE
ANYTHING HUMANS HAD BEFORE.

13
00:00:54,000 --> 00:01:00,133
WAR AND FAMINE, ECONOMIC
AND ENVIRONMENTAL MELTDOWNS,

14
00:01:00,133 --> 00:01:03,200
MASS MIGRATIONS.

15
00:01:03,200 --> 00:01:09,533
IT WAS THE WORST
COLLAPSE IN HUMAN HISTORY.

16
00:01:09,533 --> 00:01:11,667
THE SOPHISTICATED
GREEK CIVILIZATIONS OF

17
00:01:11,667 --> 00:01:15,000
THE BRONZE AGE,
FIRST THE MINOANS,

18
00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:20,467
THEN THE MYCENAEANS,
FADED INTO MEMORY.

19
00:01:20,467 --> 00:01:22,833
BETTANY HUGHES: YOU HAVE
THESE AMAZING CIVILIZATIONS

20
00:01:22,833 --> 00:01:25,133
IN THE GREEK BRONZE AGE,

21
00:01:25,133 --> 00:01:28,567
INCREDIBLE EXAMPLES
OF HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT

22
00:01:28,567 --> 00:01:35,800
AND SOMEONE OR SOMETHING
BRINGS THAT ALL CRASHING DOWN.

23
00:01:35,800 --> 00:01:38,867
NARRATOR: AND YET, SOMEHOW,
THE GREEKS WHO EMERGED FROM

24
00:01:38,867 --> 00:01:43,933
THIS DARK AGE WOULD BE
THE FIRST TO WRITE IN VERSE,

25
00:01:43,933 --> 00:01:50,200
POSIT A THEORY OF NATURE,
AND VOTE IN AN ELECTION.

26
00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:52,933
JOSIAH OBER: IMAGINE THAT
THERE WAS NEVER A COLLAPSE,

27
00:01:52,933 --> 00:01:56,867
IT'S VERY UNLIKELY THAT
WE WOULD HAVE WHAT WE THINK OF

28
00:01:56,867 --> 00:01:59,667
AS GREEK CIVILIZATION.

29
00:01:59,667 --> 00:02:03,500
NARRATOR: THROUGH ONE OF
HISTORY'S DARKEST CHAPTERS,

30
00:02:03,500 --> 00:02:05,833
INDIVIDUALS
STRIVING TO BE BETTER,

31
00:02:05,833 --> 00:02:09,500
WOULD BAND TOGETHER,
BUILD A NEW SOCIETY

32
00:02:09,500 --> 00:02:13,367
AND ULTIMATELY
CHANGE THE WORLD.

33
00:02:13,367 --> 00:02:17,367
JOHN CAMP: YOU ARE SUPPOSED
TO TRY TO BE THE BEST YOU CAN.

34
00:02:17,367 --> 00:02:20,800
NARRATOR: FROM STRIFE
ROSE THE FOUNDATIONS OF

35
00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:27,800
WESTERN CIVILIZATION, RIGHT
NOW ON NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC'S

36
00:02:27,800 --> 00:02:30,233
"THE GREEKS".

37
00:02:31,700 --> 00:02:38,367
♪[NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
THEME MUSIC PLAYS]. ♪

38
00:02:52,833 --> 00:02:54,433
NARRATOR: IN
GREECE THESE DAYS,

39
00:02:54,433 --> 00:02:59,567
THE SIGNS OF
STRIFE ARE INESCAPABLE.

40
00:02:59,567 --> 00:03:03,467
CITIZENS ARE OUTRAGED OVER
THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS.

41
00:03:10,367 --> 00:03:12,167
[EXPLOSION]

42
00:03:15,933 --> 00:03:19,233
IT'S ESPECIALLY DEMORALIZING
IN A COUNTRY WHERE REMINDERS

43
00:03:19,233 --> 00:03:24,733
OF CIVILIZATION'S FORMER
GLORIES ARE EVERYWHERE.

44
00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:40,033
MANY ARE FINDING CREATIVE
WAYS TO EXPRESS THEIR CONCERNS.

45
00:03:42,233 --> 00:03:44,933
IN ATHENS, GRAFFITI
BLANKETS PRACTICALLY

46
00:03:44,933 --> 00:03:49,000
EVERY WALL IN THE CITY.

47
00:03:54,567 --> 00:03:57,133
DIMITRI: IT'S A KIND
OF JUNGLE AT THE MOMENT.

48
00:03:57,133 --> 00:04:01,967
ALL THIS CONFUSION
TAKING PLACE IN GREECE.

49
00:04:01,967 --> 00:04:06,333
IT'S A WAY OUT, A WAY FOR
EACH PERSON TO SHOW THEIR ANGER.

50
00:04:06,333 --> 00:04:10,900
OF COURSE, THROUGH THIS,
BEAUTIFUL THINGS EMERGE.

51
00:04:20,333 --> 00:04:23,000
NARRATOR: ONE ATHENIAN
ARTIST IN PARTICULAR SEEMS

52
00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:27,033
TO BE DRAWING ON THE
ANCIENTS FOR INSPIRATION,

53
00:04:27,033 --> 00:04:30,433
INVOKING THEIR WISDOM
TO PROTEST EVERYTHING FROM

54
00:04:30,433 --> 00:04:34,533
CORRUPTION TO
AUSTERITY TO GREED.

55
00:04:37,433 --> 00:04:41,167
HIS MURALS ARE WIDELY
RECOGNIZED NOT ONLY IN GREECE,

56
00:04:41,167 --> 00:04:46,400
BUT THROUGHOUT THE WORLD,
EVEN IF THE ARTIST HIMSELF

57
00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:50,300
PREFERS TO REMAIN ANONYMOUS.

58
00:04:52,967 --> 00:04:57,200
HE'S KNOWN ONLY AS INO.

59
00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:01,767
TODAY, ON A PROMINENT
BUILDING IN ATHENS' BUSTLING

60
00:05:01,767 --> 00:05:05,967
PORT OF PIRAEUS, HE'S
STARTING ON A NEW MURAL,

61
00:05:05,967 --> 00:05:08,533
ONE THAT HE HOPES
WILL INSPIRE FELLOW GREEKS

62
00:05:08,533 --> 00:05:12,433
AND INCITE
CHANGE IN HIS COUNTRY.

63
00:05:15,967 --> 00:05:20,733
INO: MANY PEOPLE, THEY WANT
EVERYTHING READY IN THE DISH.

64
00:05:20,733 --> 00:05:23,900
THEY WANT THINGS,
BUT THEY DON'T TRY,

65
00:05:23,900 --> 00:05:28,067
SO TO HAVE A CHANGE,
YOU MUST TRY.

66
00:05:28,067 --> 00:05:31,267
FOR ME THAT IS
WHAT KEEPS YOU ALIVE.

67
00:05:31,267 --> 00:05:33,867
YOU'RE POOR IF
YOU HAVE EVERYTHING,

68
00:05:33,867 --> 00:05:38,967
AND IF YOU DON'T
FIGHT FOR SOMETHING.

69
00:05:38,967 --> 00:05:40,700
NARRATOR: IT'S A SENTIMENT
INO COULD HAVE PULLED

70
00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:44,967
STRAIGHT OUT OF
ANCIENT GREECE.

71
00:05:44,967 --> 00:05:47,533
THAT STRIFE CAN BRING
OUT THE BEST IN PEOPLE

72
00:05:47,533 --> 00:05:50,033
IS AN AGE-OLD NOTION.

73
00:05:50,033 --> 00:05:52,500
BUT FOR THE GREEKS
IT WOULD FORM THE BASIS

74
00:05:52,500 --> 00:05:55,467
OF THEIR IDENTITY.

75
00:05:55,467 --> 00:05:58,467
WITHOUT STRIFE, THE ANCIENT
GREEK POET HESIOD WROTE

76
00:05:58,467 --> 00:06:03,267
NEARLY 3,000 YEARS AGO,
THERE COULD BE NO GREATNESS.

77
00:06:03,267 --> 00:06:08,233
SO LONG AS IT'S THE
RIGHT KIND OF STRIFE.

78
00:06:03,267 --> 00:06:08,233
SO LONG AS IT'S THE
RIGHT KIND OF STRIFE.

79
00:06:08,233 --> 00:06:11,667
HESIOD: INDEED ON THIS
EARTH, TWO KINDS EXIST.

80
00:06:11,667 --> 00:06:18,267
FOR ONE FOSTERS EVIL, WAR
AND BATTLE: HER NO MAN LOVES;

81
00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:23,267
THE SECOND, SET IN
THE ROOTS OF THE EARTH,

82
00:06:23,267 --> 00:06:26,433
SHE IS FAR KINDER TO MEN.

83
00:06:26,433 --> 00:06:29,500
SHE STIRS UP EVEN
THE LAZY TO TOIL;

84
00:06:29,500 --> 00:06:32,367
FOR A MAN GROWS
EAGER TO WORK WHEN HE

85
00:06:32,367 --> 00:06:35,700
CONSIDERS HIS NEIGHBOR,
A RICH MAN WHO HASTENS

86
00:06:35,700 --> 00:06:37,700
TO PLOUGH AND PLANT;

87
00:06:37,700 --> 00:06:42,433
NEIGHBOR VIES WITH NEIGHBOR
AS HE HURRIES AFTER WEALTH.

88
00:06:42,433 --> 00:06:45,733
THIS STRIFE IS
WHOLESOME FOR MAN.

89
00:06:45,733 --> 00:06:48,633
JOHN CAMP: THE VERY EARLIEST
LINES OF GREEK LITERATURE ARE

90
00:06:48,633 --> 00:06:53,533
HESIOD TELLING YOU ABOUT
BAD STRIFE WHICH CREATES WAR

91
00:06:53,533 --> 00:06:57,800
AND DEATH AND A GOOD
STRIFE WHICH MAKES MEN STRIVE

92
00:06:57,800 --> 00:07:00,033
AGAINST EACH OTHER TO
BE THE BEST AND IT SAYS,

93
00:07:00,033 --> 00:07:03,600
"POET AGAINST POET,
POTTER AGAINST POTTER."

94
00:07:03,600 --> 00:07:05,333
EDITH HALL: OR A PAINTER
COMPETES WITH A PAINTER,

95
00:07:05,333 --> 00:07:11,100
HE EVEN SAYS A BEGGAR CAN
COMPETE WITH ANOTHER BEGGAR.

96
00:07:11,100 --> 00:07:14,800
JOSIAH OBER: HESOID SEES
THE ADVANTAGE OF HARD WORK.

97
00:07:14,800 --> 00:07:17,867
HE SEES COMPETITION
AS BEING VALUABLE.

98
00:07:17,867 --> 00:07:19,933
POTTER CONTENDS
AGAINST POTTER.

99
00:07:19,933 --> 00:07:23,200
DOESN'T MEAN THAT PEOPLE WERE
CUTTING EACH OTHER'S THROATS.

100
00:07:23,200 --> 00:07:25,833
IT MEANS THAT PEOPLE WERE
TRYING TO MAKE BETTER POTS,

101
00:07:25,833 --> 00:07:32,733
IN A WORLD THAT SAW
SOME MARKET IN GOOD POTS.

102
00:07:32,733 --> 00:07:34,700
NARRATOR: IT'S A WORK
ETHIC THAT MAY HAVE LIFTED

103
00:07:34,700 --> 00:07:39,433
INO'S GREEK ANCESTORS OUT
OF SOME VERY DARK TIMES.

104
00:07:42,867 --> 00:07:45,533
A LITTLE MORE
THAN 3,000 YEARS AGO,

105
00:07:45,533 --> 00:07:49,267
HUNDREDS OF YEARS BEFORE
ATHENS' GLORIOUS GOLDEN AGE,

106
00:07:49,267 --> 00:07:52,433
GREECE AND SOCIETIES ACROSS
THE MEDITERRANEAN FACED

107
00:07:52,433 --> 00:07:54,933
STRUGGLES UNLIKE
ANYTHING WE'VE EXPERIENCED

108
00:07:54,933 --> 00:08:00,733
IN MODERN TIMES:
FAMINE, MASS MIGRATIONS,

109
00:08:00,733 --> 00:08:03,600
A GLOBAL ECONOMIC COLLAPSE.

110
00:08:03,600 --> 00:08:07,633
THE MYCENAEAN EMPIRE, WHOSE
EXTRAVAGANT PALACES IN MYCENAE

111
00:08:07,633 --> 00:08:10,600
AND PYLOS WOULD INSPIRE
THE LIKES OF "THE ILIAD"

112
00:08:10,600 --> 00:08:15,067
AND "THE ODYSSEY",
WAS BROUGHT TO ITS KNEES.

113
00:08:15,067 --> 00:08:17,233
ERIC CLINE: OVER A
PERIOD OVER 200 YEARS,

114
00:08:17,233 --> 00:08:20,533
YOU GO FROM THE HEIGHT
OF CIVILIZATION TO ALMOST

115
00:08:20,533 --> 00:08:22,200
ABSOLUTELY NOTHING.

116
00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,100
EVERYTHING THAT THEY
HAD KNOWN IN THE BRONZE AGE

117
00:08:25,100 --> 00:08:27,600
SUDDENLY COLLAPSES.

118
00:08:33,067 --> 00:08:35,233
NARRATOR: ARCHAEOLOGISTS
CALL THIS PERIOD,

119
00:08:35,233 --> 00:08:40,800
FROM 1200 DOWN TO 800 BC,
THE GREEK DARK AGE,

120
00:08:40,800 --> 00:08:46,567
SINCE SO FEW HALLMARKS OF
CIVILIZATION HAVE BEEN FOUND.

121
00:08:52,367 --> 00:08:54,867
AND YET, EVEN IF PEOPLE
MAY HAVE BEEN BUILDING AND

122
00:08:54,867 --> 00:08:58,467
WRITING LESS DURING THIS TIME,
SCHOLARS ARE BEGINNING TO

123
00:08:58,467 --> 00:09:04,767
RECOGNIZE THAT CULTURE
DIDN'T VANISH COMPLETELY.

124
00:09:04,767 --> 00:09:07,133
BETTANY HUGHES: THERE IS
NO TIME WHEN THE LIGHT OF

125
00:09:07,133 --> 00:09:09,967
CIVILIZATION AND SOCIETY
IS COMPLETELY EXTINGUISHED.

126
00:09:07,133 --> 00:09:09,967
CIVILIZATION AND SOCIETY
IS COMPLETELY EXTINGUISHED.

127
00:09:09,967 --> 00:09:13,533
THERE ARE ALWAYS
GLIMMERS SOMEWHERE.

128
00:09:16,100 --> 00:09:19,300
NARRATOR: KINGS AND
PALACES WERE GONE,

129
00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:25,667
BUT THE COMMONERS WERE STILL
THERE TO PICK UP THE PIECES.

130
00:09:26,733 --> 00:09:28,867
GREG NAGY: THINK OF IT
AS A PYRAMID WHERE THE

131
00:09:28,867 --> 00:09:33,433
ENTIRE SOCIETY IS DEFINED,
LET'S SAY, BY THE PINNACLE,

132
00:09:33,433 --> 00:09:35,667
SO WHAT HAPPENS IS THAT
THE TOP OF THE PYRAMID IS

133
00:09:35,667 --> 00:09:40,133
LOPPED OFF, BUT EVERYTHING
UNDERNEATH IS THERE.

134
00:09:40,133 --> 00:09:43,200
EDITH HALL: WE DO KNOW THAT
THE BASIC GREEK WAY OF LIFE,

135
00:09:43,200 --> 00:09:46,700
THESE SMALL CRAFTSMAN,
THESE PEASANT FARMERS,

136
00:09:46,700 --> 00:09:50,467
THESE SEA GOING TRADERS,
STAYED BASICALLY THE SAME.

137
00:09:51,967 --> 00:09:55,233
NARRATOR: ONLY NOW FOR
THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY AND

138
00:09:55,233 --> 00:09:59,333
IN TRUE HESIODIC FASHION,
THE FRUITS OF THEIR HARD WORK,

139
00:09:59,333 --> 00:10:02,133
SKILLS AND TALENTS
DIDN'T GO TO A SELECT

140
00:10:02,133 --> 00:10:06,233
FEW ELITE AT THE TOP.

141
00:10:06,233 --> 00:10:10,667
THE WORKERS THEMSELVES WOULD
HAVE A SHOT AT THE GOOD LIFE.

142
00:10:12,333 --> 00:10:17,033
♪ ♪

143
00:10:17,033 --> 00:10:19,400
JOHN HALE: OUT OF THIS COMES
ONE OF THE MOST DISTINCTIVE

144
00:10:19,400 --> 00:10:23,867
GREEK POSSESSIONS THAT WE
HAVE STILL TO DEFINE THE WEST,

145
00:10:23,867 --> 00:10:25,667
THE CULT OF THE INDIVIDUAL.

146
00:10:25,667 --> 00:10:28,767
IT IS THE SUPREME
OPPORTUNITY GIVEN TO EACH

147
00:10:28,767 --> 00:10:31,667
OF US AS INDIVIDUALS
TO MAKE OUR OWN IDENTITY,

148
00:10:31,667 --> 00:10:36,200
MAKE OUR OWN WORLD,
MAKE OUR OWN LIFE.

149
00:10:36,200 --> 00:10:38,433
BETTANY HUGHES: I THINK THE
GREEKS KEEP HOLD OF THIS IDEA

150
00:10:38,433 --> 00:10:42,133
THAT THEY ARE SOMEHOW SPECIAL,
THAT THEY HAVE POTENTIAL.

151
00:10:42,133 --> 00:10:47,000
EVEN IF TIMES ARE HARD THEY
HAVE A KIND OF PLUCKINESS AND

152
00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:49,667
A GRIT AND REALLY THEY
ARE CREATING THE CONDITIONS FOR

153
00:10:49,667 --> 00:10:52,900
CHANGE THAT ALLOW THE
GLORIES OF GREECE THEN TO

154
00:10:52,900 --> 00:10:56,400
EMERGE A HUNDRED
OR SO YEARS LATER.

155
00:10:58,767 --> 00:11:04,333
♪ ♪

156
00:11:10,200 --> 00:11:14,167
[AUDIENCE APPLAUSE]

157
00:11:14,167 --> 00:11:15,867
NARRATOR: THE EARLIEST
EVIDENCE TO SUGGEST THIS

158
00:11:15,867 --> 00:11:19,767
TIMELESS GREEK IDENTITY
ENDURED THROUGH THE DARK AGE

159
00:11:19,767 --> 00:11:21,700
COMES FROM A SMALL POEM,

160
00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:25,600
INSCRIBED IN A
MOST UNLIKELY PLACE:

161
00:11:27,433 --> 00:11:31,300
THE SIDE OF AN ANCIENT WINE
POT CALLED THE CUP OF NESTOR.

162
00:11:35,067 --> 00:11:37,867
IT'S EARLY IN
THE 8TH CENTURY BC.

163
00:11:37,867 --> 00:11:40,967
A GROUP OF GREEK TRADERS,
HAVING SAILED FROM RHODES OFF

164
00:11:40,967 --> 00:11:44,367
THE WESTERN COAST OF TURKEY,
WHERE THE POT ORIGINATED TO

165
00:11:44,367 --> 00:11:48,233
THE ISLAND OF ISCHIA OFF OF
ITALY WHERE IT WAS DISCOVERED,

166
00:11:48,233 --> 00:11:50,300
ARE KICKING BACK.

167
00:11:50,300 --> 00:11:51,933
EDITH HALL: ONCE THEY
GET TO THEIR DESTINATION

168
00:11:51,933 --> 00:11:54,400
TO SELL THE POT,
PRESUMABLY, GUESS WHAT?

169
00:11:54,400 --> 00:11:58,100
THEY'RE GREEKS; THEY DECIDE
TO HAVE A DRINKING PARTY.

170
00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:00,967
AND THERE ARE THREE MEN
WHO ARE HAVING A COMPETITION

171
00:12:00,967 --> 00:12:05,167
IN MAKING A POEM,
WITTY ONE LINERS.

172
00:12:05,167 --> 00:12:07,300
NARRATOR: THEY PASS
THE POT BETWEEN THEM,

173
00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:11,367
EACH ONE SCRIBBLING A VERSE
IN THEIR OWN HANDWRITING.

174
00:12:07,300 --> 00:12:11,367
EACH ONE SCRIBBLING A VERSE
IN THEIR OWN HANDWRITING.

175
00:12:11,367 --> 00:12:15,167
EDITH HALL: I AM THE CUP OF
NESTOR GOOD FOR DRINKING FROM,

176
00:12:15,167 --> 00:12:19,233
WHOEVER DRINKS FROM THIS
CUP ON HIM STRAIGHT AWAY

177
00:12:19,233 --> 00:12:24,433
WILL COME DESIRE FOR
APHRODITE OF THE LOVELY CROWN.

178
00:12:24,433 --> 00:12:26,233
NARRATOR: IN OTHER WORDS.

179
00:12:26,233 --> 00:12:30,800
EDITH HALL: IF YOU DRINK WINE
OUT OF THIS CUP YOU WILL BEGIN

180
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:33,600
TO FEEL EXTREMELY SEXY
INDEED AND WANT TO FIND A WOMAN

181
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:37,100
AS BEAUTIFUL AS THE
GODDESS OF LOVE APHRODITE.

182
00:12:39,267 --> 00:12:42,100
NARRATOR: THEY ARE JUST
THREE LINES OF VERSE,

183
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:44,000
BUT THEY REVEAL A LOT
ABOUT THE GREEKS

184
00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:48,400
WHO LIVED DURING
THIS MYSTERIOUS TIME.

185
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,867
THE CUP WAS FOUND ON A
REMOTE ISLAND HUNDREDS OF MILES

186
00:12:51,867 --> 00:12:54,733
FROM GREECE, SO WE
KNOW THAT LIKE THEIR MINOAN

187
00:12:54,733 --> 00:12:59,567
AND MYCENAEAN ANCESTORS,
THEY CONTINUED TO BE SEAFARING.

188
00:13:01,367 --> 00:13:05,533
THE WRITING ITSELF IS NEW,
NOT THE HIEROGLYPHIC SCRIPT OF

189
00:13:05,533 --> 00:13:09,100
THEIR MYCENAEAN PREDECESSORS,
BUT INNOVATIVE LETTERS

190
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:12,933
ADAPTED FROM THE
PHOENICIANS, GREEK,

191
00:13:12,933 --> 00:13:16,800
THE EARLIEST
EXAMPLE EVER FOUND.

192
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:19,267
JOHN HALE: THE VERY FIRST
USE OF LETTERS WE HAVE,

193
00:13:19,267 --> 00:13:21,433
THE OLDEST ONE THAT
WE'VE DISCOVERED FOR GREECE,

194
00:13:21,433 --> 00:13:26,533
IS AN EXPRESSION OF
PERSONAL FEELING, A PERSONALITY.

195
00:13:26,533 --> 00:13:32,667
WELL, THAT IS NOT WHAT
PHOENICIANS USED LETTERS FOR,

196
00:13:32,667 --> 00:13:33,667
THAT IS NOT WHAT PEOPLE
IN THE NEAR EAST OR

197
00:13:33,667 --> 00:13:36,200
EGYPT USED WRITING FOR.

198
00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:37,767
WRITING IN
THOSE WORLDS BELONGED

199
00:13:37,767 --> 00:13:39,933
TO THE AUTHORITY STRUCTURE.

200
00:13:39,933 --> 00:13:43,633
TO KINGS, TO PRIESTS.

201
00:13:45,233 --> 00:13:49,267
NARRATOR: THE SUGGESTION OF
A GAME IMPLIES COMPETITIVENESS.

202
00:13:49,267 --> 00:13:52,233
THEY'RE GETTING
DRUNK AND CRACKING JOKES

203
00:13:52,233 --> 00:13:56,600
SO IT SEEMS THEY KNOW
HOW TO HAVE A GOOD TIME.

204
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,433
EDITH HALL: THEY ARE LAUGHING
AT SEX, THEY ARE WITTY,

205
00:13:59,433 --> 00:14:01,833
THEY ARE VERBAL, THEY
ARE ALREADY COMPLETELY GREEK

206
00:14:01,833 --> 00:14:06,367
JUST AS THEY WERE
500 YEARS BEFORE IN MYCENAE.

207
00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:10,533
NARRATOR: THEY'D GONE
THROUGH THE WORST COLLAPSE

208
00:14:10,533 --> 00:14:15,567
IN HUMAN HISTORY, BUT WITHIN
ONLY A FEW HUNDRED YEARS,

209
00:14:15,567 --> 00:14:19,667
ABSENT THE CENTRALIZED POWER
OF KINGS AND BUREAUCRACY,

210
00:14:19,667 --> 00:14:23,800
GREEKS WERE FORGING A NEW
SOCIAL ORDER FOR THEMSELVES,

211
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:29,200
REBUILDING THEIR CIVILIZATION
FROM THE BOTTOM UP.

212
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:31,367
JOHN HALE: THE IDEA THAT
YOU COULD GO AND PARLEY YOUR

213
00:14:31,367 --> 00:14:34,167
WEALTH OR SKILLS INTO
A NEW SOCIAL IDENTITY,

214
00:14:34,167 --> 00:14:36,767
OR YOU COULD PULL YOURSELF
UP BY YOUR BOOT STRAPS,

215
00:14:36,767 --> 00:14:41,467
WHERE YOU COULD ELEVATE
YOUR RANK, THIS IS ANATHEMA,

216
00:14:41,467 --> 00:14:45,100
IN THE AUTOCRATIC KINGDOMS OF
EGYPT, MESOPOTAMIA, PERSIA.

217
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:50,033
IT IS WHAT GREECE
IS ALL ABOUT.

218
00:14:51,467 --> 00:14:56,367
NARRATOR: OF COURSE,
THERE WAS NO GREECE JUST YET,

219
00:14:56,367 --> 00:15:02,267
NO ATHENS, NO SPARTA, JUST
DISPARATE GROUPS OF PEOPLE.

220
00:15:06,667 --> 00:15:11,267
BUT THERE WAS SOMETHING
BINDING THEM TOGETHER,

221
00:15:06,667 --> 00:15:11,267
BUT THERE WAS SOMETHING
BINDING THEM TOGETHER,

222
00:15:11,267 --> 00:15:16,700
A COMMON LANGUAGE AND SOME OF
THE GREATEST STORIES EVER TOLD.

223
00:15:19,433 --> 00:15:21,567
MOVIE CLIP: THE GOLDEN
AGE OF ADVENTURE SURGES

224
00:15:21,567 --> 00:15:24,167
TO LIFE AGAIN.

225
00:15:24,167 --> 00:15:25,967
NARRATOR: WE'VE ALL
HEARD THE EPIC STORIES OF

226
00:15:25,967 --> 00:15:32,267
THE TROJAN WAR,
OF ACHILLES AND AGAMEMNON,

227
00:15:34,267 --> 00:15:43,200
HELEN AND ODYSSEUS AND OF THE
GODS, ZEUS, POSEIDON, ATHENA,

228
00:15:43,200 --> 00:15:46,467
AND THE MANY OTHERS WHO PUT
THE HEROES THROUGH THEIR PACES.

229
00:15:46,467 --> 00:15:49,467
MOVIE CLIP: WHEN MEN LIKE
US AND GODS LIKE MEN,

230
00:15:49,467 --> 00:15:53,367
LIVE AND LOVE VIOLENTLY.

231
00:15:53,367 --> 00:15:55,567
NARRATOR: WELL THE
POST-DARK AGE GREEKS,

232
00:15:55,567 --> 00:15:58,933
WOULD HAVE BEEN
WELL VERSED IN THEM TOO.

233
00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:03,567
IN FACT IT MAY WELL
HAVE BEEN THESE EPIC STORIES

234
00:16:03,567 --> 00:16:06,700
THAT KEPT THEM GOING
WHEN THEIR CIVILIZATION WAS

235
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:09,867
FALLING DOWN AROUND THEM.

236
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:13,333
MICHAEL COSMOPOULOS: WHEN
YOU GO THROUGH A PERIOD

237
00:16:13,333 --> 00:16:16,333
OF DIFFICULTY, WHEN
YOU GO THROUGH A CRISIS,

238
00:16:16,333 --> 00:16:19,100
YOUR INSTINCT IS TO
RETURN TO YOUR ROOTS.

239
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:21,100
ERIC CLINE: THAT'S ONE OF
THE HALLMARKS OF A SYSTEMS

240
00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:26,067
COLLAPSE IS WHEN THE GROUP
AFTER THE COLLAPSE LOOKS BACK

241
00:16:26,067 --> 00:16:28,533
AND TELLS STORIES
ABOUT WHAT IT WAS LIKE

242
00:16:28,533 --> 00:16:34,033
BACK WHEN MEN WERE MEN, THAT,
OH THAT WAS BACK IN THE DAY.

243
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:43,667
NARRATOR: FROM THE BRONZE
AGE COLLAPSE IN ABOUT 1200 BC

244
00:16:43,667 --> 00:16:46,400
AND FOR HUNDREDS OF
YEARS THROUGH THE DARK AGE,

245
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:49,300
PEOPLE PASSED THE
STORIES DOWN ORALLY,

246
00:16:49,300 --> 00:16:53,000
FROM GENERATION TO
GENERATION, TOWN TO TOWN,

247
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,333
THROUGH WANDERING POETS,
CAPABLE OF MEMORIZING AND

248
00:16:56,333 --> 00:17:01,600
RECITING HUNDREDS OF
THOUSANDS OF LINES OF VERSE.

249
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:06,100
UNTIL FINALLY, SOMETIME IN THE
MIDDLE OF THE 8TH CENTURY BC,

250
00:17:06,100 --> 00:17:11,000
GOOD OLD HESIOD AND ANOTHER
GUY, THE GREEK POET HOMER,

251
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:16,100
USE THEIR NEW HIGH-TECH
ALPHABET TO WRITE THEM DOWN.

252
00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:19,100
EDITH HALL: THE GREEKS
WERE EXTREMELY PROUD OF THREE

253
00:17:19,100 --> 00:17:22,533
REALLY LONG POEMS, WHICH
THEY ALL LEARNED BY HEART

254
00:17:22,533 --> 00:17:26,500
IN CHILDHOOD,
"THE ILIAD", "THE ODYSSEY",

255
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:29,367
AND HESIOD'S
"BIRTH OF THE GODS".

256
00:17:29,367 --> 00:17:32,833
THESE THREE POEMS WERE
THE ABSOLUTE LYNCH PINS

257
00:17:32,833 --> 00:17:36,233
OF GREEK IDENTITY.

258
00:17:36,233 --> 00:17:37,933
NARRATOR:
UNFORTUNATELY FOR US,

259
00:17:37,933 --> 00:17:40,400
THERE ARE NO FIRST EDITION
"ILIAD'S" OR "ODYSSEY'S"

260
00:17:40,400 --> 00:17:44,133
FLOATING AROUND;
PAPYRI SCROLLS WEREN'T

261
00:17:44,133 --> 00:17:47,667
WRITTEN FOR POSTERITY.

262
00:17:47,667 --> 00:17:50,767
THE CLOSEST WE'RE ABLE TO
GET ARE FRAGMENTS RESCUED FROM

263
00:17:50,767 --> 00:17:54,967
ANCIENT TRASH HEAPS AND
NOW IN THE CARE OF RESEARCHERS

264
00:17:54,967 --> 00:17:58,300
IN OXFORD, ENGLAND.

265
00:18:01,367 --> 00:18:04,000
THE COLLECTION, OWNED
AND MAINTAINED BY THE EGYPT

266
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,300
EXPLORATION SOCIETY,
CONTAINS MILLIONS OF PIECES

267
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:12,067
OF PAPYRI FROM A FORMER GREEK
COLONY IN OXYRHYNCUS, EGYPT.

268
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:12,067
OF PAPYRI FROM A FORMER GREEK
COLONY IN OXYRHYNCUS, EGYPT.

269
00:18:15,067 --> 00:18:16,867
DIRK OBBINK: THERE WERE
RUBBISH DUMPS FROM THE ANCIENT

270
00:18:16,867 --> 00:18:19,967
TOWN RINGING THE VILLAGE
ON THE DESERT EDGE,

271
00:18:19,967 --> 00:18:22,433
BUT AS SOON AS THEY
STUCK THEIR SHOVEL INTO ONE

272
00:18:22,433 --> 00:18:25,400
OF THESE RUBBISH MOUNDS,
THE PAPYRI JUST STARTED TO

273
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,533
FALL OUT OF THEM.

274
00:18:29,533 --> 00:18:33,233
NARRATOR: 100 YEARS LATER,
DIRK OBBINK AND HIS TEAM HAVE

275
00:18:33,233 --> 00:18:35,233
THE MONUMENTAL
TASK OF TRANSLATING

276
00:18:35,233 --> 00:18:39,000
AND PUBLISHING EACH ONE.

277
00:18:40,267 --> 00:18:42,567
DIRK OBBINK: IT'S
NOT GOING TO STOP.

278
00:18:42,567 --> 00:18:46,767
5,000 ITEMS OUT OF A MILLION
HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED SO FAR.

279
00:18:46,767 --> 00:18:50,433
IT'S THE, PROBABLY
THE LARGEST INCOMPLETE

280
00:18:50,433 --> 00:18:53,833
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
PROJECT IN THE WORLD.

281
00:18:53,833 --> 00:18:57,367
NARRATOR: SO FAR THEY'VE
PULLED OUT WORKS BY HESIOD,

282
00:18:57,367 --> 00:19:00,433
NEW POEMS BY THE
LYRIC POET SAPPHO,

283
00:19:00,433 --> 00:19:04,533
A COPY OF ARISTOTLE'S
ATHENIAN CONSTITUTION

284
00:19:04,533 --> 00:19:08,233
AND HUNDREDS OF
OTHER ANCIENT TEXTS.

285
00:19:12,900 --> 00:19:17,200
BUT BY FAR, THE VAST
MAJORITY OF FRAGMENTS STEM

286
00:19:17,200 --> 00:19:21,833
FROM ONE SOURCE, HOMER.

287
00:19:24,167 --> 00:19:26,067
DIRK OBBINK: THE ANCIENT
AUTHORS ARE VASTLY OUTNUMBERED

288
00:19:26,067 --> 00:19:28,467
BY HOMER JUST BECAUSE
OF HIS POSITION IN THE

289
00:19:28,467 --> 00:19:31,400
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM,
EVERYONE READ HOMER FIRST

290
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:35,233
AND MEMORIZED
LARGE SWATHS OF IT.

291
00:19:35,233 --> 00:19:38,000
NARRATOR: THE PAPYRI DATE
TO AT THE 1ST CENTURY BC

292
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:42,733
AT THE EARLIEST, HUNDREDS
OF YEARS AFTER HOMER.

293
00:19:42,733 --> 00:19:46,067
BUT THAT HIS WORKS WERE
BEING COPIED AND READ IN EGYPT,

294
00:19:46,067 --> 00:19:50,000
HUNDREDS OF MILES FROM GREECE,
SO MANY CENTURIES LATER,

295
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:55,333
REVEALS HOW SIGNIFICANT HOMER'S
EPICS WERE TO THE ANCIENTS.

296
00:19:59,467 --> 00:20:03,633
WHETHER WRITTEN OR SPOKEN,
HIS STORIES OF BRAVERY,

297
00:20:03,633 --> 00:20:07,500
DIGNITY, LOVE
AND WAR, ARTICULATED

298
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:10,500
WHAT IT MEANT TO BE GREEK.

299
00:20:11,933 --> 00:20:13,233
ERIC CLINE: IN
TELLING THESE STORIES,

300
00:20:13,233 --> 00:20:15,167
THEY ARE HANDING
DOWN THE KNOWLEDGE.

301
00:20:15,167 --> 00:20:16,367
THEY ARE
HANDING DOWN THE IDEAS,

302
00:20:16,367 --> 00:20:19,600
THEY ARE HANDING
DOWN CONCEPTS OF IDENTITY.

303
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:23,367
WHO ARE WE,
WHERE DID WE COME FROM?

304
00:20:23,367 --> 00:20:24,833
BETTANY HUGHES: THE GREEKS
ARE VERY SMART BECAUSE THEY

305
00:20:24,833 --> 00:20:28,567
RECOGNIZE THAT ALTHOUGH WE
SHOULD NEVER LIVE IN THE PAST,

306
00:20:28,567 --> 00:20:31,400
WE ARE FOOLS IF WE DON'T
ADMIT THAT WE LIVE WITH IT,

307
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:34,833
AND SO THEY REALLY
NOURISH THIS IDEA OF THE PAST,

308
00:20:34,833 --> 00:20:37,733
OF HISTORY, OF MEMORY.

309
00:20:40,433 --> 00:20:42,833
NARRATOR: AND IN THEIR
DEEPEST OF MEMORIES,

310
00:20:42,833 --> 00:20:44,867
EVEN MORE CENTRAL
TO THE GREEKS THAN THE

311
00:20:44,867 --> 00:20:50,667
HEROES OF HOMER, WERE
MORE POWERFUL FORCES.

312
00:20:50,667 --> 00:20:56,300
THERE WOULD BE NO
GREECE WITHOUT ITS GODS.

313
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,333
BETTANY HUGHES: YOU CAN'T
UNDEREMPHASIZE HOW CENTRAL

314
00:20:58,333 --> 00:21:00,800
RELIGION WAS TO THE GREEKS.

315
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:03,767
FOR THEM THERE WERE GODS,
AND GODDESSES AND DEMIGODS

316
00:21:03,767 --> 00:21:08,233
AND SPIRITS
AROUND EVERY CORNER.

317
00:21:03,767 --> 00:21:08,233
AND SPIRITS
AROUND EVERY CORNER.

318
00:21:08,233 --> 00:21:10,067
CHELSEA GARDNER: THE
BEAUTY OF GREECE,

319
00:21:10,067 --> 00:21:12,933
THE BEAUTY OF THE MOUNTAINS
AND THE MEDITERRANEAN,

320
00:21:12,933 --> 00:21:16,933
ALLOWED PEOPLE TO
IMBUE NATURAL PHENOMENON

321
00:21:16,933 --> 00:21:19,567
WITH PERSONALITY.

322
00:21:19,567 --> 00:21:25,000
EVERYTHING IN NATURE IS
IMBUED WITH THIS DIVINE ESSENCE.

323
00:21:28,733 --> 00:21:31,567
NARRATOR: THE 12
MAIN GODS LIVED HERE,

324
00:21:31,567 --> 00:21:35,133
ATOP GREECE'S HIGHEST
PEAK, MOUNT OLYMPUS.

325
00:21:37,067 --> 00:21:42,200
ALMIGHTY ZEUS CONTROLLED
THE WEATHER, POSEIDON THE SEA,

326
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:47,067
HADES THE UNDERWORLD.

327
00:21:47,067 --> 00:21:50,233
THERE WAS ATHENA,
GODDESS OF WISDOM;

328
00:21:50,233 --> 00:21:56,867
APHRODITE, BEAUTY; APOLLO,
GOD OF THE SUN AND MUSIC,

329
00:21:56,867 --> 00:22:00,533
ALL JOCKEYING FOR POWER
AND FOR THE AFFECTIONS OF

330
00:22:00,533 --> 00:22:05,333
THE INSIGNIFICANT
HUMANS BELOW.

331
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:10,267
IT'S QUITE A DEPARTURE
FROM HOW FORMALIZED RELIGIONS

332
00:22:10,267 --> 00:22:13,500
VIEW THEIR GODS TODAY.

333
00:22:13,500 --> 00:22:18,167
[CHANTING INAUDIBLY].

334
00:22:18,167 --> 00:22:19,733
CHELSEA GARDNER: THERE
IS NOT A BIG BOOK THAT TELLS

335
00:22:19,733 --> 00:22:22,367
YOU EXACTLY HOW TO
PRACTICE GREEK RELIGION.

336
00:22:22,367 --> 00:22:24,667
BECAUSE THERE IS NO WAY
TO WRITE SOMETHING DOWN THAT

337
00:22:24,667 --> 00:22:27,667
IS CONSTANTLY CHANGING,
SOMETHING THAT HAS DIFFERENT

338
00:22:27,667 --> 00:22:29,233
INCARNATIONS
DEPENDING UPON WHERE YOU ARE

339
00:22:29,233 --> 00:22:34,267
IN GREECE AND WHAT
PERIOD OF TIME YOU LIVE IN.

340
00:22:37,367 --> 00:22:39,867
NARRATOR: EVEN WITHOUT A
RULEBOOK IT SEEMS THEIR

341
00:22:39,867 --> 00:22:43,000
RELIGION PLAYED A SIGNIFICANT
ROLE IN BRINGING DISPARATE

342
00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:47,067
GROUPS OF GREEKS TOGETHER,
MUCH MORE SO THAN MANY

343
00:22:47,067 --> 00:22:52,733
ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVED.

344
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:59,267
THE TEXTBOOK VERSION OF HOW
GREECE CAME TO BE TYPICALLY

345
00:22:59,267 --> 00:23:01,600
DOESN'T BEGIN WITH RELIGION,

346
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:06,100
BUT WITH THE
EMERGENCE OF CITIES.

347
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:09,100
AFTER THE MYCENAEAN
COLLAPSE THE STORY GOES,

348
00:23:09,100 --> 00:23:12,567
POCKETS OF PEOPLE, SEPARATED
BY A MOUNTAINOUS LANDSCAPE

349
00:23:12,567 --> 00:23:16,067
AND ROCKY COAST, BANDED
TOGETHER INTO SMALL,

350
00:23:16,067 --> 00:23:21,733
ISOLATED VILLAGES
THROUGHOUT GREECE.

351
00:23:21,733 --> 00:23:25,400
OVER TIME VILLAGES,
GREW INTO TOWNS,

352
00:23:25,400 --> 00:23:29,567
TOWNS GREW INTO CITIES,
AND BY THE END OF THE DARK AGE,

353
00:23:29,567 --> 00:23:33,000
RIGHT AROUND HOMER'S
TIME IN THE 8TH CENTURY BC,

354
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,667
CITIES GREW INTO WHAT
THE GREEKS CALL POLIS,

355
00:23:36,667 --> 00:23:42,767
OR CITY-STATES:
ATHENS, SPARTA, CORINTH,

356
00:23:42,767 --> 00:23:46,167
AND SOME 1500 OTHERS.

357
00:23:46,167 --> 00:23:48,567
SUE ALCOCK:
GREECE DID NOT EXIST.

358
00:23:48,567 --> 00:23:51,200
GREECE AS A WHOLE, AS
ENTIRE NATION-STATE, NUH-UH,

359
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:54,400
THERE WERE LIKE HUNDREDS
OF TINY LITTLE CITY-STATES,

360
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:57,267
WHAT WE CALL POLIS.

361
00:23:57,267 --> 00:23:59,300
AND THERE IS KIND
OF ENDEMIC FIGHTING;

362
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:05,467
THIS IS NOT A HAPPY, PEACEFUL
UH, PEACEFUL BUNCH OF PEOPLE.

363
00:24:05,467 --> 00:24:07,400
NARRATOR: ACCORDING TO
THE TRADITIONAL THEORY,

364
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,833
THE BIG RELIGIOUS SANCTUARIES,
CROPPED UP ONLY AFTER THE

365
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,833
THE BIG RELIGIOUS SANCTUARIES,
CROPPED UP ONLY AFTER THE

366
00:24:10,833 --> 00:24:14,967
CITY-STATES WERE ESTABLISHED.

367
00:24:17,800 --> 00:24:22,167
BUT NEW DISCOVERIES ARE
TURNING THAT ON ITS HEAD.

368
00:24:25,033 --> 00:24:27,200
ABOUT TWO HOURS
NORTH OF ATHENS,

369
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,500
AT AN ANCIENT TEMPLE
SITE CALLED KALIPODI,

370
00:24:30,500 --> 00:24:33,767
ARCHAEOLOGIST WOLF-DIETRICH
NIEMEIER AND HIS TEAM HAVE

371
00:24:33,767 --> 00:24:36,600
UNCOVERED ALTARS AND
ARTIFACTS THAT INDICATE PEOPLE

372
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:39,700
WERE WORSHIPPING THEIR
GODS HERE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS

373
00:24:39,700 --> 00:24:42,733
BEFORE THE
FORMATION OF CITIES,

374
00:24:42,733 --> 00:24:48,133
ALL THE WAY BACK TO
THE MYCENAEAN PERIOD.

375
00:24:48,133 --> 00:24:49,767
WOLF NIEMEIER: YOU READ
IN HANDBOOKS THERE WERE

376
00:24:49,767 --> 00:24:53,133
NO GREEK TEMPLES
BEFORE THE 8TH CENTURY BC,

377
00:24:53,133 --> 00:24:56,267
WHEN THE POLIS DEVELOPED,
THE GREEK CITY-STATE.

378
00:24:56,267 --> 00:24:59,267
BUT HERE WE HAVE
THREE MYCENAEAN TEMPLES,

379
00:24:59,267 --> 00:25:00,533
AND THEN WE HAVE A
TEMPLE OF THE 10TH CENTURY.

380
00:25:00,533 --> 00:25:03,133
WE HAVE A TEMPLE
OF THE 9TH CENTURY.

381
00:25:03,133 --> 00:25:04,633
WE HAVE A TEMPLE
OF THE 8TH CENTURY.

382
00:25:04,633 --> 00:25:08,867
AND THIS IS WHEN
THE POLIS ARISE.

383
00:25:08,867 --> 00:25:11,600
NARRATOR: IN ALL, THE TEAM
HAS UNCOVERED 10 DIFFERENT

384
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:17,333
TEMPLES HERE, BUILT,
DESTROYED, AND REBUILT OVER

385
00:25:17,333 --> 00:25:21,933
MILLENNIA ON THIS VERY SPOT,
RIGHT THROUGH THE DARK AGE.

386
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,300
WOLF NIEMEIER: AT LEAST
IN THIS AREA WE HAVE NO

387
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:32,433
DARK AGE AT ALL,
WE HAVE A CONTINUITY.

388
00:25:32,433 --> 00:25:35,267
NARRATOR: BY OFFERING REFUGE,
PROVIDING A FORUM FOR THE

389
00:25:35,267 --> 00:25:38,867
EXCHANGE OF CULTURE AND IDEAS,
AND BRINGING PEOPLE TOGETHER

390
00:25:38,867 --> 00:25:42,200
AROUND SHARED BELIEFS,
NIEMEIER BELIEVES THE

391
00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:45,600
TEMPLES HERE, AND OTHERS
LIKE THEM ACROSS GREECE,

392
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:50,600
MAY HAVE HELPED GREEKS SURVIVE
THOSE MEAGER DARK AGE YEARS.

393
00:25:52,167 --> 00:25:53,767
WOLF NIEMEIER: WHAT
BROUGHT THEM TOGETHER,

394
00:25:53,767 --> 00:25:57,733
WHAT MADE THEM GREEKS, WAS
THEIR RELIGION AND THEIR GODS.

395
00:25:57,733 --> 00:26:01,133
THIS WAS VERY IMPORTANT
FOR THE GREEK IDENTITY.

396
00:26:01,133 --> 00:26:04,533
THE SANCTUARIES HAD AN
IMPORTANT FUNCTION IN THE

397
00:26:04,533 --> 00:26:09,467
FORMATION OF THE CITY-STATES,
AND NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND.

398
00:26:12,867 --> 00:26:15,133
NARRATOR: BY THE
LATE 8TH CENTURY BC,

399
00:26:15,133 --> 00:26:18,500
STUNNING CENTERS OF WORSHIP
HAVE STARTED CROPPING UP ALL

400
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:22,867
OVER THE GREEK WORLD, WITH
AS MANY AS 1500 CITY-STATES

401
00:26:22,867 --> 00:26:25,633
GROWING AROUND THEM,
STRETCHING EAST TO THE

402
00:26:25,633 --> 00:26:30,367
BLACK SEA, WEST TO ITALY
AND SOUTH TO NORTH AFRICA.

403
00:26:36,967 --> 00:26:40,800
BUT IN ANCIENT GREECE
ONE SANCTUARY IN PARTICULAR

404
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:45,333
STOOD OUT ABOVE THE OTHERS.

405
00:26:46,700 --> 00:26:50,733
EDITH HALL: DELPHI IS
THE RITUAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL,

406
00:26:50,733 --> 00:26:55,400
AND GEOGRAPHICAL
CENTER OF THE GREEK WORLD.

407
00:26:55,400 --> 00:26:58,500
WHEN YOU MAKE THE GREAT
ASCENT UP THE VALLEY PAST

408
00:26:58,500 --> 00:27:01,900
ALL THE OLIVE GROVES
AND VINEYARDS TO THIS HIGH,

409
00:27:01,900 --> 00:27:06,433
HIGH PLACE YOU KNOW THAT THIS
IS WHERE THE GOD OF THE SUN,

410
00:27:06,433 --> 00:27:11,667
APOLLO, WOULD HAVE CHOSEN
TO HAVE HIS SEAT OF PROPHECY.

411
00:27:06,433 --> 00:27:11,667
APOLLO, WOULD HAVE CHOSEN
TO HAVE HIS SEAT OF PROPHECY.

412
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:18,133
NARRATOR: A WHO'S WHO OF
GREEK HISTORY MADE THE TREK UP

413
00:27:18,133 --> 00:27:23,500
THIS MOUNTAINSIDE TO DELPHI,
ENTERING THROUGH THESE

414
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:28,033
TOWERING COLUMNS TO SEEK
THE WISDOM OF THE ORACLES,

415
00:27:28,033 --> 00:27:32,467
PRIESTESSES BELIEVED TO
BE THE MOUTHPIECES OF APOLLO.

416
00:27:35,400 --> 00:27:37,900
SAID TO SEE YEARS
INTO THE FUTURE,

417
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:40,533
THE DELPHIC ORACLES
WERE CONSULTED ON ALL KINDS

418
00:27:40,533 --> 00:27:45,633
OF MATTERS, FROM FORMING
ALLIANCES TO GOING TO WAR.

419
00:27:45,633 --> 00:27:49,633
THEY WARNED OEDIPUS THAT
HE WOULD KILL HIS FATHER AND

420
00:27:49,633 --> 00:27:53,967
MARRY HIS MOTHER, AND
PRONOUNCED THAT NO ONE WAS

421
00:27:53,967 --> 00:27:59,000
WISER THAN SOCRATES, FOR
HE WAS WISE ENOUGH TO KNOW

422
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:06,467
THAT HE INDEED KNEW NOTHING.

423
00:28:06,467 --> 00:28:09,367
FOR THOUSANDS OF YEARS,
THE ORACLE'S WORDS WERE

424
00:28:09,367 --> 00:28:13,633
GOSPEL TO THE ANCIENTS.

425
00:28:13,633 --> 00:28:17,000
BUT IN KEEPING WITH THE
DEFIANT, INDIVIDUALISTIC,

426
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,000
SOME MIGHT SAY
HUBRISTIC GREEK CHARACTER,

427
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,933
THEY WEREN'T EXACTLY
HUMBLE BEFORE THEIR GODS.

428
00:28:23,933 --> 00:28:25,900
THEY WERE AMONG THE
FIRST TO IMAGINE THEIR

429
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:30,900
DEITIES IN THEIR OWN IMAGE.

430
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,233
NICHOLAS STAMPOLIDIS:
THEIR GODS RESEMBLE THEM.

431
00:28:34,233 --> 00:28:39,767
THEY CREATED THE
OLYMPIAN GODS AS HUMAN BEINGS

432
00:28:39,767 --> 00:28:44,133
WITH THEIR THOUGHTS,
WITH THEIR WAYS OF THINKING.

433
00:28:44,133 --> 00:28:47,900
THEY ARE NOT
RESEMBLING TO DRAGONS,

434
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,467
THEY ARE NOT RESEMBLING
TO ANIMAL-HEADED GODS.

435
00:28:51,467 --> 00:28:55,267
THEY ARE HUMANS.

436
00:28:55,267 --> 00:28:58,400
NARRATOR: IF THE LOWLY GREEK
HUMANS EARNED THE GODS' FAVOR,

437
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,733
THEY COULD EVEN ACHIEVE
GOD-LIKE STATUS FOR THEMSELVES

438
00:29:01,733 --> 00:29:05,833
AND HAVE THEIR NAMES
SUNG ACROSS ALL ETERNITY.

439
00:29:05,833 --> 00:29:07,767
BETTANY HUGHES: I THINK THIS
IS ONE OF THE REASONS THAT THE

440
00:29:07,767 --> 00:29:11,333
GREEKS ACHIEVE SO MUCH IS
THAT THEY HAVE THIS NOTION THAT

441
00:29:11,333 --> 00:29:14,733
THE BEST WAY TO BECOME
IMMORTAL WAS TO DO SOMETHING

442
00:29:14,733 --> 00:29:18,733
IN YOUR LIFE THAT MADE
YOU WORTHY OF IMMORTALITY.

443
00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:24,600
NARRATOR: IT WAS AN IDEA
SO ENGRAINED IN THEIR CULTURE,

444
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,367
THEY EVEN CONJURED A PLACE
WHERE PEOPLE FROM ALL RUNGS

445
00:29:27,367 --> 00:29:32,167
OF SOCIETY
COULD PROVE THEIR WORTH.

446
00:29:32,167 --> 00:29:37,900
THIS IS OLYMPIA.

447
00:29:39,400 --> 00:29:41,133
IT BEGAN LIKE THE
MANY OTHER RELIGIOUS

448
00:29:41,133 --> 00:29:46,233
SANCTUARIES ACROSS GREECE.

449
00:29:46,233 --> 00:29:50,600
BUT STARTING IN 776 BC,
EVENTS WOULD TAKE PLACE IN

450
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:56,700
THIS VERY ARENA THAT WOULD GIVE
MORTALS A SHOT AT IMMORTALITY,

451
00:29:56,700 --> 00:30:01,600
AND UNITE THE
GREEKS IN THE PROCESS.

452
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:04,500
ATHLETES AT THE PEAK OF
PERFORMANCE FLOCKED HERE FROM

453
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:12,333
HUNDREDS OF GREEK CITY-STATES
TO RUN, JUMP, WRESTLE, BOX,

454
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:12,333
HUNDREDS OF GREEK CITY-STATES
TO RUN, JUMP, WRESTLE, BOX,

455
00:30:12,333 --> 00:30:16,300
THROW, AND COMPETE
FOR THE FAVOR OF ZEUS.

456
00:30:17,933 --> 00:30:21,033
THE OLYMPICS.

457
00:30:21,033 --> 00:30:22,400
EDITH HALL: PEOPLE
CAME FROM ALL OVER THE

458
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:25,233
GREEK-SPEAKING WORLD,
THE BEST CHARIOT RACERS

459
00:30:25,233 --> 00:30:28,000
CAME FROM NORTH
AFRICA, FROM LIBYA,

460
00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:31,267
SOME OF THE BEST SPRINTERS
CAME FROM SOUTHERN ITALY,

461
00:30:31,267 --> 00:30:34,500
THE BOXERS CAME FROM
THE GREEK ISLANDS AND

462
00:30:34,500 --> 00:30:37,433
THEY WOULD BRING THEIR
PACK OF FANS WITH THEM.

463
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:42,500
NARRATOR: ALL THAT WAS
REQUIRED WAS THAT YOU HAD

464
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:45,767
TO BE GREEK, WHICH MEANS
THEY HAD A SENSE FOR WHAT

465
00:30:45,767 --> 00:30:49,500
THAT WAS BY THEN,
YOU HAD TO BE MALE,

466
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,533
AND YOU HAD TO BE NAKED,

467
00:30:54,533 --> 00:30:58,767
PREFERABLY
SLATHERED IN OLIVE OIL.

468
00:30:58,767 --> 00:31:02,200
EDITH HALL: THE ANCIENT GREEKS
ABSOLUTELY DELIGHTED IN BEAUTY

469
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:05,900
AND THEY DELIGHTED IN THE
BEAUTY OF THE PHYSICAL FORM,

470
00:31:05,900 --> 00:31:08,733
THEY SAW MEN'S BODIES
AS ABSOLUTELY AS BEAUTIFUL

471
00:31:08,733 --> 00:31:12,200
IN A DIFFERENT
WAY AS WOMEN'S BODIES.

472
00:31:12,200 --> 00:31:17,033
THEY OILED THEMSELVES WITH
OLIVE OIL PARTLY TO HELP GET

473
00:31:17,033 --> 00:31:20,400
A NICE TAN BUT ALSO FOR THE
COMBAT SPORTS TO MAKE IT LESS

474
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:25,000
EASY FOR THEIR OPPONENTS
TO GET A GRIP ON THEM.

475
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:31,233
NARRATOR: NEARLY 3,000 YEARS
AFTER THE FIRST OLYMPICS,

476
00:31:31,233 --> 00:31:35,133
MODERN COMPETITION
IS A LITTLE DIFFERENT.

477
00:31:39,567 --> 00:31:44,800
WE HAVE CLOTHING FOR STARTERS,
AND WOMEN, FINALLY.

478
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:53,867
AND IT SEEMS WE MIGHT
HAVE GROWN A LITTLE SOFT.

479
00:31:53,867 --> 00:31:57,300
COMPARED TO THE HUNDREDS
OF OLYMPIC EVENTS TODAY,

480
00:31:57,300 --> 00:31:59,400
GREEK COMPETITIONS
WERE LIMITED TO SKILLS

481
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:06,767
USEFUL IN COMBAT,
RUNNING, WRESTLING, BOXING.

482
00:32:06,767 --> 00:32:08,933
AND WHILE TODAY
THREE TEAMS MAKE IT TO THE

483
00:32:08,933 --> 00:32:14,400
PODIUM FOR BRONZE, SILVER
AND GOLD, IN ANCIENT GREECE.

484
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:16,867
JOHN CAMP: ONE GUY IS
THE WINNER AND EVERYBODY ELSE

485
00:32:16,867 --> 00:32:18,233
IS THE LOSER.

486
00:32:18,233 --> 00:32:20,067
THERE'S NO SECOND PLACE,
THERE'S NO THIRD PLACE.

487
00:32:20,067 --> 00:32:21,800
SO THERE'S A
WHOLE DIFFERENT ETHOS,

488
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:25,367
A COMPETITIVE ETHOS WHICH
RUNS RIGHT THROUGH ALL OF

489
00:32:25,367 --> 00:32:26,833
GREEK LIFE ALL THE TIME,

490
00:32:26,833 --> 00:32:30,333
WHERE THEY'RE
STRIVING TO BE THE BEST.

491
00:32:30,333 --> 00:32:34,000
NARRATOR: THE GREEKS HAD
A WORD FOR THIS COMPETITIVE

492
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:37,767
ETHOS, AGON, AS IN AGONY,

493
00:32:37,767 --> 00:32:42,100
AND IT WASN'T
CONFINED TO THE OLYMPICS.

494
00:32:42,100 --> 00:32:46,100
BOB COSTAS: AGON IS REALLY
JUST AN ANCIENT PREDECESSOR OF

495
00:32:46,100 --> 00:32:49,233
SOMEBODY TELLING YOU NOW THAT
NOTHING WORTHWHILE COMES EASY,

496
00:32:50,733 --> 00:32:54,133
IN LOFTY PURSUITS LIKE
PHILOSOPHY OR GOVERNMENT

497
00:32:54,133 --> 00:32:57,467
OR LITERATURE OR
WHATEVER IT MIGHT BE,

498
00:32:57,467 --> 00:33:00,833
IF WE'RE FORCED TO DO
OUR VERY BEST IN THE PURSUIT

499
00:33:00,833 --> 00:33:03,367
OF THE STANDARD OF
EXCELLENCE THEN THAT'S GOING

500
00:33:03,367 --> 00:33:07,333
TO MAKE US BETTER.

501
00:33:11,200 --> 00:33:14,367
NARRATOR: WHEN IT CAME
TO PUTTING AGON ON DISPLAY,

502
00:33:14,367 --> 00:33:18,033
THE OLYMPICS WEREN'T
THE ONLY GAME IN TOWN.

503
00:33:18,033 --> 00:33:20,533
SO-CALLED PANHELLENIC
FESTIVALS WERE HELD

504
00:33:20,533 --> 00:33:24,700
AT FOUR DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS
SANCTUARIES ACROSS GREECE,

505
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:29,300
IN OLYMPIA, DELPHI,
NEMEA AND ISTHMIA,

506
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:32,600
ALTERNATING ANNUALLY
BETWEEN EACH ONE,

507
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:37,200
WHICH IS WHY THE OLYMPICS
ARE ONLY HELD EVERY FOUR YEARS.

508
00:33:42,433 --> 00:33:46,600
BUT THERE WAS ONE PLACE
THAT MAY PREDATE THEM ALL,

509
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:49,200
JUST 22 MILES
AWAY FROM OLYMPIA,

510
00:33:49,200 --> 00:33:54,867
IN A SMALL MOUNTAIN
VILLAGE CALLED LYKAION.

511
00:33:54,867 --> 00:34:00,800
AND EVERY FOUR YEARS RESIDENTS
HERE HOST THE LYKAION GAMES

512
00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:05,500
TO KEEP THEIR
COMPETITIVE TRADITIONS ALIVE.

513
00:34:11,433 --> 00:34:18,267
♪ ♪

514
00:34:20,633 --> 00:34:24,267
THE MYTHS TELL US ZEUS
WASN'T JUST WORSHIPED HERE,

515
00:34:24,267 --> 00:34:27,500
HE WAS BORN HERE.

516
00:34:27,500 --> 00:34:30,700
AND ARCHAEOLOGIST, AND
COMPETITOR, DAVID ROMANO,

517
00:34:30,700 --> 00:34:33,467
HAS FOUND EVIDENCE THAT
THE GAMES TO HONOR HIM WERE

518
00:34:33,467 --> 00:34:35,767
LIKELY HELD HERE
HUNDREDS OF YEARS

519
00:34:35,767 --> 00:34:41,600
BEFORE THE TORCH
AT OLYMPIA WAS EVEN LIT.

520
00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:45,400
DAVID ROMANO: WE NOW
BELIEVE THAT THE WHOLE IDEA

521
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:49,167
OF OLYMPIA WAS PROBABLY
MODELED ON LYKAION.

522
00:34:49,167 --> 00:34:52,400
SO FOR MANY CENTURIES,
ZEUS WAS BEING WORSHIPPED,

523
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,533
AND WAS BEING
CELEBRATED HERE,

524
00:34:54,533 --> 00:34:57,267
AND ONLY 22 MILES
AWAY AT OLYMPIA,

525
00:34:57,267 --> 00:35:02,333
THERE WAS NO CULT OF ZEUS,
UNTIL THE 11TH CENTURY.

526
00:35:02,333 --> 00:35:04,600
NARRATOR: ROMANO'S WORK IS
REVEALING THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL

527
00:35:04,600 --> 00:35:10,100
SIGNIFICANCE OF LYKAION,
AND TODAY THE PROUD GREEKS

528
00:35:10,100 --> 00:35:13,233
ARE HOPING THE FINDS,
AND THEIR GAMES,

529
00:35:13,233 --> 00:35:17,167
WILL PUT THEIR
TOWN BACK ON THE MAP.

530
00:35:26,867 --> 00:35:29,833
♪ ♪

531
00:35:29,833 --> 00:35:33,400
THEY'VE GOT A WAYS TO GO.

532
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:39,833
BUT THE PATH TO
EXCELLENCE HAS NEVER BEEN EASY.

533
00:35:46,533 --> 00:35:48,800
OF COURSE THE OLYMPIC
SPIRIT HAS ALWAYS BEEN

534
00:35:48,800 --> 00:35:52,833
ABOUT MUCH MORE THAN WINNING.

535
00:35:54,567 --> 00:35:58,833
IN A LAND FILLED WITH AS
MANY AS 1500 CITY-STATES,

536
00:35:58,833 --> 00:36:01,533
OFTEN DOING BATTLE
OVER RESOURCES, TERRITORY,

537
00:36:01,533 --> 00:36:05,133
AND INFLUENCE,
MUCH LIKE TODAY,

538
00:36:05,133 --> 00:36:08,967
THEY BROUGHT PEOPLE TOGETHER.

539
00:36:05,133 --> 00:36:08,967
THEY BROUGHT PEOPLE TOGETHER.

540
00:36:08,967 --> 00:36:12,667
BOB COSTAS: WITHIN REASON
YOUR CITY, YOUR SCHOOL,

541
00:36:12,667 --> 00:36:15,600
YOUR TEAM, OR IN THE
CASE OF THE OLYMPICS,

542
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:19,567
YOUR NATION COMPETING
ON A GLOBAL STAGE,

543
00:36:19,567 --> 00:36:21,200
THERE ARE INDIVIDUAL
ACHIEVEMENTS, YES,

544
00:36:21,200 --> 00:36:22,967
AND THEY WANT IT
FOR THEMSELVES TOO,

545
00:36:22,967 --> 00:36:25,833
LET'S BE REALISTIC,
BUT IF THEY GET TO THE TOP

546
00:36:25,833 --> 00:36:29,500
OF THE PODIUM, THEY HEAR
THAT NATION'S NATIONAL ANTHEM,

547
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:32,700
THEIR NATION, AND MUCH OF
THAT COUNTRY SWELLS WITH PRIDE,

548
00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:36,967
NOT JUST THE COMPETITOR.

549
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:42,333
NARRATOR: THIS COMPETITIVE
PURSUIT OF EXCELLENCE BECAME

550
00:36:42,333 --> 00:36:45,633
A CORE FACET OF GREEK CULTURE,

551
00:36:45,633 --> 00:36:50,900
MUCH LIKE STORIES OF HEROES
AND SHARED BELIEFS IN THE GODS.

552
00:36:59,700 --> 00:37:04,833
IT'S WHY 776 BC, DATE
OF THE FIRST OLYMPIC GAMES,

553
00:37:04,833 --> 00:37:07,067
IS WIDELY CONSIDERED
TO BE THE UNOFFICIAL

554
00:37:07,067 --> 00:37:10,933
BIRTH YEAR OF GREECE.

555
00:37:13,267 --> 00:37:15,200
EVEN IF GREECE
WOULD REMAIN A FACTIOUS

556
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:19,433
COLLECTION OF CITY-STATES.

557
00:37:19,433 --> 00:37:22,767
OVER THE NEXT FEW CENTURIES,
NEW GREEK CITY-STATES WOULD

558
00:37:22,767 --> 00:37:26,533
FORM AROUND THE
MEDITERRANEAN WORLD.

559
00:37:26,533 --> 00:37:28,333
EDITH HALL: WHENEVER
THERE WASN'T ENOUGH TO EAT,

560
00:37:28,333 --> 00:37:30,167
WHENEVER THERE
WAS A BAD TYRANT,

561
00:37:30,167 --> 00:37:32,567
GREEKS JUST GOT UP
PACKED THEIR SHIPS AND

562
00:37:32,567 --> 00:37:34,700
WENT OFF SOMEWHERE NEW.

563
00:37:34,700 --> 00:37:37,567
MICHAEL COSMOPOULOS: THE GREEKS
COLONIZED THE MEDITERRANEAN.

564
00:37:37,567 --> 00:37:39,567
MARSEILLES AND NICE.

565
00:37:39,567 --> 00:37:41,700
NAPLES IN ITALY.

566
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:45,333
THEY GO AS FAR NORTH
AS THE BLACK SEA, UKRAINE.

567
00:37:45,333 --> 00:37:50,967
THE NEAR EAST, CYPRUS,
SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY.

568
00:37:50,967 --> 00:37:54,767
NARRATOR: LIKE FROGS AROUND
A POND, TO USE PLATO'S WORDS,

569
00:37:54,767 --> 00:37:57,367
THE GREEKS SAILED AS
FAR AND WIDE AS THEIR SHIPS

570
00:37:57,367 --> 00:38:00,133
WOULD TAKE THEM,
SPREADING THEIR LANGUAGE

571
00:38:00,133 --> 00:38:03,633
AND TRADITIONS
WHEREVER THEY WENT.

572
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:13,300
BUT ONE THING
DISTINGUISHED THESE

573
00:38:13,300 --> 00:38:18,433
GREEK COLONIZERS FROM OTHERS.

574
00:38:18,433 --> 00:38:21,433
NO MATTER HOW TIED TO
THEIR ROOTS THEY WERE OR

575
00:38:21,433 --> 00:38:25,267
HOW FAR AFIELD THEY WENT,
THEY ALWAYS SEEMED TO EMBRACE

576
00:38:25,267 --> 00:38:29,700
NEW IDEAS FROM
THE LANDS THEY SETTLED.

577
00:38:29,700 --> 00:38:31,900
BETTANY HUGHES: IDEAS ARE
REALLY THE KIND OF FAVORITE

578
00:38:31,900 --> 00:38:34,067
CURRENCY OF THE
GREEKS SO THE GREEKS

579
00:38:34,067 --> 00:38:36,033
MAKE IDEAS THEIR BUSINESS.

580
00:38:36,033 --> 00:38:38,867
AND "IDEA" IS ACTUALLY
A PURE GREEK WORD: ADIE.

581
00:38:38,867 --> 00:38:43,533
IT COMES DOWN TO US
AS COMPLETELY UNCHANGED.

582
00:38:43,533 --> 00:38:46,067
NARRATOR: AND IN
THE 6TH CENTURY BC,

583
00:38:46,067 --> 00:38:48,967
ON WHAT IS NOW THE
WEST COAST OF TURKEY,

584
00:38:48,967 --> 00:38:51,267
INSPIRED BY THEIR
NEW ASTRONOMICALLY AND

585
00:38:51,267 --> 00:38:54,600
MATHEMATICALLY INCLINED
NEIGHBORS IN MESOPOTAMIA

586
00:38:54,600 --> 00:39:00,000
AND EGYPT, GREEK COLONISTS
WOULD CONJURE IDEAS SO RADICAL,

587
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:04,633
THEY'D RESHAPE OUR
ENTIRE VISION OF THE WORLD.

588
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:11,367
THIS IS MILETUS.

589
00:39:11,367 --> 00:39:13,533
YOU'D NEVER KNOW IT NOWADAYS,

590
00:39:13,533 --> 00:39:18,933
BUT 2500 YEARS AGO
IT WAS A COASTAL CITY.

591
00:39:18,933 --> 00:39:21,400
THE GREEKS WHO LIVED
HERE WOULD TRANSFORM IT INTO

592
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:24,933
ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST
PORTS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.

593
00:39:27,133 --> 00:39:34,067
TODAY THE SEA IS JUST
OVER 6 MILES TO THE WEST.

594
00:39:34,067 --> 00:39:35,900
BEVERLY GOODMAN: YOU HAVE
TO KIND OF IMAGINE THAT INSTEAD

595
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:38,500
OF HAVING ALL OF THESE FIELDS,
THAT THE WATER CAME ALL THE

596
00:39:38,500 --> 00:39:40,333
WAY UP INTO THIS VALLEY.

597
00:39:40,333 --> 00:39:46,267
AND THIS IS THE PLACE WHERE
THEY CHOSE TO ESTABLISH MILETUS.

598
00:39:46,267 --> 00:39:48,033
NARRATOR: ACCORDING
TO GEO-ARCHAEOLOGIST

599
00:39:48,033 --> 00:39:52,033
BEVERLY GOODMAN, THE REASON
FOR THE LANDLOCKED VALLEY

600
00:39:52,033 --> 00:39:55,200
AND FOR THE REVOLUTION IN
THOUGHT THAT TOOK PLACE HERE,

601
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:59,233
BEGINS IN CENTRAL
TURKEY FAR TO THE EAST.

602
00:39:59,233 --> 00:40:02,300
THE LONG, WANDERING
MAEANDER RIVER,

603
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:06,267
WHICH GAVE THE WORD
"MEANDER" ITS NAME.

604
00:40:06,267 --> 00:40:08,067
BEVERLY GOODMAN: THIS IS
THE RIVER THAT, BASICALLY,

605
00:40:08,067 --> 00:40:09,933
WAS ONE OF THE REASONS THAT
THEY SETTLED WHERE THEY DID.

606
00:40:09,933 --> 00:40:11,800
BUT IT'S ALSO THE
SAME RIVER THAT DESTROYED

607
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,400
THE HARBOR EVENTUALLY.

608
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:17,300
EDITH HALL: THE SILT FROM
THE RIVER MAEANDER GRADUALLY

609
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:20,633
EXTENDED THE LAND DOWN
AND DOWN AND DOWN WESTWARD,

610
00:40:20,633 --> 00:40:22,000
WESTWARD, AND WESTWARD.

611
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:24,267
SO YOU HAD THESE
MEN ACTUALLY WATCHING

612
00:40:24,267 --> 00:40:27,167
THEIR OWN BELOVED CITY, THEY
ARE SEAMEN, THEY ARE GREEKS,

613
00:40:27,167 --> 00:40:30,567
BECOMING LANDLOCKED.

614
00:40:30,567 --> 00:40:36,800
NARRATOR: THE HARBOR WAS
GONE WITHIN A GENERATION.

615
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,900
TYPICALLY, ANCIENTS FROM
GREECE TO EGYPT TO INDIA WOULD

616
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:46,833
HAVE HAD A SIMPLE ANSWER FOR
NATURAL PHENOMENA LIKE THESE:

617
00:40:46,833 --> 00:40:49,333
THE GODS CAUSED THEM.

618
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,800
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: PEOPLE
HAVE NO IDEA WHAT IS GOING ON

619
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:02,367
AND SO IT'S SIMPLER TO SAY
ZEUS DID IT, POSEIDON DID IT.

620
00:41:05,367 --> 00:41:07,500
NARRATOR: BUT AS THE
WORLDLY CITIZENS OF MILETUS

621
00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:10,567
WATCH THEIR PRECIOUS
HARBOR DISAPPEAR PRACTICALLY

622
00:41:10,567 --> 00:41:15,067
IN FRONT OF THEIR EYES,
THEY DON'T BLAME THE GODS.

623
00:41:15,067 --> 00:41:18,100
THEY LOOK AT THE STONES
AND SILT BEING CARRIED BY THE

624
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:21,933
MAEANDER INTO THE SEA AND
FOR THE FIRST TIME IN RECORDED

625
00:41:21,933 --> 00:41:26,700
HISTORY ATTRIBUTE THEIR
WOES TO NATURAL CAUSES.

626
00:41:29,633 --> 00:41:33,633
THEY'RE CONSIDERED TO BE THE
WORLD'S FIRST SCIENTISTS AND

627
00:41:33,633 --> 00:41:38,733
FROM THAT MOMENT ON,
LIFE WOULD NEVER BE THE SAME.

628
00:41:38,733 --> 00:41:40,867
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON:
ONCE YOU HATCH THAT EGG,

629
00:41:40,867 --> 00:41:46,467
ONCE YOU CRACK THAT ICE,
ONCE YOU PRY OPEN THAT DOOR,

630
00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:51,633
ALL OF NATURE IS
THERE FOR YOU TO EXPLORE.

631
00:41:53,367 --> 00:41:57,400
TAKE IT AND RUN WITH IT.

632
00:41:57,400 --> 00:41:59,167
NARRATOR: AND THESE
GREEKS ON THE WEST COAST

633
00:41:59,167 --> 00:42:03,367
OF TURKEY DID JUST THAT.

634
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:11,100
FIRST CAME THALES, CONSIDERED
THE WORLD'S FIRST PHILOSOPHER

635
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:11,100
FIRST CAME THALES, CONSIDERED
THE WORLD'S FIRST PHILOSOPHER

636
00:42:11,100 --> 00:42:15,200
BY NONE OTHER THAN ARISTOTLE,
HE USED GEOMETRY TO CALCULATE

637
00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:19,133
THE DISTANCE OF SHIPS
FROM SHORE AND THE HEIGHT

638
00:42:19,133 --> 00:42:23,467
OF EGYPT'S GREAT PYRAMID,
WAS FIRST TO PREDICT A SOLAR

639
00:42:23,467 --> 00:42:30,400
ECLIPSE AND POSITED A
CAUSE FOR EARTHQUAKES.

640
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:33,500
HE GOT THE DETAILS WRONG,
THAT THE EARTH FLOATED ON WATER

641
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:38,667
LIKE A GIANT RAFT, BUT HIS
NATURAL EXPLANATION WAS WORLDS

642
00:42:38,667 --> 00:42:45,233
BEYOND THE PREVIOUS THEORY,
THAT POSEIDON CAUSED THEM.

643
00:42:45,233 --> 00:42:48,667
THALES WOULD INSPIRE OTHER
GREEKS, LIKE PYTHAGORAS,

644
00:42:48,667 --> 00:42:51,600
WHO FOUNDED A BROTHERHOOD
AROUND THE BELIEF THAT NUMBERS

645
00:42:51,600 --> 00:42:55,400
AND MATHEMATICS COULD
EXPLAIN THE UNIVERSE,

646
00:42:55,400 --> 00:43:00,600
EVERYTHING FROM ASTRONOMY
TO NATURE TO MUSIC.

647
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:04,333
AND HIPPOCRATES, A RENOWNED
ANCIENT PHYSICIAN WHO

648
00:43:04,333 --> 00:43:08,700
DEVELOPED AN ETHICAL CODE
FOR PRACTICING MEDICINE.

649
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:12,100
TODAY, DOCTORS SWEAR
BY AN OATH IN HIS HONOR

650
00:43:12,100 --> 00:43:15,633
TO FIRST DO NO HARM.

651
00:43:17,933 --> 00:43:20,900
COUNTLESS PHILOSOPHERS
AND SCIENTISTS WOULD FOLLOW

652
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:24,367
IN THE FOOTSTEPS
OF THESE GREAT THINKERS,

653
00:43:24,367 --> 00:43:27,200
AND THEIR ANCIENT WISDOM
CONTINUES TO MOTIVATE ONE

654
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:32,100
ARTIST IN ATHENS
PORT OF PIRAEUS TODAY.

655
00:43:34,267 --> 00:43:37,233
AFTER FOUR LONG
DAYS AND NIGHTS,

656
00:43:37,233 --> 00:43:41,167
INO'S MURAL IS
FINALLY TAKING SHAPE.

657
00:43:43,433 --> 00:43:46,800
IT SHOWS THE
FACE OF DEMOCRITUS,

658
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:49,700
ANOTHER ANCIENT GREEK
PHILOSOPHER WHO DETERMINED

659
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:53,267
THAT EVERYTHING IN THE
UNIVERSE WAS MADE UP OF TINY,

660
00:43:53,267 --> 00:43:57,700
BUILDING BLOCKS CALLED ATOMS,
GREEK FOR INDIVISIBLE.

661
00:44:02,933 --> 00:44:05,333
NEIL DEGRASSE TYSON: FOR ME
WHEN I THINK OF A FIRST IDEA

662
00:44:05,333 --> 00:44:11,100
THAT MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS,
THAT TELLS YOU THAT THEY ARE

663
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:14,467
THINKING THAT MAYBE THE
UNIVERSE IS KNOWABLE,

664
00:44:14,467 --> 00:44:17,500
NATURE IS KNOWABLE.

665
00:44:17,500 --> 00:44:21,867
THAT'S PROFOUND BECAUSE
THAT WOULD BECOME THE VERY

666
00:44:21,867 --> 00:44:26,133
FOUNDATION OF SCIENCE,
THAT WE HAVE METHODS AND

667
00:44:26,133 --> 00:44:28,500
TOOLS THAT
TRANSCEND OUR FIVE SENSES,

668
00:44:28,500 --> 00:44:31,400
THAT PROBE THE OPERATIONS
OF NATURE IN WAYS THAT

669
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:37,667
YOUR LIFE EXPERIENCE
HAS NO ENCOUNTERS WITH.

670
00:44:37,667 --> 00:44:40,900
NARRATOR: PROBING NATURE,
QUESTIONING THE ORIGINS OF

671
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:45,500
PHENOMENA, EVEN
OUR VERY EXISTENCE,

672
00:44:48,333 --> 00:44:51,767
THEY ARE PROFOUND IDEAS
THAT ALL HAD THEIR START

673
00:44:51,767 --> 00:44:55,833
IN THE EASTERN AEGEAN.

674
00:44:55,833 --> 00:44:58,733
BUT THEY
WOULDN'T STAY THERE.

675
00:44:58,733 --> 00:45:03,033
BY THE 6TH CENTURY BC,
A NEW POWER WAS EMERGING

676
00:45:03,033 --> 00:45:06,900
IN THE EAST,
THE PERSIAN EMPIRE.

677
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:10,533
AND AS IT EXPANDED,
MANY GREEKS WOULD HEAD WEST,

678
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:10,533
AND AS IT EXPANDED,
MANY GREEKS WOULD HEAD WEST,

679
00:45:10,533 --> 00:45:13,833
BACK ACROSS THE AEGEAN,
TAKING THEIR RADICAL NEW

680
00:45:13,833 --> 00:45:17,300
WAYS OF THINKING WITH THEM.

681
00:45:20,467 --> 00:45:23,300
OVER THE NEXT CENTURY,
THE FLOOD OF REASON THAT

682
00:45:23,300 --> 00:45:25,900
BEGAN IN THE MAEANDER
RIVER VALLEY WOULD WASH

683
00:45:25,900 --> 00:45:32,967
OVER THE GREEK WORLD,
AND EVENTUALLY CULMINATE IN

684
00:45:32,967 --> 00:45:37,733
A SMALL BACKWATER OF
A CITY-STATE CALLED ATHENS.

685
00:45:40,067 --> 00:45:41,567
EDITH HALL: SO AGAINST
THIS BACKGROUND OF

686
00:45:41,567 --> 00:45:45,633
INTELLECTUAL TURMOIL, OF
THE BEGINNINGS OF SCIENCE,

687
00:45:45,633 --> 00:45:48,867
OF ABSTRACT REASONING, AND
INDEED IDEAS OF A PHYSICAL

688
00:45:48,867 --> 00:45:52,033
UNIVERSE WHERE MAN CAN
INTERVENE IN AND CONTROL,

689
00:45:52,033 --> 00:45:53,800
THAT HE'S NOT ENTIRELY
AT THE WHIMS OF THE GODS,

690
00:45:53,800 --> 00:45:58,400
COMES ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY.

691
00:46:01,767 --> 00:46:04,600
NARRATOR: FOR CENTURIES,
ATHENS HAD BEEN JUST ONE OF

692
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:08,467
THOSE 1500 CITY-STATES,
CLIMBING ITS WAY OUT OF

693
00:46:08,467 --> 00:46:11,533
THE ASHES OF THE DARK AGE.

694
00:46:16,433 --> 00:46:19,933
TEETERING BETWEEN THE RULE OF
RICH, ARISTOCRATIC FAMILIES,

695
00:46:19,933 --> 00:46:22,267
WHO CAME TO POWER BY BIRTH,

696
00:46:22,267 --> 00:46:25,700
OR POWER-GRABBING
LEADERS CALLED TYRANTS,

697
00:46:25,700 --> 00:46:30,333
PEOPLE WERE OFTEN SUBJECTED
TO DRACONIAN LAWS, LITERALLY,

698
00:46:30,333 --> 00:46:35,133
THEY WERE WRITTEN BY A
TYRANT NAMED DRACO IN 621 BC.

699
00:46:36,433 --> 00:46:38,500
FARMERS WHO COULDN'T
PAY THEIR DEBTS WERE

700
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,000
FORCED INTO SLAVERY.

701
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:43,333
SIMPLE CRIMES
LIKE "STEALING A CABBAGE"

702
00:46:43,333 --> 00:46:47,533
WERE PUNISHABLE BY DEATH.

703
00:46:49,233 --> 00:46:52,800
ATHENS WAS ON THE BRINK
OF REVOLUTION UNTIL A WISE

704
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:55,533
REFORMER NAMED SOLON
STEPPED IN WITH A SERIES

705
00:46:55,533 --> 00:47:00,633
OF REFORMS THAT WOULD
MAKE TODAY'S GREEKS PROUD.

706
00:47:02,433 --> 00:47:07,100
HE FREED ALL DEBTOR SLAVES,
ELIMINATED THE DEATH PENALTY

707
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:11,133
FOR ALL BUT EXTREME CASES,
AND WRESTLED POLITICAL POWER

708
00:47:11,133 --> 00:47:14,700
OUT OF THE HANDS OF NOBLE
BLOODLINES BY ESTABLISHING

709
00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:20,767
A COUNCIL OF 400
CITIZENS TO RUN THE CITY.

710
00:47:20,767 --> 00:47:26,333
IT WAS A BIG STEP, UNTETHERING
GOVERNANCE FROM INHERITANCE.

711
00:47:26,333 --> 00:47:29,633
BUT ONLY ATHENS' WEALTHIEST
CITIZENS HAD THE PRIVILEGE OF

712
00:47:29,633 --> 00:47:32,233
SERVING ON THE COUNCIL,

713
00:47:32,233 --> 00:47:34,167
AND IN THE
DECADES THAT FOLLOWED,

714
00:47:34,167 --> 00:47:38,700
FACTIONS OF COMPETING
ARISTOCRATS FORMED.

715
00:47:38,700 --> 00:47:40,933
EDITH HALL: YOU HAVE A LOT
OF SEESAWING AROUND ABOUT

716
00:47:40,933 --> 00:47:44,200
WHO'S ACTUALLY IN
CHARGE AND THIS ACTUALLY

717
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:48,200
GETS WORSE AND WORSE.

718
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:52,533
NARRATOR: IN 508 BC, THE
POWER STRUGGLE CAME TO A BOIL

719
00:47:52,533 --> 00:47:58,100
BETWEEN TWO RIVAL ARISTOCRATS,
ISAGORAS AND CLEISTHENES.

720
00:48:00,467 --> 00:48:04,933
ISAGORAS, WITH SUPPORT FROM
MILITARY POWERHOUSE SPARTA,

721
00:48:04,933 --> 00:48:06,833
TOOK CONTROL OF THE CITY,

722
00:48:06,833 --> 00:48:09,333
INSTALLED AN
OLIGARCHY OF NOBLES,

723
00:48:06,833 --> 00:48:09,333
INSTALLED AN
OLIGARCHY OF NOBLES,

724
00:48:09,333 --> 00:48:12,900
AND BANISHED CLEISTHENES.

725
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:16,933
WITH THE ATHENIAN ELITE
SQUARELY IN ISAGAORAS' CORNER,

726
00:48:16,933 --> 00:48:21,033
CLEISTHENES WAS LEFT
WITH ONLY ONE PLACE TO TURN.

727
00:48:23,433 --> 00:48:25,367
BETTANY HUGHES: WE ARE
TOLD THAT CLEISTHENES TOOK

728
00:48:25,367 --> 00:48:29,567
INTO HIS FACTION,
CHA DEMOS, THE COMMON PEOPLE.

729
00:48:31,933 --> 00:48:34,500
NARRATOR: ORDINARY CITIZENS
HAD HAD JUST ABOUT ENOUGH OF

730
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:38,133
ARISTOCRATS AND
NOBLES RUNNING THEIR CITY.

731
00:48:38,133 --> 00:48:41,200
FOR THEIR SUPPORT,
CLEISTHENES AGREED TO BREAK

732
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,400
THE HOLD OF
ARISTOCRATIC FACTIONS,

733
00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:47,900
DETERMINE POWER BY
ELECTIONS, NOT WEALTH,

734
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:52,000
AND INSTITUTE TRIALS BY JURY.

735
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:55,867
NEITHER LEADER COULD HAVE
PREDICTED WHAT HAPPENED NEXT.

736
00:48:57,667 --> 00:49:01,600
AN ALL-OUT
REVOLT SWEPT OVER ATHENS.

737
00:49:01,600 --> 00:49:05,433
CITIZENS STORMED THE
ACROPOLIS AND SENT ISAGORAS

738
00:49:05,433 --> 00:49:09,200
AND THE SPARTANS PACKING.

739
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,200
AND CLEISTHENES?

740
00:49:13,667 --> 00:49:15,367
JOSIAH OBER: THE WAY
TO THINK ABOUT CLEISTHENES

741
00:49:15,367 --> 00:49:17,733
IS HE'S A SURFER.

742
00:49:17,733 --> 00:49:22,467
HE IS RIDING A REALLY BIG
WAVE OF AN INCREASINGLY CLEAR

743
00:49:22,467 --> 00:49:25,067
IDENTITY OF A
COMMON PEOPLE THAT

744
00:49:25,067 --> 00:49:27,133
THEY ARE THE
PEOPLE OF ATHENS.

745
00:49:27,133 --> 00:49:29,567
THEY ARE ATHENS.

746
00:49:29,567 --> 00:49:30,900
HE GETS AHEAD OF THE WAVE,

747
00:49:30,900 --> 00:49:34,200
HE RIDES IT WELL AND
THE REST OF IT IS HISTORY.

748
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:38,367
NARRATOR: WHETHER
HE MEANT TO OR NOT,

749
00:49:38,367 --> 00:49:41,600
CLEISTHENES USHERED IN
A REVOLUTIONARY NEW WAY OF

750
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:44,633
RUNNING A SOCIETY.

751
00:49:44,633 --> 00:49:50,767
IN 507 BC,
DEMOCRACY WAS BORN.

752
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:55,833
BETTANY HUGHES: I
CANNOT OVER EMPHASIZE HOW

753
00:49:55,833 --> 00:49:58,900
STOMACH-CHURNINGLY
MIND-BLOWINGLY

754
00:49:58,900 --> 00:50:02,067
ELECTRICALLY-EXCITING
THIS WAS IN ANCIENT GREECE.

755
00:50:02,067 --> 00:50:04,867
BECAUSE THIS IS THE FIRST
TIME IN THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE

756
00:50:04,867 --> 00:50:08,867
AS FAR AS WE KNOW WHEN
"I" THE PEOPLE ARE ALLOWED

757
00:50:08,867 --> 00:50:12,367
TO ACT AS A POLITICAL AGENT.

758
00:50:12,367 --> 00:50:17,000
SUDDENLY YOU GET PERFUME
MAKERS AND CHEESE TRADERS AND

759
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:19,700
GENERALS AND ARISTOCRATS
STANDING NEXT TO ONE ANOTHER

760
00:50:19,700 --> 00:50:26,100
IN THE ASSEMBLY DECIDING HOW
THEY SHOULD RUN THEIR OWN LIVES.

761
00:50:29,433 --> 00:50:32,167
NARRATOR: ATHENIAN
DEMOCRACY WASN'T EXACTLY OF,

762
00:50:32,167 --> 00:50:36,800
BY AND FOR ALL THE PEOPLE.

763
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:40,467
YOU NEEDED TO BE
A FREE MALE CITIZEN.

764
00:50:40,467 --> 00:50:44,900
WOMEN, SLAVES AND
FOREIGN BORN NEED NOT APPLY,

765
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:50,300
WHICH MEANS FEWER THAN 50,000
IN A CITY OF MORE THAN 200,000,

766
00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:56,467
LESS THAN 20%, WERE
ACTUALLY ELIGIBLE TO VOTE.

767
00:50:56,467 --> 00:51:02,467
STILL, THE IDEA OF
DEMOCRACY WAS WILDLY POPULAR.

768
00:51:02,467 --> 00:51:05,733
"DEMOCRITUS," OR
JUDGE OF THE PEOPLE,

769
00:51:05,733 --> 00:51:08,600
THE STAR OF INO'S MURAL,
BECAME ONE OF THE MOST

770
00:51:05,733 --> 00:51:08,600
THE STAR OF INO'S MURAL,
BECAME ONE OF THE MOST

771
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:11,733
PREVALENT NAMES OF THE TIME.

772
00:51:11,733 --> 00:51:14,500
BETTANY HUGHES: SO THIS
IS THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY

773
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:18,000
MOMENT IN THE HUMAN STORY.

774
00:51:18,000 --> 00:51:22,133
DEMOCRACY JUST
APPEARS FROM THAT FEBRILE,

775
00:51:22,133 --> 00:51:25,300
FERVENT BUBBLE THAT IS
GREECE AND IT'S BEEN DELIVERED

776
00:51:25,300 --> 00:51:27,400
DOWN TO US AS ONE
OF THE MOST EXTRAORDINARY

777
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:29,667
LEGACIES OF THE GREEK WORLD.

778
00:51:29,667 --> 00:51:32,500
JOSIAH OBER: THE DEMOCRACY
EMERGES IN STRIFE.

779
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:36,633
IT WAS THE WILL OF
THE ORDINARY PEOPLE.

780
00:51:36,633 --> 00:51:41,300
THAT IS WHAT MADE
DEMOCRACY POSSIBLE.

781
00:51:41,300 --> 00:51:43,267
NARRATOR: TWO AND A
HALF MILLENNIA LATER,

782
00:51:43,267 --> 00:51:47,900
IT'S ORDINARY PEOPLE WHO
CONTINUE TO FIGHT FOR IT.

783
00:51:57,633 --> 00:51:59,733
♪ ♪

784
00:51:59,733 --> 00:52:02,667
PEOPLE LIKE INO, WHO'S
PUTTING THE FINISHING TOUCHES

785
00:52:02,667 --> 00:52:07,500
ON HIS MURAL, AN INFANT
LOOKING UP AT DEMOCRITUS.

786
00:52:15,767 --> 00:52:18,867
INO: IT'S ABOUT THE KNOWLEDGE,
AND THE POWER OF KNOWLEDGE.

787
00:52:18,867 --> 00:52:21,033
THE CHILD IS THE PEOPLE.

788
00:52:21,033 --> 00:52:24,000
THE YOUNGER PEOPLE
AFTER THE ANCIENTS.

789
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:26,867
IT'S A CONNECTION,
FROM THEN TO NOW.

790
00:52:26,867 --> 00:52:31,867
THE POWER IS IN EVERY ONE
OF US AND WITH COLLABORATION

791
00:52:31,867 --> 00:52:36,933
WE CAN WORK TO
MAKE THIS PLACE BETTER.

792
00:52:40,833 --> 00:52:43,167
NARRATOR: INDIVIDUALS
CORRALLING THEIR TALENTS

793
00:52:43,167 --> 00:52:48,667
TO MAKE LIFE BETTER,
IT'S WHAT THE GREEKS

794
00:52:48,667 --> 00:52:52,667
HAVE ALWAYS BEEN ABOUT.

795
00:52:52,667 --> 00:52:55,633
THROUGH ONE OF THE
DARKEST CHAPTERS IN HISTORY,

796
00:52:55,633 --> 00:52:59,200
THEY BUILT A CIVILIZATION
FROM THE BOTTOM UP,

797
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:04,733
DELIVERING SOME OF HUMANITY'S
GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS:

798
00:53:04,733 --> 00:53:08,667
LITERATURE, THE OLYMPICS,

799
00:53:08,667 --> 00:53:12,667
SCIENTIFIC REASONING,
DEMOCRACY.

800
00:53:12,667 --> 00:53:15,400
AND THEY WERE JUST
GETTING STARTED.

801
00:53:15,400 --> 00:53:17,133
BETTANY HUGHES: WHAT IS VERY
INTERESTING ABOUT DEMOCRACY

802
00:53:17,133 --> 00:53:19,800
IN GREECE IS THAT VERY
QUICKLY IT BECOMES THIS IDEA

803
00:53:19,800 --> 00:53:23,967
THAT CATCHES LIKE WILDFIRE
AND THERE IS NO DOUBT THAT

804
00:53:23,967 --> 00:53:26,767
THAT POWERS THE KIND
OF ENGINE OF CHANGE AND THE

805
00:53:26,767 --> 00:53:31,700
DEVELOPMENT OF CIVILIZATION
THAT STILL SPEAKS TO US TODAY.

806
00:53:33,100 --> 00:53:34,900
NARRATOR: WITH
POWER NOW SQUARELY IN THE

807
00:53:34,900 --> 00:53:38,967
HANDS OF THE PEOPLE,
CITIZENS WOULD FINALLY HAVE

808
00:53:38,967 --> 00:53:42,167
THE CHANCE TO
SET THEIR OWN COURSE,

809
00:53:42,167 --> 00:53:48,767
NOT ONLY FOR ATHENS, BUT FOR
ALL OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION.

810
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:54,367
ANNOUNCER: NEXT TIME
ON "THE GREEKS",

811
00:53:54,367 --> 00:53:57,367
THE GOLDEN AGE
FINALLY ARRIVES,

812
00:53:57,367 --> 00:54:01,367
THE PEOPLE RULE AND
NEW IDEAS TAKE HOLD.

813
00:54:01,367 --> 00:54:03,267
BETTANY HUGHES: THEY'RE
WORKING OUT THE BEST WAY

814
00:54:03,267 --> 00:54:06,267
TO BE HUMAN, THE
BEST WAY TO LIVE IN THE WORLD.

815
00:54:06,267 --> 00:54:09,133
AND THAT'S AN IDEA THAT
IS AS STRONG NOW AS WHEN

816
00:54:06,267 --> 00:54:09,133
AND THAT'S AN IDEA THAT
IS AS STRONG NOW AS WHEN

817
00:54:09,133 --> 00:54:12,733
IT WAS FIRST
CONCEIVED 25 CENTURIES AGO.

818
00:54:12,733 --> 00:54:16,333
ANNOUNCER: CHASING GREATNESS,
ON "THE GREEKS".

819
00:54:25,667 --> 00:54:31,000
TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THIS
PROGRAM, VISIT PBS.ORG.

820
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:39,900
"THE GREEKS" IS
AVAILABLE ON DVD.

821
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:42,933
THE COMPANION BOOK
IS ALSO AVAILABLE.

822
00:54:42,933 --> 00:54:49,067
TO ORDER, VISIT SHOPPBS.ORG
OR CALL 1-800-PLAY-PBS.

823
00:54:42,933 --> 00:54:50,867
THE GREEKS WAS MADE POSSIB