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On January the 30th 1649, the English killed their king.

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It had happened before, of course,

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all those Edwards and Richards violently done in by their subjects,

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but this WAS different.

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Now the British monarchy itself had been exterminated.

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Now there was just the people and its Parliament,

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the keepers of the liberties of England.

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But what was the point of freedom when you were frightened?

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What the people really wanted to know was - who would keep them safe?

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Who would stop the soldiers from burning and pillaging,

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allow people to sleep quietly in their beds?

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Who would protect them from the wars of religion and politics which seemed to go on and on and on?

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Would it be Parliament?

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Or would it be a great general, like Oliver Cromwell?

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It doesn't matter, said the hard-headed philosopher Thomas Hobbes,

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a royalist who'd come back to Cromwell's England.

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"What the country needs is a strong ruler who embodies all of the people.

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"Whatever or whoever can save the country from anarchy,

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"whatever can save you from yourselves.

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"Never mind about what's right or wrong - put yourself in the hands of the power that protects,

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"the all-powerful leviathan.

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"If that's Oliver Cromwell, then so be it. It's the reasonable thing to do."

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But the Scots, English and Irish were not about to be reasonable -

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because they were too busy being righteous.

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Over the next 50 years, righteousness would kill a lot of the British.

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At the end, reason would appear, but not before a lot of tears had been shed,

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tears of rapture and tears of grief.

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Not everyone was lying awake at night, biting their nails about the plight of kingless Britain.

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For many, this was the dawn of a new age.

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It's true no-one had foreseen this during the civil wars,

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but, in giving them victory, the Almighty had shown them that Albion must be turned into Jerusalem.

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He had lain the Stuart kings in the dust.

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The only king to follow now was King Jesus,

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and the only true government that of his saints.

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Let them sing aloud upon their beds!

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Let the high praise of God be in their mouths and a two-edged sword in their hands!

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The Kingdom of God was at hand,

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the most blessed revolution of all,

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and no-one was more convinced of this than Albion's holy warrior, Oliver Cromwell.

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"Religion is not at first the thing contended for,

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"but God brought it to that issue at last and at last it proved that which was most dear to us."

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Cromwell called himself a seeker,

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and what he sought all his life was God's destiny for himself and for his country.

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At first, he'd been innocent of the Lord's design.

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For years, he'd just led the life of an obscure East Anglian country gentleman.

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Just as Cromwell was beginning to make his way in the world,

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some sort of crisis happened to his modest fortune.

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But what the world might have seen as misfortune was, through the cunning of the Almighty,

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his saving grace.

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He underwent some kind of religious conversion.

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The vanities were stripped away so he might be opened to the light.

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"Oh, I lived in and loved darkness and hated the light!

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"This is true. I hated godliness, yet God had mercy on me.

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"Oh, the riches of his mercy!"

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The sense that God had some special service for him made a new man of Cromwell.

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He knew where he was going and what had to be done.

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What had to be done was to tear the sword out of the hands of the untrustworthy, Papist-loving king.

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He went to war as a complete novice, with no military experience whatsoever,

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but his sense of divine appointment was his armour.

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It made him supremely confident, cool under fire,

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but never reckless.

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An aura of invincibility began to cling to him.

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He became the driving force of the godly revolution.

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When the vanquished king defied God's judgment,

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his blood was needed to expiate the crime.

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But it was obvious that doing away with the monarch was no guarantee of doing away with the monarchy.

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For if Charles couldn't be among his subjects in person, his proxy could.

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The Greek word "eikon" means both an image and a copy,

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and the Eikon Basilike, the spitting image of the king, appeared within a week of his execution.

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It was an instant bestseller, going through 35 editions in a year,

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and it made Charles an imperishable martyr,

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a latter-day Christ, sacrificed for the sins of his people.

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Like Christ, Charles too would be resurrected wearing his heavenly crown,

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and made flesh in the person of his son Charles II,

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awaiting the call from exile in France.

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The poet John Milton, an ardent champion of the Parliamentary Commonwealth,

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was hired to attack the cult of the king-martyr as "so much wicked idolatry",

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to persuade the fearful and the gullible they didn't need a Charles I, nor any Stuart monarch.

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"Look," he wanted to say, "Just stop worrying about the dead king. You're the sovereign now.

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"Come to think of it, you've always been the sovereign. Kings have been yours to hire or fire."

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But when Cromwell and Milton told the people that it was time for them to govern themselves,

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they didn't, of course, mean to be taken literally.

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What? Every jumped-up weaver or ploughman with some sixpenny-book learning

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announcing he'd just appointed himself magistrate, granting himself the vote?

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Heaven forbid! That way lay chaos!

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No, the people should put the government of the state

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into the hands of the kind of men God saw fittest to exercise it -

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incorruptible men of substance and piety.

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"Oh, I see," said freeborn John Lilburne, the Leveller,

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an ex-army officer who wanted to level the distance between the mighty and humble, the rich and poor,

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"You mean the same kind of people who got us into this mess?"

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We've all known a John Lilburne, haven't we? Some of us have even been John Lilburne -

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first to the barricades, first to be arrested, won't shut up,

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but, love or hate him, you know he won't go away.

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To Squire Cromwell, he was a pain in the neck, a dangerous loudmouth, capable of wrecking army discipline.

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Lilburne, for his part, detested the new regime.

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"All you intended when you set us a-fighting

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"was merely to unhorse and dismount our old riders and tyrants so that you might ride in their stead."

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The soldiers read freeborn John and believed they should have the vote.

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Give them an inch and they'd take a mile.

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Pretty soon, the men would start believing their officers were the tyrants Lilburne said they were.

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They had to be stopped. An army was not - repeat, NOT - a commune.

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I tell you, you have no other way to deal with these men, but to break them or they will break you,

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yea, and bring and all the guilt of the blood and treasures shed and spent in this kingdom

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upon your heads and shoulders,

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and frustrate and make void all that work

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that, with so many years' industry, toil and pains, you have done!

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I tell you again - you are necessitated to break them.

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Off to the Tower went the Leveller leaders,

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like so many traitors.

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But then something astounding happened...

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A petitioning campaign to demand the release of the Levellers was mobilised by Leveller women.

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Now, for the Puritans, the cardinal virtues of women were silence and meekness,

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but these women were shameless, obstinate, loud-mouthed

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and, it has to be admitted, brave.

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Leveller women had always been involved in the movement's political campaigns.

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Elizabeth Lilburne was politicised through her efforts to spring her husband from various prisons.

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Mary Overton had been brutally punished for printing and distributing her husband's tracts,

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tied to the end of a cart and dragged through London's streets with her six-month-old baby,

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pelted like a common whore.

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But the most impassioned and articulate of the sisters was Katherine Chidley.

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She started as a charismatic preacher

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and turned to politics in an attempt to make the Commonwealth understand the particular sufferings of her sex.

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"Considering that we have an equal share and interest with men in the Commonwealth,

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"and it cannot be laid waste,

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"and considering that poverty, misery and famine like a mighty torrent is breaking in upon us,

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"and we are not able to see our children cry out for bread

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"and not have wherewithal to feed them, we had rather die than see that day."

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This was not what Oliver Cromwell had expected from Jerusalem.

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It got worse.

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In May 1649, some hundreds of soldiers mutinied

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and tried to combine forces in Oxfordshire.

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Cromwell rode hell for leather, 50 miles in a day, and caught them in the middle of the night at Burford.

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One of the prisoners, Anthony Sedley, locked in the church, expecting the worst,

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carved his name into the font.

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The next morning, three of his comrades in arms were led out into the churchyard and shot.

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Then Oliver went off to get an honorary degree in law from Oxford.

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He made sure the mutinous soldiers were shipped off to a place

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where they could vent their frustration on someone else.

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"Angry, are we?" was his line.

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"Want to know who's to blame for prolonging the civil wars?"

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"Say hello to the Antichrist across the Irish Sea."

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The target of Cromwell's march through blood was an army of royalists holding out in Ireland

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in the name of King Charles's son.

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In fact, it was as much Protestant as Catholic,

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but in his conviction they were the legions of the devil, Cromwell was not about to make nice distinctions.

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At Drogheda, on the main road between Dublin and Ulster,

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he made it only too clear what he had in mind.

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There is no point sidestepping this horror.

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This was Cromwell's war crime.

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This great atrocity has contaminated Anglo-Irish history ever since.

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But we need to get right just what this atrocity was.

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It wasn't indiscriminate butchery of women and children.

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No eyewitnesses ever claimed to have seen any such thing.

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What Cromwell DID order, unhesitatingly and without any mercy,

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was, in any case, an act of unspeakable murder.

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At least 3,000 royalist soldiers were butchered at Drogheda.

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The vast majority after they had surrendered and disarmed.

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At St Peter's Church, Cromwell's soldiers burnt the pews beneath the steeple,

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to smoke out the defenders, who were incinerated in the flames.

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The general saw no need to hang his head about the massacre.

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"We have come to break the power of a company of lawless rebels...

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"..Enemies to human society, whose principles are to destroy... all men not complying with them.

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"We come by the assistance of God to hold forth and maintain the lustre and glory of English liberty

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"in a nation where we have an undoubted right to it."

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This is absolutely authentic Oliver Cromwell, and today it makes for unbearable reading.

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No, it's not the confession of a genocidal lunatic,

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but it IS the confession of a narrow-minded, pigheaded, Protestant bigot and English imperialist,

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and that, surely, is bad enough.

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Cromwell treated Ireland like the primitive colony he thought it was,

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moving the Irish off their farms and using the land to pay his soldiers.

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Before he could finish pacification, if that's what he thought it was,

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another piece of unquiet Britain rose up to mock him.

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For the Scots had invited the 20-year-old Charles II to come and be their king,

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and went to war on his behalf.

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Cromwell lured them into England in the summer of 1651,

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where the Scottish army found itself caught between two bigger forces.

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At the Battle Of Worcester, on the 3rd September,

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it went down to a ruinous and irreversible defeat.

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Charles went on the run,

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hidden by royalist sympathisers

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until he could get smuggled out of the country.

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So when Oliver Cromwell returned to London in the Autumn of 1651,

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it was as an English Caesar -

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the like of whom had not been seen since the days of Edward I.

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If Cromwell was God's Englishman,

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it was because he felt that England was God's true promised land,

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and it was best for Britain to become as English as possible.

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The Stuart dream of a united Britain had been what had started the civil wars.

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Now Cromwell had ended them by making that dream a reality,

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not as a united kingdom, but as a united republic of Great Britain.

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But what kind of republic was it supposed to be?

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Cromwell knew the country was exhausted from almost 15 years of war.

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It was time, as he said, to heal and settle.

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This didn't mean business as usual.

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Surely God didn't mean for so much blood to have been spilled

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only so that ungodly lawyers and money brokers could get richer?

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That was the way things were under the government of the Parliament -

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the keeper of the liberties of England, as it styled itself.

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It sat as it had when its members had been purged by the army to allow the trial of the king to proceed,

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ridiculed by enemies as the "Rump".

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To Cromwell, the Rump was a monstrosity -

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a bastion of selfishness and greed, more like Sodom than Jerusalem.

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Worst of all, it showed no signs at all of wanting ever to close down.

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When it came up with a bill designed to keep itself going indefinitely,

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this was the last straw.

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On April 20th, 1653,

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Cromwell marched down to Westminster with a troupe of musketeers.

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Moses was descending from the mountain,

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and he was not a happy prophet.

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At first, it seemed as though the Member for Cambridge would behave.

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Cromwell sat in his usual seat, he doffed his hat,

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he asked if he might address the house,

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and he commended the Rump for its care of the public good.

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But, as he warmed up, the niceties were tossed aside,

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and he began to berate the astounded members for their indifference to justice and piety.

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"I expect you think this is not parliamentary language," he said.

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"Well, I confess, it is not,

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"and neither are you to expect any such from me."

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The hat went back on - always a bad sign.

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And Cromwell started to march up and down,

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shouting that the Lord had done with them and had chosen instruments more worthy of their calling.

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Someone tried to stop him in full spate,

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but, by this time, Cromwell was in exterminating-angel mode and brushed him aside.

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"You are no parliament!" he bellowed. "I say, you are no parliament!"

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Then he called in the musketeers.

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The boots entered heavily, noisily.

228
00:21:57,640 --> 00:22:00,560
Parliament was shut down.

229
00:22:06,240 --> 00:22:11,600
It was a depressingly modern moment - a classic coup d'etat, in fact.

230
00:22:11,600 --> 00:22:17,280
Cromwell had crossed the line from mere bullying to dictatorship.

231
00:22:17,280 --> 00:22:22,160
In so doing, he undid at a stroke the entire point of the war

232
00:22:22,160 --> 00:22:27,360
that HE had fought against the King's unparliamentary conduct.

233
00:22:27,360 --> 00:22:33,000
Cromwell claimed he was striking a blow against ambition and avarice,

234
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:38,440
but what he wounded, and fatally, was the commonwealth, itself.

235
00:22:47,440 --> 00:22:52,280
This is the point at which Cromwell could have seized power,

236
00:22:52,280 --> 00:22:54,840
and everyone expected him to.

237
00:22:55,960 --> 00:23:00,480
But he wasn't working for himself - he was working for God.

238
00:23:01,920 --> 00:23:08,560
In Parliament's place, he would set up an assembly of men chosen for their piety.

239
00:23:08,560 --> 00:23:11,160
It would be an assembly of saints.

240
00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:18,120
His language was very different as he exhorted them to go about their business.

241
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:24,240
"Love all the sheep, love the lambs,

242
00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:26,480
"love all,

243
00:23:26,480 --> 00:23:29,320
"tender all."

244
00:23:29,320 --> 00:23:36,000
But mystical rapture and politics don't go well together - at least, not in Britain -

245
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:43,400
and in a few months the unworkable assembly collapsed - its leaders begging Cromwell to end it.

246
00:23:46,240 --> 00:23:49,160
He duly obliged.

247
00:23:49,160 --> 00:23:55,280
Now there seemed no alternative but to take the crown - to become Oliver I.

248
00:23:56,280 --> 00:24:03,800
But this was still a step too far for a man whom God had told to punish the haughtiness of kings.

249
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:07,520
Instead, he chose to become a lord protector.

250
00:24:07,520 --> 00:24:11,720
That had a good ring to it. Authority but not tyranny.

251
00:24:13,040 --> 00:24:17,600
He was king in all but name, but a constitutional sovereign,

252
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:22,040
ruling with a council and a newly elected parliament.

253
00:24:24,040 --> 00:24:27,040
His great hope was for a settling,

254
00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:34,840
but the Protector himself was unsure in his own mind about the direction he should take the country.

255
00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:38,960
Should Britain be righteous or reasonable?

256
00:24:38,960 --> 00:24:44,680
It was a civil war that he fought over and over again in his own head.

257
00:24:44,680 --> 00:24:50,000
Squire Cromwell saw the virtues of a reasonable state of affairs.

258
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:56,760
Given a little breathing space, the old world of the counties was coming back to life.

259
00:24:56,760 --> 00:25:01,320
Magistrates were sitting at courts, gentlemen riding to hounds,

260
00:25:01,320 --> 00:25:06,360
war-damaged houses being repaired, children being married off,

261
00:25:06,360 --> 00:25:09,760
friends and neighbours asked to dinner.

262
00:25:10,760 --> 00:25:16,320
And when some gentlemen were elected to the Protectorate parliaments,

263
00:25:16,320 --> 00:25:23,240
the old connections between Westminster and the counties - the secret of English government -

264
00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:26,560
were at last being put back together.

265
00:25:27,560 --> 00:25:30,520
The righteous Cromwell fretted.

266
00:25:30,520 --> 00:25:38,080
This return to older methods was only too successful. It was not so much healing as backsliding -

267
00:25:38,080 --> 00:25:40,960
royalism by the back door.

268
00:25:42,080 --> 00:25:47,960
So, in 1655, Cromwell turned his mastiffs loose.

269
00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:51,720
The major generals.

270
00:25:54,040 --> 00:26:01,400
It was their job to take righteousness out into the shires - the Protestant Taliban on horseback.

271
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:03,440
Muffle the bell ringers,

272
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:05,480
snoop on the ale houses,

273
00:26:05,480 --> 00:26:07,520
lock up fornicators,

274
00:26:07,520 --> 00:26:09,560
cancel Christmas.

275
00:26:14,320 --> 00:26:18,200
John Evelyn, royalist and gentleman of letters,

276
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:22,520
who endured the leviathan of the Cromwellian state,

277
00:26:22,520 --> 00:26:28,560
was one of many who found themselves the victim of the general's bullying.

278
00:26:29,520 --> 00:26:36,680
"My wife and I went to London to celebrate Christmas Day - Mr Gunning preaching in Exeter Chapel.

279
00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:42,560
"As he was giving us the Holy sacrament, the chapel was surrounded by soldiers.

280
00:26:44,240 --> 00:26:48,520
"All the assembly surprised and kept prisoner by them -

281
00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:51,320
"some in the house, others removed."

282
00:26:55,520 --> 00:27:00,000
It was a public relations disaster for the Protectorate.

283
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:07,040
Cromwell reasserted himself over the pious, and got rid of the major generals in a hurry.

284
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:16,360
There were some places, though, where the two instincts worked together and changed Britain as a result,

285
00:27:16,360 --> 00:27:21,480
and this is one of them - the synagogue of Bevis Marks in London.

286
00:27:22,800 --> 00:27:30,000
Historians claim it's difficult to find hard evidence of any good at all that came out of the Protectorate.

287
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:33,240
This is hard enough evidence for me.

288
00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:37,440
It was on these unforgiving, backless oak benches

289
00:27:37,440 --> 00:27:45,040
that the first Jews to be admitted since the expulsion 360-something years before parked their behinds.

290
00:27:45,040 --> 00:27:51,760
It was under the Protectorate that Jews were allowed finally to worship openly and to live openly

291
00:27:51,760 --> 00:27:55,520
in what became a piece of multi-cultural London.

292
00:27:55,520 --> 00:27:58,640
Cromwell is to thank for that -

293
00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:04,240
for opening a new chapter of Anglo-Jewish history - MY history.

294
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:20,120
His apocalyptic timetable told him

295
00:28:20,120 --> 00:28:25,160
that the conversion of the Jews would herald the coming of the last days.

296
00:28:25,160 --> 00:28:30,800
But he saw that with a network in the Dutch and Spanish trading world,

297
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:37,480
the Jews could be a priceless source of commercial and military intelligence.

298
00:28:37,480 --> 00:28:44,160
Piety and pragmatism - those twin qualities so often at odds inside Cromwell's personality -

299
00:28:44,160 --> 00:28:50,800
this time came together to make him, as far as the Jews were concerned, a true lord protector.

300
00:28:51,800 --> 00:28:53,840
But not king.

301
00:28:53,840 --> 00:29:01,760
In the end - and so unlike the king he had destroyed - Cromwell could not lose his sense of unworthiness.

302
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:06,560
It was what saved him and Britain from a true dictatorship.

303
00:29:07,560 --> 00:29:13,760
Cromwell believed he worked for God - real dictators think they ARE God.

304
00:29:13,760 --> 00:29:20,120
It was THOSE men who fancied themselves as little gods - Charles I or the republican oligarchs -

305
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:23,120
who most aroused Cromwell's contempt.

306
00:29:23,120 --> 00:29:29,960
Simplicity was a word he used about himself, and it was the highest of moral compliments,

307
00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:36,400
but to prolong the Protectorate, Cromwell needed to be more of a leviathan than he could stomach.

308
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:41,280
And that is both is exoneration and his failure.

309
00:29:41,280 --> 00:29:46,200
It's one of the most extraordinary ironies of British history

310
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:52,680
that Cromwell's Protectorate, demonized by both royalists and republicans alike,

311
00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:57,600
ultimately formed the blueprint for our constitutional monarchy.

312
00:29:57,600 --> 00:30:04,720
A chief executive chose his government, but both were answerable to a regularly elected parliament.

313
00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:09,480
But Cromwell himself would not live to see this happen.

314
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:18,680
On September 3rd 1658, the anniversary of the Battle of Worcester, Cromwell died,

315
00:30:18,680 --> 00:30:23,320
while an immense, black tempest was raging over England,

316
00:30:23,320 --> 00:30:29,120
ripping out trees and sending belfries crashing to the ground.

317
00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:40,360
It was, the old wives said, the devil coming for his soul.

318
00:30:44,120 --> 00:30:50,640
What Oliver Cromwell left behind was not a workable political system, but a vision.

319
00:30:50,640 --> 00:30:57,240
He may have been an angry, ruthless, overbearing man, perhaps even a manic depressive,

320
00:30:57,240 --> 00:31:03,280
but that vision was something of startling sweetness, a sighting of Jerusalem,

321
00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:08,320
a place where everyone would be free to receive Christ in their own way,

322
00:31:08,320 --> 00:31:13,360
provided they did not disturb the peace and conscience of anybody else.

323
00:31:13,360 --> 00:31:19,880
After all his marches and slaughters and fits of table-pounding, red-faced fury,

324
00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:25,360
what it turned out Oliver Cromwell wanted for everyone was a quiet life.

325
00:31:26,680 --> 00:31:33,480
But Catholics were excluded from this vision because for Cromwell, and the country at large,

326
00:31:33,480 --> 00:31:36,120
Catholicism meant tyranny.

327
00:31:36,120 --> 00:31:41,120
The Protector left the country safe from despots, but not from anarchy.

328
00:31:41,120 --> 00:31:48,560
After his death, it returned - power swinging between the soldiers and the politicians, sleepless nights,

329
00:31:48,560 --> 00:31:52,040
the nagging questions from ten years before.

330
00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:59,080
"Who will keep us safe?" "Who do we obey?" "Where do we find a sovereign to protect us?"

331
00:31:59,080 --> 00:32:03,680
It took another hard-headed soldier to see the only way to restore order.

332
00:32:03,680 --> 00:32:08,320
General George Monck had been a royalist in the Civil War,

333
00:32:08,320 --> 00:32:14,840
and a Cromwellian when it seemed that only the Protector could keep the peace.

334
00:32:14,840 --> 00:32:22,280
Now he realised that with the Lord Protector gone, there was only one person who could take his place.

335
00:32:22,280 --> 00:32:24,840
That was a new king.

336
00:32:27,360 --> 00:32:31,400
Ironically, Charles II came to the throne

337
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:35,960
not because England needed a successor to Charles I,

338
00:32:35,960 --> 00:32:40,880
but because England needed a successor to Oliver Cromwell.

339
00:32:47,680 --> 00:32:52,200
There was universal rejoicing, bonfires and feasting.

340
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:56,640
The chaos brought by Cromwell's death was ending.

341
00:32:56,640 --> 00:33:03,280
This new Charles seemed just what everyone had hoped for, a model of sweet reason.

342
00:33:03,280 --> 00:33:06,440
That was what Samuel Pepys thought.

343
00:33:06,440 --> 00:33:10,680
Pepys was a pure product of Cromwell's England.

344
00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:15,520
He was present when the new king boarded his flagship home.

345
00:33:15,520 --> 00:33:22,960
On route, the tall, dark-haired man told the story of his escape after the Battle of Worcester.

346
00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:25,520
Here was a king full of charisma.

347
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:30,200
He had magic.

348
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:41,080
But would his reason survive the emotions stirred by his return?

349
00:33:41,080 --> 00:33:48,120
The diarist John Evelyn recorded, with unrepentant royalism burning in his breast...

350
00:33:48,120 --> 00:33:53,160
"This day came in His Majesty to London after a sad and long exile.

351
00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:57,400
"With a triumph of above 20,000 horse and foot,

352
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:02,240
"brandishing their swords and shouting with inexpressible joy,

353
00:34:02,240 --> 00:34:06,280
"the ways strewn with flowers, the bells ringing.

354
00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:10,840
"I stood in the Strand and beheld it and blessed God.

355
00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:17,880
"And all this without one drop of blood, and by that very army which had rebelled against him."

356
00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:23,000
The King was crowned at Westminster on 23rd April 1661.

357
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:28,720
His reign was backdated to the day after his father had been beheaded.

358
00:34:28,720 --> 00:34:36,000
But even before the coronation, there were those with long memories who were looking for revenge.

359
00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,160
On January 30th 1661,

360
00:34:41,160 --> 00:34:46,480
exactly 12 years after Charles I's severed head dropped into the straw,

361
00:34:46,480 --> 00:34:51,960
the remains of Cromwell and the regicides were taken from the tombs

362
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:59,000
and hanged from the common gallows at Tyburn before being buried in a deep pit.

363
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:05,840
Over the next months, eleven other king killers were hanged, drawn and quartered.

364
00:35:11,480 --> 00:35:16,520
The old Cromwellians watched this in tactful, furtive silence.

365
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:21,560
They wondered just how reasonable this new regime might actually be.

366
00:35:23,040 --> 00:35:28,800
Killing the kill-joys, Charles knew, would not damage his popularity.

367
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:36,800
Given a free vote, the people would, especially after the major generals, vote for pleasure over piety.

368
00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,400
# Lavender's green, dilly dilly... #

369
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:47,040
And leading the dance, of course, was Charles himself,

370
00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:51,080
constitutionally incapable of being so churlish

371
00:35:51,080 --> 00:35:57,600
as to spurn any woman generous enough to invite him into her bed. They all did.

372
00:35:57,600 --> 00:35:59,800
# ..I love you. #

373
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,560
This was the golden age of ogling.

374
00:36:02,560 --> 00:36:09,200
If Puritan England had been governed by the ear, wide open to receive the Word of God,

375
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:13,560
the Restoration restored the sovereignty of the eye.

376
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:18,040
Its ruling passion was scopophilia,

377
00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:20,600
the addiction of gaze.

378
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:28,120
Whether eyeballing an outrageous wig, a plunging neckline, a louse caught in the lens of a microscope,

379
00:36:28,120 --> 00:36:30,960
or the constellations of the stars.

380
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:35,760
# Lavender's blue, diddle diddle

381
00:36:35,760 --> 00:36:40,440
# Lavender's green... #

382
00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:45,160
Charles's boyish enthusiasm with the latest optical instruments

383
00:36:45,160 --> 00:36:48,800
suggested he might be a new kind of Stuart.

384
00:36:48,800 --> 00:36:55,440
One whose vision dwelt not in cloudy realms of absolutism, but which was precisely focused,

385
00:36:55,440 --> 00:37:00,040
concerned to observe reality, political as well as physical.

386
00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:05,120
He might even turn out to be a reasonable Stuart king.

387
00:37:06,120 --> 00:37:13,360
This was the Stuart for whom the physical world was his alpha and omega, who was earthy in his realism.

388
00:37:14,840 --> 00:37:19,520
All too earthy, some thought, as they looked down in disgust

389
00:37:19,520 --> 00:37:26,320
at the theatre of indolence punctuated by debauchery that had become the court.

390
00:37:26,320 --> 00:37:33,480
They were not SO worldly, as to be free of the fear that some day there would be a reckoning.

391
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:36,440
Some day soon, as it turned out.

392
00:37:40,480 --> 00:37:45,520
In the summer of 1664, a comet appeared in the skies over England.

393
00:37:45,520 --> 00:37:52,560
Its sallow tail could be seen with unprecedented clarity through the lens of the new telescopes,

394
00:37:52,560 --> 00:37:55,120
owned among others by the King.

395
00:37:55,120 --> 00:37:59,640
What most people saw was disaster in the offing.

396
00:37:59,640 --> 00:38:02,280
They had all read their almanacs.

397
00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:07,320
They knew the Apocalypse would be heralded by pestilence, fire and war.

398
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:19,280
A year later, thousands of bodies, killed by bubonic plague, were being tossed each week

399
00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:21,920
into the great pit of Aldgate.

400
00:38:21,920 --> 00:38:29,480
And there was nothing that science could do about it, except count the dead with a care demanded

401
00:38:29,480 --> 00:38:32,000
by modern statistics.

402
00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:37,960
# My part of death

403
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:42,320
# No-one so true

404
00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:48,160
# Did share it

405
00:38:49,280 --> 00:38:52,240
# Come away

406
00:38:52,240 --> 00:38:55,520
# Come away

407
00:38:55,520 --> 00:38:58,960
# Death... #

408
00:39:02,800 --> 00:39:07,520
One-sixth of London's population perished.

409
00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:13,880
The infection ebbed with the onset of autumn, but the trepidation hung around,

410
00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:18,200
for the number of the beast was 666.

411
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:26,440
And sure enough, up from the smoky regions of hell,

412
00:39:26,440 --> 00:39:29,520
in the first week of September 1666,

413
00:39:29,520 --> 00:39:32,480
came the diabolical fire.

414
00:39:37,200 --> 00:39:41,320
In the early hours of Sunday, September 2nd,

415
00:39:41,320 --> 00:39:45,360
the Lord Mayor of London was woken from his sleep

416
00:39:45,360 --> 00:39:50,360
to be told that a fire had started in a baker's shop in Pudding Lane.

417
00:39:50,360 --> 00:39:52,880
His response was...

418
00:39:52,880 --> 00:39:55,560
"Pish! A woman might piss it out."

419
00:40:03,680 --> 00:40:11,200
As he snored on, the flames reached the warehouses flanking the Thames between the Tower and London Bridge,

420
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:14,520
brimful of tallow, pitch and brandy.

421
00:40:15,520 --> 00:40:21,160
A monstrous fireball came roaring and sucking out of the narrow streets,

422
00:40:21,160 --> 00:40:25,200
feeding on the overhanging bays and gables.

423
00:40:27,240 --> 00:40:32,480
In another hour, 200-300 houses had been swallowed by the flames.

424
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:44,920
John Evelyn, who'd been saying for years that overcrowded London was a disaster waiting to happen,

425
00:40:44,920 --> 00:40:49,440
took no joy in the fulfilment of his prophecy.

426
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:55,080
"Oh, the miserable and calamitous spectacle!

427
00:40:55,080 --> 00:40:59,680
"God grant mine eyes that I never behold the like again,

428
00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:04,280
"who now saw 10,000 houses all in one flame.

429
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:09,000
"The noise and crackle and thunder of the impetuous flames.

430
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,560
"The shriek of women and children.

431
00:41:11,560 --> 00:41:18,600
"The hurry of people. The fall of towers, houses and churches, like a hideous storm.

432
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,480
"London was, but is no more."

433
00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:35,880
THUNDER CRASHES

434
00:41:37,760 --> 00:41:44,800
When the rain started, a week after the outbreak of the fire, allowing an early stocktaking,

435
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:49,600
the scale of the devastation horrified even the pessimists.

436
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:56,680
13,200 houses had been destroyed, along with some of the most famous buildings of the city.

437
00:41:58,680 --> 00:42:01,240
St Paul's Cathedral was in ruins.

438
00:42:01,240 --> 00:42:06,160
The new leviathan, it seemed, had no fire insurance.

439
00:42:06,160 --> 00:42:13,760
Still, there were those who were determined that London would rise as a Phoenix from its ashes

440
00:42:13,760 --> 00:42:18,600
and, like the reborn, rebuilt Rome, astonish the world.

441
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:23,520
This sort of thing had long been on the mind of Christopher Wren,

442
00:42:23,520 --> 00:42:28,560
mathematician, architect and prodigy of the Royal Society.

443
00:42:28,560 --> 00:42:33,560
So when Roman antiquities were found in the debris around St Paul's,

444
00:42:33,560 --> 00:42:40,280
one of them a tablet bearing the Latin inscription, "Resurgam" - "I shall arise,"

445
00:42:40,280 --> 00:42:42,920
Wren took the message to heart.

446
00:42:42,920 --> 00:42:46,960
London had once been a great Roman city

447
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:49,520
and now would outdo the ancients,

448
00:42:49,520 --> 00:42:56,920
with great piazzas, broad avenues, calculated to afford geometrically satisfying vistas

449
00:42:56,920 --> 00:42:59,680
and up to 50 new churches.

450
00:42:59,680 --> 00:43:03,720
And at its heart would be a new St Paul's,

451
00:43:03,720 --> 00:43:08,760
a cathedral the like of which had never been seen in northern Europe.

452
00:43:08,760 --> 00:43:15,880
He even built a giant wooden model to show the King and clergy just what they would be getting.

453
00:43:17,240 --> 00:43:24,280
How could they not be awestruck by the huge dome that used the same technology as a microscope

454
00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:26,880
to flood the interior with light?

455
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:56,560
But there was a problem.

456
00:43:56,560 --> 00:44:00,600
Wren had designed his cathedral as a Greek cross,

457
00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:08,120
sacrificing the traditional design of a Protestant church in favour of perfect acoustics and light.

458
00:44:08,120 --> 00:44:13,120
You can almost hear the mystified, angry complaints of the reverends,

459
00:44:13,120 --> 00:44:20,160
"And where exactly is the choir supposed to go? And how do we process up a nave which isn't there?"

460
00:44:20,160 --> 00:44:27,240
Most of all, they said, "Call us old-fashioned, but this looks to us like a Catholic basilica.

461
00:44:27,240 --> 00:44:34,600
"We'll be, if you pardon the phrase, damned, if we're going to let St Paul's turn into St Peter's."

462
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:39,640
When the King joined critics, telling him to go back to the drawing board,

463
00:44:39,640 --> 00:44:44,480
Wren's normally very dry eyes are said to have filled with tears.

464
00:44:44,480 --> 00:44:48,520
He would have his chance to build his domed cathedral,

465
00:44:48,520 --> 00:44:54,720
but only when it was joined to a long nave, something like a traditional church.

466
00:44:54,720 --> 00:45:03,000
The irony was that, for all his Roman enthusiasm, Wren believed he was building a truly Protestant church,

467
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:06,320
but his timing was terrible.

468
00:45:06,320 --> 00:45:13,440
Ever since the days of the Reformation, Britain had been victim to anti-Catholic fear.

469
00:45:13,440 --> 00:45:17,240
And once again, in Charles's reign, it erupted.

470
00:45:20,040 --> 00:45:26,960
Not all of it was misplaced - Charles was suspected of having secret Catholics in his government,

471
00:45:26,960 --> 00:45:29,480
and so he did.

472
00:45:29,480 --> 00:45:35,720
He was also suspected of making secret treaties with the militantly Catholic Louis XIV of France,

473
00:45:35,720 --> 00:45:37,920
and so he had.

474
00:45:37,920 --> 00:45:40,280
But there was worse...

475
00:45:40,280 --> 00:45:42,440
much worse.

476
00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:48,480
The King's own brother, James, Duke of York, had actually converted to the Roman Church,

477
00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:50,880
and he made no secret of it.

478
00:45:50,880 --> 00:45:58,280
With no children born to the King, the first Catholic ruler since Bloody Mary was an imminent prospect.

479
00:45:58,280 --> 00:46:01,200
They were shivering in the Shires.

480
00:46:01,200 --> 00:46:06,320
A century before, England's Queen Elizabeth had been threatened

481
00:46:06,320 --> 00:46:08,760
with Catholic assassination plots.

482
00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:15,120
The Jesuit lurking in the shadows was a permanent fixture in the popular nightmare.

483
00:46:15,120 --> 00:46:22,400
So when an ex-Jesuit called Titus Oates concocted a pack of lies about a plot to murder the King,

484
00:46:22,400 --> 00:46:27,120
invite a French invasion and create a Catholic state under James,

485
00:46:27,120 --> 00:46:29,920
he tripped the Guy Fawkes alert.

486
00:46:29,920 --> 00:46:37,280
And when the magistrate investigating the charges was found mysteriously murdered on Primrose Hill,

487
00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:42,120
it seemed obvious that Oates knew what he was talking about.

488
00:46:42,120 --> 00:46:46,840
It sent the jittery country right over the edge.

489
00:46:58,520 --> 00:47:03,120
Anti-Catholic violence swept the country -

490
00:47:03,120 --> 00:47:07,920
riots, burnings, lynch mobs, kangaroo courts.

491
00:47:10,720 --> 00:47:18,240
For some politicians, the country's ugly mood was a golden opportunity to press their favourite cause -

492
00:47:18,240 --> 00:47:25,280
James, Duke of York, should never be allowed to sit on the throne. He HAD to be excluded.

493
00:47:25,280 --> 00:47:31,440
Anything to stop the cycle of religious wars from breaking out again.

494
00:47:31,440 --> 00:47:36,160
It was an extraordinary crisis in the history of the British monarchy,

495
00:47:36,160 --> 00:47:42,320
for at stake were not only the lives of hundreds of those victimised by all the lies and hysteria,

496
00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:44,880
but the fate of the polity itself,

497
00:47:44,880 --> 00:47:49,920
because to concede exclusion was to accept that Parliament had the right

498
00:47:49,920 --> 00:47:54,400
to judge who was fit or unfit to occupy the throne.

499
00:47:54,400 --> 00:47:59,240
And THAT was a concession Charles II was absolutely not about to make.

500
00:48:00,280 --> 00:48:07,840
But Charles met the most serious crisis of his reign with his most powerful weapon - reason.

501
00:48:07,840 --> 00:48:10,280
He offered a compromise.

502
00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:16,320
His brother would be allowed to succeed IF he agreed to be a private Catholic

503
00:48:16,320 --> 00:48:19,840
and not to lay a finger on the Church of England.

504
00:48:19,840 --> 00:48:26,600
Riding the wave of paranoia, the newly elected Parliament, summoned to Oxford, turned him down.

505
00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:30,120
They assumed that memory was on their side,

506
00:48:30,120 --> 00:48:34,840
that this Charles would remember the fate of his stubborn father,

507
00:48:34,840 --> 00:48:40,880
who had triggered a war when he, too, had been suspected of being soft on Catholicism.

508
00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:44,560
But historical memory is a double-edged sword.

509
00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:47,160
FANFARE

510
00:48:47,160 --> 00:48:51,240
When the Commons filed into the Great Hall of Christchurch

511
00:48:51,240 --> 00:48:55,400
to hear what they THOUGHT would be the royal capitulation,

512
00:48:55,400 --> 00:49:00,960
they found themselves instead confronted by a leviathan in ermine.

513
00:49:02,960 --> 00:49:06,960
"This is the King's will," he said, in effect.

514
00:49:06,960 --> 00:49:09,320
"Take it or leave it."

515
00:49:11,320 --> 00:49:14,000
It was a breathtaking gamble.

516
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:16,480
Backed up by the House of Lords,

517
00:49:16,480 --> 00:49:23,000
Charles had left the Exclusionists in the Commons no alternative but to go to war.

518
00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:31,160
And he was betting that the memory of the last round would be a deterrent.

519
00:49:31,160 --> 00:49:33,320
He was right -

520
00:49:33,320 --> 00:49:40,680
the granite and marble tombs of the dead from Edgehill, Marston Moor and Worcester were still being carved.

521
00:49:40,680 --> 00:49:46,160
That war had begun as a parliamentary protest and ended in Puritan crusade.

522
00:49:46,160 --> 00:49:50,400
Who wanted that back? Not the Exclusionists.

523
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:52,920
THEY blinked first.

524
00:49:53,920 --> 00:49:59,600
James did get the keys to the kingdom when his brother died, in 1685,

525
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:05,080
and he inherited a new parliament with a massively royalist majority,

526
00:50:05,080 --> 00:50:08,600
along with widespread public sympathy.

527
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:13,160
Within three years, though, he had squandered it all.

528
00:50:17,160 --> 00:50:21,920
James never had any intention of hiding his faith.

529
00:50:21,920 --> 00:50:28,800
His Catholicism wasn't just a private comfort to be celebrated away from the public gaze.

530
00:50:28,800 --> 00:50:33,320
No, James was going to be a visible Catholic king,

531
00:50:33,320 --> 00:50:35,840
but he was playing a dangerous game.

532
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:42,520
When James tried to reverse anti-Catholic laws,

533
00:50:42,520 --> 00:50:49,560
the pillars of the Establishment - the country gentry in the Church of England - were horrified.

534
00:50:49,560 --> 00:50:56,800
When the bishops complained, the King declared, "I shall find a way to do my business without you."

535
00:50:56,800 --> 00:51:02,120
The protesting bishops were locked up in the Tower.

536
00:51:06,680 --> 00:51:09,480
James's timing was disastrous,

537
00:51:09,480 --> 00:51:15,920
for he was doing all this when Louis XIV, the militantly Catholic King of France,

538
00:51:15,920 --> 00:51:19,200
was threatening Europe.

539
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:24,880
By January 1688, James had managed to alienate all his natural allies,

540
00:51:24,880 --> 00:51:30,920
and to turn himself into an even more dangerous version of his father, Charles I.

541
00:51:30,920 --> 00:51:36,280
He was even filling the officer ranks of the Army with Irish Catholics.

542
00:51:38,440 --> 00:51:43,800
The only consolation was that, at 52, he had no son.

543
00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:48,000
The next in line to the throne was his daughter Mary,

544
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:52,560
a staunch Protestant who'd married the Dutch Prince William of Orange,

545
00:51:52,560 --> 00:51:55,560
hero of the resistance to Louis XIV.

546
00:51:56,960 --> 00:52:00,760
On June 10th 1688, all this changed.

547
00:52:00,760 --> 00:52:04,680
James's wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a boy,

548
00:52:04,680 --> 00:52:09,680
who was duly baptised with Roman rites.

549
00:52:09,680 --> 00:52:12,160
Now not only was the king Catholic,

550
00:52:12,160 --> 00:52:14,480
so was his dynasty.

551
00:52:14,480 --> 00:52:19,520
What could be done? Well, something quite extraordinary.

552
00:52:20,640 --> 00:52:27,240
A group of seven leading statesmen sent a message to Holland with an explosive request.

553
00:52:27,240 --> 00:52:34,560
"Prince William," they asked, "would you mind invading Britain and saving us from a Catholic king?"

554
00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:41,400
William wanted to save his country from Catholic despots all right,

555
00:52:41,400 --> 00:52:47,480
but the country HE had in mind, first, foremost and always, was the Dutch republic.

556
00:52:47,480 --> 00:52:52,440
English politics were a sideshow, for William, to the main event -

557
00:52:52,440 --> 00:52:55,960
the great European war against Louis XIV.

558
00:52:57,520 --> 00:53:02,560
What choice did he have? There would be British troops in that war.

559
00:53:02,560 --> 00:53:07,160
To make sure that they'd be fighting for him, not against him,

560
00:53:07,160 --> 00:53:11,880
exactly 100 years after the Spanish Armada failed to do the same thing,

561
00:53:11,880 --> 00:53:14,320
William set out to conquer Britain.

562
00:53:18,440 --> 00:53:22,320
He was nothing if not thorough.

563
00:53:22,320 --> 00:53:26,400
60,000 copies of William's manifesto blanketed England

564
00:53:26,400 --> 00:53:29,920
in an effort to present the planned invasion

565
00:53:29,920 --> 00:53:34,640
as a response to a spontaneous uprising against the Catholic tyrant.

566
00:53:34,640 --> 00:53:41,200
It was so persuasive that he succeeded in making James seem the foreigner in his own land

567
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:43,560
and the Dutchman the TRUE Brit.

568
00:53:46,480 --> 00:53:50,000
The fate of the Armada was a sobering thought,

569
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:54,840
so his Dutch invasion force made the Spanish one seem puny.

570
00:53:54,840 --> 00:53:59,920
This time there were 600 vessels and up to 20,000 troops.

571
00:54:14,280 --> 00:54:18,880
He landed at Torbay on November 5th - Guy Fawkes Day.

572
00:54:18,880 --> 00:54:21,400
Obviously, God was a Protestant.

573
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:27,840
When he realised that this Protestant invasion was really going to oust him,

574
00:54:27,840 --> 00:54:30,640
James' courage failed him.

575
00:54:30,640 --> 00:54:37,240
His resolution in melt-down, his nights haunted by the ghost of his beheaded daddy,

576
00:54:37,240 --> 00:54:39,760
he fled the kingdom.

577
00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:50,080
William claimed that he'd come just to restore English liberties,

578
00:54:50,080 --> 00:54:54,400
but now he had Dutch soldiers in the streets.

579
00:54:54,400 --> 00:55:00,800
And if he'd decided to be king after all, who was going to say otherwise?

580
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:13,360
In February 1689, William of Orange and Mary Stuart were proclaimed King and Queen of England.

581
00:55:15,360 --> 00:55:20,120
But during the ceremony, something profoundly novel happened.

582
00:55:20,120 --> 00:55:23,120
A declaration of rights was read out,

583
00:55:23,120 --> 00:55:30,440
listing the conditions under which the new monarchs would be allowed to sit on the throne.

584
00:55:30,440 --> 00:55:34,520
Parliament had changed the job description of the ruler.

585
00:55:34,520 --> 00:55:38,120
It turned out the country did not need leviathan.

586
00:55:38,120 --> 00:55:40,880
It wanted a chairman of the board.

587
00:55:40,880 --> 00:55:45,800
Dutch William fitted that role to a T.

588
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:50,240
William III would fight HIS wars by asking, not demanding,

589
00:55:50,240 --> 00:55:54,760
funds from the elected representatives of the people.

590
00:55:54,760 --> 00:55:57,280
And ruling together with Parliament,

591
00:55:57,280 --> 00:56:04,600
his government looked remarkably like a reasonable version of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate.

592
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:09,960
History has called this a Glorious Revolution.

593
00:56:09,960 --> 00:56:12,400
It was probably neither.

594
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:17,360
But afterwards, the British monarchy would never be the same again.

595
00:56:23,040 --> 00:56:29,000
But the old monarchy had one last, desperate, play to make.

596
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:33,320
In March 1689, James landed in Ireland

597
00:56:33,320 --> 00:56:36,000
with 20,000 French troops.

598
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:40,160
The Catholic Irish flocked to their king.

599
00:56:40,160 --> 00:56:46,040
Like the English, they had become pawns in someone else's chess game.

600
00:56:51,640 --> 00:56:57,680
Outside Drogheda, two armies - two worlds - faced each other across the River Boyne.

601
00:56:57,680 --> 00:57:01,320
One belonged to the old world of faith and fervour.

602
00:57:01,320 --> 00:57:07,560
The other - Dutch and German professionals - were part of a modern war machine.

603
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:20,360
No prizes for guessing who won.

604
00:57:21,360 --> 00:57:23,320
Nobody.

605
00:57:34,480 --> 00:57:38,640
It is the patriotic duty of Irish men and Irish women

606
00:57:38,640 --> 00:57:42,400
to engage in that legitimate armed struggle.

607
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:45,120
WE WILL NEVER SURRENDER!

608
00:57:45,120 --> 00:57:46,960
NEVER!

609
00:57:46,960 --> 00:57:48,560
NEVER!

610
00:57:48,560 --> 00:57:50,320
NEVER!

611
00:57:50,320 --> 00:57:52,960
- Never... 
- CHEERING

612
00:57:52,960 --> 00:57:59,000
I would appeal to Unionists to engage fully in the search for a lasting peace.

613
00:57:59,000 --> 00:58:01,360
I, too, am an Ulster man,

614
00:58:01,360 --> 00:58:05,160
and we don't need British ministers to rule us...

615
00:58:05,160 --> 00:58:08,880
# ..By Christ and Saint Patrick

616
00:58:08,880 --> 00:58:13,000
# The nation's our own

617
00:58:13,000 --> 00:58:17,160
# Lilli burlero

618
00:58:17,160 --> 00:58:24,200
# Bullen a la. #