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In December of 1688,
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the British King James arrived in
Paris at the Court of Louis XIV.
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He was a fugitive.
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James had been kicked off
his throne by the Dutch usurper,
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William of Orange.
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Of his vast fortunes as King of
England, Scotland and Ireland,
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James had managed to escape
with just £23,000.
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00:00:44,721 --> 00:00:47,161
His wife, Mary of Modena,
had brought her jewels.
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Third and last from the wreckage,
but far from least, they had managed
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to save their son and heir,
little James Francis Edward.
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He was just six months old.
He was the future.
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Louis XIV was generous to a fault.
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He gave them a home, his second best
palace at Saint-Germain-en-Laye
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just outside Paris.
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It was anything but small.
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It was the opposite.
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A place in which elegance was
magnified, stretched, extended
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to levels at which the mind of
a mere mortal might easily freeze.
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It was a place in which
illusions could sustain themselves.
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It was a place in which
a man who had once been king
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could pretend that he still was.
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King James VII and II
had lost his job.
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His redundancy had cost several
other people their careers,
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men with their families, many of
them Catholics like James himself.
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These Jacobites came to live in
France to share his borrowed palace.
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He gave them tasks and titles.
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In his French court,
he built a shadow government.
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The shadow court settled down to
a rhythm of impoverished display,
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all paid for by Louis XIV.
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And Louis sent daily deliveries
of flowers
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from his greenhouses
at Versailles to cheer the Queen.
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Chilly blossoms, cold comfort.
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James could only watch from France
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as William of Orange settled
into his powers in his palaces
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and started telling stories,
started spinning.
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The invasion that had cost James
his kingdom was given a name -
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the Glorious Revolution.
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Shorthand for a longer myth -
William, a conquering Protestant hero,
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champion of
liberty and limited monarchy,
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had come to oust
the tyrant, James VII and II,
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a Catholic king who rode roughshod
over the treasured civil liberties
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of his freedom-loving subjects.
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Spin. Old spin now.
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More than three centuries old.
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But that doesn't make it any truer.
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William of Orange wasn't
interested in liberties.
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He was interested in war.
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The whole point of his invasion
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had been to prevent a Catholic alliance
between England and France.
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Once the dust had settled
and the blood had dried,
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William's plans were simple.
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He wanted to make war on France,
and England could do that on its own.
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Scotland's job? Keep quiet.
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Don't get in the way.
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So in Scotland,
William's Glorious Revolution
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was about management, not liberty.
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There were no elections.
William allowed the emergency meeting
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that had decreed him king
to stay on as Scotland's Parliament.
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And the last ingredient
in the recipe was someone
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to manage that Parliament so that
he could ignore it...completely.
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It was a job for someone reliable,
someone reliably self-interested.
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William eventually found his man
in the Duke of Queensberry,
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who soon erected around himself
a clique, the Court Party,
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which cheerfully enacted
the King's wishes in Scotland.
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And that was that.
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The Glorious Revolution,
not very glorious at all.
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But like all good spin,
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it contained a solid grain of truth
that James could not deny.
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As a king,
he had been authoritarian,
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he had shown favour
towards Catholics.
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So he spun back.
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Return of service.
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In 1693, he dispensed with
his Catholic advisers
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and produced a decree.
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The shadow king promised that when
he was, once again, the true king,
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there would be no more absolutism,
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no more religious intolerance
and inequity.
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Parliament's rights would be
protected,
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the religious settlement
would not be tampered with
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and there would be no revenge taken,
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no punishments at all for those
who had fought against him.
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He remained, of course,
a Catholic himself,
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for which the supporters
of William of Orange
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can only have been
profoundly grateful.
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After 1693, there was nothing else
to choose between them.
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The proclamation ticked every box.
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It raised the ghost
of a Stuart restoration.
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But in the 16905, Scots were
more worried about what to eat.
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Thousands had died
in the revolution.
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The famines that followed
killed thousands more.
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Scotland desperately
needed money for food.
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But England was in the way.
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Trade with the French was impossible
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because the English
were fighting them.
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Trade with England's juicy colonies
in America would have been nice
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but the English refused to allow it.
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God helps those who help themselves.
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In 1695, some of
Edinburgh's merchants founded
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the Company of Scotland
Trading to Africa and the Indies.
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And better still,
a financial genius had come to town.
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William Paterson.
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He talked a good game.
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The year before,
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Paterson had been involved in
the foundation of the Bank of England.
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He was sacked
from its board shortly afterwards,
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but Paterson rarely mentioned that.
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Now he was in Scotland
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and had helped to found
the Bank of Scotland, too.
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He had an air about him
of mysterious financial knowledge.
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He knew that if you rubbed
the numbers the right way,
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that a company
could almost magically grow in size.
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"Trade will increase trade," he said,
"and money will beget money."
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The Company of Scotland
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had originally
planned to trade to West Africa.
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The risks would be slight
and the profits would be small.
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Paterson had another plan.
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He knew exactly where
the best basket was
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for all of Scotland's eggs.
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They should set up a massive port
on the land bridge
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between the Americas
in a place called Darien.
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There they would become
the middle man
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in all the trades
of the New World.
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They would make a mint.
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All that optimism ended up
on the front page
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of the company's minute book.
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It's a fantastically grand
and optimistic cover, isn't it?
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WOMAN: Absolutely and it shows
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that the people who were doing this
had an eye to the fact
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that they were making history,
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to put that right on the front page
of your first volume of minutes.
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NEIL OLIVER : Would it have stood out
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in amongst a collection
of similar documents at the time?
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RUTH REED: Absolutely. You wouldn't
expect something this glamorous
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on the front of what is
essentially a working document.
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The rising sun symbol, which was the
symbol of the company,
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this glamorous and exotic
Native American and African.
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This is a Native American
supposedly?
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Their idea of what one
would have looked like,
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and they're carrying
these horns of plenty
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with this fantastic glamorous
golden fruit.
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Paterson's scheme
was a runaway success.
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Scotland's nobles, merchants,
burghs and cities all went home
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and dug money from under mattresses,
emptied strong boxes and socks.
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By some estimates, fully
a quarter of Scotland's liquid cash
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ended up in the coffers
of the Company of Scotland.
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Even the Duke of Queensberry
punted 3K on Darien.
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This was money
that the Scots could ill-afford.
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But what could possibly go wrong?
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"The bank has the benefit of
all monies
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"which it creates out
of nothing,"
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Paterson is
reputed to have said
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about banking practice and principle.
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These days, phrases like that have
a hollow ring, and in the 16905,
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Paterson was every bit as much
of a banker as our current crop.
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In the Darien scheme,
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Paterson would take a substantial
slice of Scotland's money
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and make it,
as if by magic, disappear.
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Darien never stood a chance.
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The King had told the Scots
he didn't want them trading
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on the toes of his English interests
in the Americas
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or on the toes
of his Spanish allies.
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He told bankers in England
and Holland not to invest in Darien.
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The colony collapsed
and within five years it was clear
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that of over £150,000 sterling,
there was nothing left at all.
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Not a brass farthing.
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No doubloons, no ducats,
no dosh, no nothing.
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William Paterson did
the sensible thing.
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He moved to London.
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Darien left a double legacy.
A Scottish governing class
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who blamed King William
for their poverty
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and a King William who could not
trust Scotland to keep his peace.
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He had taken steps
to secure his revolution.
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The English Parliament
had passed laws
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to exclude
Catholics from the throne.
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But he had no heir.
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His sister-in-law Anne was a Protestant,
but after her,
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the nearest Protestants with a claim
were a German family,
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the Hanoverians.
William secured their agreement
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to take the throne once Anne was dead.
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As for Scotland, in 1603,
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James VI and I
had become king of both countries.
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Two kings had become one.
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For William, it was now
a matter of the highest urgency,
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the kingdoms must do likewise.
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He must have union.
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In September of 1701,
James VII and II,
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the king in exile, breathed his last.
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He was buried here
in the church at Saint-Germain.
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The shadow king was still warm
when Louis XIV proclaimed
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his teenage son James King of
England, Scotland and Ireland.
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And the Pope and the King of Spain
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added their similar declarations
at once.
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William of Orange
was still warm too.
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And these declarations
made him positively hot.
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He broke off relations with France
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and set about all the preparations
necessary for a full-scale war.
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In the midst of this entirely
characteristic flurry of activity,
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William decided
to take a brief rest.
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He had a new horse
and he took it for a ride
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in the grounds of his
favourite residence, Hampton Court.
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The horse
stepped on a molehill and fell.
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William broke his collarbone
and infection set in.
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Almost at once,
the mole responsible
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became the subject of a Jacobite toast.
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"To the little gentleman
in black velvet. "
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William died two weeks later.
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His place on the throne was
taken by his sister-in-law,
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the last Protestant Stuart, Anne.
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Anne was dangerously overweight.
17 pregnancies had left their mark.
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But, ill-health aside,
she knew her duty as a Protestant.
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At the head of her to-do list
was William's priority number one.
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Union.
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00:14:38,001 --> 00:14:41,601
She ordered her Parliaments
north and south of the border
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to make it happen quickly.
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A new party had formed in
Scotland's Parliament, the Cavaliers,
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loyal to the exiled Stuarts.
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00:14:53,321 --> 00:14:57,001
George Lockhart of Carnwath
was one of its backbenchers.
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Lockhart kept a journal and served
as a doormat to the acknowledged
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leader of this dissident tendency,
James Douglas, the Duke of Hamilton.
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The Hamiltons were closely
related to the Stuarts
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and traditionally regarded
as Scotland's most senior nobles.
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This entitled them to
grace and favour apartments rent free
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in the Palace of Holyroodhouse,
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which was fortunate because
the Duke of Hamilton,
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not to put
too fine a point on it, was poor.
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All the poorer since Darien.
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He had invested £1,000.
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In Parliament, Hamilton locked horns
with the Crown's representative,
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the Duke of Queensberry.
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It looked like a life-and-death
struggle
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00:15:42,601 --> 00:15:44,801
for Scotland's
political independence.
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It was actually professional wrestling.
Pure theatre.
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A leading supporter of the Union
later revealed that Hamilton
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made several visits to
Queensberry's apartments by night.
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These were not social calls -
he was looking for an income.
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Various letters that survive describe
his desperate need for money.
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"He must have his debts paid,"
said one.
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00:16:06,721 --> 00:16:09,481
Another described him
as "a room for rent".
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First on the agenda - the committee
to discuss the terms of union.
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It was vital that the Scots
retained the right
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00:16:19,281 --> 00:16:21,961
to make their
own nominations to this committee.
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But the rentable Duke of Hamilton
243
00:16:24,201 --> 00:16:27,041
called a vote when most of his party
had gone home for dinner,
244
00:16:27,121 --> 00:16:30,481
with the result that the right
to name the committee
245
00:16:30,561 --> 00:16:33,561
was placed
entirely in the hands of the Crown.
246
00:16:33,641 --> 00:16:36,481
Everything that followed
was bitter farce.
247
00:16:36,561 --> 00:16:41,041
Hamilton had opened the door,
the English stuck their foot in it.
248
00:16:41,121 --> 00:16:44,201
They would keep it open
until their business had been done.
249
00:16:55,841 --> 00:16:57,041
The following summer,
250
00:16:57,121 --> 00:17:00,721
the commission to negotiate the
terms of the Union got under way.
251
00:17:00,801 --> 00:17:02,761
To the astonishment of none,
252
00:17:02,841 --> 00:17:07,321
the nominated commissioners
were overwhelmingly pro-Union.
253
00:17:07,401 --> 00:17:09,241
Apart from George Lockhart,
254
00:17:09,321 --> 00:17:12,881
who got a place on the committee
entirely by mistake.
255
00:17:15,841 --> 00:17:18,961
The commission
met in London, in Whitehall.
256
00:17:19,041 --> 00:17:23,121
The Scots sat in one room,
the English in another.
257
00:17:23,201 --> 00:17:27,001
And the two parties communicated
with each other only in writing.
258
00:17:29,281 --> 00:17:33,681
The committee soon reached
the heart of the matter - money.
259
00:17:33,761 --> 00:17:37,281
Union would subject
the Scots to higher English taxes.
260
00:17:37,361 --> 00:17:41,161
The English proposed to pay
something called an Equivalent,
261
00:17:41,241 --> 00:17:43,481
a sum of money
to help the Scots cope.
262
00:17:43,561 --> 00:17:45,761
Lockhart raised a question.
263
00:17:45,841 --> 00:17:49,921
How could this money be given to
the poor? They would need it most.
264
00:17:52,081 --> 00:17:53,881
Nobody answered.
265
00:17:58,041 --> 00:18:01,041
In due course,
266
00:18:01,121 --> 00:18:05,121
the size of the Equivalent
was agreed and of its £400,000,
267
00:18:05,201 --> 00:18:09,921
£217,000 was to go directly
to those who had invested in Darien.
268
00:18:10,001 --> 00:18:14,521
Lockhart finally got
what the Equivalent was.
269
00:18:14,601 --> 00:18:17,841
It was a bribe,
payable to a Scottish elite
270
00:18:17,921 --> 00:18:21,721
whose losses in Darien had
turned them against the English.
271
00:18:21,801 --> 00:18:24,561
Now they would get
their money back, with interest,
272
00:18:24,641 --> 00:18:27,801
and their anti-English hearts
would soften accordingly.
273
00:18:27,881 --> 00:18:32,921
For Lockhart, it was the last straw.
He refused to sign the final treaty.
274
00:18:35,641 --> 00:18:38,841
Nobody minded or even noticed.
275
00:18:38,921 --> 00:18:43,121
The treaty was sent to the Scottish
and English Parliaments for approval.
276
00:18:44,881 --> 00:18:48,601
When the terms of the treaty were
published, they proved unpopular.
277
00:18:48,681 --> 00:18:52,641
"The whole nation appears
against the Union," wrote Lockhart.
278
00:18:52,721 --> 00:18:55,441
"Ministers roar against it
from the pulpits."
279
00:18:55,521 --> 00:18:59,401
He was writing to Hamilton who had
somehow re-established himself
280
00:18:59,481 --> 00:19:01,441
as the figurehead of resistance.
281
00:19:01,521 --> 00:19:04,161
Lockhart was touchingly trusting.
282
00:19:10,801 --> 00:19:14,481
Outside Parliament, the Union
was indeed hugely unpopular.
283
00:19:14,561 --> 00:19:17,121
But inside Parliament, it was not.
284
00:19:17,201 --> 00:19:20,841
Queensberry and his henchmen,
John Erskine, the Earl of Mar,
285
00:19:20,921 --> 00:19:24,161
found their fellow Scottish nobles
quite biddable.
286
00:19:24,241 --> 00:19:27,601
More than any other class,
Scotland's nobles had had to deal
287
00:19:27,681 --> 00:19:31,881
with the fact that in 1603,
their king had simply disappeared.
288
00:19:35,961 --> 00:19:38,641
The King of Scotland was a memory,
289
00:19:38,721 --> 00:19:42,081
he was buried
inside the King of England.
290
00:19:42,161 --> 00:19:45,561
The Union was a chance
to have a king again.
291
00:19:45,641 --> 00:19:50,361
So the nobles voted consistently
for bread with English butter,
292
00:19:50,441 --> 00:19:53,001
by a factor of 2-1.
293
00:19:53,081 --> 00:19:55,841
Queensberry and Mar brokered
a deal with the Church as well,
294
00:19:55,921 --> 00:19:58,921
promising it
to the Presbyterians for evermore.
295
00:19:59,001 --> 00:20:02,801
Clause by clause,
the Act of Union slowly passed.
296
00:20:05,681 --> 00:20:10,241
The pulpits that had roared quite recently
began to purr instead.
297
00:20:10,321 --> 00:20:13,761
George Lockhart
became increasingly depressed.
298
00:20:13,841 --> 00:20:16,281
It was time for the last resort.
299
00:20:16,361 --> 00:20:19,481
The anti-Unionists
would call a vote
300
00:20:19,561 --> 00:20:22,921
and accept the Hanoverians
as an independent Scotland.
301
00:20:23,001 --> 00:20:26,481
Hey presto, no Union necessary.
302
00:20:26,561 --> 00:20:29,561
It was universally agreed
that the man to call the vote
303
00:20:29,641 --> 00:20:31,401
should be the Duke of Hamilton.
304
00:20:31,481 --> 00:20:34,921
The vote was planned for 9th January
and on that morning,
305
00:20:35,001 --> 00:20:38,161
Hamilton's supporters
eagerly awaited his arrival.
306
00:20:38,241 --> 00:20:40,161
A note arrived instead.
307
00:20:40,241 --> 00:20:42,361
"I have a toothache," it said,
308
00:20:42,441 --> 00:20:45,201
"and cannot attend
Parliament today."
309
00:20:45,281 --> 00:20:48,761
As long as Hamilton was there,
whenever one door closed...
310
00:20:50,321 --> 00:20:52,321
...another one would shut.
311
00:20:54,161 --> 00:20:58,321
Six days later, the Act of Union
passed in its entirety.
312
00:20:58,401 --> 00:21:01,721
The Duke of Queensberry
touched the Act with the sceptre.
313
00:21:05,361 --> 00:21:06,841
It was law.
314
00:21:17,561 --> 00:21:22,881
On April 28th 1707, the Scottish
Parliament dissolved itself,
315
00:21:22,961 --> 00:21:28,361
apparently for ever. Certainly,
this room would never see another.
316
00:21:28,441 --> 00:21:31,961
The Chancellor signed
a shortened version of the Act
317
00:21:32,041 --> 00:21:33,441
and said as he did so,
318
00:21:33,521 --> 00:21:35,961
"Now there is an end
of an old song."
319
00:21:37,721 --> 00:21:41,041
The Chancellor had worked
assiduously with Queensberry and Mar
320
00:21:41,121 --> 00:21:42,881
to see the Act through Parliament
321
00:21:42,961 --> 00:21:46,041
and must have spoken with
a certain amount of satisfaction.
322
00:21:46,121 --> 00:21:48,081
Lockhart disapproved, of course.
323
00:21:48,161 --> 00:21:50,721
"Here was a clay
never to be forgotten," he wrote,
324
00:21:50,801 --> 00:21:52,641
"a day on which Scots were stripped
325
00:21:52,721 --> 00:21:56,001
"of something they had maintained
gallantly for centuries -
326
00:21:56,081 --> 00:21:58,561
"their independence
and their sovereignty."
327
00:22:13,721 --> 00:22:17,601
It is hard not to admire the
professionalism, the sheer slickness
328
00:22:17,681 --> 00:22:20,881
of the process by which Scotland
was groomed for Union.
329
00:22:22,721 --> 00:22:26,401
But there it was,
Lockhart's unpleasant truth.
330
00:22:26,481 --> 00:22:30,721
The Glorious Revolution had been
at last and irrevocably secured.
331
00:22:30,801 --> 00:22:36,081
Scottish independence had been sold
for the sake of English security.
332
00:22:42,681 --> 00:22:45,921
The wounds of the Union were fresh.
333
00:22:46,001 --> 00:22:49,241
Louis XIV decided
it was time to apply the salt.
334
00:22:50,801 --> 00:22:53,441
He was losing his war with Britain,
335
00:22:53,521 --> 00:22:58,201
but the shadow king, James
the VIII and III, was 19 years old.
336
00:22:58,281 --> 00:23:00,801
A card ripe for playing.
337
00:23:00,881 --> 00:23:05,081
Louis set the date for
the invasion to restore his throne -
338
00:23:05,161 --> 00:23:07,081
spring of the next year.
339
00:23:07,161 --> 00:23:10,321
James had waited
all his life for this.
340
00:23:10,401 --> 00:23:13,761
He had become a restrained,
methodical, focused young man.
341
00:23:13,841 --> 00:23:17,841
Too methodical. James had
a talent for administration.
342
00:23:17,921 --> 00:23:21,281
While the French set about preparing
an invasion fleet,
343
00:23:21,361 --> 00:23:24,361
James prepared
his pitch to the Scottish people.
344
00:23:26,921 --> 00:23:29,561
The Union was deeply unpopular.
345
00:23:29,641 --> 00:23:33,641
He would offer himself as the
King of Scots, first and foremost.
346
00:23:33,721 --> 00:23:35,401
He would dissolve the Union.
347
00:23:35,481 --> 00:23:38,841
He would leave the settlement
of the Church in Parliament's hands
348
00:23:38,921 --> 00:23:41,081
and he promised that
Parliament itself
349
00:23:41,161 --> 00:23:43,641
would be free
of any interference on his part.
350
00:23:43,721 --> 00:23:45,281
Once again, the exiled Stuarts
351
00:23:45,361 --> 00:23:47,801
were offering their people
greater freedom,
352
00:23:47,881 --> 00:23:51,521
more at least
than they currently enjoyed.
353
00:23:54,081 --> 00:23:56,961
In Scotland,
George Lockhart calculated
354
00:23:57,041 --> 00:24:01,601
there were 30, 000 or 40, 000 men
Who would rise if James should land.
355
00:24:01,681 --> 00:24:04,561
Most of the government's troops
were at war abroad.
356
00:24:04,641 --> 00:24:10,881
There were only 2,500 regulars
left in Scotland, 5,000 in England.
357
00:24:10,961 --> 00:24:13,081
It was going to be a walkover.
358
00:24:15,001 --> 00:24:17,361
The French fleet
set sail on March 17th,
359
00:24:17,441 --> 00:24:21,041
followed by a British fleet
from the very first.
360
00:24:21,121 --> 00:24:23,161
The weather was appalling.
361
00:24:23,241 --> 00:24:27,121
For James, the experience
was unpleasantly novel.
362
00:24:27,201 --> 00:24:30,841
The French fleet
anchored off (rail in Fife.
363
00:24:30,921 --> 00:24:33,441
It was james's
first sight of Scotland.
364
00:24:33,521 --> 00:24:35,561
His feet itched to walk there.
365
00:24:36,601 --> 00:24:39,281
And then the British fleet
appeared astern.
366
00:24:39,361 --> 00:24:42,561
James begged the French admiral
to put him ashore,
367
00:24:42,641 --> 00:24:44,241
but the admiral refused.
368
00:24:44,321 --> 00:24:45,961
He had been briefed by Louis.
369
00:24:46,041 --> 00:24:49,681
Whatever else,
James must return alive.
370
00:24:52,761 --> 00:24:57,161
They sailed north and anchored off
Stains Castle, north of Aberdeen.
371
00:24:57,241 --> 00:25:00,481
James begged once again
to be set ashore
372
00:25:00,561 --> 00:25:04,921
and was once again refused
as the British fleet hove into view.
373
00:25:05,001 --> 00:25:07,961
The chance to land was gone.
The French fleet
374
00:25:08,041 --> 00:25:11,561
sailed round the north of Scotland
and struggled back to Dunkirk.
375
00:25:27,201 --> 00:25:28,721
Lockhart despaired.
376
00:25:28,801 --> 00:25:32,241
Had the weather been better
or the French admiral less fearful
377
00:25:32,321 --> 00:25:35,681
of Louis' wrath,
James would have landed.
378
00:25:35,761 --> 00:25:38,561
Ordinary Scots hated the Union.
379
00:25:38,641 --> 00:25:42,401
Surely they would have
risen for their king?
380
00:25:42,481 --> 00:25:45,921
But the chance was lost.
The Union stood.
381
00:25:48,201 --> 00:25:51,481
And the Union disappointed.
382
00:25:58,881 --> 00:26:02,561
It disappointed even those
who had helped bring it about.
383
00:26:02,641 --> 00:26:05,881
Free trade had been one
of the promised perks of Union,
384
00:26:05,961 --> 00:26:10,481
but the benefits of free trade spread
with excruciating slowness.
385
00:26:11,521 --> 00:26:15,521
In the summer of 1711, the Earl of Mar
wrote a letter of complaint
386
00:26:15,601 --> 00:26:17,801
to the Crown's leading minister.
387
00:26:19,601 --> 00:26:22,121
"I have not yet grown weary
of the Union myself,"
388
00:26:22,201 --> 00:26:25,401
wrote Mar, "but the attitude
of the English Parliament
389
00:26:25,481 --> 00:26:28,161
"is beyond all sense,
reason and fair dealing.
390
00:26:28,241 --> 00:26:30,641
"If nothing is done to encourage
our trade,
391
00:26:30,721 --> 00:26:33,241
"it will be more than flesh
and blood can bear,
392
00:26:33,321 --> 00:26:36,481
"and what Scotsman will not
grow weary of the Union
393
00:26:36,561 --> 00:26:38,281
"and do all he can to end it?"
394
00:26:41,921 --> 00:26:45,001
And that was a letter
from one of the Union's friends.
395
00:26:49,561 --> 00:26:53,441
As the Union grew less popular,
the Queen gained weight.
396
00:26:55,081 --> 00:26:57,121
Her health was failing.
397
00:26:57,201 --> 00:27:00,361
It would soon be time to see
if the British north and south
398
00:27:00,441 --> 00:27:01,921
of the border could really
399
00:27:02,001 --> 00:27:05,921
hand the Crown to the Hanoverians
with their distant claim.
400
00:27:08,921 --> 00:27:12,281
James wrote Anne a letter.
"God and nature call you, madam.
401
00:27:12,361 --> 00:27:15,721
"Settle the succession
in the right line once again.
402
00:27:15,801 --> 00:27:18,281
"Make me your heir."
403
00:27:19,321 --> 00:27:23,161
It was worth a try,
but Anne never wrote back.
404
00:27:23,241 --> 00:27:26,921
She sent another sort of answer.
405
00:27:27,001 --> 00:27:30,401
12 years of war between Britain
and France were coming to an end.
406
00:27:30,481 --> 00:27:33,361
The British negotiators
made it a condition
407
00:27:33,441 --> 00:27:37,321
of the peace treaty that James
should be expelled from France.
408
00:27:37,401 --> 00:27:42,681
Louis XIV was tired,
old and on the losing side.
409
00:27:42,761 --> 00:27:46,041
Early in 1713, he agreed.
410
00:27:48,881 --> 00:27:52,961
The treaty was concluded in April
and James became a wanderer.
411
00:27:53,041 --> 00:27:55,241
He had lived with his shadow court
412
00:27:55,321 --> 00:27:58,041
in the palace of Saint-Germain
for 23 years.
413
00:27:58,121 --> 00:28:00,641
It had sustained
all of his illusions.
414
00:28:00,721 --> 00:28:05,281
Now his court was to be allowed
to stay, but he would have to leave.
415
00:28:05,361 --> 00:28:10,001
It would be harder in the absence
of this palace to pretend.
416
00:28:23,721 --> 00:28:26,601
He was offered asylum in Lorraine,
a small dukedom
417
00:28:26,681 --> 00:28:29,921
sandwiched uncomfortably
between Germany and France.
418
00:28:30,001 --> 00:28:33,361
The home of quiche,
the land of cakes,
419
00:28:33,441 --> 00:28:37,481
birthplace of rum babas,
macaroons and madeleines.
420
00:28:37,561 --> 00:28:39,841
It was agonising.
James was no tourist.
421
00:28:39,921 --> 00:28:41,921
He was a painfully serious
young man
422
00:28:42,001 --> 00:28:45,121
whose reason for living
was across the English Channel.
423
00:28:47,441 --> 00:28:49,961
But then the English
broke a promise.
424
00:28:50,041 --> 00:28:54,441
At the Union, they had guaranteed
the Scots a permanent holiday
425
00:28:54,521 --> 00:28:56,761
from certain taxes, but in 1713,
426
00:28:56,841 --> 00:29:00,801
they ordered the Scots to pay a tax
on malt, and at the English rate.
427
00:29:00,881 --> 00:29:03,321
There were riots,
there were strikes.
428
00:29:03,401 --> 00:29:07,001
The Scots in the House of Lords
moved to dissolve the Union
429
00:29:07,081 --> 00:29:09,081
and lost by just four votes.
430
00:29:10,641 --> 00:29:14,201
And Queen Anne at last
fell properly ill.
431
00:29:17,761 --> 00:29:21,361
Soon, the Hanoverian George
would be king.
432
00:29:21,441 --> 00:29:24,721
It was known that George felt the
recent treaty with France
433
00:29:24,801 --> 00:29:27,041
had been
criminally kind to the French.
434
00:29:30,521 --> 00:29:32,201
While Anne was breathing,
435
00:29:32,281 --> 00:29:36,041
the jobs in government of those
who had made it were safe.
436
00:29:36,121 --> 00:29:39,161
As soon as she stopped,
those jobs were history.
437
00:29:43,761 --> 00:29:47,161
Anne died in August of 1714.
438
00:29:48,761 --> 00:29:51,841
The coffin she was buried in
was square.
439
00:29:56,241 --> 00:29:58,761
The new king arrived a month later.
440
00:29:58,841 --> 00:30:03,561
He was a stereotype,
humourless, stolid, unimaginative.
441
00:30:08,281 --> 00:30:12,001
His reshuffle was
even more thorough than expected.
442
00:30:12,081 --> 00:30:17,161
The Earl of Mar was one of those
who found himself without a job,
443
00:30:17,241 --> 00:30:19,881
so he went back home to Scotland.
444
00:30:19,961 --> 00:30:23,401
And he arrived there
an instant revolutionary.
445
00:30:23,481 --> 00:30:25,521
He spread malicious rumours
446
00:30:25,601 --> 00:30:30,081
that the English planned taxes on (and,
corn, cattle, meal,
447
00:30:30,161 --> 00:30:35,801
malt, horses, sheep, cocks and hens.
448
00:30:35,881 --> 00:30:39,601
And then he raised the standard
of the Jacobites on September 6th.
449
00:30:41,161 --> 00:30:46,881
The reliably pro-Stuart Louis XIV
had died five days before he did so.
450
00:30:46,961 --> 00:30:49,681
Perhaps Mar should have waited,
451
00:30:49,761 --> 00:30:52,361
perhaps he should
have changed his plans.
452
00:30:55,161 --> 00:30:58,641
But the word "plan"
does not belong in any sentence
453
00:30:58,721 --> 00:31:01,721
describing what Mar did.
All historians agree,
454
00:31:01,801 --> 00:31:05,201
when they write their accounts of
the Jacobite rising of 1715,
455
00:31:05,281 --> 00:31:07,761
their vocabularies converge
on words like
456
00:31:07,841 --> 00:31:12,361
"farce", "buffoon", "idiocy",
"incompetent",
457
00:31:12,441 --> 00:31:16,361
"worst possible time",
"disintegrate", "pathetic",
458
00:31:16,441 --> 00:31:19,401
"half-cocked", "botched up",
"monstrous", "bumbling",
459
00:31:19,481 --> 00:31:23,201
"damp squib", "stupid", "fatuous..."
460
00:31:27,761 --> 00:31:32,001
But the cause, unlike the Union,
was popular.
461
00:31:32,081 --> 00:31:33,801
10,000 men rallied to Mar
462
00:31:33,881 --> 00:31:37,401
from Scotland's north east
and the Highlands.
463
00:31:37,481 --> 00:31:39,001
In the north of England,
464
00:31:39,081 --> 00:31:41,921
a small group of Jacobite
aristocrats gathered.
465
00:31:42,001 --> 00:31:45,841
James set forth from France,
bringing money.
466
00:31:45,921 --> 00:31:48,641
But Mar was no general.
467
00:31:48,721 --> 00:31:51,921
At Sheriffmuir near Stirling,
he met a government army
468
00:31:52,001 --> 00:31:55,721
less than half the size of his
and failed to beat it.
469
00:31:55,801 --> 00:31:59,841
The next day, the English Jacobites
were captured almost to a man.
470
00:31:59,921 --> 00:32:03,441
Now only a dramatic entrance
could save the rebellion.
471
00:32:03,521 --> 00:32:07,201
The arrival
of a Catholic Stuart on the mainland
472
00:32:07,281 --> 00:32:09,601
for the first time in 26 years.
473
00:32:09,681 --> 00:32:13,121
The shadow king,
trailing clouds of glory.
474
00:32:18,441 --> 00:32:22,081
James arrived late in December
near Aberdeen.
475
00:32:22,161 --> 00:32:26,041
Always a bad sailor, he was
carried ashore by the captain.
476
00:32:26,121 --> 00:32:28,041
There were no clouds of glory,
477
00:32:28,121 --> 00:32:32,281
there was just James, two attendants
and a chest full of money.
478
00:32:32,361 --> 00:32:34,961
Ordinary, on the beach at Peterhead.
479
00:32:47,001 --> 00:32:50,881
James rendezvoused with Mar,
who had returned to Perth.
480
00:32:50,961 --> 00:32:52,561
The army had shrunk.
481
00:32:52,641 --> 00:32:56,401
James estimated their total
at 4,000.
482
00:32:58,361 --> 00:33:01,401
There were many things
they might have done.
483
00:33:01,481 --> 00:33:05,161
Scone, where the kings of Scotland
were traditionally crowned,
484
00:33:05,241 --> 00:33:06,441
was hardly far away.
485
00:33:06,481 --> 00:33:11,481
It would have been a moment of great
resonance if James had come here.
486
00:33:11,561 --> 00:33:15,041
If the crown,
or a reasonable substitute,
487
00:33:15,121 --> 00:33:18,801
had been placed upon his head,
it might have lit a fire,
488
00:33:18,881 --> 00:33:20,761
and set the heather burning.
489
00:33:22,921 --> 00:33:24,601
It never happened.
490
00:33:24,681 --> 00:33:26,801
Reality got in the way.
491
00:33:26,881 --> 00:33:30,401
James was, by all unbiased
accounts, a fine man,
492
00:33:30,481 --> 00:33:33,161
but he was not a charismatic leader.
493
00:33:33,241 --> 00:33:37,401
He was a bureaucrat,
he buckled no swash.
494
00:33:37,481 --> 00:33:40,441
The rebellion evaporated
like the morning dew.
495
00:33:47,601 --> 00:33:49,881
A little more than three weeks later,
496
00:33:49,961 --> 00:33:52,201
James embarked
on a ship in Montrose.
497
00:33:52,281 --> 00:33:56,321
Mar was with him,
so was his sense of failure.
498
00:33:56,401 --> 00:34:01,681
And Mar's nickname,
Bobbing John, was with them too.
499
00:34:01,761 --> 00:34:03,801
James left Scotland
a note of apology,
500
00:34:03,881 --> 00:34:05,881
together with
a large amount of money
501
00:34:05,961 --> 00:34:08,321
for distribution
among some of the villages
502
00:34:08,401 --> 00:34:11,001
he had been obliged to
damage during his retreat.
503
00:34:11,081 --> 00:34:15,481
For two months, James had trod
the earth of his ancestral kingdom.
504
00:34:15,561 --> 00:34:17,281
It had shown him up.
505
00:34:17,361 --> 00:34:18,961
He would never return.
506
00:34:24,001 --> 00:34:28,761
In May of 1716, with the recent
comedy of the rising as an excuse,
507
00:34:28,841 --> 00:34:32,881
Parliament passed an act
reducing the frequency of elections
508
00:34:32,961 --> 00:34:34,681
to once every seven years.
509
00:34:34,761 --> 00:34:38,721
The great freedoms of the Glorious
Revolution continued to shrink.
510
00:34:43,041 --> 00:34:44,841
James had not given up.
511
00:34:44,921 --> 00:34:47,361
He began looking for two things.
512
00:34:47,441 --> 00:34:51,521
A wife - it was time to secure
the future of the dynasty.
513
00:34:51,601 --> 00:34:55,001
And a military sponsor,
to replace France.
514
00:34:56,561 --> 00:35:00,481
It was his quest for a wife
that bore real fruit,
515
00:35:00,561 --> 00:35:04,921
in the shape of Princess Clementina
Sobieski, a Polish noblewoman
516
00:35:05,001 --> 00:35:08,601
whose father certainly
couldn't afford a real king.
517
00:35:08,681 --> 00:35:12,161
According to reports,
she was a fragile beauty,
518
00:35:12,241 --> 00:35:15,441
of gentle temperament
and fabulous wealth.
519
00:35:15,521 --> 00:35:18,201
Her jewels were legendary.
520
00:35:23,161 --> 00:35:25,561
The Pope was delighted
with the marriage.
521
00:35:25,641 --> 00:35:28,321
He declared them King and Queen
of Great Britain
522
00:35:28,401 --> 00:35:31,161
and awarded them a generous pension.
523
00:35:31,241 --> 00:35:32,881
They moved to Rome.
524
00:35:32,961 --> 00:35:38,041
British diplomacy had effectively
closed every other country's doors.
525
00:35:38,121 --> 00:35:41,881
Being in Rome
was bad for James's career.
526
00:35:41,961 --> 00:35:43,681
His future crown depended on him
527
00:35:43,761 --> 00:35:46,201
convincing his
somewhat bigoted subjects
528
00:35:46,281 --> 00:35:49,201
that his association with
the Roman Catholic Church
529
00:35:49,281 --> 00:35:52,761
was anything but close, but here
he was at last, cornered in Rome,
530
00:35:52,841 --> 00:35:55,121
with all its bells and smells,
531
00:35:55,201 --> 00:36:00,321
its cardinals, monks and nuns,
tarred with the brush of popery.
532
00:36:04,281 --> 00:36:08,001
The Pope made a still more
generous gift,
533
00:36:08,081 --> 00:36:10,401
one that it was churlish to refuse.
534
00:36:10,481 --> 00:36:15,081
50 James made his court here,
in the Palazzo del Re,
535
00:36:15,161 --> 00:36:17,161
the Palace of the King.
536
00:36:19,641 --> 00:36:21,601
After six years of wandering,
537
00:36:21,681 --> 00:36:26,001
James once again had a place upon
which to build a better future -
538
00:36:26,081 --> 00:36:28,481
substantial, suited to his status,
539
00:36:28,561 --> 00:36:33,281
with courtyards and saloons where
he could hide from the Roman heat.
540
00:36:33,361 --> 00:36:35,161
A shadow palace.
541
00:36:39,321 --> 00:36:44,241
James and Clementina got down to the
pressing business of making babies.
542
00:36:44,321 --> 00:36:46,961
On the last day of 1720,
543
00:36:47,041 --> 00:36:51,281
the air of the palace was split by
the cries of a very young pretender.
544
00:36:52,921 --> 00:36:59,881
Charles Edward Louis Philippe
Casimir Sylvester Maria Stuart.
545
00:37:01,441 --> 00:37:04,241
He was a remarkably bonny baby.
546
00:37:04,321 --> 00:37:06,241
James called him Carluccio,
547
00:37:06,321 --> 00:37:08,161
Italian for "little Charles".
548
00:37:08,241 --> 00:37:12,041
His mother
stuck to her native Polish.
549
00:37:12,121 --> 00:37:13,881
She called him Karleusu.
550
00:37:16,361 --> 00:37:17,841
He grew.
551
00:37:26,041 --> 00:37:29,761
Charles was a source of
intense satisfaction for his father.
552
00:37:29,841 --> 00:37:33,601
His very existence was proof
that the shadow dynasty was real,
553
00:37:33,681 --> 00:37:37,321
that its fortunes would improve,
that it would become a reality.
554
00:37:37,401 --> 00:37:40,601
Charles's upbringing
was carefully English.
555
00:37:40,681 --> 00:37:44,441
As a young boy, he was taught
to speak English. He ate English.
556
00:37:44,521 --> 00:37:46,521
Roast beef was often on the menu.
557
00:37:46,601 --> 00:37:48,441
James brooded over him.
558
00:37:48,521 --> 00:37:51,321
When the time came for him
to take the throne,
559
00:37:51,401 --> 00:37:54,841
he would not be,
as the Hanoverians were, a foreigner.
560
00:37:54,921 --> 00:37:56,601
He would be going home.
561
00:38:01,881 --> 00:38:06,721
In 1725, two things
happened for the second time.
562
00:38:06,801 --> 00:38:11,641
James and Clementina
had a second child, Henry.
563
00:38:11,721 --> 00:38:13,081
And in Scotland,
564
00:38:13,161 --> 00:38:16,561
the government tried once more
to introduce a malt tax.
565
00:38:18,881 --> 00:38:22,841
The riots that followed
were predictable and violent.
566
00:38:22,921 --> 00:38:25,721
They had almost nothing
to do with Jacobitism.
567
00:38:25,801 --> 00:38:30,281
But George I '5 government decided
to behave as though they did.
568
00:38:30,361 --> 00:38:33,361
They sent one General Wade
to Scotland,
569
00:38:33,441 --> 00:38:37,681
with a brief to secure the Highlands
against Jacobite insurgents.
570
00:38:41,161 --> 00:38:45,481
The Highlands had remained a nest of
Jacobite vipers for so long,
571
00:38:45,561 --> 00:38:48,041
because of their inaccessibility.
572
00:38:49,921 --> 00:38:52,681
Wade's job was to tame the Highlands
573
00:38:52,761 --> 00:38:56,161
by subjecting them
to bridges and roads.
574
00:38:59,481 --> 00:39:01,801
Between 1726 and 1737,
575
00:39:01,921 --> 00:39:08,041
Wade would construct 260 miles of roads
across the Highlands,
576
00:39:08,121 --> 00:39:10,601
studded every few miles
with barracks and forts.
577
00:39:10,681 --> 00:39:13,961
It was a massive demonstration
of the Union's power
578
00:39:14,041 --> 00:39:18,081
and an indispensable first step
in taming the landscape.
579
00:39:29,801 --> 00:39:34,721
The year after Wade began
building his roads, George I died.
580
00:39:34,801 --> 00:39:40,041
His son, George II, succeeded
to the throne without a hitch.
581
00:39:40,121 --> 00:39:44,521
And in Montrose, the foundations of
a house were laid.
582
00:39:44,601 --> 00:39:50,321
When finished, it would be home to
David Erskine, the 13th Laird of Dun -
583
00:39:50,401 --> 00:39:54,161
a close relation of "Bobbing John" Mar.
584
00:39:54,241 --> 00:39:57,841
Erskine was a pillar
of the Scottish legal establishment,
585
00:39:57,921 --> 00:39:59,881
best remembered for a legal tome
586
00:39:59,961 --> 00:40:03,241
known as Lord Dun's
Friendly And Familiar Advices,
587
00:40:03,321 --> 00:40:04,601
a handy, dandy book of tips
588
00:40:04,681 --> 00:40:07,841
for dealing with all of life's
little legal emergencies.
589
00:40:07,921 --> 00:40:11,241
David Erskine was hardly
a threatening figure.
590
00:40:11,321 --> 00:40:16,121
But his heart, like the hearts of
many still in Scotland's north east,
591
00:40:16,201 --> 00:40:19,761
belonged to James Stuart
and his infant heir, Charles Edward,
592
00:40:19,841 --> 00:40:21,401
who was now five years old.
593
00:40:25,041 --> 00:40:26,601
And at the heart of his house,
594
00:40:26,681 --> 00:40:29,961
he allowed himself an expression
of his true sympathies.
595
00:40:40,241 --> 00:40:43,121
On one wall,
a plea to the sea god Neptune.
596
00:40:43,241 --> 00:40:47,961
Storms had provided the most reliable
defence against Jacobite invasion.
597
00:40:48,041 --> 00:40:53,041
"Next time, Neptune, give us
a calm and prosperous voyage."
598
00:40:53,121 --> 00:40:56,961
And over the fireplace,
Mars, the god of war.
599
00:40:57,041 --> 00:41:00,761
A cunning reference to
the Mar family itself.
600
00:41:00,841 --> 00:41:03,241
The pile he's crushing beneath
his feet consists of the Crown,
601
00:41:03,321 --> 00:41:07,441
the Union Jack and at the bottom
of the heap, the British Lion.
602
00:41:10,001 --> 00:41:13,041
These elaborately violent carvings
were commissioned
603
00:41:13,121 --> 00:41:16,161
at the last stages
of the house's construction in 1740.
604
00:41:17,721 --> 00:41:21,481
They depended entirely on the
language of myth, which was what
605
00:41:21,561 --> 00:41:24,681
the dream of Stuart restoration
seemed increasingly to be.
606
00:41:24,761 --> 00:41:28,361
The Stuarts had been in exile
for over 50 years.
607
00:41:48,401 --> 00:41:51,121
But, in fact, the ice was melting.
608
00:41:56,041 --> 00:41:58,161
The French had decided,
609
00:41:58,241 --> 00:42:02,081
after 27 years of peace,
to make war on Britain once again,
610
00:42:02,161 --> 00:42:05,521
and Charles Edward
had matured into the sort of leader
611
00:42:05,601 --> 00:42:07,721
his father could never have been,
612
00:42:07,801 --> 00:42:10,361
an athlete of stunning charisma.
613
00:42:11,961 --> 00:42:17,361
In November of 1743, a request
arrived at the Palazzo del Re,
614
00:42:17,441 --> 00:42:19,401
a request from the King of France
615
00:42:19,481 --> 00:42:23,121
for the pleasure of the company
of Prince Charles Edward
616
00:42:23,201 --> 00:42:26,041
on an invasion of Britain.
617
00:42:26,121 --> 00:42:30,081
Charles left a month later,
incognito.
618
00:42:31,921 --> 00:42:35,561
He took two documents with him.
The first,
619
00:42:35,681 --> 00:42:39,761
in James' 5 name, declared him sole regent
of England, Scotland and Ireland.
620
00:42:39,841 --> 00:42:43,241
His father had decided, sensibly,
to recede into the background.
621
00:42:43,321 --> 00:42:48,321
The other document promised
religious liberty, regular parliaments,
622
00:42:48,401 --> 00:42:51,601
a limit on Crown servants
in Parliament itself,
623
00:42:51,681 --> 00:42:56,161
all the freedoms that the Glorious
Revolution had still not provided.
624
00:42:59,201 --> 00:43:01,681
Everything he needed,
bar the weather.
625
00:43:01,761 --> 00:43:04,201
A storm damaged the invasion fleet
626
00:43:04,281 --> 00:43:07,401
and the French cancelled
the expedition.
627
00:43:07,481 --> 00:43:10,481
Charles Edward, however, did not.
628
00:43:10,561 --> 00:43:14,281
He bought weapons with
borrowed money, took with him
629
00:43:14,401 --> 00:43:20,081
seven chosen companions, and sailed
for Scotland in July of 1745.
630
00:43:31,241 --> 00:43:35,481
By the second week of August,
he had landed on Scotland '5 west coast.
631
00:43:39,721 --> 00:43:43,601
A week later,
he was here in Glenfinnan,
632
00:43:43,681 --> 00:43:47,681
raising the Stuart colours,
addressing the faithful Highlanders.
633
00:43:49,241 --> 00:43:50,721
It was like a dream.
634
00:43:50,801 --> 00:43:53,641
A dream he had dreamed
all of his life.
635
00:43:53,721 --> 00:43:55,761
"I've not come out of divine right,"
636
00:43:55,841 --> 00:43:59,081
he told the Camerons, the Keppochs,
the men of Clanranald.
637
00:43:59,161 --> 00:44:02,601
"I have come
to make my beloved subjects happy."
638
00:44:02,681 --> 00:44:04,841
The glen resounded.
639
00:44:07,761 --> 00:44:11,041
The army he addressed
was far from large.
640
00:44:11,121 --> 00:44:13,961
Many clans that had once
favoured the Jacobites
641
00:44:14,041 --> 00:44:16,041
had switched to the Hanoverians.
642
00:44:16,121 --> 00:44:19,161
Much less than half the country
would support him.
643
00:44:19,241 --> 00:44:22,361
But much less than
half the country would oppose.
644
00:44:22,441 --> 00:44:26,241
By the 17405, one note was dominant
in the minds of most Scots,
645
00:44:26,321 --> 00:44:28,481
where the Union was concerned...
646
00:44:29,721 --> 00:44:32,041
...indecision.
647
00:44:35,401 --> 00:44:37,881
But no matter.
648
00:44:37,961 --> 00:44:41,361
As the echoes died away
in Glenfinnan, Charles was happy,
649
00:44:41,441 --> 00:44:43,241
and full to bursting with hope.
650
00:44:43,321 --> 00:44:46,121
More than those few
would rise and follow him.
651
00:44:46,201 --> 00:44:47,721
He was sure of it.
652
00:44:49,521 --> 00:44:52,641
As they marched, some people joined.
653
00:44:52,721 --> 00:44:55,481
Most people simply let them pass.
654
00:44:55,561 --> 00:45:00,081
So the army was small
but quite possibly big enough.
655
00:45:00,161 --> 00:45:03,681
In Perth, they were joined
by Lord George Murray,
656
00:45:03,761 --> 00:45:06,001
who'd fought for James in 1715.
657
00:45:06,081 --> 00:45:11,081
Charles disliked him
but Murray was a seasoned soldier.
658
00:45:11,161 --> 00:45:14,401
He became the army's general.
They marched on Edinburgh.
659
00:45:18,121 --> 00:45:22,201
They entered Edinburgh here,
in the early hours of 17th September,
660
00:45:22,281 --> 00:45:25,321
through where the city's
Netherbow Gate once stood.
661
00:45:27,881 --> 00:45:30,961
The government garrison
fled to the castle,
662
00:45:31,041 --> 00:45:32,521
and stayed there.
663
00:45:34,801 --> 00:45:37,721
Charles's officers
went to the market square
664
00:45:37,801 --> 00:45:40,681
to proclaim the reign
of James VIII and III,
665
00:45:40,761 --> 00:45:43,121
King of Scotland,
England and Ireland,
666
00:45:43,201 --> 00:45:47,481
leaving Charles free to go to Holyrood,
the palace of his ancestors.
667
00:45:58,561 --> 00:46:03,281
Charles's entry to Holyrood palace
was triumphant.
668
00:46:06,561 --> 00:46:11,161
Afterwards, with the crowds
still cheering outside,
669
00:46:11,241 --> 00:46:13,961
perhaps he wandered through
its empty rooms,
670
00:46:14,041 --> 00:46:16,441
rejoicing amongst the dustsheets.
671
00:46:24,601 --> 00:46:29,761
For a few days, the shadow monarchy
and the real world agreed.
672
00:46:29,841 --> 00:46:32,921
Agreed with Charles's
vision of himself as well.
673
00:46:33,001 --> 00:46:35,961
See, the conquering hero comes.
674
00:46:40,041 --> 00:46:44,201
There was a Stuart in Holyrood
of the true senior line
675
00:46:44,281 --> 00:46:47,201
for the first time in almost 60 years.
676
00:46:47,281 --> 00:46:51,881
One fit for purpose,
destined for this, fated for this.
677
00:46:51,961 --> 00:46:53,441
Or so it seemed.
678
00:46:55,161 --> 00:46:56,281
He couldn't stay long.
679
00:46:56,361 --> 00:47:00,961
The government's forces had finally
concentrated east of Edinburgh
680
00:47:01,041 --> 00:47:02,201
at Prestonpans.
681
00:47:02,281 --> 00:47:05,281
Once more,
Charles addressed his troops.
682
00:47:05,361 --> 00:47:09,961
Once more, his address was
efficient, stirring, short and sharp.
683
00:47:10,041 --> 00:47:13,841
"Gentlemen, I have flung
away the scabbard, " he said.
684
00:47:13,921 --> 00:47:18,521
"With God's help, I will make you
a free and happy people."
685
00:47:18,601 --> 00:47:20,201
God's help wasn't needed.
686
00:47:20,281 --> 00:47:22,601
A local showed them a path
through the marshes
687
00:47:22,681 --> 00:47:24,721
that defended
the government position.
688
00:47:24,801 --> 00:47:27,001
The slaughter was awful, but brief.
689
00:47:27,081 --> 00:47:29,041
Charles called a halt to it,
appalled,
690
00:47:29,161 --> 00:47:32,361
and ordered his surgeon
to attend to the government wounded.
691
00:47:32,441 --> 00:47:36,521
"They are my father's subjects,"
he said.
692
00:47:38,401 --> 00:47:41,761
After Prestonpans,
Lord George Murray told Charles
693
00:47:41,841 --> 00:47:45,081
that they should
simply take Scotland and keep it.
694
00:47:45,161 --> 00:47:49,921
After all, ending the Union had
been a Stuart promise since 1708.
695
00:47:51,601 --> 00:47:57,681
But Charles persuaded his supporters
that victory awaited them in London.
696
00:48:03,921 --> 00:48:06,321
They marched south,
hugging the west coast.
697
00:48:06,401 --> 00:48:09,361
Two government armies had
been deployed against them.
698
00:48:09,441 --> 00:48:12,601
General Wade marched down
the other side of the country
699
00:48:12,681 --> 00:48:15,241
and there was a second force
somewhere ahead,
700
00:48:15,321 --> 00:48:19,121
led by the son of King George,
the Duke of Cumberland.
701
00:48:19,201 --> 00:48:20,881
Charles dragged his army
702
00:48:20,961 --> 00:48:24,921
and his increasingly unwilling general
as far as Derby.
703
00:48:25,001 --> 00:48:29,481
And there,
Murray insisted on a council of war.
704
00:48:29,561 --> 00:48:31,441
Charles urged attack.
705
00:48:31,521 --> 00:48:33,441
London was so close.
706
00:48:33,521 --> 00:48:35,521
But Murray was unmoveable.
707
00:48:35,601 --> 00:48:37,601
There was Wade to their east,
708
00:48:37,721 --> 00:48:41,481
the Duke of Cumberland to their south,
10,000 men apiece.
709
00:48:41,561 --> 00:48:43,241
And there was a third force.
710
00:48:43,321 --> 00:48:47,161
Murray had a witness,
a man called Dudley Bradstreet.
711
00:48:47,241 --> 00:48:50,481
"Yes," said Bradstreet,
"there was a third force."
712
00:48:50,561 --> 00:48:54,921
It was large -
9,000 men, in Northampton.
713
00:48:55,001 --> 00:48:58,361
Charles had Bradstreet
ejected from the meeting.
714
00:48:58,441 --> 00:49:00,961
It was too late.
715
00:49:01,041 --> 00:49:04,721
The Jacobite leaders voted to fight
another day.
716
00:49:06,561 --> 00:49:09,521
Charles could only watch in horror.
717
00:49:09,601 --> 00:49:12,801
They were voting to make his life
meaningless.
718
00:49:20,361 --> 00:49:22,441
But Charles had been right.
719
00:49:22,561 --> 00:49:27,561
Wade was indeed too old
and too cautious to engage the Jacobites.
720
00:49:27,641 --> 00:49:31,761
And the Duke of Cumberland '5 force
was only the size of their own.
721
00:49:31,841 --> 00:49:35,001
As for Dudley Bradstreet,
he was an English spy.
722
00:49:35,081 --> 00:49:36,601
There was no third force.
723
00:49:36,681 --> 00:49:40,001
There were only nine men ready to
resist in Northampton,
724
00:49:40,081 --> 00:49:42,681
as Bradstreet
later cheerfully confessed.
725
00:49:42,761 --> 00:49:46,041
To make matters worse,
on the day they met in Derby,
726
00:49:46,121 --> 00:49:50,561
a French army of 15,000 men
was preparing to embark in Boulogne.
727
00:49:50,641 --> 00:49:53,641
Charles could very easily have
taken London.
728
00:49:57,801 --> 00:50:01,441
What if Dudley Bradstreet had
missed that meeting in Derby?
729
00:50:01,521 --> 00:50:05,481
Charles might have prevailed,
taken London and set about
730
00:50:05,561 --> 00:50:10,561
making good on the promises his
family had been making since 1693.
731
00:50:10,641 --> 00:50:14,961
Britain would have been
a very different place.
732
00:50:15,081 --> 00:50:19,201
In the real world, the freedoms
and reforms that the Stuarts promised
733
00:50:19,281 --> 00:50:21,481
wouldn't come for almost a century.
734
00:50:25,481 --> 00:50:27,881
But now they were marching north
735
00:50:27,961 --> 00:50:31,521
to Charles's appointment
with real history,
736
00:50:31,601 --> 00:50:35,561
his true destiny,
his fate on Culloden Moor.
737
00:50:51,441 --> 00:50:56,481
By the clay of the battle,
16th April 1746,
738
00:50:56,561 --> 00:51:00,241
Charles's relationship with Murray
was one of mutual loathing.
739
00:51:00,321 --> 00:51:03,081
There was virtually no communication
between them,
740
00:51:03,161 --> 00:51:05,761
so the Jacobites were
effectively uncommanded,
741
00:51:05,841 --> 00:51:09,241
left at one point to stand immobile
for minutes on end
742
00:51:09,321 --> 00:51:12,841
under a rain of government
cannonballs and grapeshot,
743
00:51:12,921 --> 00:51:15,161
as though it was simply weather,
744
00:51:15,241 --> 00:51:18,481
the very heaviest of rain,
a mortal downpour.
745
00:51:22,761 --> 00:51:24,161
The defeat was total.
746
00:51:24,241 --> 00:51:27,761
And as the clansmen melted
under his superior firepower,
747
00:51:27,841 --> 00:51:32,001
Cumberland let it be known that
any of his officers who showed mercy
748
00:51:32,081 --> 00:51:33,881
would be severely punished.
749
00:51:33,961 --> 00:51:36,521
No punishments proved necessary.
750
00:51:36,601 --> 00:51:38,481
Charles fled the field.
751
00:51:45,641 --> 00:51:47,321
The remnant of the Jacobite army
752
00:51:47,401 --> 00:51:49,761
gathered at the nearby
Ruthven Barracks.
753
00:51:49,841 --> 00:51:56,321
4,000 men, enough to try again,
enough to need a leader.
754
00:51:56,401 --> 00:51:58,121
Charles never came.
755
00:51:58,201 --> 00:52:00,681
He sent a message instead.
756
00:52:00,761 --> 00:52:02,361
He was going to France.
757
00:52:02,441 --> 00:52:04,721
He would return with an army.
758
00:52:04,801 --> 00:52:08,121
Let each man seek his safety
how he will.
759
00:52:08,201 --> 00:52:12,721
For Charles's followers,
the message was easily decoded.
760
00:52:12,801 --> 00:52:14,641
"I'm leaving you to your fate."
761
00:52:14,721 --> 00:52:17,241
"There you go,"
said one of Charles's generals.
762
00:52:17,321 --> 00:52:19,601
"There you go, for a damned Italian."
763
00:52:19,681 --> 00:52:21,121
The Prince was gone,
764
00:52:21,201 --> 00:52:25,321
vanished into the heather
like an embarrassed shadow.
765
00:52:28,761 --> 00:52:32,001
"All flesh is grass."
766
00:52:32,081 --> 00:52:33,481
It said so in the Bible.
767
00:52:33,561 --> 00:52:35,441
The government applied the phrase
768
00:52:35,521 --> 00:52:38,281
to the flesh of any Jacobites
that it could capture.
769
00:52:38,361 --> 00:52:40,881
The King's son,
the Duke of Cumberland,
770
00:52:40,961 --> 00:52:42,761
came north for the harvest.
771
00:52:45,761 --> 00:52:49,281
Reports of the horrendous bloodshed
must have come to Charles
772
00:52:49,361 --> 00:52:51,881
as he fled in the heather,
dressed as a woman,
773
00:52:51,961 --> 00:52:56,321
rowed by a woman
over the sea to Skye.
774
00:52:56,401 --> 00:53:00,121
The news must have caused him
pain and guilt.
775
00:53:00,201 --> 00:53:03,681
But he hid the pain and guilt away.
776
00:53:05,081 --> 00:53:07,001
Charles went AWOL.
777
00:53:07,081 --> 00:53:11,241
He returned to France,
but not to Rome.
778
00:53:11,321 --> 00:53:15,401
James wrote him letters,
increasingly desperate letters.
779
00:53:15,481 --> 00:53:17,521
"Come home, Carluccio."
He was still a father.
780
00:53:17,601 --> 00:53:19,281
Charles was still a son.
781
00:53:21,241 --> 00:53:23,841
They could sit in Rome
in a hospitable restaurant
782
00:53:23,921 --> 00:53:26,081
and talk about their might-have-beens,
783
00:53:26,161 --> 00:53:31,321
their near misses, their barely
averted collisions with real power,
784
00:53:31,401 --> 00:53:33,681
a real throne, a real kingdom.
785
00:53:36,921 --> 00:53:40,001
Perhaps that was why
Charles stayed away.
786
00:53:40,081 --> 00:53:42,921
His father had learnt
to accept failure.
787
00:53:43,001 --> 00:53:47,801
He would only remind Charles
of how real this wrong world was.
788
00:54:01,121 --> 00:54:06,641
In Scotland, the reality of Hanoverian
rule was putting down roots.
789
00:54:06,721 --> 00:54:10,041
Wade's roads
had made the Highlands reachable.
790
00:54:10,121 --> 00:54:13,281
Now Cumberland ordered
the Highlands mapped.
791
00:54:16,241 --> 00:54:21,161
And within ten years, the rugged
grandeur, their dim valleys,
792
00:54:21,241 --> 00:54:26,561
their secret places were flattened,
tamed and known for ever.
793
00:54:30,121 --> 00:54:31,681
As the maps were made,
794
00:54:31,761 --> 00:54:36,841
a massive fort was under construction
at the top of the Great Glen.
795
00:54:36,921 --> 00:54:40,721
Fort George nailed the Highlands
to the Union,
796
00:54:40,801 --> 00:54:44,281
almost the last step
in the pacification.
797
00:54:46,561 --> 00:54:51,481
That last step required blood
and bone for the mortar in the walls.
798
00:54:57,921 --> 00:55:00,041
In the European wars of the 77503
799
00:55:00,121 --> 00:55:03,561
Highlanders died for Britain
in their thousands.
800
00:55:12,161 --> 00:55:15,241
Hanoverian reality grew stronger
801
00:55:15,321 --> 00:55:20,161
and the shadow kings became,
at last, impossible.
802
00:55:20,241 --> 00:55:23,641
In 1766, James died.
803
00:55:23,721 --> 00:55:28,881
His reign, had it been real,
would have lasted 64 years.
804
00:55:28,961 --> 00:55:32,601
He was laid here,
in the crypt of St Peter's.
805
00:55:35,321 --> 00:55:37,281
Charles returned at last to Rome.
806
00:55:37,361 --> 00:55:42,201
He applied for recognition as King
of Scotland, England and Ireland.
807
00:55:42,281 --> 00:55:43,881
The Pope refused.
808
00:55:46,921 --> 00:55:48,521
For the rest of his life,
809
00:55:48,601 --> 00:55:53,121
Charles devoted himself
to desperate schemes for restoration.
810
00:55:53,201 --> 00:55:56,921
He steeped the athlete
he'd once been in alcohol.
811
00:55:58,521 --> 00:56:02,841
He never ceased to hate the version
of reality he'd been condemned to.
812
00:56:04,401 --> 00:56:07,561
But there was no room in history
for Charles,
813
00:56:07,641 --> 00:56:09,481
not since Culloden Moor.
814
00:56:11,321 --> 00:56:15,081
The only place there was room for him
was in the realm of myth.
815
00:56:15,161 --> 00:56:19,441
The golden boy, the flight through
the heather, over the sea to Skye.
816
00:56:19,521 --> 00:56:22,881
The myth was glorious
and it still is.
817
00:56:23,001 --> 00:56:29,321
Not like the real unreal king,
who died in Rome on 31st December 1788,
818
00:56:29,441 --> 00:56:34,201
when his family had been throneless
for just a few months short of a century.
819
00:56:42,921 --> 00:56:46,081
After his death, the Pope relented.
820
00:56:46,161 --> 00:56:51,841
He recognised dead Charles as
King of England, Scotland, Ireland.
821
00:56:51,921 --> 00:56:56,481
A monument was given pride of place
near the entrance of St Peter's,
822
00:56:56,561 --> 00:56:58,921
dedicated to the Stuarts of Rome,
823
00:56:59,001 --> 00:57:04,481
James VIII, his sons Henry
and Charles III.
824
00:57:04,561 --> 00:57:07,761
It drew a veil
over Charles's real death.
825
00:57:12,641 --> 00:57:19,161
Overweight, stroke-ridden,
abscessed, alcoholic, unhappy
826
00:57:19,241 --> 00:57:21,121
and still dreaming
827
00:57:21,241 --> 00:57:26,601
till the moment that his mind fell silent
of what might have been.
828
00:57:26,681 --> 00:57:29,081
The shadow king was dead.
829
00:57:29,161 --> 00:57:32,121
The Union was real.
830
00:57:32,201 --> 00:57:36,801
The Scots had learnt long since
831
00:57:36,881 --> 00:57:36,801
to live with it.