1 00:00:13,790 --> 00:00:16,782 (WALTZ MUSIC) 2 00:00:19,350 --> 00:00:23,707 (STEVE LEONARD) What if an alien biologist from outer space visited Earth? 3 00:00:26,230 --> 00:00:32,146 Imagine he was looking for the most intelligent of our planet's tens of millions of species, 4 00:00:36,350 --> 00:00:38,944 He'd probably start with the apes, 5 00:00:41,350 --> 00:00:43,102 They all seem pretty smart, 6 00:00:44,630 --> 00:00:50,466 A chimpanzee can do most of the things a two-and-a-half-year-old human child can, 7 00:01:00,430 --> 00:01:07,302 If he compared their DNA, our alien investigator would discover they're almost identical, 8 00:01:16,590 --> 00:01:23,940 Biologically, he wouldn't hesitate to classify we humans as just another kind of chimp, 9 00:01:28,910 --> 00:01:33,540 But if he'd stayed and watched the way humans live and behave, 10 00:01:33,710 --> 00:01:40,263 he'd soon have seen a huge gulf between our capabilities and those of all the other apes, 11 00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:46,630 He'd have seen billions and billions of us dominating the earth, 12 00:01:50,150 --> 00:01:52,141 How did that happen? 13 00:01:52,310 --> 00:01:55,507 How did we, Homo sapiens, become so different? 14 00:01:55,670 --> 00:02:01,540 Ors is perhaps the strangest journey of all. This is the story of or evolution. 15 00:02:13,870 --> 00:02:18,660 In this programme, we're going to take a five-million-year journey 16 00:02:18,830 --> 00:02:22,618 from chimpanzees to modern man, 17 00:02:22,790 --> 00:02:25,941 I'm going to meet our closest living relatives 18 00:02:26,110 --> 00:02:30,183 and discover how we used our hands to get ahead, 19 00:02:35,950 --> 00:02:38,703 By following in our ancestors' footsteps, 20 00:02:38,870 --> 00:02:42,988 I'll see how we came up against some very serious design flaws.., 21 00:02:43,150 --> 00:02:44,902 (MIDWIFE) Push. 22 00:02:45,390 --> 00:02:48,507 ..why giving birth is so hard.., 23 00:02:52,750 --> 00:02:57,665 ..why for so many years we could do little more than grunt... 24 00:02:57,830 --> 00:03:00,822 (GRUNTING) 25 00:03:02,470 --> 00:03:05,746 ..and how talking is worth dying for, 26 00:03:05,910 --> 00:03:12,463 A risk that means that when we open our mouths to speak, there's a chance we can choke, 27 00:03:14,350 --> 00:03:18,263 (CHOKING COUGH) 28 00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:27,628 I'll find out how the human race almost became extinct... 29 00:03:30,070 --> 00:03:33,142 ..and what it was that saved us, 30 00:03:43,350 --> 00:03:49,380 And I'll be looking into the future, when we may be able to create perfect humans.., 31 00:03:50,070 --> 00:03:53,142 ..and even defy the ageing process, 32 00:03:54,350 --> 00:04:00,698 Finally, I'll ask where evolution, whether for good or bad, may lead us next, 33 00:04:04,350 --> 00:04:06,341 Homo sapiens, 34 00:04:06,510 --> 00:04:10,059 Both man and animal, The hairless ape, 35 00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:15,219 Yet we're so different from all other animals on the planet, 36 00:04:18,870 --> 00:04:21,543 So where did we come from? 37 00:04:28,350 --> 00:04:33,299 For thousands of years, we turned to the supernatural for the answer, 38 00:04:33,470 --> 00:04:36,621 but there is another explanation - 39 00:04:36,790 --> 00:04:42,706 that we slowly but surely evolved, just like all other living things, 40 00:04:46,470 --> 00:04:50,145 Science can explain everything that makes a human being - 41 00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:54,462 our behaviour, our intelligence, even our culture - 42 00:04:54,630 --> 00:04:59,021 by the gradual course of evolution over millions of years, 43 00:05:03,830 --> 00:05:09,302 The big clues to our past come from these chimpanzees - our closest living relatives, 44 00:05:12,990 --> 00:05:16,903 Until 50 years ago, we wrote them off as dumb animals, 45 00:05:17,070 --> 00:05:19,868 but since then we've had to change our tune, 46 00:05:20,030 --> 00:05:23,181 (STEVE) What do you want, you four? 47 00:05:23,350 --> 00:05:29,346 The more we study them, the more we realise just how much we have in common, 48 00:05:30,950 --> 00:05:34,067 And the resemblance isn't just skin deep, 49 00:05:37,750 --> 00:05:42,824 A bit of avocado and monkey nut? A bit of pineapple, anyone? 50 00:05:44,430 --> 00:05:48,742 The evidence that we really are descended from a chimp-like ancestor 51 00:05:48,910 --> 00:05:53,222 is deep within the workings of our bodies - in our genes, 52 00:05:55,510 --> 00:05:57,740 I still love you! 53 00:06:01,230 --> 00:06:04,586 Amazingly, we're more genetically similar to chimps 54 00:06:04,750 --> 00:06:07,901 than Indian elephants are to African elephants. 55 00:06:08,070 --> 00:06:12,063 99% of or key genes are exactly the same. 56 00:06:12,510 --> 00:06:15,388 That's just 1% different. 57 00:06:17,670 --> 00:06:23,063 So what's the story in that 1% that's taken us from ape to man? 58 00:06:25,230 --> 00:06:29,269 I'd like to think that we at least behave a little differently. 59 00:06:29,430 --> 00:06:32,661 My table manners are marginally better than this. 60 00:06:32,830 --> 00:06:34,388 (STEVE LAUGHS) 61 00:06:35,310 --> 00:06:36,709 What are you doing? 62 00:06:36,870 --> 00:06:42,308 My life is so much more complicated. I flew to get here, I drive a car, 63 00:06:42,470 --> 00:06:45,701 I watch TV, I se a mobile phone, a laptop... 64 00:06:45,870 --> 00:06:51,308 All these guys have to do is eat, groom and play. 65 00:06:53,510 --> 00:06:57,901 Something amazing happened to our ancestors to let us dominate the world, 66 00:06:58,070 --> 00:07:03,827 What triggered that transformation into the super-intelligent beings we are today? 67 00:07:03,990 --> 00:07:06,823 What are you doing? 68 00:07:07,870 --> 00:07:11,579 Surprisingly, it was nothing to do with our brains, 69 00:07:13,030 --> 00:07:15,828 Between four and five million years ago, 70 00:07:15,990 --> 00:07:19,824 our ancestors started to spend more time on the ground, 71 00:07:19,990 --> 00:07:23,221 and two different strategies emerged, 72 00:07:23,390 --> 00:07:27,463 Chimps evolved walking on their knuckles as a way to get around, 73 00:07:29,750 --> 00:07:35,108 But we took a more radical approach, and since then we've never looked back, 74 00:07:35,910 --> 00:07:41,268 The first step in or journey was just that. We stood up on two legs. 75 00:07:42,590 --> 00:07:46,105 We became what is known as bipedal. 76 00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:53,703 Over the years, there have been many theories as to what turned us into bipedal apes, 77 00:07:53,870 --> 00:07:58,261 The current thinking is that walking upright evolved in the forest 78 00:07:58,430 --> 00:08:03,265 and then became a more efficient way of travelling between patches of trees, 79 00:08:03,430 --> 00:08:06,945 It was a very, very gradual process, 80 00:08:13,350 --> 00:08:17,138 And at this point we were no more intelligent than chimps, 81 00:08:21,630 --> 00:08:24,269 Our brain wasn't as big as it is today, 82 00:08:24,430 --> 00:08:30,300 Five million years ago, it was much smaller - the same size as a chimpanzee's, 83 00:08:32,590 --> 00:08:35,946 So why was walking upright such a crucial step? 84 00:08:42,470 --> 00:08:47,783 Well, by putting all our weight on our feet, we freed up our hands to do other things, 85 00:08:51,150 --> 00:08:54,779 If you look at the adult chimps in this reserve in Cameroon, 86 00:08:54,950 --> 00:08:57,862 you soon see how amazing human hands are, 87 00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:09,823 All these chimps have been rescued from the bush-meat trade, 88 00:09:09,990 --> 00:09:14,780 They're looked after by Dieudonne, who has a special relationship with them, 89 00:09:26,350 --> 00:09:30,901 The chimps have been playing with Dieudonne's shoelaces for years, 90 00:09:41,750 --> 00:09:45,060 There seems to be an element of competition here, 91 00:09:47,750 --> 00:09:49,741 The chimps never give up, 92 00:09:49,910 --> 00:09:53,266 They tie themselves in knots trying to get it right, 93 00:09:59,750 --> 00:10:05,700 But however hard they practise, for however many years, they can't compete, 94 00:10:13,590 --> 00:10:16,263 As you probably remember from being a kid, 95 00:10:16,430 --> 00:10:20,582 learning to tie your shoelace is more complicated than it looks, 96 00:10:20,750 --> 00:10:23,423 and chimps just don't have what it takes, 97 00:10:30,230 --> 00:10:34,223 So why do we beat chimps at tying shoelaces hands down? 98 00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:39,705 (PHONE BEEPS) 99 00:10:43,750 --> 00:10:46,218 (PHONE BEEPS) 100 00:10:50,830 --> 00:10:52,627 Thank you. 101 00:10:52,790 --> 00:10:57,739 We can control our hands with more precision than any other creature can, 102 00:10:57,910 --> 00:11:00,060 No. You’re spelling it wrong. 103 00:11:00,230 --> 00:11:03,222 (PHONE BEEPS) 104 00:11:09,350 --> 00:11:11,341 Answer... 105 00:11:11,510 --> 00:11:18,621 Prob...ab...ly...not... 106 00:11:18,790 --> 00:11:21,304 It's because of our thumbs, 107 00:11:22,790 --> 00:11:27,625 My thumb compared to a chimp's is really long and very mobile. 108 00:11:27,790 --> 00:11:34,229 If you look at Goran's, he can't move his thumb and this knuckle here more than this. 109 00:11:34,390 --> 00:11:36,426 I can move mine right across here. 110 00:11:36,590 --> 00:11:40,629 So whereas he can just do this and this on the side of his finger, 111 00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:43,145 I can go one, two, three, for, 112 00:11:43,310 --> 00:11:48,748 making my hand an expert tool for handling small and delicate objects. 113 00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:58,347 It was this precise touch that was crucial in making us what we are today, 114 00:11:59,550 --> 00:12:03,748 We couldn't do any of this if we were still using our hands for walking, 115 00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:30,384 But or ancestors didn't evolve this new anatomy overnight. 116 00:12:30,550 --> 00:12:35,943 It took hundreds of thousands of years. It also took an important change in the climate 117 00:12:36,110 --> 00:12:39,819 to make this evolutionary leap away from the chimps. 118 00:12:39,990 --> 00:12:42,140 It was then that we parted company. 119 00:12:43,230 --> 00:12:45,824 The chimps stayed in the trees... 120 00:12:49,190 --> 00:12:53,388 ..we walked out onto the newly-formed African savannah. 121 00:13:01,390 --> 00:13:05,099 The climate change suited our ancestors very well, 122 00:13:15,790 --> 00:13:20,068 Over the next few million years, it got drier and drier, 123 00:13:20,230 --> 00:13:25,543 completely transforming the landscape from thick forest into savannah, 124 00:13:35,150 --> 00:13:41,862 A new world to explore, and a world in which we made our next big breakthrough, 125 00:13:52,110 --> 00:13:57,104 As our ancestors used their hands less for climbing and more for holding things... 126 00:14:00,550 --> 00:14:04,907 ..they would have got much better at manipulating basic tools. 127 00:14:06,150 --> 00:14:12,100 Some of the earliest tools thought to have been used by man have been found in caves like this. 128 00:14:14,150 --> 00:14:16,869 All these tools were very simple... 129 00:14:17,710 --> 00:14:20,349 ..and also very similar, 130 00:14:24,990 --> 00:14:29,268 This was state-of-the-art technology two and a half million years ago. 131 00:14:29,430 --> 00:14:33,389 This old bit of rock is actually a kind of apeman penknife. 132 00:14:33,550 --> 00:14:39,659 Hard to believe, but it would have worked - this cutting edge almost matches steel. 133 00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:42,823 To be honest, it is very, very basic, 134 00:14:42,990 --> 00:14:48,110 but even more surprising is that no one came up with much in the way of improvements. 135 00:14:49,270 --> 00:14:53,627 This remained the state-of-the-art tool for a million years. 136 00:14:56,150 --> 00:14:59,699 Think how much modern technology like the mobile phone 137 00:14:59,870 --> 00:15:03,067 has moved on in just the last ten years.., 138 00:15:07,350 --> 00:15:11,821 ..yet this stone tool didn't change for a million years - 139 00:15:11,990 --> 00:15:15,744 but that didn't mean the tool users were standing still, 140 00:15:18,470 --> 00:15:23,544 In all the time that this type of tool was in use, something WAS changing - 141 00:15:23,710 --> 00:15:26,349 the bodies of those apemen. 142 00:15:28,150 --> 00:15:30,983 And most importantly, their brain, 143 00:15:31,150 --> 00:15:34,347 It was slowly getting bigger - much bigger, 144 00:15:35,550 --> 00:15:37,859 A new brainier apeman was evolving, 145 00:15:38,030 --> 00:15:41,420 and he would be able to do much more than a chimp, 146 00:15:46,590 --> 00:15:50,947 But why did our brains start growing bigger than those of the other apes? 147 00:15:51,110 --> 00:15:56,821 Once we'd left the trees for the plains, we had a new challenge to face - we weren't alone, 148 00:16:04,990 --> 00:16:07,140 You can see the problem even today 149 00:16:07,310 --> 00:16:11,588 when you get out of the vehicle and you go on safari on foot. 150 00:16:19,150 --> 00:16:23,348 Taking a walk on the savannah on your own is asking for trouble, 151 00:16:23,510 --> 00:16:27,662 and it gets more dangerous the darker it becomes.., 152 00:16:28,830 --> 00:16:32,789 ..because this is the domain of the big cats, 153 00:16:38,750 --> 00:16:42,106 At night, baboons try to find a hiding place, 154 00:16:42,270 --> 00:16:46,900 They stick close together, and if they can, take refuge in a tree, 155 00:16:51,270 --> 00:16:53,101 (BABOONS SCREECH) 156 00:16:54,510 --> 00:17:00,187 But when they hear a leopard coming, they still panic because they can't see well at night, 157 00:17:04,470 --> 00:17:09,180 The leopard tries to terrorise the troop and force them into breaking rank, 158 00:17:19,270 --> 00:17:23,627 Once separated from the rest, a baboon's a sitting duck, 159 00:17:29,950 --> 00:17:33,989 Imagine what it was like for or ancestors out here 24 hours a day, 160 00:17:34,150 --> 00:17:37,426 trying to protect their families from wild animals, 161 00:17:37,590 --> 00:17:42,983 with the only thing to defend themselves being stones to throw at them, and without a torch. 162 00:17:43,150 --> 00:17:45,300 (GROWLING) 163 00:17:46,750 --> 00:17:51,221 This is no place for a soft defenceless human to be out late on his own, 164 00:17:51,390 --> 00:17:55,986 With big predators around, you feel incredibly vulnerable, 165 00:17:56,870 --> 00:17:58,269 (HOWLING) 166 00:17:59,950 --> 00:18:01,668 (SNORTING, GROWLING) 167 00:18:09,750 --> 00:18:12,628 (MAN) Jambo. (STEVE) I'm not here on my own. 168 00:18:12,790 --> 00:18:18,308 Michael's here as well, carrying considerably more than an apeman's penknife. 169 00:18:18,470 --> 00:18:22,258 OK, Michael, shall we go? What was that last sound? 170 00:18:22,430 --> 00:18:24,580 (MICHAEL) I think it was a jackal. 171 00:18:28,750 --> 00:18:33,266 And there's solid evidence to show we humans really were under attack, 172 00:18:33,430 --> 00:18:36,979 Again, the answers lie deep in ancient caves, 173 00:18:43,750 --> 00:18:46,662 Apeman skulls have been found with holes in them 174 00:18:46,830 --> 00:18:51,426 that exactly match the teeth of leopard, hyena and sabre-toothed tiger. 175 00:18:52,030 --> 00:18:58,378 One cave contained the remains of over 300 baboons and 150 apemen. 176 00:18:58,550 --> 00:19:01,587 Between one and three million years ago, 177 00:19:01,750 --> 00:19:05,982 our ancestors were being torn apart and eaten by big cats. 178 00:19:16,710 --> 00:19:20,544 Even by day, life here is no walk in the park, 179 00:19:20,710 --> 00:19:24,862 but like us, at least baboons can see much better in the light, 180 00:19:30,550 --> 00:19:35,419 They live in large troops, which means many pairs of eyes to spot a threat 181 00:19:35,590 --> 00:19:38,980 and more combined force to fight off a predator, 182 00:20:00,590 --> 00:20:04,629 Safety in numbers gives baboons surprising confidence, 183 00:20:07,150 --> 00:20:09,983 In fact, they're downright cocky, 184 00:20:21,750 --> 00:20:27,541 For our ancestors, too, sticking together was the best chance of avoiding ending up as cat food, 185 00:20:28,430 --> 00:20:34,539 The communal life created new challenges and forced us to really start using our brains, 186 00:20:40,350 --> 00:20:44,548 Living together brings a whole new element - a social life - 187 00:20:44,710 --> 00:20:49,500 and the bigger your group, the bigger your social problems can be, 188 00:20:53,150 --> 00:20:56,108 You need a bigger brain to cope, 189 00:21:01,510 --> 00:21:08,586 In a group, working at friendships and alliances is crucial, You need to remember who's who.., 190 00:21:08,750 --> 00:21:11,184 ..and what's what, 191 00:21:14,630 --> 00:21:18,179 You need to be a diplomat so you don't get on the wrong side 192 00:21:18,350 --> 00:21:21,183 of those with more powerful weapons than you, 193 00:21:24,390 --> 00:21:26,984 A single social gaffe can be disastrous, 194 00:22:31,750 --> 00:22:35,982 Just like baboons, as we began to live in larger groups for safety, 195 00:22:36,150 --> 00:22:38,744 so our brains evolved to cope, 196 00:22:40,830 --> 00:22:46,029 Our social skills became increasingly important and our brains continued to get bigger - 197 00:22:46,190 --> 00:22:48,624 almost four times bigger - 198 00:22:48,790 --> 00:22:51,623 so our skulls had to get larger, too, 199 00:22:51,790 --> 00:22:55,544 (AFRICAN LANGUAGE) 200 00:23:06,150 --> 00:23:08,664 So, one and a half million years ago, 201 00:23:08,830 --> 00:23:13,028 in steps giant-brained Homo sapien and world domination. 202 00:23:14,150 --> 00:23:19,463 No, Not yet, because being the two-legged brainboxes of the savannah 203 00:23:19,630 --> 00:23:23,543 now gave us a problem our four-legged friends didn't have, 204 00:23:24,470 --> 00:23:28,622 Take wildebeest, Because the female wildebeest walks on all fours, 205 00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:31,020 she can afford to have wide hips, 206 00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:39,498 That makes giving birth quick and easy, which is important with so many predators around, 207 00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:50,139 Although the baby wildebeest is big, 208 00:23:50,310 --> 00:23:54,303 its brain and its skull are quite small in relation to its body size, 209 00:23:54,470 --> 00:23:56,904 so it can slip out easily, 210 00:24:14,990 --> 00:24:17,379 That's true for most land mammals, 211 00:24:17,550 --> 00:24:22,385 but for humans, birth is where we pay the price for our big brain, 212 00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:31,780 If we look at the physique of modern woman, we can see why, 213 00:24:42,590 --> 00:24:47,869 The best design for walking upright is a slender body with narrow hips, 214 00:24:50,350 --> 00:24:54,389 But narrow hips are the worst design for a big-brained human, 215 00:24:58,550 --> 00:25:04,341 This was perhaps the biggest stumbling block we humans faced in our whole journey of life, 216 00:25:04,510 --> 00:25:05,909 We were stuck, 217 00:25:13,550 --> 00:25:15,745 (MIDWIFE) Push. Push hard. 218 00:25:15,910 --> 00:25:17,423 Push down. Push harder. 219 00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:19,626 Push a little harder. 220 00:25:19,790 --> 00:25:22,862 But evolution came up with a surprising solution, 221 00:25:23,030 --> 00:25:28,309 Unlike almost all other mammals, our skull isn't fully formed at birth, 222 00:25:28,950 --> 00:25:35,219 A human baby's head is soft and squishy, allowing it to pass down the narrow birth canal, 223 00:25:38,310 --> 00:25:40,187 (BABY CRIES) 224 00:25:42,950 --> 00:25:44,941 (MIDWIFE) Well done! 225 00:25:45,990 --> 00:25:52,384 During the first 12 months of life, the bony skull plates gradually fuse together to protect it, 226 00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:55,587 In effect, we're all born premature, 227 00:26:01,230 --> 00:26:07,669 So for the first few months, a human baby is extremely vulnerable, requiring constant care, 228 00:26:07,830 --> 00:26:12,187 but the pay-off - a giant brain - far outweighs the risk, 229 00:26:12,350 --> 00:26:16,502 It seems this is the only way that we can have a large-brained baby 230 00:26:16,670 --> 00:26:20,345 and hang on to the narrow hips we need for walking upright, 231 00:26:22,550 --> 00:26:24,825 Biological problem solved. 232 00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:29,582 Big-brained man, Homo sapien, finally bursts out onto the scene 233 00:26:29,750 --> 00:26:34,460 somewhere here in East Africa around 300,000 years ago. 234 00:26:35,910 --> 00:26:38,219 And with his clever, complex brain, 235 00:26:38,390 --> 00:26:42,747 he was able to develop new technology that early apeman never had. 236 00:26:44,670 --> 00:26:50,939 OK, they're just little lumps of rock, but it's what they did with them that's really cunning. 237 00:26:51,670 --> 00:26:55,549 This hasn't been made by accident. It's been designed. 238 00:26:55,710 --> 00:27:00,181 This part has been crafted specifically to attach to a handle. 239 00:27:00,350 --> 00:27:06,789 Plonk this on a stick and what have you got? A spear. The perfect weapon for hinting. 240 00:27:11,430 --> 00:27:15,105 So man started developing a more sophisticated tool kit, 241 00:27:15,870 --> 00:27:21,502 As well as weapons, he designed a variety of scrapers and cutters for butchering meat, 242 00:27:24,070 --> 00:27:28,188 But then...there was this. 243 00:27:28,350 --> 00:27:30,022 A bit of crumbly rock. 244 00:27:30,870 --> 00:27:35,148 Believe it or not, this led to the great masterpieces of the future. 245 00:27:35,310 --> 00:27:37,346 This led to the Mona Lisa. 246 00:27:37,510 --> 00:27:38,829 Watch. 247 00:27:47,310 --> 00:27:49,426 It was the first paint. 248 00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:54,264 It's ochre - crumbly iron oxide, 249 00:27:54,430 --> 00:27:59,550 This piece was found in Blombos Cave near Cape Town in South Africa 250 00:27:59,710 --> 00:28:02,827 and is at least 70,000 years old, 251 00:28:03,590 --> 00:28:06,502 What's amazing is that it's engraved, 252 00:28:06,670 --> 00:28:10,265 This abstract etching is the first recorded work of art, 253 00:28:10,430 --> 00:28:15,868 It marks the roots of what we now call culture or civilisation, 254 00:28:17,110 --> 00:28:23,060 And this old pig jawbone might even offer a clue to when religion first began, 255 00:28:23,230 --> 00:28:26,620 It was discovered in the same grave as an early human 256 00:28:26,790 --> 00:28:30,669 and it's dated at more than 100,000 years old, 257 00:28:30,830 --> 00:28:34,379 It's the earliest evidence of ritual burial, 258 00:28:34,550 --> 00:28:38,259 The very act of carefully burying a body with other objects 259 00:28:38,430 --> 00:28:45,142 suggests that those people believed that death wasn't the end - that the spirit lived on. 260 00:28:52,030 --> 00:28:56,387 Now, for the first time, we can say that these weren't apemen, 261 00:28:56,550 --> 00:29:00,782 They were people who thought like you and me, 262 00:29:01,510 --> 00:29:04,183 It led to human civilisation, 263 00:29:04,350 --> 00:29:07,581 (MUSIC) 264 00:29:28,390 --> 00:29:31,587 (MUSIC CONTINUES) 265 00:29:42,310 --> 00:29:47,748 Those early people had an understanding of the past and of the future, 266 00:29:47,910 --> 00:29:50,947 They recognised their own mortality, 267 00:29:52,350 --> 00:29:56,389 Art and religion set us apart from the rest of the animal kingdom. 268 00:29:56,550 --> 00:30:00,259 They're the most difficult things for scientists to explain. 269 00:30:01,750 --> 00:30:05,663 (PLAINCHANT) 270 00:30:05,830 --> 00:30:11,462 This is when some believe that only a divine spark could have made us truly human, 271 00:30:12,750 --> 00:30:16,902 But is there another way to explain these sudden breakthroughs? 272 00:30:17,070 --> 00:30:19,379 (WOMAN) They had a procession here. 273 00:30:19,550 --> 00:30:23,304 Palms were difficult to get in medieval times so yew branches... 274 00:30:23,470 --> 00:30:29,579 Many scientists believe that the trigger was something we all take for granted - language. 275 00:30:32,750 --> 00:30:35,264 From the fossil skulls of our ancestors, 276 00:30:35,430 --> 00:30:40,823 scientists know that their voice box, or larynx, was much higher up than it is today, 277 00:30:43,070 --> 00:30:44,503 (GRUNTING) 278 00:30:44,670 --> 00:30:47,980 It's still in this position in the chimps and other apes, 279 00:30:48,150 --> 00:30:51,142 (HOOTING, GRUNTING) 280 00:30:58,630 --> 00:31:00,860 If this was still the same for us.., 281 00:31:01,030 --> 00:31:04,818 ..apart from a grunt or two, we wouldn’t have the power of speech. 282 00:31:04,990 --> 00:31:06,423 On Palm Sunday... 283 00:31:07,630 --> 00:31:12,704 Around 200,000 years ago, our larynx dropped to where it is today, 284 00:31:12,870 --> 00:31:15,384 allowing us to make more complex sounds, 285 00:31:16,830 --> 00:31:19,469 This is when we started to talk. 286 00:31:19,630 --> 00:31:23,066 (WOMAN) Now we'll look at the cloisters. This way. 287 00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:26,984 Why is talking so important to the story of the human race? 288 00:31:31,070 --> 00:31:34,585 You can get a clue by going back to West Africa, 289 00:31:48,150 --> 00:31:50,948 These chimps are collecting nuts to eat, 290 00:32:02,870 --> 00:32:06,749 Children also gather nuts, but not to eat - to play with, 291 00:32:06,910 --> 00:32:09,219 Remember collecting conkers? 292 00:32:15,710 --> 00:32:19,066 Chimps have to use a rock or stick to crack open the nuts, 293 00:32:19,670 --> 00:32:22,707 They pick up these skills by copying, 294 00:32:28,430 --> 00:32:34,505 The young ones watch their mothers closely, Titbits keep them concentrating on the job, 295 00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:48,540 (WOMAN) Five! That's a big one. You’ve got three and I've got three as well. 296 00:32:48,710 --> 00:32:53,261 Like the chimps, the younger children learn by copying the older ones - 297 00:32:53,430 --> 00:32:56,342 handing down skills across the generations, 298 00:33:15,750 --> 00:33:21,541 The difference is that it can take a young chimp six years to perfect its nut-cracking technique, 299 00:33:23,430 --> 00:33:26,740 We humans on the other hand, can use a short cut, 300 00:33:29,430 --> 00:33:33,708 We can teach even very young children simply by talking to them, 301 00:33:33,870 --> 00:33:37,658 That's a nice little conker. Don't eat it. Put it in the pile. 302 00:33:41,350 --> 00:33:45,946 So they can learn a new technique - for opening the conkers - instantly, 303 00:33:46,110 --> 00:33:51,343 Are you opening them with your heels? It's much easier to do it like that, isn't it? 304 00:33:57,630 --> 00:34:00,349 (CHILD) There's already a conker in here. 305 00:34:00,510 --> 00:34:05,504 What takes chimps years to learn, modern-day children can pick up in minutes, 306 00:34:05,670 --> 00:34:09,583 With language, we continue to learn new things all our lives, 307 00:34:12,990 --> 00:34:18,018 By 100,000 years ago, we were solving problems by talking together, 308 00:34:18,190 --> 00:34:22,945 We were using our big brains to communicate with each other as never before, 309 00:34:30,390 --> 00:34:32,745 So, we were hugely brainy. 310 00:34:32,910 --> 00:34:35,982 We could talk. We were perfect. 311 00:34:36,150 --> 00:34:38,186 No, not so. 312 00:34:38,350 --> 00:34:41,820 Talking gave us another big biological problem, 313 00:34:41,990 --> 00:34:45,426 and this one still hasn't been solved. 314 00:34:50,150 --> 00:34:53,426 Let's look at the adult chimps in Cameroon again, 315 00:34:59,550 --> 00:35:04,783 Chimps breathe mostly through their noses and hardly ever through their mouths, 316 00:35:04,950 --> 00:35:10,661 They use their mouths almost entirely for feeding, so air goes down one way, food another, 317 00:35:15,350 --> 00:35:18,547 But for humans, it's a different story, 318 00:35:18,710 --> 00:35:21,941 (WOMAN) Let's get you up on your balloon chair. 319 00:35:22,110 --> 00:35:25,341 For us, it's more complicated, 320 00:35:27,990 --> 00:35:31,380 Remember being told not to talk with your mouth full? 321 00:35:31,550 --> 00:35:34,348 Well, there's a very good reason for this, 322 00:35:37,950 --> 00:35:41,545 To talk, we have to breathe through our mouths as well, 323 00:35:41,710 --> 00:35:46,738 so we use the same opening for talking, eating, drinking and breathing, 324 00:35:47,310 --> 00:35:51,303 (ALL) # Happy birthday to you 325 00:35:51,470 --> 00:35:54,542 # Happy birthday to you... # 326 00:35:54,710 --> 00:35:57,099 Most of the time, this works out fine, 327 00:35:57,270 --> 00:36:01,946 but sometimes things go down the wrong way, with tragic results, 328 00:36:08,350 --> 00:36:12,502 Normally, when we swallow, a flap of cartilage covers the windpipe, 329 00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:15,980 so the food goes straight down to the stomach, 330 00:36:18,750 --> 00:36:21,662 But with our larynx now in its lower position, 331 00:36:21,830 --> 00:36:25,300 just occasionally food falls in and down the windpipe 332 00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:29,907 where it blocks the airway to the lungs, making us choke, 333 00:36:30,070 --> 00:36:32,061 (CHOKING COUGH) 334 00:36:32,230 --> 00:36:36,781 Every year in Britain alone, around 200 people choke to death, 335 00:36:36,950 --> 00:36:39,828 (CHOKING COUGH) 336 00:36:41,710 --> 00:36:47,785 Talking has been so critical to our evolution that it's even worth the risk of dying for, 337 00:36:53,150 --> 00:36:56,142 (WOMAN) That's better. Are you all right? 338 00:36:58,270 --> 00:37:03,981 Well, we could talk, but one thing's for sure - we haven't evolved into biological supermen, 339 00:37:05,750 --> 00:37:07,502 At this point in or journey, 340 00:37:07,670 --> 00:37:12,824 it had been for million years since we'd split from the other apes. So let's recap. 341 00:37:12,990 --> 00:37:15,629 What had happened to us during that time? 342 00:37:17,070 --> 00:37:19,106 Well... 343 00:37:20,710 --> 00:37:25,864 ..biological evolution - that is, the physical changes to our bodies... 344 00:37:26,030 --> 00:37:29,705 ..has worked some slow but crucial changes in us, 345 00:37:31,590 --> 00:37:37,187 First, around four to five million years ago, we stood up on two legs and walked, 346 00:37:38,470 --> 00:37:44,739 But then it was another three million years before we started getting clever with our hands, 347 00:37:46,710 --> 00:37:52,501 It wasn't until over a million years later that our brains got as big as they are today, 348 00:37:53,550 --> 00:37:54,869 (MAN) Here! 349 00:37:55,590 --> 00:38:01,142 And for all this time, our only form of conversation was probably just grunting, 350 00:38:02,870 --> 00:38:05,748 (GRUNTING) 351 00:38:08,150 --> 00:38:12,189 It wasn't until very recently, around 200,000 years ago, 352 00:38:12,350 --> 00:38:17,378 that our larynx began to drop, which led to modern language, 353 00:38:17,550 --> 00:38:20,986 (MEN ALL TALK AT ONCE) 354 00:38:23,430 --> 00:38:25,660 But now that we cold talk... 355 00:38:26,670 --> 00:38:32,302 ..our cultural evolution could go into warp speed. 356 00:38:33,550 --> 00:38:36,348 Cultural evolution was a brand-new trend, 357 00:38:36,510 --> 00:38:43,143 It isn't based on genes like biological evolution, it's about the sharing of ideas, 358 00:38:46,150 --> 00:38:50,223 Talking allowed ideas and knowledge to be passed around so quickly 359 00:38:50,390 --> 00:38:54,429 that it was one of the greatest revolutions in the journey of life. 360 00:38:54,590 --> 00:38:57,058 It set us on the path to world dominance. 361 00:39:00,550 --> 00:39:04,145 (MUSIC) 362 00:39:22,350 --> 00:39:24,341 But the story isn't over yet, 363 00:39:33,350 --> 00:39:40,062 75,000 years ago, modern, talking humans were thriving here in Africa, 364 00:39:46,550 --> 00:39:51,544 They had the anatomy which allowed them to speak and they were sharing ideas. 365 00:39:51,710 --> 00:39:55,942 Modern man with a modern brain - us. 366 00:39:58,430 --> 00:40:03,982 But at that precise moment when they had so much to look forward to, disaster struck. 367 00:40:11,670 --> 00:40:15,948 A volcano called Toba in northern Sumatra erupted, 368 00:40:21,550 --> 00:40:25,543 This would have been the loudest noise ever heard by man, 369 00:40:28,550 --> 00:40:31,747 (RUMBLING ROAR) 370 00:40:31,910 --> 00:40:37,268 It blasted vast clouds of ash and sulphur dioxide right across the planet, 371 00:40:37,430 --> 00:40:39,705 blocking out the sun, 372 00:40:43,550 --> 00:40:49,182 It triggered a six-year global winter that would have blighted the entire world, 373 00:41:09,950 --> 00:41:15,183 In Africa, 4,000 miles away, drought and famine would have followed, 374 00:41:18,510 --> 00:41:20,899 Millions of animals would have died - 375 00:41:21,070 --> 00:41:24,745 the animals we humans depended on for meat, 376 00:41:42,990 --> 00:41:47,108 Those early Homo sapiens, too, must have been decimated, 377 00:41:49,510 --> 00:41:54,664 Because of one freak act of nature, our ancestors nearly became extinct, 378 00:41:55,830 --> 00:42:00,187 DNA evidence suggests that perhaps as few as 1,000 people were left.., 379 00:42:03,230 --> 00:42:07,189 ..which could mean that all six billion of us alive on Earth today 380 00:42:07,350 --> 00:42:11,389 are descended from those 1,000 survivors in Africa, 381 00:42:29,910 --> 00:42:36,463 This mega catastrophe must have pushed man to his limits, so how did he survive? 382 00:42:44,750 --> 00:42:46,342 Scientists now believe 383 00:42:46,510 --> 00:42:53,109 what really may have saved us from extinction was working together - sharing information, 384 00:42:54,150 --> 00:42:58,541 To get some idea of what it must have been like after Toba blew its top, 385 00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:01,224 you can go to the Kalahari desert today, 386 00:43:01,390 --> 00:43:05,303 It's one of the harshest places anywhere in the world, 387 00:43:11,750 --> 00:43:16,904 But even here, there is water and food if you know where to look, 388 00:43:27,350 --> 00:43:32,219 The Ju/'hoansi people of northern Namibia are mainly hunter gatherers, 389 00:43:32,390 --> 00:43:36,178 How do they cope with living in such heat and drought? 390 00:43:42,150 --> 00:43:46,940 Most importantly, they never remain isolated as a single group for long, 391 00:43:47,110 --> 00:43:53,106 They regularly walk for two to three days across the desert to visit different family groups, 392 00:43:54,750 --> 00:43:58,220 It may have been months since they last saw each other, 393 00:43:58,390 --> 00:44:01,621 (CHATTING AND LAUGHING) 394 00:44:05,030 --> 00:44:07,498 (SINGING AND CLAPPING) 395 00:44:29,150 --> 00:44:32,859 Once here, the highlight of the visit is swapping gifts, 396 00:44:41,310 --> 00:44:44,620 They do it not only to cement the bonds of friendship 397 00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:48,942 but also to secure co-operation and the sharing of ideas... 398 00:44:50,150 --> 00:44:55,383 ..and out here, what your neighbours choose to tell you could well save your life, 399 00:44:56,350 --> 00:45:00,741 They may know where the best water sources are or good fruiting trees, 400 00:45:00,910 --> 00:45:03,219 or the new hunting grounds, 401 00:45:03,390 --> 00:45:09,147 And of course, they can tell you the gossip. Without this regular exchange of knowledge, 402 00:45:09,310 --> 00:45:15,499 different villages could become isolated, and without outside help, even die out, 403 00:45:16,590 --> 00:45:21,983 It's now thought that it was our ability to talk and help each other in a hostile world 404 00:45:22,150 --> 00:45:25,745 that saved us from extinction after Toba erupted, 405 00:45:28,750 --> 00:45:33,221 It's encouraging to think that the very existence of the human race 406 00:45:33,390 --> 00:45:37,588 may owe more to co-operation than to conflict, 407 00:45:45,710 --> 00:45:47,860 Gradually, the world recovered, 408 00:45:48,030 --> 00:45:51,864 and small bands of pioneering humans started to leave Africa 409 00:45:52,030 --> 00:45:54,703 and travel to the far corners of the earth, 410 00:46:00,350 --> 00:46:06,744 By now, we humans weren't just sharing ideas, we were working together as never before, 411 00:46:06,910 --> 00:46:10,983 and cultural evolution was spreading around the globe, 412 00:46:16,150 --> 00:46:19,984 But the communication skills of this co-operative modern man 413 00:46:20,150 --> 00:46:21,947 were still quite limited. 414 00:46:22,110 --> 00:46:27,662 After all, the only way he had of sharing ideas was by talking. 415 00:46:27,830 --> 00:46:31,140 Do you know where the Natural History Library is? 416 00:46:31,310 --> 00:46:37,021 Although telling other people what you know through speech is still vital to man today.., 417 00:46:37,190 --> 00:46:39,988 - The Natural History Library. -I don't know. 418 00:46:40,150 --> 00:46:44,860 ..there's only so much knowledge any individual can store in his memory, 419 00:46:45,030 --> 00:46:50,582 You don't know where the Natural History Library is, do you? Have you heard of it? 420 00:46:50,750 --> 00:46:53,389 And no one person can know everything, 421 00:46:54,670 --> 00:46:59,824 - Hi, mate. I'm looking for the library. - The library? Round here, up Park Street... 422 00:46:59,990 --> 00:47:07,226 If someone dies without passing on their ideas and culture, those ideas are lost for ever, 423 00:47:11,550 --> 00:47:14,667 Unless, of course, they've been written down. 424 00:47:20,150 --> 00:47:25,508 The answer was for us to start preserving our ideas and knowledge in books, 425 00:47:31,870 --> 00:47:35,465 And it was only with the advent of recorded information 426 00:47:35,630 --> 00:47:39,418 that our new cultural evolution could accelerate again, 427 00:47:48,470 --> 00:47:52,782 Writing was an enormous breakthrough, It stopped culture being lost 428 00:47:52,950 --> 00:47:58,104 and meant successive generations could begin to build on what had gone before, 429 00:47:58,270 --> 00:48:01,501 No one could REMEMBER how to make a space rocket, 430 00:48:01,670 --> 00:48:06,698 but once it's written down, that information is accessible to multitudes, 431 00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:17,346 For two and a half thousand years, we saved our precious culture in our books, 432 00:48:17,510 --> 00:48:21,105 But the amount of knowledge accessible through a computer 433 00:48:21,270 --> 00:48:25,229 adds up to all the books in all the libraries in all the world. 434 00:48:25,390 --> 00:48:29,099 We might have left this guy behind five million years ago, 435 00:48:29,270 --> 00:48:31,340 but only in the last few decades 436 00:48:31,510 --> 00:48:36,106 have our big brains made this quantum leap forward in information transfer. 437 00:48:37,510 --> 00:48:39,501 (COCKEREL CROWS) 438 00:48:39,670 --> 00:48:45,540 In the age of the internet, anyone anywhere on Earth can tap into this massive central fund, 439 00:48:47,150 --> 00:48:50,984 At the forest reserve in Cameroon, Dieudonne can search the web 440 00:48:51,150 --> 00:48:54,506 and get hold of all the same stuff as I can, 441 00:49:03,510 --> 00:49:04,829 And it's fast. 442 00:49:04,990 --> 00:49:10,622 If I download a picture into the computer, I can send it halfway round the world in seconds. 443 00:49:16,350 --> 00:49:20,741 Never before have ideas spread so widely so quickly, 444 00:49:20,910 --> 00:49:25,301 whether for business, education or purely for pleasure, 445 00:49:36,350 --> 00:49:40,821 Computers are now the core of modern culture, 446 00:49:43,350 --> 00:49:47,707 But without writing and without this power to store knowledge.., 447 00:49:54,110 --> 00:49:57,546 The answer is here - still in the Stone Age, 448 00:50:00,950 --> 00:50:02,747 If you could use a time machine 449 00:50:02,910 --> 00:50:10,100 to bring a Stone Age baby from 35,000 years ago and educate it here in our modern world.., 450 00:50:10,990 --> 00:50:16,223 ..it could do anything - become an airline pilot, doctor, even president, 451 00:50:16,390 --> 00:50:20,781 By the Stone Age, people were just as intelligent as us, 452 00:50:25,150 --> 00:50:29,382 And if a 21st-century baby was sent back 35,000 years, 453 00:50:29,550 --> 00:50:33,782 it would be no more advanced than the people who lived then, 454 00:50:35,190 --> 00:50:40,708 Strip away our technology and underneath we're all still cavemen, 455 00:50:41,750 --> 00:50:45,538 That's because or genes haven't changed since the Stone Age. 456 00:50:45,710 --> 00:50:48,747 These babies would have the same genetic make-up. 457 00:50:49,950 --> 00:50:55,741 But just suppose both babies were unlucky and were born with a serious genetic disease, 458 00:50:57,030 --> 00:50:59,464 In the past, this baby would have died, 459 00:50:59,630 --> 00:51:02,781 His defective gene would not have been passed on, 460 00:51:02,950 --> 00:51:05,589 It was, after all, survival of the fittest, 461 00:51:12,550 --> 00:51:15,189 Today, modern medicine is so advanced 462 00:51:15,350 --> 00:51:19,628 that many of us can live on despite our problem genes.., 463 00:51:25,150 --> 00:51:28,745 ..whereas in the past, we wouldn't have survived, 464 00:51:34,150 --> 00:51:37,028 And that is affecting our evolution, 465 00:51:37,190 --> 00:51:40,262 Now, without the force of natural selection, 466 00:51:40,430 --> 00:51:45,709 those problem genes will become more and more widespread within us. 467 00:51:51,150 --> 00:51:56,019 Fortunately, or most important evolutionary trait, or big brain, 468 00:51:56,190 --> 00:51:58,863 may have come up with a solution. 469 00:52:00,430 --> 00:52:04,218 We are embarking on a revolution - genetic engineering, 470 00:52:05,110 --> 00:52:07,670 In as little as ten years from now, 471 00:52:07,830 --> 00:52:12,381 we may be able to alter our children's genes before they're born, 472 00:52:13,310 --> 00:52:17,986 We now know which genes are involved in some 5,000 illnesses, 473 00:52:18,830 --> 00:52:24,826 Scientists believe they'll soon be able to manipulate these genes in a fertilised embryo, 474 00:52:35,350 --> 00:52:38,103 So for the first time in the history of man, 475 00:52:38,270 --> 00:52:43,902 our children and their children could be free of genetic illness and disease, 476 00:52:49,150 --> 00:52:51,903 That's just what scientists know today, 477 00:52:52,590 --> 00:52:56,947 And remember, cultural evolution works faster... 478 00:52:58,350 --> 00:53:00,818 ..faster...and faster. 479 00:53:03,430 --> 00:53:07,264 Once scientists have the power to cure these illnesses, 480 00:53:07,430 --> 00:53:10,388 what else may they do in years to come? 481 00:53:12,750 --> 00:53:17,824 Imagine a world where the same technology could enhance our children's looks, 482 00:53:17,990 --> 00:53:22,905 As you make your choices for your daughter, I can click them into my computer. 483 00:53:23,070 --> 00:53:26,346 Could we soon be ordering up designer babies? 484 00:53:26,510 --> 00:53:30,344 Have you thought about what skin colour you’d like? 485 00:53:30,510 --> 00:53:33,820 Could we choose the perfect features for our child? 486 00:53:33,990 --> 00:53:35,742 - Does that look OK? - Yes. 487 00:53:35,910 --> 00:53:40,700 Every detail, from skin tone to eye colour, 488 00:53:40,870 --> 00:53:43,430 (CUSTOMER) Can we have blue? 489 00:53:43,590 --> 00:53:47,344 How do you feel about the features of the face? 490 00:53:47,510 --> 00:53:49,501 No more nose jobs, 491 00:53:49,670 --> 00:53:52,468 and no more plastic surgery, 492 00:53:56,070 --> 00:53:57,742 (CUSTOMER) That's great. 493 00:53:59,030 --> 00:54:03,546 We could design and create the perfect child, 494 00:54:06,830 --> 00:54:09,549 And what about their brain power? 495 00:54:10,310 --> 00:54:15,430 Our offspring could become much more intelligent than us, much younger, 496 00:54:17,910 --> 00:54:20,743 - (MUM) Are you winning? - Yes! 497 00:54:20,910 --> 00:54:24,141 Child geniuses could soon become the norm, 498 00:54:26,310 --> 00:54:30,826 Our children could be academically successful at a much earlier age.., 499 00:54:33,150 --> 00:54:37,143 ..and make modern technology look like child's play, 500 00:54:41,750 --> 00:54:45,265 Some scientists even predict that by 2020, 501 00:54:45,430 --> 00:54:49,184 we'll be able to manipulate the genes that control ageing, 502 00:54:53,150 --> 00:54:56,267 While we age normally over our lifetimes, 503 00:54:56,430 --> 00:55:02,380 our children could reach 200 years old and yet keep their youthful good looks, 504 00:55:11,990 --> 00:55:14,902 We've come a long way from the chimps - 505 00:55:15,070 --> 00:55:20,702 amazing considering there's only that crucial 1% difference in or genes. 506 00:55:27,550 --> 00:55:31,589 Our journey of life has certainly been a rocky ride, 507 00:55:31,750 --> 00:55:35,789 Until now, our evolution was a game of chance, 508 00:55:35,950 --> 00:55:40,068 That we survived at all is something of a miracle, 509 00:55:45,310 --> 00:55:51,101 Of course, no one can really know for sure how much further away from chimps we'll go, 510 00:55:53,470 --> 00:55:57,861 The difference is that now the choice is ours, 511 00:55:58,030 --> 00:56:02,023 (WALTZ MUSIC) 512 00:56:09,470 --> 00:56:15,102 So what might that space-age biologist find if he came back to Earth in the future? 513 00:56:15,830 --> 00:56:20,346 If he visited the apes again, he might get quite a surprise, 514 00:56:26,390 --> 00:56:29,985 Before, he was comparing we humans with the chimps, 515 00:56:37,350 --> 00:56:39,818 But if he now looked at the chimps.., 516 00:56:42,750 --> 00:56:46,948 ..and then at me, the unmodified man of today... 517 00:56:48,150 --> 00:56:52,507 ..then at the new super-Homo sapiens of the future, 518 00:56:52,670 --> 00:56:56,948 he might well see a greater difference between me and the super-human 519 00:56:57,110 --> 00:56:59,749 than he saw before between me and the chimps, 520 00:57:01,710 --> 00:57:06,226 He might think we were three equally different kinds of ape, 521 00:57:06,950 --> 00:57:12,661 No one can really predict what path we'll take in the future, but one thing is for certain - 522 00:57:12,830 --> 00:57:15,424 for the first time in the history of life, 523 00:57:15,590 --> 00:57:17,979 we can control or own evolution. 524 00:57:18,150 --> 00:57:19,868 Whether we choose to or not, 525 00:57:20,030 --> 00:57:24,421 we now have the knowledge and power to determine or biological future - 526 00:57:24,590 --> 00:57:27,388 or own journey of life.