1
00:00:43,044 --> 00:00:45,244
Werner:<i> This is the campus of</i>

2
00:00:45,246 --> 00:00:48,680
<i>University of California</i>
<i>in Los Angeles.</i>

3
00:00:48,915 --> 00:00:52,249
<i>Today, no one of the students</i>
<i>is aware</i>

4
00:00:52,251 --> 00:00:56,819
<i>that this is ground zero of</i>
<i>one of the biggest revolutions</i>

5
00:00:56,821 --> 00:00:59,621
<i>we as humans</i>
<i>are experiencing.</i>

6
00:01:00,156 --> 00:01:02,356
<i>One of the science</i>
<i>buildings here</i>

7
00:01:02,358 --> 00:01:05,926
<i>is considered</i>
<i>the birthplace of the internet.</i>

8
00:01:06,261 --> 00:01:09,862
<i>This picture of some of</i>
<i>the scientists involved</i>

9
00:01:09,864 --> 00:01:12,497
<i>was taken at</i>
<i>this very moment.</i>

10
00:01:13,800 --> 00:01:16,333
<i>The corridors here</i>
<i>look repulsive</i>

11
00:01:16,335 --> 00:01:20,602
<i>and yet this one leads</i>
<i>to some sort of a shrine</i>

12
00:01:20,604 --> 00:01:22,904
<i>reconstructed years later</i>

13
00:01:22,906 --> 00:01:25,740
<i>when its importance</i>
<i>had sunk in.</i>

14
00:01:26,008 --> 00:01:28,807
Let's enter this
very special place.

15
00:01:30,343 --> 00:01:33,677
We are now entering
a sacred location.

16
00:01:34,179 --> 00:01:37,046
It's the location where
the internet began.

17
00:01:37,048 --> 00:01:38,247
It's a holy place.

18
00:01:38,249 --> 00:01:41,149
And we've just come
back to 1969

19
00:01:41,151 --> 00:01:44,152
when the critical events
of the origin began.

20
00:01:44,988 --> 00:01:47,922
That machine over there
is the first piece

21
00:01:48,190 --> 00:01:51,324
of the internet equipment
ever installed.

22
00:01:54,762 --> 00:01:56,061
It's a mini computer,

23
00:01:56,063 --> 00:01:57,829
which we now call
a packet switch.

24
00:01:57,831 --> 00:01:58,963
This is a...

25
00:01:58,965 --> 00:02:00,764
(loud banging)

26
00:02:00,766 --> 00:02:02,565
military hardened machine.

27
00:02:02,567 --> 00:02:03,999
You can't break it.

28
00:02:04,001 --> 00:02:06,001
And it was meant
to sustain itself

29
00:02:06,003 --> 00:02:08,903
unattended for
years at a time.

30
00:02:09,071 --> 00:02:10,904
This particular machine

31
00:02:11,339 --> 00:02:13,706
is so ugly on the inside,

32
00:02:13,708 --> 00:02:15,274
it is beautiful.

33
00:02:16,010 --> 00:02:18,677
It has a unique odor.
(sniffs)

34
00:02:18,679 --> 00:02:22,714
A delicious old odor
from all the old parts.

35
00:02:22,716 --> 00:02:25,550
It consists of modems,

36
00:02:26,653 --> 00:02:29,587
CPU logic units, memory,

37
00:02:29,589 --> 00:02:32,489
power supply - all
the things you need

38
00:02:32,491 --> 00:02:34,791
to make an efficient
computer work.

39
00:02:35,894 --> 00:02:38,227
This machine served
as the first node

40
00:02:38,229 --> 00:02:40,529
of the internet
for decades.

41
00:02:42,266 --> 00:02:45,700
And it was from here
that the first message was sent.

42
00:02:45,702 --> 00:02:47,301
A revolution began.

43
00:02:48,337 --> 00:02:50,337
And the only
record we have

44
00:02:50,739 --> 00:02:52,438
of what happened that day

45
00:02:52,673 --> 00:02:54,839
is in this log.

46
00:02:56,175 --> 00:03:00,944
On October 29th, 1969
at 10:30 at night

47
00:03:01,413 --> 00:03:06,015
we enter that we "talked
to Stanford Research Institute

48
00:03:06,017 --> 00:03:08,250
host to host"
computer to computer.

49
00:03:08,252 --> 00:03:11,620
It's very much like
when on Columbus' ship,

50
00:03:12,089 --> 00:03:15,090
the fellow up on top
who first spotted land,

51
00:03:15,525 --> 00:03:18,826
he noticed it was and he
basically made an entry

52
00:03:18,828 --> 00:03:20,761
saying "we spotted land".

53
00:03:20,763 --> 00:03:22,662
That document and this document

54
00:03:22,664 --> 00:03:25,764
have at least the same
equivalent importance.

55
00:03:26,900 --> 00:03:29,199
Now what was that
first message?

56
00:03:30,669 --> 00:03:32,468
Many people don't know it.

57
00:03:34,038 --> 00:03:36,138
All we wanted to do
was log in

58
00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:37,472
<i>from our computer</i>

59
00:03:37,474 --> 00:03:40,308
<i>to a computer 400 miles</i>
<i>to the north</i>

60
00:03:40,310 --> 00:03:41,876
<i>up in</i>
<i>Stanford Research Institute.</i>

61
00:03:42,278 --> 00:03:45,479
<i>To log in you have</i>
<i>to type "LOG"</i>

62
00:03:45,481 --> 00:03:48,181
<i>and that machine is smart</i>
<i>enough to type the "IN".</i>

63
00:03:48,483 --> 00:03:50,983
<i>Now to make sure this</i>
<i>was happening properly,</i>

64
00:03:51,151 --> 00:03:53,384
we had our programmer
and the programmer

65
00:03:53,386 --> 00:03:56,086
up north connected by
a telephone handset

66
00:03:56,088 --> 00:03:58,421
just to make sure it
was going correctly.

67
00:03:59,257 --> 00:04:01,190
So Charlie typed
the L and he said

68
00:04:01,192 --> 00:04:04,092
"You get the L?" Bill
said, "Yup, I got the L."

69
00:04:04,461 --> 00:04:06,093
He typed the O.
"Get the O?"

70
00:04:06,095 --> 00:04:07,427
"Yup, I got the O".

71
00:04:07,429 --> 00:04:09,128
He typed the G.
"Get the G?"

72
00:04:09,130 --> 00:04:12,231
Crash! The SRI
computer crashed.

73
00:04:12,433 --> 00:04:16,434
So the first message ever
on the internet was "Lo"

74
00:04:16,436 --> 00:04:18,569
as in "Lo
and Behold".

75
00:04:18,837 --> 00:04:21,237
We couldn't have asked
for a more succinct,

76
00:04:21,239 --> 00:04:23,939
more powerful,
more prophetic message

77
00:04:23,941 --> 00:04:25,273
than "Lo".

78
00:04:26,509 --> 00:04:28,275
Well, I've been involved
with the internet

79
00:04:28,277 --> 00:04:29,909
really since the
very beginning.

80
00:04:30,978 --> 00:04:33,578
There are a number of things

81
00:04:33,580 --> 00:04:35,580
that would characterize
that involvement.

82
00:04:35,582 --> 00:04:38,749
One was I started out being the,

83
00:04:38,751 --> 00:04:40,984
essentially the system designer
of the ARPANET,

84
00:04:40,986 --> 00:04:42,585
<i>the very first packet net.</i>

85
00:04:42,587 --> 00:04:45,621
<i>I joined DARPA</i>
<i>in the early 1970s</i>

86
00:04:45,623 --> 00:04:47,923
<i>and started two other</i>
<i>networking programs:</i>

87
00:04:47,925 --> 00:04:50,859
one a ground base
packet radio net

88
00:04:50,861 --> 00:04:53,628
like today's cellular
phones and a satellite net

89
00:04:53,630 --> 00:04:55,696
on Intel's Dot4
based on packets.

90
00:04:55,698 --> 00:04:58,465
And the internet was about
connecting them all together

91
00:04:58,467 --> 00:05:00,834
and the essential elements there

92
00:05:00,836 --> 00:05:04,204
were the protocols that
would make that possible

93
00:05:04,206 --> 00:05:06,239
and the technology
that would be needed

94
00:05:06,241 --> 00:05:08,174
inside the net to enable
these different nets

95
00:05:08,176 --> 00:05:09,508
to work together.

96
00:05:10,477 --> 00:05:14,045
Werner:<i> Vint Cerf, here in 1973,</i>

97
00:05:14,047 --> 00:05:16,781
<i>and Bob Kahn</i>
<i>collaborating together</i>

98
00:05:16,783 --> 00:05:20,451
<i>created the fundamental</i>
<i>protocol for the internet.</i>

99
00:05:20,719 --> 00:05:24,420
<i>For this they received</i>
<i>some of the highest honors</i>

100
00:05:24,422 --> 00:05:27,289
<i>our society can bestow.</i>

101
00:05:28,191 --> 00:05:29,356
Imagine, if you will,

102
00:05:29,358 --> 00:05:30,990
sitting down
to your morning coffee,

103
00:05:30,992 --> 00:05:32,424
turning on your home computer

104
00:05:32,426 --> 00:05:33,625
to read the
day's newspaper.

105
00:05:33,627 --> 00:05:35,927
Well, it's not as far
fetched as it may seem.

106
00:05:35,929 --> 00:05:37,278
<i>17 stories up</i>

107
00:05:37,279 --> 00:05:38,628
<i>in his fashionable</i>
<i>North Beach apartment,</i>

108
00:05:38,631 --> 00:05:40,697
<i>Richard Halloran is calling</i>
<i>a local number</i>

109
00:05:40,699 --> 00:05:43,399
<i>that will connect him with</i>
<i>a computer in Columbus, Ohio.</i>

110
00:05:43,768 --> 00:05:46,468
<i>Meanwhile, across town in this</i>
<i>less than fashionable</i>

111
00:05:46,470 --> 00:05:48,470
<i>cubby hole</i>
<i>at</i> The San Francisco Examiner

112
00:05:48,472 --> 00:05:50,972
<i>these editors are programming</i>
<i>today's copy of the paper</i>

113
00:05:50,974 --> 00:05:52,540
<i>into that same Ohio computer.</i>

114
00:05:52,775 --> 00:05:54,975
<i>When the telephone connection</i>
<i>between these two terminals</i>

115
00:05:54,977 --> 00:05:57,577
<i>is made, the newest form of</i>
<i>electronic journalism</i>

116
00:05:57,579 --> 00:05:59,512
<i>lights up</i>
<i>Mr. Halloran's television</i>

117
00:05:59,514 --> 00:06:00,779
<i>with just about everything</i>

118
00:06:00,781 --> 00:06:02,747
The Examiner<i> prints</i>
<i>in its regular edition.</i>

119
00:06:02,749 --> 00:06:04,515
<i>Of the estimated two</i>
<i>to three thousand</i>

120
00:06:04,517 --> 00:06:06,316
<i>home computer owners</i>
<i>in the Bay Area,</i>

121
00:06:06,318 --> 00:06:08,918
The Chronicle<i> reports</i>
<i>over 500 have responded</i>

122
00:06:08,920 --> 00:06:10,686
<i>by sending</i>
<i>back coupons.</i>

123
00:06:11,088 --> 00:06:12,520
Werner:<i> This report,</i>

124
00:06:12,522 --> 00:06:15,756
<i>considering the numbers</i>
<i>of internet users today,</i>

125
00:06:15,758 --> 00:06:18,792
<i>sounds already</i>
<i>like pre-history.</i>

126
00:06:18,794 --> 00:06:21,594
<i>No one at that time</i>
<i>had a clue</i>

127
00:06:21,596 --> 00:06:25,030
<i>about the explosion of</i>
<i>information technology.</i>

128
00:06:26,600 --> 00:06:29,601
<i>Today if you would burn CDs</i>

129
00:06:29,603 --> 00:06:33,438
<i>of the worldwide data flow</i>
<i>for one single day</i>

130
00:06:33,440 --> 00:06:35,606
<i>and stack them</i>
<i>up to a pile,</i>

131
00:06:35,608 --> 00:06:38,975
<i>this pile would reach</i>
<i>up to Mars and back.</i>

132
00:06:40,345 --> 00:06:44,280
<i>The internet is already</i>
<i>permeating everything.</i>

133
00:06:44,282 --> 00:06:46,949
<i>Even on the International</i>
<i>Space Station</i>

134
00:06:46,951 --> 00:06:50,319
<i>a phone call from</i>
<i>one module to the next</i>

135
00:06:50,321 --> 00:06:52,554
<i>goes via the internet.</i>

136
00:06:53,256 --> 00:06:55,489
<i>But how do we</i>
<i>keep it running?</i>

137
00:06:55,491 --> 00:06:57,524
<i>How do we guard it?</i>

138
00:06:58,627 --> 00:07:01,794
I still have a copy
of the phone directory

139
00:07:01,796 --> 00:07:04,596
from the late 1970s of
everybody

140
00:07:04,598 --> 00:07:07,966
who was on the internet and it
was a document about that thick

141
00:07:08,335 --> 00:07:10,735
and it had the
name, address,

142
00:07:10,737 --> 00:07:13,003
and telephone number
of every single person.

143
00:07:13,005 --> 00:07:14,004
Actually it had it twice

144
00:07:14,006 --> 00:07:16,806
because it had it once sorted
by their email address

145
00:07:16,808 --> 00:07:18,808
and once sorted by
their actual name.

146
00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:20,843
So if you had a
problem with anybody,

147
00:07:20,845 --> 00:07:22,811
you could look them up,
you could find them.

148
00:07:22,813 --> 00:07:24,846
You could find who
the actual person was

149
00:07:24,848 --> 00:07:26,848
associated with
that email address.

150
00:07:26,850 --> 00:07:30,284
And still today I
thumb through that

151
00:07:30,286 --> 00:07:33,753
and a surprising
fraction of the people

152
00:07:33,755 --> 00:07:34,887
I actually knew.

153
00:07:34,889 --> 00:07:38,490
For example, there were two
other Dannys on the internet,

154
00:07:38,492 --> 00:07:39,958
and I knew them both.

155
00:07:39,960 --> 00:07:41,292
I still know them both.

156
00:07:41,294 --> 00:07:43,561
<i>Of course now you</i>
<i>can't even comprehend</i>

157
00:07:43,563 --> 00:07:46,030
<i>the idea of a directory</i>

158
00:07:46,032 --> 00:07:49,133
<i>that contains the</i>
<i>name of everybody.</i>

159
00:07:49,468 --> 00:07:52,602
Werner:<i> Today, we</i>
<i>couldn't know exactly,</i>

160
00:07:52,604 --> 00:07:56,572
<i>the directory might</i>
<i>be some 72 miles thick.</i>

161
00:07:58,709 --> 00:08:01,710
The capacity on the ith channel

162
00:08:02,579 --> 00:08:05,079
should be the traffic
on the ith channel

163
00:08:05,347 --> 00:08:07,747
over the speed
of the ith channel

164
00:08:08,116 --> 00:08:10,783
plus how much is left over,

165
00:08:11,919 --> 00:08:14,986
that's how much
capacity is left over -

166
00:08:14,988 --> 00:08:16,253
and you split it

167
00:08:16,255 --> 00:08:20,957
according to the square root
of the traffic on that channel

168
00:08:20,959 --> 00:08:22,358
over the summation

169
00:08:22,360 --> 00:08:24,760
of the square root
over all channels.

170
00:08:25,095 --> 00:08:27,428
Dany Hills:<i> The way</i>
<i>the internet works,</i>

171
00:08:27,430 --> 00:08:29,730
<i>there's no fixed route</i>
<i>that a message takes.</i>

172
00:08:29,732 --> 00:08:31,531
In the early days
of the protocol

173
00:08:31,533 --> 00:08:34,867
there was a kind of a bug
and one of the computers

174
00:08:34,869 --> 00:08:37,035
actually had a hardware failure

175
00:08:37,037 --> 00:08:38,636
that made it believe

176
00:08:38,638 --> 00:08:40,671
that it could get a message
to some place

177
00:08:40,673 --> 00:08:42,272
in negative time.

178
00:08:42,674 --> 00:08:46,008
So of course every
message in the internet

179
00:08:46,010 --> 00:08:48,410
did better by sending it
through that computer

180
00:08:48,412 --> 00:08:51,246
because it
subtracted the time

181
00:08:51,248 --> 00:08:53,681
net required to
send the message.

182
00:08:53,683 --> 00:08:56,083
And so all the messages
in the internet

183
00:08:56,085 --> 00:08:57,951
started getting sent through
that computer,

184
00:08:57,953 --> 00:08:59,986
which of course got slower
and slower and slower.

185
00:08:59,988 --> 00:09:02,655
So the internet kind of
started to grind to a halt.

186
00:09:02,990 --> 00:09:05,290
Leonard Kleinrock: The mean
response time now

187
00:09:05,292 --> 00:09:06,624
will look like this.

188
00:09:07,159 --> 00:09:10,793
It will be equal to the
average path length

189
00:09:11,028 --> 00:09:15,663
times the summation
of the square root

190
00:09:15,665 --> 00:09:18,132
of the traffic on
the J channel

191
00:09:18,134 --> 00:09:20,300
over the sum
of all traffics

192
00:09:21,303 --> 00:09:24,737
summed over all
channels squared

193
00:09:24,739 --> 00:09:29,908
over uc (1 minus n-bar Rho).

194
00:09:30,977 --> 00:09:33,510
Whatever that equation
means it tells you

195
00:09:33,512 --> 00:09:35,712
what the minimum
response time will be

196
00:09:35,714 --> 00:09:37,947
for a network once
it's optimized.

197
00:09:37,949 --> 00:09:40,416
The computer was
claiming that it could

198
00:09:40,418 --> 00:09:42,684
deliver the message
before you even sent it.

199
00:09:42,686 --> 00:09:44,752
So if you had a post
office like that

200
00:09:44,754 --> 00:09:46,453
of course you
would use it, right?

201
00:09:46,955 --> 00:09:50,856
This was a simplified but
exact model at the time.

202
00:09:50,858 --> 00:09:53,491
Now we have other
aspects of it.

203
00:09:53,493 --> 00:09:55,826
But it's basically the
underlying principles of

204
00:09:55,828 --> 00:09:58,528
the network and one of
the things we found,

205
00:09:58,530 --> 00:10:01,831
surprisingly, was that
the larger the network is

206
00:10:01,833 --> 00:10:04,200
the far more
efficient it becomes.

207
00:10:04,202 --> 00:10:06,602
Werner: Like a gambling
casino that certainly

208
00:10:06,604 --> 00:10:08,770
makes money if you have
millions of gamblers

209
00:10:08,772 --> 00:10:10,404
at the slot machines?

210
00:10:10,406 --> 00:10:11,738
Very much so.

211
00:10:11,740 --> 00:10:13,573
You've articulated
what we call

212
00:10:13,575 --> 00:10:15,274
the law of
large numbers.

213
00:10:15,276 --> 00:10:16,808
The law of large numbers says

214
00:10:16,810 --> 00:10:20,945
that a large population of
unpredictable players,

215
00:10:20,947 --> 00:10:22,613
or messages,

216
00:10:22,948 --> 00:10:26,349
collectively behaves
in a very predictable fashion,

217
00:10:26,351 --> 00:10:28,684
a fashion we can
write down exactly.

218
00:10:28,686 --> 00:10:31,153
And therefore we can
predict the performance

219
00:10:31,155 --> 00:10:33,021
of a network when its large.

220
00:10:33,023 --> 00:10:35,490
The underlying
technology has scaled

221
00:10:35,492 --> 00:10:38,392
by a factor of a million
in computational speed,

222
00:10:38,394 --> 00:10:40,093
in bandwidth of
communications,

223
00:10:40,095 --> 00:10:42,995
in storage capacity and it
may go for another decade

224
00:10:42,997 --> 00:10:45,330
to a factor of a billion
or even a trillion.

225
00:10:45,332 --> 00:10:48,533
Nothing in the history of
mankind has ever worked

226
00:10:48,535 --> 00:10:50,601
as a technological
contribution

227
00:10:50,603 --> 00:10:53,003
over that span of growth.

228
00:10:53,705 --> 00:10:56,138
Werner:<i> Back to the very</i>
<i>early times,</i>

229
00:10:56,273 --> 00:11:00,341
<i>times of speculative concepts</i>
<i>of a connected world...</i>

230
00:11:00,609 --> 00:11:02,342
<i>in the early 60s,</i>

231
00:11:02,344 --> 00:11:05,945
<i>many years before the first</i>
<i>Apple personal computer,</i>

232
00:11:05,947 --> 00:11:08,314
<i>a young thinker, Ted Nelson,</i>

233
00:11:08,316 --> 00:11:13,251
<i>had his own ideas about</i>
<i>creating a computer network.</i>

234
00:11:13,653 --> 00:11:17,221
<i>The web as we know it</i>
<i>took a different route,</i>

235
00:11:17,223 --> 00:11:20,624
<i>but Nelson's ideas</i>
<i>are still dormant.</i>

236
00:11:24,096 --> 00:11:27,197
Ted Nelson:<i> It was an experience</i>
<i>of water and interconnection.</i>

237
00:11:27,832 --> 00:11:30,165
I was with my
grandparents in a rowboat

238
00:11:30,167 --> 00:11:33,067
in Chicago, so I must
have been five years old and

239
00:11:33,602 --> 00:11:35,968
I was trailing
my hand in the water.

240
00:11:37,504 --> 00:11:39,670
And I thought about how
the water was

241
00:11:39,672 --> 00:11:41,371
moving around my fingers,

242
00:11:41,673 --> 00:11:44,273
opening on one side
and closing on the other,

243
00:11:44,875 --> 00:11:47,842
and that changing
system of relationships

244
00:11:47,844 --> 00:11:49,877
where everything was
kind of similar,

245
00:11:49,879 --> 00:11:53,080
kind of the same
and yet different.

246
00:11:53,715 --> 00:11:57,649
That was so difficult to
visualize and express,

247
00:11:59,319 --> 00:12:04,121
and just generalizing that
to the entire universe that

248
00:12:05,124 --> 00:12:06,690
the world is a system of

249
00:12:06,692 --> 00:12:09,392
ever changing
relationships and structures

250
00:12:10,061 --> 00:12:12,127
struck me as...

251
00:12:12,729 --> 00:12:15,129
a vast truth - which it is!

252
00:12:15,831 --> 00:12:16,930
And...

253
00:12:17,532 --> 00:12:19,865
so interconnection and
expressing that

254
00:12:19,867 --> 00:12:22,834
interconnection has been
the center of all my thinking,

255
00:12:22,836 --> 00:12:24,168
and all my computer work

256
00:12:24,170 --> 00:12:27,838
has been about expressing
and representing

257
00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:31,975
and showing interconnection
among writings especially.

258
00:12:32,644 --> 00:12:35,478
And writing is the
process of reducing

259
00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:37,680
a tapestry of
interconnection

260
00:12:38,215 --> 00:12:39,814
to a narrow sequence.

261
00:12:40,516 --> 00:12:42,115
And this is in a sense illicit.

262
00:12:42,117 --> 00:12:45,884
This is a wrongful
compression

263
00:12:45,886 --> 00:12:47,919
of what should
spread out.

264
00:12:48,655 --> 00:12:50,621
And today's computers
they've betrayed that

265
00:12:50,623 --> 00:12:51,822
because there's no system

266
00:12:51,824 --> 00:12:53,790
for decent cut and paste
and they've changed

267
00:12:53,792 --> 00:12:55,558
the meaning of the
words "cut and paste"

268
00:12:55,560 --> 00:12:57,560
and pretended it
was the same thing.

269
00:12:57,562 --> 00:12:58,961
So a guy named
Larry Tesler,

270
00:12:58,963 --> 00:13:01,897
whom I consider to
be a good friend,

271
00:13:01,899 --> 00:13:03,732
nevertheless changed
those words

272
00:13:03,734 --> 00:13:05,834
and I consider that to be
a crime against humanity

273
00:13:05,836 --> 00:13:07,101
and he doesn't
understand why.

274
00:13:07,103 --> 00:13:09,436
Because humanity has
no decent writing tools.

275
00:13:09,438 --> 00:13:10,570
In any case,

276
00:13:10,838 --> 00:13:12,037
this is the problem:

277
00:13:12,039 --> 00:13:13,972
interconnection
and representation

278
00:13:13,974 --> 00:13:17,175
and sequentialization all...

279
00:13:18,044 --> 00:13:20,076
similar to the issue of water.

280
00:13:22,780 --> 00:13:24,346
So here we have

281
00:13:24,781 --> 00:13:27,581
a parallel presentation

282
00:13:27,583 --> 00:13:29,082
that shows the quotation

283
00:13:29,084 --> 00:13:30,283
connected to its
original context.

284
00:13:30,285 --> 00:13:31,984
"In the beginning God
created the heaven

285
00:13:31,986 --> 00:13:33,752
and the earth" and
where is that from?

286
00:13:33,754 --> 00:13:35,453
That is from
the King James Bible.

287
00:13:36,022 --> 00:13:38,756
So we can step down to
the next quotation.

288
00:13:39,024 --> 00:13:41,124
"Adam and Lilith
immediately began

289
00:13:41,126 --> 00:13:44,627
to fight" and that is from
the Alphabet of ben Sira.

290
00:13:44,895 --> 00:13:48,896
And so as we pull back we
can see successive pages

291
00:13:48,898 --> 00:13:52,132
coming up to connect
with their sources

292
00:13:52,134 --> 00:13:53,867
or with their
linked contents.

293
00:13:54,336 --> 00:13:57,570
Werner:<i> His vision of</i>
<i>links never materialized.</i>

294
00:13:57,872 --> 00:14:01,873
<i>By some he was labeled</i>
<i>insane for clinging on.</i>

295
00:14:02,575 --> 00:14:04,308
There are two
contradictory slogans.

296
00:14:04,310 --> 00:14:07,144
One is that continuing
to do the same thing

297
00:14:07,146 --> 00:14:08,845
and expecting a
different result

298
00:14:08,847 --> 00:14:10,379
is the definition
of insanity.

299
00:14:10,381 --> 00:14:12,848
On the other hand, if at
first you don't succeed,

300
00:14:12,850 --> 00:14:14,115
try, try again.

301
00:14:14,117 --> 00:14:16,117
I prefer the latter
because I don't want

302
00:14:16,119 --> 00:14:18,419
to be remembered as
the guy who didn't.

303
00:14:18,988 --> 00:14:22,556
Werner: No, to us you
appear to be the only one

304
00:14:22,558 --> 00:14:25,292
around who is
clinically sane.

305
00:14:26,061 --> 00:14:29,095
No one has ever
said that before.

306
00:14:29,097 --> 00:14:30,729
(laughs)

307
00:14:30,731 --> 00:14:32,564
Usually I hear
the opposite.

308
00:14:32,566 --> 00:14:35,500
Werner: Thank you very
much for talking with us.

309
00:14:35,502 --> 00:14:36,934
It was wonderful.

310
00:14:36,936 --> 00:14:38,869
(both laughing)

311
00:14:40,305 --> 00:14:41,504
Marvelous.

312
00:14:42,273 --> 00:14:43,505
What a team.

313
00:14:44,541 --> 00:14:46,140
Werner: Yes, now it's your turn.

314
00:14:57,519 --> 00:14:59,352
Werner:<i> Today the sheer numbers</i>

315
00:14:59,354 --> 00:15:02,488
<i>of unpredictable players</i>
<i>on the internet</i>

316
00:15:02,490 --> 00:15:06,224
<i>has led to some of its</i>
<i>greatest glories.</i>

317
00:15:07,327 --> 00:15:11,061
<i>Fundamental research into</i>
<i>cancer, AIDS,</i>

318
00:15:11,063 --> 00:15:12,796
<i>and other diseases,</i>

319
00:15:12,798 --> 00:15:16,065
<i>has been slowed down</i>
<i>by a complex problem</i>

320
00:15:16,067 --> 00:15:17,332
<i>which has to do with</i>

321
00:15:17,334 --> 00:15:20,134
<i>the intricate folding</i>
<i>of molecules.</i>

322
00:15:20,803 --> 00:15:24,404
<i>Scientists using</i>
<i>super computers</i>

323
00:15:24,406 --> 00:15:25,905
<i>could not solve it.</i>

324
00:15:26,207 --> 00:15:29,341
<i>Adrien Treuille was</i>
<i>one of the creators</i>

325
00:15:29,343 --> 00:15:32,877
<i>of a video game calling</i>
<i>upon the community</i>

326
00:15:32,879 --> 00:15:36,079
<i>of video gamers out</i>
<i>there in the world.</i>

327
00:15:37,949 --> 00:15:41,549
Here we can see
an RNA molecule

328
00:15:41,717 --> 00:15:43,850
folded up into

329
00:15:43,852 --> 00:15:46,619
this beautiful helical pattern,

330
00:15:46,621 --> 00:15:48,053
it forms a helix,

331
00:15:48,321 --> 00:15:52,422
and the amazing thing
is that this pattern

332
00:15:52,424 --> 00:15:55,425
is formed out of very,
very simple rules

333
00:15:55,427 --> 00:15:58,928
which pull it together
and create this shape.

334
00:15:58,930 --> 00:16:01,997
And so it's a little bit like...

335
00:16:01,999 --> 00:16:06,166
you can think of your hands
as there are simple rules

336
00:16:06,168 --> 00:16:08,568
which determine
how it can bend,

337
00:16:08,770 --> 00:16:10,736
and then there are certain ways

338
00:16:10,738 --> 00:16:12,437
in which it loves
to come together

339
00:16:12,439 --> 00:16:15,306
to form a compact shape
and that's just

340
00:16:15,308 --> 00:16:18,008
what these molecules
are doing in the body.

341
00:16:18,276 --> 00:16:20,175
Werner: And your
shirts, for example,

342
00:16:20,177 --> 00:16:21,843
you are into
shirt folding?

343
00:16:21,845 --> 00:16:23,711
These molecules

344
00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:27,781
fold up in much the same way

345
00:16:27,783 --> 00:16:29,516
that a shirt folds.

346
00:16:29,518 --> 00:16:32,318
You can imagine it starts
completely unfolded

347
00:16:32,320 --> 00:16:35,321
and not at all suitable
to put in your drawer,

348
00:16:35,323 --> 00:16:37,923
but if you follow very,
very simple rules

349
00:16:37,925 --> 00:16:40,025
it becomes
this beautiful package

350
00:16:40,027 --> 00:16:41,393
that you can then

351
00:16:41,828 --> 00:16:44,395
store and show.

352
00:16:44,397 --> 00:16:47,965
We took the latest
scientific models

353
00:16:47,967 --> 00:16:51,868
of a biomolecule folding

354
00:16:52,103 --> 00:16:54,503
and we created a game

355
00:16:54,505 --> 00:16:59,207
and we put it on the web without
knowing what would happen

356
00:16:59,642 --> 00:17:04,277
and without knowing if
it would be fun at all,

357
00:17:04,279 --> 00:17:07,513
if anyone would come, and...

358
00:17:08,148 --> 00:17:11,816
instantly people arrived

359
00:17:11,818 --> 00:17:13,818
and they broke
down the computers.

360
00:17:13,820 --> 00:17:15,452
We had to build
new computers.

361
00:17:15,454 --> 00:17:19,822
And they played and they
spoke with one another

362
00:17:19,824 --> 00:17:21,390
and they taught
one another

363
00:17:21,392 --> 00:17:24,226
about the science
as non-experts

364
00:17:24,228 --> 00:17:26,127
and they began
reading papers

365
00:17:26,129 --> 00:17:28,295
and they began studying
and understanding.

366
00:17:28,297 --> 00:17:32,064
We have lawyers,
we have school kids,

367
00:17:32,699 --> 00:17:36,533
we have retired people,
we have bedridden people,

368
00:17:36,835 --> 00:17:38,734
we have grandmas.

369
00:17:40,037 --> 00:17:45,406
It's really everyone
from age 10 to age 100.

370
00:17:45,875 --> 00:17:48,041
Werner:<i> This idea</i>
<i>was impossible</i>

371
00:17:48,043 --> 00:17:51,577
<i>before the internet and</i>
<i>the response was stunning.</i>

372
00:17:51,579 --> 00:17:55,814
<i>Within days, hundreds</i>
<i>of thousands joined in</i>

373
00:17:55,816 --> 00:17:57,949
<i>and they solved the puzzle.</i>

374
00:17:57,951 --> 00:17:59,617
<i>The world responded,</i>

375
00:18:00,019 --> 00:18:01,618
<i>and it was beautiful.</i>

376
00:18:02,554 --> 00:18:05,688
And here is where you'd
design a new molecule

377
00:18:06,090 --> 00:18:12,093
and in many ways we
tried to...

378
00:18:13,863 --> 00:18:15,896
subliminally, you might say,

379
00:18:16,265 --> 00:18:20,299
help the players understand

380
00:18:20,301 --> 00:18:23,268
and inhabit the world
of the molecule.

381
00:18:23,436 --> 00:18:26,503
So we placed the whole
game in this water

382
00:18:26,505 --> 00:18:30,039
and we put all of
these little bubbles

383
00:18:30,041 --> 00:18:31,440
in the background,

384
00:18:31,442 --> 00:18:34,609
but they're part of the
story of what's happening.

385
00:18:35,378 --> 00:18:38,245
Each molecule
has its own sound,

386
00:18:38,614 --> 00:18:41,982
and these sounds are
specifically designed

387
00:18:41,984 --> 00:18:44,818
so that when the
molecule is well folded

388
00:18:44,820 --> 00:18:46,452
they form harmonies.

389
00:18:46,454 --> 00:18:50,088
(short chords)

390
00:18:50,090 --> 00:18:52,390
And if something
doesn't fit together

391
00:18:52,392 --> 00:18:54,692
it will form
a dissonance.

392
00:18:55,728 --> 00:18:59,429
(short chords)

393
00:18:59,431 --> 00:19:02,965
It's actually kind of
hard to make it do it. (laughs)

394
00:19:02,967 --> 00:19:06,068
These are real
chemical results

395
00:19:06,203 --> 00:19:10,738
of actual molecules
that we, players designed

396
00:19:11,073 --> 00:19:14,207
and we built them.
So we say, EteRNA

397
00:19:14,475 --> 00:19:19,143
is played by humans
but scored by nature.

398
00:19:19,612 --> 00:19:20,711
In other words,

399
00:19:20,713 --> 00:19:24,714
nature determines
who wins and who loses the game

400
00:19:25,116 --> 00:19:26,715
<i>and that's science.</i>

401
00:19:27,651 --> 00:19:30,251
Werner:<i> The solutions</i>
<i>of the video gamers</i>

402
00:19:30,253 --> 00:19:32,453
<i>are not just fantasies.</i>

403
00:19:32,655 --> 00:19:33,954
<i>They are verifiable</i>

404
00:19:33,956 --> 00:19:36,690
<i>and can be</i>
<i>synthesized in the lab.</i>

405
00:19:44,132 --> 00:19:48,534
<i>Sebastian Thrun is also</i>
<i>reaching out into the world.</i>

406
00:19:48,536 --> 00:19:51,069
<i>Originally he's</i>
<i>become famous</i>

407
00:19:51,071 --> 00:19:53,171
<i>with self-driving cars.</i>

408
00:19:54,073 --> 00:19:56,406
My dream is to go and
give every human being

409
00:19:56,408 --> 00:19:58,775
a chance and the best way
to do this is education.

410
00:19:58,777 --> 00:20:00,676
So we built this little
company

411
00:20:00,678 --> 00:20:04,479
that we called Udacity
that offers education for free.

412
00:20:04,647 --> 00:20:06,647
<i>We have hundreds of</i>
<i>thousands of students</i>

413
00:20:06,649 --> 00:20:08,915
<i>staying with us at any</i>
<i>given point in time.</i>

414
00:20:09,284 --> 00:20:11,250
<i>We've been amazed how fast</i>

415
00:20:11,252 --> 00:20:13,852
<i>our student base has grown.</i>

416
00:20:14,254 --> 00:20:16,954
There's a real thirst
for education, like,

417
00:20:16,956 --> 00:20:18,689
as the machines are
becoming smarter

418
00:20:18,691 --> 00:20:20,457
I think people want
to become smarter.

419
00:20:20,459 --> 00:20:21,825
People want to make
a contribution

420
00:20:21,827 --> 00:20:24,093
and it's harder and harder
to make a contribution today

421
00:20:24,095 --> 00:20:26,228
and it'll be even harder
in the future so we've

422
00:20:26,230 --> 00:20:28,563
really got to go and do
something for ourselves

423
00:20:28,565 --> 00:20:31,165
and the best thing we can
do I think is education.

424
00:20:31,534 --> 00:20:35,002
In the very beginning of
my journey into education,

425
00:20:35,004 --> 00:20:37,304
I had a chance to
teach a class online

426
00:20:37,306 --> 00:20:38,872
and teach a
class at Stanford.

427
00:20:38,874 --> 00:20:40,707
At Stanford you
got 200 students.

428
00:20:40,709 --> 00:20:43,776
I considered myself an
extremely great teacher

429
00:20:43,778 --> 00:20:45,244
so I got
a large class,

430
00:20:45,613 --> 00:20:48,780
but online we got
160,000 students.

431
00:20:48,782 --> 00:20:50,481
160 thousand.

432
00:20:50,483 --> 00:20:52,749
and when we finally
finished this class

433
00:20:52,751 --> 00:20:55,853
we were able to stack
rank the Stanford students,

434
00:20:55,855 --> 00:20:57,354
who are the
most privileged

435
00:20:57,356 --> 00:20:59,289
and most
selected students,

436
00:20:59,291 --> 00:21:01,391
with the students
from the open world.

437
00:21:01,393 --> 00:21:04,694
And the top 412 students,
they weren't at Stanford.

438
00:21:04,696 --> 00:21:06,362
The best performing
Stanford student

439
00:21:06,364 --> 00:21:09,998
was number 413 out
of a class of 200.

440
00:21:10,467 --> 00:21:12,200
That kind of opened my
eyes and I realized,

441
00:21:12,335 --> 00:21:14,401
my god, for every
great Stanford student

442
00:21:14,403 --> 00:21:16,736
there is 412
amazingly great,

443
00:21:16,738 --> 00:21:18,637
even better
students in the world

444
00:21:18,639 --> 00:21:20,405
that don't make
it to Stanford.

445
00:21:21,174 --> 00:21:23,274
Reporter:<i> Just before heading</i>
<i>into the mountain section</i>

446
00:21:23,276 --> 00:21:25,509
<i>of the course,</i>
<i>Stanley tracked down</i>

447
00:21:25,511 --> 00:21:27,544
<i>and passed the</i>
<i>crippled Highlander,</i>

448
00:21:27,546 --> 00:21:30,246
<i>putting Stanford racing</i>
<i>team's Volkswagen Touareg</i>

449
00:21:30,248 --> 00:21:33,015
<i>into the leader position</i>
<i>and effectively ending</i>

450
00:21:33,017 --> 00:21:34,516
<i>the Highlander's</i>
<i>bid for glory.</i>

451
00:21:34,518 --> 00:21:36,417
<i>As Stanley crosses</i>
<i>the finish line,</i>

452
00:21:36,419 --> 00:21:37,885
<i>the Stanford racing team</i>

453
00:21:37,887 --> 00:21:40,020
<i>has made its way</i>
<i>into the history books.</i>

454
00:21:40,789 --> 00:21:42,755
Werner:<i> This was</i>
<i>Sebastian Thrun's</i>

455
00:21:42,757 --> 00:21:45,924
<i>moment of glory</i>
<i>back in 2005.</i>

456
00:21:45,926 --> 00:21:49,360
<i>Most of his competitors</i>
<i>were a sorry sight.</i>

457
00:21:49,362 --> 00:21:51,195
Reporter:<i> History has already</i>
<i>been made</i>

458
00:21:51,197 --> 00:21:53,297
<i>as Highlander crosses</i>
<i>the 8-mile mark,</i>

459
00:21:53,299 --> 00:21:55,165
<i>further than any</i>
<i>vehicle traveled</i>

460
00:21:55,167 --> 00:21:57,133
<i>in the inaugural</i>
<i>Grand Challenge.</i>

461
00:21:57,969 --> 00:22:00,536
<i>20 more teams followed</i>
<i>the big three out of the gate,</i>

462
00:22:00,538 --> 00:22:02,237
<i>all hoping to complete</i>

463
00:22:02,239 --> 00:22:05,106
<i>the 132-mile course</i>
<i>in a winning time.</i>

464
00:22:05,341 --> 00:22:07,607
<i>Team Dad, with its</i>
<i>rotating cluster</i>

465
00:22:07,609 --> 00:22:10,443
<i>of sensors, sped off the</i>
<i>line making up ground</i>

466
00:22:10,445 --> 00:22:12,745
<i>and passing team Axion</i>
<i>in the process.</i>

467
00:22:12,947 --> 00:22:15,814
<i>Team ENSCO's buggy</i>
<i>style robot, Dexter,</i>

468
00:22:15,816 --> 00:22:18,216
<i>also left the line with</i>
<i>a full head of steam,</i>

469
00:22:18,218 --> 00:22:20,384
<i>fiercely attacking</i>
<i>the desert terrain.</i>

470
00:22:20,619 --> 00:22:24,420
<i>Kat-5, the Ford Escape hybrid</i>
<i>from Louisiana's Gray team,</i>

471
00:22:24,422 --> 00:22:26,455
<i>eased its way past the crowd,</i>

472
00:22:26,457 --> 00:22:29,591
<i>and TerraMax, the</i>
<i>16-ton cargo hauler,</i>

473
00:22:29,593 --> 00:22:32,260
<i>left the gate determined</i>
<i>to finish the course.</i>

474
00:22:32,462 --> 00:22:35,729
Werner:<i> Autonomous cars</i>
<i>are developing rapidly.</i>

475
00:22:35,731 --> 00:22:39,365
<i>Today you don't see</i>
<i>big radar installations</i>

476
00:22:39,367 --> 00:22:41,500
<i>or tons of</i>
<i>equipment.</i>

477
00:22:41,768 --> 00:22:44,802
So the primary objective
when we built this car

478
00:22:44,804 --> 00:22:48,005
was to basically make
it look very normal

479
00:22:48,007 --> 00:22:50,240
on the outside
and the inside.

480
00:22:50,609 --> 00:22:52,775
The vehicle can send information

481
00:22:52,777 --> 00:22:54,877
about what it is seeing
to the internet -

482
00:22:54,879 --> 00:22:57,646
this can be useful to
other vehicles on the road.

483
00:22:57,648 --> 00:22:59,948
It can also download
information about

484
00:22:59,950 --> 00:23:02,483
what is happening on the roads
before it reaches

485
00:23:02,485 --> 00:23:05,018
an accident area
or a traffic jam, for example.

486
00:23:05,020 --> 00:23:08,287
Werner: So the internet
will be decisive very soon?

487
00:23:08,289 --> 00:23:10,188
The internet will play
a very important role

488
00:23:10,190 --> 00:23:11,255
in this, yes.

489
00:23:11,257 --> 00:23:14,191
Werner: Can you open it? It must
be packed with electronics.

490
00:23:14,193 --> 00:23:15,258
Yes.

491
00:23:15,393 --> 00:23:17,393
So just like we humans
have brains to basically

492
00:23:17,395 --> 00:23:19,695
process all the incoming
signals, we need to have

493
00:23:19,697 --> 00:23:21,730
computers basically,
which process all the signals

494
00:23:21,732 --> 00:23:25,799
from the lidars and the
radars and the cameras.

495
00:23:27,969 --> 00:23:29,435
Werner: I can't see anything.

496
00:23:29,437 --> 00:23:31,537
It turns out there
really is nothing to see.

497
00:23:31,539 --> 00:23:34,973
It's a completely useable
empty trunk space,

498
00:23:34,975 --> 00:23:36,975
but hidden behind...

499
00:23:37,344 --> 00:23:40,845
under the... trunk,

500
00:23:40,847 --> 00:23:42,680
is a set of computers.

501
00:23:42,682 --> 00:23:47,550
There are four computers,
each with four so called

502
00:23:47,552 --> 00:23:50,553
processing cores which
is really equivalent to

503
00:23:50,555 --> 00:23:53,889
16-piece personal
computing machines

504
00:23:53,891 --> 00:23:56,124
which basically
crunch all the data

505
00:23:56,126 --> 00:23:57,425
coming in from the sensors.

506
00:23:57,627 --> 00:24:01,294
These dots that you see
are basically reflections

507
00:24:01,296 --> 00:24:02,662
from laser beams

508
00:24:02,664 --> 00:24:05,464
from the laser lidar sensors
on the car.

509
00:24:05,466 --> 00:24:08,066
They emit light beams,
hit obstacles, and they

510
00:24:08,068 --> 00:24:11,169
come back as reflections
and they show up as dots.

511
00:24:11,471 --> 00:24:13,704
Werner: It really sees
a virtual world.

512
00:24:13,706 --> 00:24:16,206
It literally sees
a virtual world.

513
00:24:16,208 --> 00:24:17,774
<i>The big question</i>
<i>basically is that</i>

514
00:24:17,776 --> 00:24:20,743
<i>does it understand the</i>
<i>ethics of a human?</i>

515
00:24:20,978 --> 00:24:24,145
Does it understand the
values of human society?

516
00:24:24,147 --> 00:24:26,046
For example, our vehicle,

517
00:24:26,048 --> 00:24:27,514
what it would like to do

518
00:24:27,516 --> 00:24:30,683
basically is not hit anybody
as the highest priority.

519
00:24:30,685 --> 00:24:33,619
And then if it has to hit
something it would prefer

520
00:24:33,621 --> 00:24:35,687
to rather hit some thing
than somebody,

521
00:24:35,689 --> 00:24:37,655
but what it really
wants to do is basically

522
00:24:37,657 --> 00:24:39,690
not hit anything at
all or anybody at all.

523
00:24:39,925 --> 00:24:42,425
Werner:<i> But who is</i>
<i>going to be liable</i>

524
00:24:42,427 --> 00:24:44,427
<i>in case of an accident?</i>

525
00:24:44,729 --> 00:24:47,830
<i>The on-board computer?</i>
<i>Its designer?</i>

526
00:24:47,832 --> 00:24:50,499
<i>The GPS system?</i>
<i>The internet?</i>

527
00:24:50,501 --> 00:24:53,167
<i>Or the driver who</i>
<i>eats his breakfast?</i>

528
00:24:55,204 --> 00:24:56,836
When a car
makes a mistake

529
00:24:56,838 --> 00:24:59,672
and learns from it,
that experience is

530
00:24:59,674 --> 00:25:02,007
instantaneously shared
with all the other cars,

531
00:25:02,009 --> 00:25:04,142
so all the other cars
learn from it as well.

532
00:25:04,144 --> 00:25:06,043
It's actually something
that people can't do very well.

533
00:25:06,045 --> 00:25:08,612
So, if I make a mistake,
which I've made many in driving,

534
00:25:08,614 --> 00:25:11,448
then I can commiserate
and I can improve,

535
00:25:11,450 --> 00:25:14,117
but nobody else
learns from it.

536
00:25:14,419 --> 00:25:17,086
When a self-driving
car makes a mistake

537
00:25:17,088 --> 00:25:19,621
automatically all the
other cars know about it,

538
00:25:19,823 --> 00:25:22,023
including all
future unborn cars,

539
00:25:22,025 --> 00:25:23,791
will never make that
same mistake again.

540
00:25:23,793 --> 00:25:26,894
Which means the ability
for cars to develop

541
00:25:26,896 --> 00:25:29,396
an artificial intelligence
is so much greater

542
00:25:29,698 --> 00:25:32,497
than the ability of people
to keep up with them.

543
00:25:34,300 --> 00:25:36,066
Let me show you
one of our robots.

544
00:25:36,468 --> 00:25:39,569
This robot essentially
has four wheels

545
00:25:39,571 --> 00:25:43,406
and each of these wheels
have these tiny rollers on them

546
00:25:43,408 --> 00:25:45,441
and what this allows
this robot to do

547
00:25:45,443 --> 00:25:47,376
is essentially it allows
it to drive sideways

548
00:25:47,378 --> 00:25:49,344
as well as forwards,
as well as turn,

549
00:25:49,346 --> 00:25:50,712
without having
to do anything

550
00:25:50,714 --> 00:25:52,346
like parallel
parking maneuvers.

551
00:25:52,348 --> 00:25:53,547
So that makes these robots

552
00:25:53,549 --> 00:25:55,315
extremely versatile
in their motion.

553
00:25:55,583 --> 00:25:56,949
To kick the ball,

554
00:25:56,951 --> 00:25:59,251
what these robots have
is a main kicker,

555
00:25:59,253 --> 00:26:01,286
which slides
the length of the robot

556
00:26:01,288 --> 00:26:02,453
and kicks the ball forward.

557
00:26:02,455 --> 00:26:04,121
We also have a chip kicker,

558
00:26:04,123 --> 00:26:05,689
which can kick the ball upward

559
00:26:05,691 --> 00:26:08,158
and that makes the
ball go up into the air.

560
00:26:09,427 --> 00:26:11,860
Werner:<i> These robots</i>
<i>are autonomous.</i>

561
00:26:11,862 --> 00:26:15,096
<i>Nobody steers them</i>
<i>with a joystick.</i>

562
00:26:20,502 --> 00:26:22,101
Joydeep Biswas:<i> Once a defender</i>
<i>is in place,</i>

563
00:26:22,103 --> 00:26:25,571
<i>it'll be a bit more challenging</i>
<i>for this robot to score.</i>

564
00:26:35,515 --> 00:26:38,315
RoboCup this year we have
not let in a single goal,

565
00:26:38,317 --> 00:26:40,283
although we scored
48 goals in total

566
00:26:40,285 --> 00:26:41,784
against our opponents.

567
00:26:41,786 --> 00:26:43,418
Werner: So you are
world champion?

568
00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:44,685
We are.

569
00:26:44,687 --> 00:26:46,019
We came first this year

570
00:26:46,021 --> 00:26:48,888
in the RoboCup
international competition.

571
00:26:49,557 --> 00:26:51,890
<i>The blue robots need to</i>
<i>have an indirect free kick</i>

572
00:26:51,892 --> 00:26:53,725
<i>so they're figuring out</i>
<i>how they should pass</i>

573
00:26:53,727 --> 00:26:55,059
<i>between themselves.</i>

574
00:26:55,861 --> 00:26:58,695
Werner:<i> Could this</i>
<i>team eventually beat</i>

575
00:26:58,697 --> 00:27:01,330
<i>the real Brazilian</i>
<i>football team?</i>

576
00:27:01,632 --> 00:27:03,598
Joydeep:<i> That is the goal</i>
<i>of RoboCup.</i>

577
00:27:03,600 --> 00:27:05,566
<i>That is, by 2050</i>

578
00:27:05,568 --> 00:27:08,569
<i>to have a team</i>
<i>of soccer playing robots</i>

579
00:27:08,571 --> 00:27:11,338
which can defeat
the FIFA world champions.

580
00:27:11,340 --> 00:27:13,573
And we'll
see it happen.

581
00:27:13,575 --> 00:27:15,474
I'm very hopeful

582
00:27:15,476 --> 00:27:17,375
that we'll actually get
a team of robots

583
00:27:17,377 --> 00:27:21,511
which are competent enough
and smart and intelligent enough

584
00:27:21,513 --> 00:27:24,213
to actually beat the
world champions in 2050.

585
00:27:24,215 --> 00:27:28,549
Werner: Better than Messi,
Ronaldo and Neymar?

586
00:27:28,551 --> 00:27:32,018
Um, it sounds difficult
but we can get there.

587
00:27:32,520 --> 00:27:33,852
We can get there.

588
00:27:34,521 --> 00:27:37,488
<i>We have a certain</i>
<i>reverence for robot 8.</i>

589
00:27:37,490 --> 00:27:40,224
<i>I mean, to us, saying</i>
<i>robot 8 is equivalent</i>

590
00:27:40,226 --> 00:27:43,260
<i>to someone saying Messi</i>
<i>or Ronaldo or something -</i>

591
00:27:43,262 --> 00:27:44,628
<i>it's the same.</i>

592
00:27:55,107 --> 00:27:56,739
This here is robot 8.

593
00:27:56,741 --> 00:27:58,407
It's very
identifiable because

594
00:27:58,409 --> 00:28:03,210
its pattern includes four
green dots on top and it's...

595
00:28:03,912 --> 00:28:06,078
one of our favorites, actually.

596
00:28:06,313 --> 00:28:07,945
Werner: Beautiful.

597
00:28:08,213 --> 00:28:09,445
Do you love it?

598
00:28:09,447 --> 00:28:10,946
Yes, we do.

599
00:28:11,415 --> 00:28:13,214
We do love robot 8.
(chuckles)

600
00:28:26,795 --> 00:28:28,961
The day Nikki passed away

601
00:28:28,963 --> 00:28:31,663
we were scheduled
to see a psychiatrist.

602
00:28:31,665 --> 00:28:33,831
She'd had some...

603
00:28:34,466 --> 00:28:36,732
psychotic issues where she had

604
00:28:36,734 --> 00:28:38,734
a brain tumor when
she was very young

605
00:28:38,736 --> 00:28:41,336
and it was time to do
some research on her.

606
00:28:41,805 --> 00:28:44,305
I think she was
feeling nervous

607
00:28:44,307 --> 00:28:47,074
that if she were
to go to this appointment

608
00:28:47,076 --> 00:28:49,676
she might get
stuck in hospital

609
00:28:49,678 --> 00:28:51,444
because that had
happened before.

610
00:28:51,779 --> 00:28:54,146
And at some point

611
00:28:54,148 --> 00:28:56,915
a couple hours
before her appointment,

612
00:28:57,250 --> 00:28:59,817
she left the house.

613
00:28:59,819 --> 00:29:04,620
She took Christos'
Porsche and drove away.

614
00:29:04,788 --> 00:29:07,188
I saw all the police

615
00:29:07,356 --> 00:29:09,089
and I started to walk down

616
00:29:09,091 --> 00:29:11,558
the on-ramp
and they stopped me

617
00:29:11,860 --> 00:29:14,193
and they said
I wasn't allowed down there.

618
00:29:14,662 --> 00:29:17,362
And I asked if it was
my daughter in the car,

619
00:29:17,364 --> 00:29:18,763
what car it was,

620
00:29:18,765 --> 00:29:20,531
and they wouldn't give me
any information.

621
00:29:20,866 --> 00:29:23,867
and then a crane
lifted up the car

622
00:29:23,869 --> 00:29:25,568
and once it
lifted up the car,

623
00:29:25,570 --> 00:29:27,770
I realized it
was the Porsche.

624
00:29:28,939 --> 00:29:30,772
Werner:<i> Adding to the tragedy,</i>

625
00:29:30,774 --> 00:29:33,141
<i>the first responder</i>
<i>took photos</i>

626
00:29:33,143 --> 00:29:36,277
<i>of the nearly decapitated</i>
<i>head of the girl</i>

627
00:29:36,512 --> 00:29:38,512
<i>and emailed it to some friends.</i>

628
00:29:38,514 --> 00:29:42,548
<i>Almost instantly the pictures</i>
<i>were out on the internet,</i>

629
00:29:42,550 --> 00:29:44,316
<i>and hundreds of thousands,</i>

630
00:29:44,318 --> 00:29:47,319
<i>possibly millions,</i>
<i>clicked on them.</i>

631
00:29:48,021 --> 00:29:52,989
<i>Hoping to avoid a new</i>
<i>wave of sick curiosity,</i>

632
00:29:52,991 --> 00:29:56,726
<i>we are here not even showing</i>
<i>a picture of Nikki alive,</i>

633
00:29:56,728 --> 00:29:59,828
<i>only a place in the house</i>
<i>she liked.</i>

634
00:30:01,097 --> 00:30:05,265
Up until I saw the
pictures on the internet

635
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:07,466
I had an image of Nikki...

636
00:30:09,069 --> 00:30:10,501
as a perfect...

637
00:30:11,203 --> 00:30:14,270
as a perfect face,
perfect, uh...

638
00:30:15,406 --> 00:30:16,605
condition.

639
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:18,206
The coroner told us,

640
00:30:18,208 --> 00:30:20,107
the only thing
the coroner told us

641
00:30:20,109 --> 00:30:21,842
is that a portion of her thumb

642
00:30:21,844 --> 00:30:24,978
had been severed
in the accident

643
00:30:25,380 --> 00:30:26,979
and that she
had head trauma,

644
00:30:26,981 --> 00:30:28,981
but they never
gave us any detail.

645
00:30:28,983 --> 00:30:31,984
So I always focused
on the thumb.

646
00:30:32,386 --> 00:30:36,287
I received emails with
the pictures attached

647
00:30:38,090 --> 00:30:42,358
and it was a short
time after the accident.

648
00:30:43,527 --> 00:30:44,893
Um...

649
00:30:46,062 --> 00:30:49,163
It was disguised. I didn't know
who the email came from,

650
00:30:49,865 --> 00:30:51,364
and I opened it up.

651
00:30:53,301 --> 00:30:57,536
And the bad ones
were very, um... hateful,

652
00:30:57,804 --> 00:31:01,038
very hateful... towards me,

653
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:03,306
towards Nikki,
towards our family.

654
00:31:03,808 --> 00:31:06,008
It said "Dead girl walking.

655
00:31:06,010 --> 00:31:08,243
Woo hoo, daddy,
I'm still alive".

656
00:31:08,878 --> 00:31:10,210
Werner: Woo hoo?

657
00:31:10,212 --> 00:31:11,277
Woo hoo.

658
00:31:13,281 --> 00:31:15,547
Werner: Do you
still feel the pain

659
00:31:15,549 --> 00:31:17,215
when you received this?

660
00:31:17,217 --> 00:31:18,382
Yes.

661
00:31:18,617 --> 00:31:20,383
Werner: And it's never
gonna leave you?

662
00:31:20,385 --> 00:31:21,550
Never.

663
00:31:24,988 --> 00:31:26,854
Werner:<i> Some of the hate mail</i>

664
00:31:26,856 --> 00:31:29,723
<i>was so unspeakably horrifying</i>

665
00:31:29,725 --> 00:31:32,025
<i>that we cannot repeat it here.</i>

666
00:31:41,135 --> 00:31:43,668
We were told there was
nothing that could be done

667
00:31:44,003 --> 00:31:47,603
because... there's
no law in place

668
00:31:48,272 --> 00:31:49,537
for...

669
00:31:50,106 --> 00:31:52,639
pictures of deceased people

670
00:31:52,641 --> 00:31:54,641
because when
they pass away,

671
00:31:54,643 --> 00:31:57,410
their privacy
rights go with them.

672
00:31:58,246 --> 00:32:02,348
I didn't know such
depravity existed in humans,

673
00:32:02,616 --> 00:32:04,949
and I think dogs
treat their kind

674
00:32:04,951 --> 00:32:07,818
better than humans
treat their kind.

675
00:32:07,820 --> 00:32:10,887
It's just... there is no dignity

676
00:32:10,889 --> 00:32:13,222
or respect on the internet

677
00:32:13,224 --> 00:32:15,023
because we're not
held accountable.

678
00:32:15,025 --> 00:32:17,558
Nobody's there
to tell us not to.

679
00:32:18,961 --> 00:32:22,195
I have always believed
that the internet

680
00:32:22,197 --> 00:32:25,398
is a manifestation
of the antichrist,

681
00:32:25,733 --> 00:32:27,866
of evil itself.

682
00:32:28,602 --> 00:32:31,302
It is the spirit of evil.

683
00:32:38,110 --> 00:32:41,977
And I feel like it's
running through...

684
00:32:43,613 --> 00:32:46,480
everybody on earth and it's...

685
00:32:46,748 --> 00:32:48,647
claiming its victories

686
00:32:48,649 --> 00:32:51,449
in those people
that are also evil.

687
00:33:14,873 --> 00:33:16,772
Werner:<i> West Virginia,</i>

688
00:33:16,774 --> 00:33:19,975
<i>the small town of Green Bank</i>
<i>in Appalachia.</i>

689
00:33:21,578 --> 00:33:25,012
What you're seeing behind me
is a very large telescope,

690
00:33:25,014 --> 00:33:27,414
a hundred meters in diameter,

691
00:33:27,416 --> 00:33:29,783
but instead of
picking up the light

692
00:33:29,785 --> 00:33:31,317
as normal telescopes do,

693
00:33:31,319 --> 00:33:34,153
it picks up the radio waves that
are coming from the universe,

694
00:33:34,155 --> 00:33:37,156
from objects out there
as close as the planets

695
00:33:37,158 --> 00:33:39,691
but as far as
actually the Big Bang.

696
00:33:40,226 --> 00:33:42,993
Werner:<i> The telescope</i>
<i>discovered the black hole</i>

697
00:33:42,995 --> 00:33:46,329
<i>in our own galaxy,</i>
<i>the Milky Way.</i>

698
00:33:46,764 --> 00:33:48,296
<i>In the Visitor Center</i>

699
00:33:48,298 --> 00:33:51,032
<i>you can roll your coins</i>
<i>into a funnel,</i>

700
00:33:51,034 --> 00:33:53,534
<i>which resembles a black hole.</i>

701
00:33:54,436 --> 00:33:59,038
<i>Your coins indeed</i>
<i>disappear irretrievably.</i>

702
00:34:06,112 --> 00:34:08,378
Jay Locman:<i> If there was</i>
<i>a civilization like ours</i>

703
00:34:08,380 --> 00:34:11,447
on a nearby planet, we could
almost certainly pick up

704
00:34:11,449 --> 00:34:14,083
some of their television
stations perhaps,

705
00:34:14,085 --> 00:34:16,819
some of their radar...
who knows what.

706
00:34:17,021 --> 00:34:20,988
This collecting area is
several acres in size

707
00:34:20,990 --> 00:34:24,157
and it can pick up
enormous signals

708
00:34:24,159 --> 00:34:27,360
from an enormous distance,
but they've traveled so far

709
00:34:27,362 --> 00:34:29,295
that they are so faint that

710
00:34:29,297 --> 00:34:31,764
typically they contain
a lot less energy

711
00:34:31,899 --> 00:34:33,765
than the energy of
a falling snowflake

712
00:34:33,767 --> 00:34:35,266
<i>settling on the ground.</i>

713
00:34:35,401 --> 00:34:37,434
<i>The enemy of radio astronomy</i>

714
00:34:37,436 --> 00:34:41,104
is the natural radio signals
that we make on earth

715
00:34:41,106 --> 00:34:44,073
either deliberately
or accidentally.

716
00:34:44,075 --> 00:34:49,177
Things like microwave
ovens can emit radiation

717
00:34:49,179 --> 00:34:51,112
which can blind us
to the signals

718
00:34:51,114 --> 00:34:52,546
that are coming
from the stars.

719
00:34:52,548 --> 00:34:55,382
Cell phones are billions
of billions of times

720
00:34:55,384 --> 00:34:58,685
stronger than the faint
signals we're looking for.

721
00:34:58,987 --> 00:35:01,787
Satellites, they beam
straight down on us.

722
00:35:01,789 --> 00:35:03,054
Werner:
Music stations?

723
00:35:03,056 --> 00:35:04,688
Music stations, yes.

724
00:35:04,690 --> 00:35:05,822
Werner: Playing Elvis?

725
00:35:05,824 --> 00:35:08,191
Playing Elvis.
(laughs)

726
00:35:08,193 --> 00:35:10,927
We've managed to keep
cell phone transmissions out.

727
00:35:11,129 --> 00:35:13,028
Your smart phones
are dumb here;

728
00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:14,496
they just do not work.

729
00:35:14,498 --> 00:35:17,632
We really try to keep
wireless transmissions

730
00:35:17,634 --> 00:35:19,333
of any kind suppressed

731
00:35:19,335 --> 00:35:21,835
within about ten miles
of the observatory.

732
00:35:21,837 --> 00:35:24,637
<i>For a long time we had a fleet</i>
<i>of Checker diesels</i>

733
00:35:24,639 --> 00:35:27,773
<i>and these were the standard</i>
<i>New York City cabs</i>

734
00:35:27,775 --> 00:35:29,708
<i>and they were precious to us</i>

735
00:35:29,710 --> 00:35:32,610
<i>because they were the perfect</i>
<i>vehicle for radio astronomers.</i>

736
00:35:32,612 --> 00:35:35,512
<i>These do not have spark plugs,</i>
<i>they don't make noise.</i>

737
00:35:40,285 --> 00:35:42,852
Werner:<i> In the forest</i>
<i>near the telescope</i>

738
00:35:42,854 --> 00:35:45,054
<i>we met a modern day hermit.</i>

739
00:35:45,389 --> 00:35:47,722
So, see, I've finally
gone high tech.

740
00:35:47,724 --> 00:35:49,690
I've got a faucet installed.

741
00:35:52,561 --> 00:35:54,494
It really makes a difference,
I have to say.

742
00:35:54,762 --> 00:35:58,864
<i>I became very ill</i>
<i>from radiation sickness in 1996</i>

743
00:35:59,299 --> 00:36:01,966
<i>and I lost 50 pounds.</i>

744
00:36:01,968 --> 00:36:04,335
I nearly died three times

745
00:36:04,804 --> 00:36:07,137
and I became reactive

746
00:36:07,139 --> 00:36:10,874
to all the wireless
radiation signals

747
00:36:10,876 --> 00:36:13,109
when all the cell
phones went up.

748
00:36:13,311 --> 00:36:15,944
They went up in massive
numbers in 1996

749
00:36:16,212 --> 00:36:18,812
and I tried to do all
kind of treatment,

750
00:36:18,814 --> 00:36:21,114
I moved, I'd lost my career.

751
00:36:21,116 --> 00:36:23,382
I was working as an architect
in Honolulu.

752
00:36:23,717 --> 00:36:26,317
I had to be separated
from my family and children

753
00:36:26,319 --> 00:36:30,420
and finally I heard
about this in 2011

754
00:36:30,755 --> 00:36:31,620
and...

755
00:36:31,622 --> 00:36:34,656
as soon as I heard there was
a place with no cell towers,

756
00:36:34,658 --> 00:36:35,890
I was here in 48 hours.

757
00:36:36,259 --> 00:36:40,861
Sometimes if I have really bad
reactions to radiation,

758
00:36:41,163 --> 00:36:43,062
I actually will sleep
on the ground.

759
00:36:43,064 --> 00:36:44,363
I feel better on the ground.

760
00:36:44,365 --> 00:36:46,164
And there may be
a science to this.

761
00:36:46,166 --> 00:36:48,833
They say the ground
emits 7.83 hertz

762
00:36:48,835 --> 00:36:52,703
and it's the natural rhythm
for animals and humans.

763
00:36:52,705 --> 00:36:54,204
I also sleep in my car,

764
00:36:54,206 --> 00:36:55,972
which I instinctively did
in the beginning

765
00:36:55,974 --> 00:36:59,075
and I later learned that it acts
like a partial Faraday Cage.

766
00:36:59,210 --> 00:37:01,410
The metal keeps
out the radiation.

767
00:37:01,745 --> 00:37:04,178
This place in Green
Bank is wonderful.

768
00:37:04,180 --> 00:37:06,547
It's not perfect but
I can go outside.

769
00:37:06,549 --> 00:37:08,949
I can see the trees,
I can see the sky,

770
00:37:08,951 --> 00:37:10,283
I can see the stars.

771
00:37:10,285 --> 00:37:11,684
When I lived
in the Faraday Cage,

772
00:37:11,686 --> 00:37:14,420
I had to live in a box
and I only left the box

773
00:37:14,422 --> 00:37:16,255
when I wanted
to go to the bathroom

774
00:37:16,257 --> 00:37:17,456
or to use the shower,

775
00:37:17,458 --> 00:37:19,891
otherwise I stayed in
that box day and night.

776
00:37:19,893 --> 00:37:21,058
Werner: In a cage?

777
00:37:21,060 --> 00:37:22,592
In a Faraday Cage.

778
00:37:22,594 --> 00:37:23,726
Werner: How long?

779
00:37:23,728 --> 00:37:25,461
(sighs) A couple years.

780
00:37:26,030 --> 00:37:27,362
Several years.

781
00:37:28,064 --> 00:37:29,997
I had a mattress

782
00:37:29,999 --> 00:37:31,732
and I didn't have
a place to stand up.

783
00:37:31,734 --> 00:37:34,434
I had to stay on the
bed the entire time.

784
00:37:34,436 --> 00:37:36,836
My husband went
grocery shopping,

785
00:37:36,838 --> 00:37:38,137
he cooked the food,

786
00:37:38,139 --> 00:37:39,838
he would bring and
serve me the food.

787
00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:42,207
We'd open the door,
he'd hand me the plate

788
00:37:42,209 --> 00:37:44,008
and I'd eat inside
the Faraday Cage.

789
00:37:44,543 --> 00:37:47,410
I've heard it also
called as a super sense,

790
00:37:47,412 --> 00:37:50,279
that we just have
this ability to,

791
00:37:50,281 --> 00:37:52,914
for whatever reason,
feel these frequencies.

792
00:37:52,916 --> 00:37:55,182
It's a very
legitimate illness.

793
00:37:55,184 --> 00:37:58,285
But at this point I
don't consider it a gift.

794
00:37:58,287 --> 00:38:00,854
I would give anything
to give it back.

795
00:38:02,257 --> 00:38:04,423
Werner: You're the refugee now?

796
00:38:07,294 --> 00:38:11,628
I... Yes, I don't know
what to call myself.

797
00:38:12,764 --> 00:38:14,396
This is brand new

798
00:38:15,098 --> 00:38:16,530
and I just want people

799
00:38:16,532 --> 00:38:19,065
to know that
this type of illness

800
00:38:19,067 --> 00:38:21,667
- and doctors - I really
want them to hear

801
00:38:21,669 --> 00:38:23,669
that this is a
legitimate illness.

802
00:38:24,038 --> 00:38:29,240
Um, and it affects our lives
tremendously, you have no idea.

803
00:38:29,242 --> 00:38:31,709
When you go home today
after this interview,

804
00:38:31,711 --> 00:38:34,344
you have the luxury
of going home

805
00:38:34,346 --> 00:38:36,412
to your familiar
surroundings.

806
00:38:36,947 --> 00:38:40,448
You have that luxury to
go back to your families.

807
00:38:40,917 --> 00:38:45,285
I haven't had that in
four and a half years.

808
00:38:46,054 --> 00:38:48,920
I haven't had any stability.

809
00:38:49,923 --> 00:38:52,390
And I just have to
impress upon you

810
00:38:52,392 --> 00:38:55,759
how serious this is for those
of us that are suffering.

811
00:38:56,461 --> 00:38:58,627
And I'm extremely grateful

812
00:38:58,929 --> 00:39:00,862
that there is a location here

813
00:39:00,864 --> 00:39:03,030
where I am no longer in pain.

814
00:39:03,599 --> 00:39:07,333
Or whatever type of
irreparable harm may be

815
00:39:07,335 --> 00:39:09,034
being done to my body

816
00:39:09,369 --> 00:39:13,437
will be either suspended
or temporarily arrested.

817
00:39:27,752 --> 00:39:30,786
Jay Locman:<i> There's a lot more</i>
<i>community interaction</i>

818
00:39:30,788 --> 00:39:31,686
<i>in a place like this.</i>

819
00:39:31,688 --> 00:39:35,456
I think because of the absence
of cellular technology and also

820
00:39:35,458 --> 00:39:39,226
because of the isolation
of a rural community

821
00:39:39,228 --> 00:39:40,961
in such a beautiful place
like this.

822
00:39:40,963 --> 00:39:44,563
And, yes, I do play the fiddle
and the banjo at night.

823
00:39:45,465 --> 00:39:48,899
♪ (music plays) ♪

824
00:40:11,623 --> 00:40:13,656
<i>♪ My old lady</i>
<i>gets mad at me ♪</i>

825
00:40:13,658 --> 00:40:15,391
<i>♪ She gets hotter</i>
<i>than her tea ♪</i>

826
00:40:15,393 --> 00:40:17,259
<i>♪ She is good</i>
<i>and she is bad ♪</i>

827
00:40:17,261 --> 00:40:19,461
<i>♪ She can be the devil</i>
<i>when she gets mad ♪</i>

828
00:40:19,463 --> 00:40:21,029
<i>♪ Goin' up t' Cripple</i>
<i>Creek, goin' on a run ♪</i>

829
00:40:21,031 --> 00:40:22,830
<i>♪ Goin' up t' Cripple</i>
<i>Creek, have a little fun ♪</i>

830
00:40:22,832 --> 00:40:24,598
<i>♪ Raise my britches</i>
<i>high to my knees ♪</i>

831
00:40:24,600 --> 00:40:26,900
<i>♪ Wade in ol' Cripple</i>
<i>Creek when I please ♪</i>

832
00:40:41,682 --> 00:40:43,982
(birds chirping)

833
00:40:43,983 --> 00:40:46,283
Werner:<i> The state of Washington</i>
<i>across the continent,</i>

834
00:40:46,286 --> 00:40:49,687
<i>in an idyllic forest</i>
<i>not far from Seattle,</i>

835
00:40:49,689 --> 00:40:52,556
<i>a rehab center for</i>
<i>internet addiction</i>

836
00:40:52,558 --> 00:40:55,625
<i>named Restart</i>
<i>was established.</i>

837
00:40:58,896 --> 00:41:03,898
Well, there are so many
of these severe cases.

838
00:41:04,300 --> 00:41:06,566
For instance in South
Korea there was the case

839
00:41:06,568 --> 00:41:08,868
of a couple that
had a young baby

840
00:41:08,870 --> 00:41:12,037
and they were very much
addicted to a game

841
00:41:12,039 --> 00:41:15,573
that they went to play while
neglecting their child at home.

842
00:41:15,575 --> 00:41:18,442
And this baby eventually
starved to death

843
00:41:18,444 --> 00:41:20,610
and they went
to jail for this,

844
00:41:20,612 --> 00:41:23,579
but it is because they
were hooked on a game

845
00:41:23,581 --> 00:41:25,481
and ironically it
was a game in which

846
00:41:25,483 --> 00:41:30,251
they were taking care of
and nurturing in the game

847
00:41:30,253 --> 00:41:31,352
a young girl,

848
00:41:31,554 --> 00:41:33,620
but as they were doing that

849
00:41:33,622 --> 00:41:36,221
<i>their own child was</i>
<i>starving to death.</i>

850
00:41:37,757 --> 00:41:39,556
<i>Shortly after</i>
<i>we opened Restart,</i>

851
00:41:39,558 --> 00:41:41,558
<i>we got a call from a stepmom.</i>

852
00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:44,494
Her stepson was living
with his grandmother

853
00:41:44,496 --> 00:41:46,963
and had just had
his leg amputated

854
00:41:46,965 --> 00:41:50,366
because he'd developed
a thrombosis in his leg

855
00:41:50,368 --> 00:41:52,101
from lack of movement.

856
00:41:52,603 --> 00:41:56,971
So we know of cases,
many cases happening

857
00:41:56,973 --> 00:42:00,474
in Korea and China,
people who are dying

858
00:42:00,476 --> 00:42:02,809
at the computer because
they are playing for

859
00:42:02,811 --> 00:42:05,645
40, 50, 60 hours at a time

860
00:42:05,647 --> 00:42:10,249
and completely neglecting
their body's physical needs.

861
00:42:11,385 --> 00:42:13,084
Werner:<i> It is not uncommon</i>

862
00:42:13,086 --> 00:42:18,088
<i>that in South Korea teenage</i>
<i>video gamers put on diapers.</i>

863
00:42:18,356 --> 00:42:21,190
<i>This way they avoid</i>
<i>losing points</i>

864
00:42:21,192 --> 00:42:22,991
<i>by going to the bathroom.</i>

865
00:42:34,103 --> 00:42:37,471
Werner: Tom, you do not need
any further introduction.

866
00:42:37,473 --> 00:42:38,905
This was great.

867
00:42:42,543 --> 00:42:44,776
My lowest point

868
00:42:44,778 --> 00:42:47,078
came at the beginning
of this year.

869
00:42:47,547 --> 00:42:50,147
New Year's Eve
I had lost a job,

870
00:42:50,349 --> 00:42:53,550
I was losing my
girlfriend, my family,

871
00:42:53,818 --> 00:42:55,684
my relations
were very strained

872
00:42:55,886 --> 00:42:58,019
and I tried to drink
myself to death.

873
00:42:58,354 --> 00:42:59,519
Werner: Suicide?

874
00:43:00,121 --> 00:43:02,488
I was playing video
games 16 hours a day,

875
00:43:02,490 --> 00:43:03,856
often drunk.

876
00:43:04,058 --> 00:43:06,058
I watched porn a lot

877
00:43:07,027 --> 00:43:09,093
and I just had given up.

878
00:43:09,095 --> 00:43:11,962
I had no future,
I had no will to live.

879
00:43:12,197 --> 00:43:14,830
I was just waiting for
the timer to run out.

880
00:43:16,567 --> 00:43:20,468
I was in my spring
quarter in college

881
00:43:20,870 --> 00:43:23,403
and I was doing
nothing except

882
00:43:23,405 --> 00:43:25,671
sleeping about
six hours a day

883
00:43:25,673 --> 00:43:27,105
and playing video games

884
00:43:27,107 --> 00:43:29,640
and absolutely not attending
any of my classes,

885
00:43:29,642 --> 00:43:31,141
not doing
any of my work

886
00:43:31,143 --> 00:43:33,510
and lying to my parents
about my progress.

887
00:43:33,845 --> 00:43:36,545
So it was a lot of
lying, manipulation,

888
00:43:36,547 --> 00:43:38,446
isolation especially,

889
00:43:38,448 --> 00:43:40,548
which are all common
things for addicts

890
00:43:40,550 --> 00:43:43,150
but mine were pretty much sleep

891
00:43:43,152 --> 00:43:47,087
and you know, interact
with my addiction.

892
00:43:47,456 --> 00:43:49,589
Werner: Did you adopt
certain characters

893
00:43:49,591 --> 00:43:51,824
that became almost like you?

894
00:43:53,160 --> 00:43:54,592
(sighs)

895
00:43:54,927 --> 00:43:56,760
I'm not sure I'm
comfortable with that

896
00:43:56,762 --> 00:43:58,261
'cause I'm still in the phase

897
00:43:58,263 --> 00:44:01,731
where thinking too deeply
about my own intricacies

898
00:44:01,733 --> 00:44:04,400
could set me off,
could really start

899
00:44:04,402 --> 00:44:08,937
that cravings and start those
withdrawal symptoms again.

900
00:44:10,373 --> 00:44:11,672
Werner:<i> I wanted very much</i>

901
00:44:11,674 --> 00:44:14,675
<i>to discuss fictional characters</i>
<i>with Chloe,</i>

902
00:44:14,877 --> 00:44:17,944
<i>like the malevolent</i>
<i>Druid Dwarf</i>

903
00:44:17,946 --> 00:44:21,847
<i>or whoever these figures are,</i>
<i>but I had to desist.</i>

904
00:44:26,953 --> 00:44:29,152
(birds chirping)

905
00:44:32,023 --> 00:44:36,791
The real danger
to gaming is when...

906
00:44:38,094 --> 00:44:40,660
you... or when I stopped

907
00:44:41,863 --> 00:44:44,696
being present in the real world

908
00:44:45,999 --> 00:44:48,832
more often than I was
in the game world.

909
00:44:50,802 --> 00:44:51,901
If...

910
00:44:52,370 --> 00:44:55,303
If you get to the point where...

911
00:44:56,773 --> 00:44:58,172
you're thinking about the game

912
00:44:58,174 --> 00:45:00,274
more than you're
thinking about real life -

913
00:45:00,276 --> 00:45:02,075
what you're gonna do for food,

914
00:45:02,077 --> 00:45:04,710
what you're gonna do
the next day or two,

915
00:45:05,245 --> 00:45:07,545
you're not thinking
about a relationship

916
00:45:07,547 --> 00:45:09,480
or a job or a career.

917
00:45:09,915 --> 00:45:11,848
If you're thinking
about the game...

918
00:45:12,550 --> 00:45:14,149
it's a problem...

919
00:45:14,784 --> 00:45:18,218
because eventually it'll get
in the way of everything real.

920
00:45:35,503 --> 00:45:38,303
Werner:<i> Our sun,</i>
<i>the giver of life.</i>

921
00:45:41,574 --> 00:45:45,408
<i>At the same time it is</i>
<i>hostile, destructive.</i>

922
00:45:45,810 --> 00:45:49,578
<i>Protuberances</i>
<i>unimaginable in size</i>

923
00:45:49,580 --> 00:45:52,147
<i>are being hurled</i>
<i>into the universe.</i>

924
00:45:52,482 --> 00:45:57,251
<i>These flares may become the</i>
<i>undoing of modern civilization.</i>

925
00:45:58,587 --> 00:46:00,153
The best known
historical example

926
00:46:00,155 --> 00:46:02,755
of a very large solar
flare is an event

927
00:46:02,757 --> 00:46:07,425
called the Carrington event
which happened in 1859.

928
00:46:07,727 --> 00:46:09,226
<i>This was observed</i>
<i>by an astronomer</i>

929
00:46:09,228 --> 00:46:12,429
<i>named Carrington who</i>
<i>saw a patch of the sun</i>

930
00:46:12,431 --> 00:46:15,131
<i>as he was monitoring sun</i>
<i>spots, grow brighter.</i>

931
00:46:18,402 --> 00:46:22,137
In those days, the predominant
form of technology

932
00:46:22,139 --> 00:46:25,340
<i>was a telegraph, that was</i>
<i>our main form of communication,</i>

933
00:46:25,642 --> 00:46:27,808
and this very, very large flare

934
00:46:27,810 --> 00:46:30,577
that happened,
that created a brightness change

935
00:46:30,579 --> 00:46:32,712
so great that Carrington
could actually

936
00:46:32,714 --> 00:46:34,980
see it with his eye,
which is very uncommon,

937
00:46:34,982 --> 00:46:37,882
actually induced
currents in telegraph wires

938
00:46:37,884 --> 00:46:41,285
<i>that created fires in the paper</i>
<i>of the telegraph machines.</i>

939
00:46:41,520 --> 00:46:44,888
<i>There's even reports from</i>
<i>that time of Aurora being</i>

940
00:46:44,890 --> 00:46:47,457
<i>seen as far south</i>
<i>as the equator,</i>

941
00:46:47,625 --> 00:46:49,992
<i>and there being</i>
<i>Auroras so bright</i>

942
00:46:49,994 --> 00:46:51,693
<i>at the Northern latitudes that</i>

943
00:46:51,695 --> 00:46:53,861
<i>it was possible to</i>
<i>read by them at night.</i>

944
00:46:55,798 --> 00:46:57,063
<i>We've been fortunate</i>

945
00:46:57,065 --> 00:46:58,831
<i>that nothing as large</i>
<i>as the Carrington Event</i>

946
00:46:58,833 --> 00:47:01,967
has happened in these times
of modern technology

947
00:47:01,969 --> 00:47:04,970
but even the smaller
solar flare events

948
00:47:04,972 --> 00:47:07,939
that we do see
do disrupt our communications

949
00:47:07,941 --> 00:47:11,042
and create outages
in our power grid

950
00:47:11,044 --> 00:47:13,243
and disruptions
for our satellites.

951
00:47:15,614 --> 00:47:22,151
(people gasping and screaming)

952
00:47:24,288 --> 00:47:25,687
Werner:<i> New York City.</i>

953
00:47:25,689 --> 00:47:28,189
<i>What Hurricane Sandy</i>
<i>caused here</i>

954
00:47:28,191 --> 00:47:31,692
<i>could happen on a worldwide</i>
<i>scale and much worse.</i>

955
00:47:31,927 --> 00:47:34,727
<i>No electricity, no internet,</i>

956
00:47:34,729 --> 00:47:37,696
<i>no drinking water,</i>
<i>no flushing of toilets,</i>

957
00:47:37,698 --> 00:47:39,931
<i>no gas and no shopping.</i>

958
00:47:40,833 --> 00:47:42,332
News Reporter:<i> All you could see</i>
<i>was the outline</i>

959
00:47:42,334 --> 00:47:44,167
<i>of the hospital</i>
<i>against a darkened sky.</i>

960
00:47:44,169 --> 00:47:46,569
<i>A lone flashlight up in one</i>
<i>of the hospital rooms there</i>

961
00:47:46,571 --> 00:47:49,538
<i>as doctors and nurses rushed</i>
<i>from patient to patient.</i>

962
00:47:49,840 --> 00:47:51,940
<i>Out front, ambulances.</i>

963
00:47:51,941 --> 00:47:54,041
<i>These images from my iPhone</i>
<i>as we approach the hospital,</i>

964
00:47:54,044 --> 00:47:56,277
<i>just one of the nearly</i>
<i>300 patients who were</i>

965
00:47:56,279 --> 00:47:58,812
<i>one by one brought</i>
<i>out and taken to safety.</i>

966
00:47:59,114 --> 00:48:00,847
- (alarms blaring)
- What we got going on here

967
00:48:00,849 --> 00:48:03,416
is a complete blackout
in New York City, and um...

968
00:48:03,851 --> 00:48:05,817
I'm on the third floor
of Clear Channel

969
00:48:06,052 --> 00:48:10,220
where Z100, KTU, Lite FM, Q,

970
00:48:10,222 --> 00:48:12,322
we're all located
on the third floor.

971
00:48:12,324 --> 00:48:15,224
Every station is off the
air in New York City.

972
00:48:15,926 --> 00:48:18,694
I don't think it's ever
happened in the history

973
00:48:18,696 --> 00:48:21,029
of broadcasting in New York.

974
00:48:21,264 --> 00:48:23,397
It's like
a Will Smith movie, man.

975
00:48:23,866 --> 00:48:25,799
It's very weird. Very weird.

976
00:48:25,801 --> 00:48:27,934
And I feel kind of
helpless because

977
00:48:27,936 --> 00:48:29,435
I'm glad I'm here and I'm safe,

978
00:48:29,437 --> 00:48:32,871
but there's a lot of crap
going on at home.

979
00:48:32,873 --> 00:48:34,539
My neighbors tell me
it's a big mess.

980
00:48:34,541 --> 00:48:37,574
So I'm nervous about what I'm
gonna head home to tomorrow.

981
00:48:38,710 --> 00:48:39,875
Wassup?

982
00:48:39,877 --> 00:48:42,277
This is a control room.

983
00:48:46,950 --> 00:48:48,749
Werner:<i> Meet Lawrence Krauss.</i>

984
00:48:48,951 --> 00:48:50,550
<i>As a cosmologist</i>

985
00:48:50,552 --> 00:48:54,086
<i>he is studying the origins</i>
<i>of our universe.</i>

986
00:48:54,088 --> 00:48:58,456
<i>Much of his attention</i>
<i>has been focused on our planet.</i>

987
00:48:58,991 --> 00:49:00,457
Lawrence Krauss:<i> If there's</i>
<i>a solar flare...</i>

988
00:49:00,459 --> 00:49:05,961
if you destroyed the information
fabric of the world right now,

989
00:49:06,363 --> 00:49:08,663
modern civilization
would collapse.

990
00:49:09,365 --> 00:49:11,198
Hundreds of millions of people
will die.

991
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:13,266
Billions of people will die.

992
00:49:14,035 --> 00:49:15,634
The world will become,

993
00:49:15,636 --> 00:49:18,703
for people like you and me,

994
00:49:18,705 --> 00:49:21,672
unimaginably ugly, difficult,

995
00:49:21,674 --> 00:49:22,806
and...

996
00:49:23,008 --> 00:49:26,241
there's great likelihood
that I couldn't survive.

997
00:49:27,744 --> 00:49:29,543
<i>If the internet shuts down,</i>

998
00:49:30,112 --> 00:49:33,713
<i>people will not remember how</i>
<i>they used to live before that.</i>

999
00:49:39,386 --> 00:49:43,154
I start to think of Maslow's
hierarchy of needs.

1000
00:49:43,156 --> 00:49:46,123
I mean, let's get back
to the base of the pyramid

1001
00:49:46,125 --> 00:49:48,391
and think about
food and shelter.

1002
00:49:48,926 --> 00:49:51,259
You have food networks
that are hugely

1003
00:49:51,261 --> 00:49:53,894
dependent on being
able to route digitally

1004
00:49:53,896 --> 00:49:55,829
what the needs are and where

1005
00:49:55,831 --> 00:49:57,931
and, through efficiencies
created

1006
00:49:57,933 --> 00:49:59,332
when the network
is working well,

1007
00:49:59,334 --> 00:50:01,067
you don't have
warehouses near people

1008
00:50:01,069 --> 00:50:03,135
stocked to the brim with food.

1009
00:50:03,137 --> 00:50:06,671
If you disrupt those
networks I imagine,

1010
00:50:06,673 --> 00:50:07,938
what do they say?

1011
00:50:07,940 --> 00:50:10,173
"Civilization is always
about four square meals

1012
00:50:10,175 --> 00:50:12,575
away from utter ruin"?

1013
00:50:12,577 --> 00:50:13,809
That's something

1014
00:50:14,244 --> 00:50:16,877
that it wouldn't be bad
to prepare for.

1015
00:50:17,646 --> 00:50:21,014
As we've thought about
an internet of things

1016
00:50:21,016 --> 00:50:22,982
where often for purely,

1017
00:50:22,984 --> 00:50:25,651
looked at at this moment,
unnecessary reasons,

1018
00:50:25,653 --> 00:50:29,388
we not only attach daily
objects to the internet

1019
00:50:29,390 --> 00:50:32,657
but make them reliant on
that internet connection

1020
00:50:32,659 --> 00:50:34,325
in order to
function properly.

1021
00:50:34,327 --> 00:50:36,527
So the idea that our
standard appliances

1022
00:50:36,529 --> 00:50:39,629
couldn't work
without connectivity,

1023
00:50:40,398 --> 00:50:42,898
that we wouldn't be able
to get...

1024
00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:46,100
to a restaurant
that in turn wouldn't be able

1025
00:50:46,102 --> 00:50:49,136
to get to food
and to organize staff...

1026
00:50:49,505 --> 00:50:51,004
I suspect, however,

1027
00:50:51,006 --> 00:50:52,605
that some individuals
will survive.

1028
00:50:52,607 --> 00:50:56,508
Let us remember that we
come from a background

1029
00:50:56,510 --> 00:50:58,276
where at one point

1030
00:50:59,012 --> 00:51:01,912
there were less than a thousand
individuals alive,

1031
00:51:02,114 --> 00:51:05,882
probably down in the
southern part of Africa,

1032
00:51:05,884 --> 00:51:08,885
and we were a
hair's breadth away

1033
00:51:08,887 --> 00:51:10,887
from disappearing
as a species.

1034
00:51:11,689 --> 00:51:13,588
Lucianne Walkowicz:
<i>We have no control over</i>

1035
00:51:13,590 --> 00:51:15,122
<i>what the sun chooses to do.</i>

1036
00:51:15,124 --> 00:51:17,557
<i>We do know that</i>
<i>there is a solar cycle,</i>

1037
00:51:17,559 --> 00:51:19,458
<i>so there are times</i>
<i>of high activity</i>

1038
00:51:19,460 --> 00:51:21,960
<i>when there are many flares and</i>
<i>there times of low activity</i>

1039
00:51:21,962 --> 00:51:23,261
<i>when there are</i>
<i>relatively few.</i>

1040
00:51:23,563 --> 00:51:25,563
<i>Events like the</i>
<i>Carrington Event appear</i>

1041
00:51:25,565 --> 00:51:29,500
<i>to be fairly uncommon</i>
<i>but not non-existent,</i>

1042
00:51:29,502 --> 00:51:31,401
<i>they're not single</i>
<i>isolated events.</i>

1043
00:51:31,403 --> 00:51:33,069
<i>We do see that flares</i>
<i>are repeatable,</i>

1044
00:51:33,071 --> 00:51:35,771
<i>it's just that the large</i>
<i>ones are less common</i>

1045
00:51:35,773 --> 00:51:37,105
<i>than the small ones.</i>

1046
00:51:37,540 --> 00:51:40,173
So by observing
other stars actually

1047
00:51:40,175 --> 00:51:42,475
we can get some idea
of how frequently

1048
00:51:42,477 --> 00:51:44,376
these things happen
and it seems to be

1049
00:51:44,378 --> 00:51:46,311
every few hundred
years or so.

1050
00:51:46,313 --> 00:51:48,346
So it's really a matter of time

1051
00:51:48,348 --> 00:51:50,247
before we have
a large solar flare.

1052
00:51:50,382 --> 00:51:52,348
- Um, not a matter of...
- Werner: ...it's when.

1053
00:51:52,350 --> 00:51:55,617
Yes, not a matter "if"
we'll have a large solar flare.

1054
00:51:56,353 --> 00:51:58,353
Will we disappear
as a species?

1055
00:51:58,355 --> 00:52:01,889
Again, Werner,
I can't tell you

1056
00:52:01,891 --> 00:52:03,891
because I don't
make predictions.

1057
00:52:03,893 --> 00:52:05,292
It would be...

1058
00:52:05,694 --> 00:52:07,193
unimaginably bad

1059
00:52:07,195 --> 00:52:09,762
and I prefer to not
think about it right now.

1060
00:52:23,309 --> 00:52:25,309
Werner:<i> Las Vegas, Nevada.</i>

1061
00:52:25,311 --> 00:52:29,713
<i>One of the casinos is</i>
<i>preparing to host DefCon,</i>

1062
00:52:29,715 --> 00:52:33,083
<i>the annual convention</i>
<i>of the hacker community.</i>

1063
00:52:33,452 --> 00:52:36,152
<i>In less than two</i>
<i>decades it has grown</i>

1064
00:52:36,154 --> 00:52:38,320
<i>to 20,000 participants.</i>

1065
00:52:38,522 --> 00:52:41,856
<i>At least a thousand</i>
<i>of them will be FBI,</i>

1066
00:52:41,858 --> 00:52:45,092
<i>the CIA, Chinese</i>
<i>secret service,</i>

1067
00:52:45,094 --> 00:52:47,227
<i>and other</i>
<i>interested parties.</i>

1068
00:52:47,562 --> 00:52:50,095
<i>We are about to</i>
<i>meet Kevin Mitnick,</i>

1069
00:52:50,097 --> 00:52:53,565
<i>a demigod among the</i>
<i>community of hackers.</i>

1070
00:52:53,833 --> 00:52:56,166
<i>Just mentioning</i>
<i>his name here</i>

1071
00:52:56,168 --> 00:52:59,235
<i>makes everyone</i>
<i>fall silent in awe.</i>

1072
00:53:01,739 --> 00:53:04,239
Am I proud of being
the world's most famous hacker?

1073
00:53:04,507 --> 00:53:08,709
Um... It's a title that's
kind of cool to have,

1074
00:53:08,711 --> 00:53:12,312
but I had a lot of
trials and tribulations

1075
00:53:12,314 --> 00:53:13,680
to get to that point.

1076
00:53:13,682 --> 00:53:16,683
A lot of bad things
happened in my life,

1077
00:53:16,685 --> 00:53:18,951
like, for example, going
to a federal prison.

1078
00:53:18,953 --> 00:53:21,420
So it's a title that was earned,

1079
00:53:21,422 --> 00:53:23,321
but I took the hard road.

1080
00:53:24,057 --> 00:53:25,956
When I was a federal fugitive

1081
00:53:26,191 --> 00:53:28,724
I was really concerned obviously
about getting arrested

1082
00:53:28,726 --> 00:53:31,827
so what I did is I hacked
into the cell phone company,

1083
00:53:31,829 --> 00:53:34,296
one of the cell phone
companies in Los Angeles,

1084
00:53:34,298 --> 00:53:37,098
and through what
we call metadata...

1085
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:39,066
It's interesting
because nowadays

1086
00:53:39,068 --> 00:53:40,934
with the revelations
of Edward Snowden,

1087
00:53:41,403 --> 00:53:44,637
he talked about metadata
being very critical

1088
00:53:44,639 --> 00:53:48,007
in the NSA's ability to
track us and surveil us

1089
00:53:48,009 --> 00:53:49,908
and the NSA says,
oh, it's only metadata,

1090
00:53:49,910 --> 00:53:50,975
it doesn't mean anything.

1091
00:53:50,977 --> 00:53:52,676
Let me tell you
how I was able to use

1092
00:53:52,678 --> 00:53:55,779
metadata to track
the FBI in the 1990s.

1093
00:53:55,781 --> 00:53:58,281
I was able to hack into
the cell phone company

1094
00:53:58,283 --> 00:54:00,082
and I was able to identify

1095
00:54:00,084 --> 00:54:01,650
the phone numbers
that belonged

1096
00:54:01,652 --> 00:54:05,786
to the FBI white collar crime
squad in Los Angeles.

1097
00:54:05,988 --> 00:54:09,556
And I was able
to look at their...

1098
00:54:09,558 --> 00:54:12,225
I couldn't get the
contents of the call

1099
00:54:12,227 --> 00:54:14,627
but I could see who they called
and who called them

1100
00:54:14,629 --> 00:54:17,096
so I was able to get
a lot of intelligence.

1101
00:54:17,098 --> 00:54:18,831
And then what I
was able to do is,

1102
00:54:18,833 --> 00:54:22,434
through this device, I was
able to program this device

1103
00:54:22,436 --> 00:54:24,536
with all the FBI cell
phone numbers

1104
00:54:24,538 --> 00:54:27,672
of the people that were
in charge of my investigation.

1105
00:54:27,674 --> 00:54:29,740
It would start sending me
pager alerts

1106
00:54:29,742 --> 00:54:34,210
that the FBI cell phone is here,
you know, within a mile.

1107
00:54:34,212 --> 00:54:35,778
<i>So what I did that night</i>
<i>is I took</i>

1108
00:54:35,780 --> 00:54:39,281
<i>all my computer</i>
<i>stuff: my floppy disk, my CDs,</i>

1109
00:54:39,283 --> 00:54:41,316
<i>anything that's</i>
<i>technology related -</i>

1110
00:54:41,318 --> 00:54:42,750
<i>I put it at a friend's house</i>

1111
00:54:42,752 --> 00:54:44,651
<i>and then I went</i>
<i>to Winchell's Donuts</i>

1112
00:54:45,053 --> 00:54:46,452
and I got a big...

1113
00:54:46,454 --> 00:54:49,688
I think it was a 24 box
of, you know, donuts.

1114
00:54:49,690 --> 00:54:52,791
I took a Sharpie and
wrote "FBI Donuts" on the box,

1115
00:54:52,793 --> 00:54:54,159
I put it in the refrigerator

1116
00:54:54,294 --> 00:54:56,894
and on a big post-it note
outside the refrigerator

1117
00:54:56,896 --> 00:54:59,630
- you know the logo for
Intel says "Intel inside"?

1118
00:54:59,632 --> 00:55:02,799
I put "FBI donuts inside" and
stuck it on the refrigerator.

1119
00:55:02,801 --> 00:55:06,535
And it just so happens
at 6:00 that morning

1120
00:55:07,437 --> 00:55:11,072
I wake up...
And how I wake up is

1121
00:55:11,074 --> 00:55:12,640
I hear somebody
jiggling the door.

1122
00:55:12,642 --> 00:55:14,608
The FBI knocks, they
don't jiggle doors,

1123
00:55:14,610 --> 00:55:16,743
and I go "who is it?"
just instinctively

1124
00:55:16,745 --> 00:55:19,112
because I thought someone
was trying to break in.

1125
00:55:19,114 --> 00:55:20,847
"FBI, open up!
Open up!"

1126
00:55:20,849 --> 00:55:22,748
And they're looking for
anything electronic -

1127
00:55:22,750 --> 00:55:25,550
a computer, a cell phone,
and nothing's there.

1128
00:55:25,952 --> 00:55:29,019
And as soon as one of the guys
gets to the refrigerator...

1129
00:55:29,021 --> 00:55:30,253
(chuckles)

1130
00:55:30,255 --> 00:55:32,221
...he just goes... he goes
"what the fuck?"

1131
00:55:32,223 --> 00:55:33,855
You know, he's pissed because

1132
00:55:33,857 --> 00:55:36,057
they obviously knew I knew
they were coming,

1133
00:55:36,059 --> 00:55:37,825
so they were not happy.

1134
00:55:37,827 --> 00:55:40,727
I was arrested and
I was in court and

1135
00:55:40,729 --> 00:55:42,562
I thought I was going
home that day

1136
00:55:42,564 --> 00:55:45,798
and then this federal prosecutor
tells the judge

1137
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:49,735
that we not only have to
hold Mr. Mitnick without bail

1138
00:55:49,737 --> 00:55:52,370
but we have to make sure
he can't get to a telephone.

1139
00:55:52,372 --> 00:55:54,805
and I was really paying
attention at this point,

1140
00:55:54,807 --> 00:55:58,275
and then the prosecutor
starts telling the judge

1141
00:55:58,277 --> 00:56:00,644
that if we let
Mr. Mitnick near a telephone,

1142
00:56:00,646 --> 00:56:04,314
he can dial up to NORAD,
dial up the modem,

1143
00:56:04,316 --> 00:56:07,717
whistle into the phone
and launch an ICBM.

1144
00:56:07,919 --> 00:56:10,452
<i>Facing 400 years in prison</i>

1145
00:56:10,454 --> 00:56:11,753
<i>I had nothing to lose.</i>

1146
00:56:11,755 --> 00:56:14,122
<i>I ended up being</i>
<i>held in federal prison</i>

1147
00:56:14,124 --> 00:56:17,258
<i>without bail in solitary</i>
<i>confinement for a year.</i>

1148
00:56:17,927 --> 00:56:20,794
Werner:<i> After his</i>
<i>time in solitary,</i>

1149
00:56:20,796 --> 00:56:24,831
<i>Mitnick languished four more</i>
<i>years in federal prison.</i>

1150
00:56:30,704 --> 00:56:33,604
Because the internet
was designed

1151
00:56:33,606 --> 00:56:37,007
for a community
that trusted each other

1152
00:56:37,342 --> 00:56:39,709
it didn't have a lot
of protections in it.

1153
00:56:39,711 --> 00:56:42,244
We didn't worry about
spying on each other,

1154
00:56:42,246 --> 00:56:43,345
for example.

1155
00:56:43,347 --> 00:56:47,515
We didn't worry about
somebody sending out to us spam

1156
00:56:47,517 --> 00:56:49,483
or bad emails or viruses

1157
00:56:49,818 --> 00:56:52,218
because such a person
would have been,

1158
00:56:52,220 --> 00:56:53,619
you know, banned
from the community.

1159
00:56:53,854 --> 00:56:55,954
It would be really nice
when I got a message

1160
00:56:55,956 --> 00:56:57,922
if I knew where the
message came from.

1161
00:56:57,924 --> 00:57:01,358
But the way that the protocols
of the internet work,

1162
00:57:01,360 --> 00:57:03,159
<i>that's fundamentally</i>
<i>impossible.</i>

1163
00:57:03,628 --> 00:57:05,861
<i>And so I kind of have</i>
<i>to look at the message</i>

1164
00:57:05,863 --> 00:57:07,395
<i>and guess, is this</i>
<i>somebody pretending</i>

1165
00:57:07,397 --> 00:57:08,763
<i>to be somebody else.</i>

1166
00:57:09,866 --> 00:57:13,534
We can design systems
that are really anonymous

1167
00:57:13,536 --> 00:57:16,904
or that are utterly identifiable
down to the person

1168
00:57:16,906 --> 00:57:18,805
and it's time
for us to think about

1169
00:57:18,807 --> 00:57:21,674
what contexts we'd
want to support what.

1170
00:57:21,676 --> 00:57:25,143
A system that is utterly
identifiable at all times

1171
00:57:25,145 --> 00:57:26,410
is a nightmare.

1172
00:57:26,412 --> 00:57:28,678
It's exactly what we don't
want to hand a country

1173
00:57:28,680 --> 00:57:30,813
that doesn't embrace
the rule of law -

1174
00:57:32,049 --> 00:57:36,417
ready made for them to
employ with their populace.

1175
00:57:36,419 --> 00:57:41,355
At the same time, a
system that can provide

1176
00:57:41,357 --> 00:57:43,790
no accountability at all...

1177
00:57:43,792 --> 00:57:46,325
We have pockets of that online

1178
00:57:46,327 --> 00:57:50,294
and most people do
not find that appealing.

1179
00:57:50,796 --> 00:57:54,631
In any frontier,
before the law gets there,

1180
00:57:54,633 --> 00:57:57,500
there's always people seeking
to take advantage of the system.

1181
00:57:57,802 --> 00:57:59,868
I've seen in the United States,
for instance,

1182
00:57:59,870 --> 00:58:03,037
probably something like five
or six billion identities lost

1183
00:58:03,039 --> 00:58:05,139
but there aren't that
many people in the United States

1184
00:58:05,141 --> 00:58:07,474
which makes everyone a little
inured to it every time.

1185
00:58:07,476 --> 00:58:08,808
What does it really
mean when they hear

1186
00:58:08,810 --> 00:58:10,543
their identity's
been compromised?

1187
00:58:10,545 --> 00:58:13,312
It's not always an identity
compromising totality.

1188
00:58:13,314 --> 00:58:15,013
Sometimes it's just
a small portion of it.

1189
00:58:15,015 --> 00:58:17,548
Your identity comprises
many, many things.

1190
00:58:17,550 --> 00:58:20,751
There is one you and
there are many components

1191
00:58:20,753 --> 00:58:22,552
that represent
you digitally.

1192
00:58:22,554 --> 00:58:24,420
Some compromises
in that system

1193
00:58:24,422 --> 00:58:26,622
have very little impact
on you, and some huge,

1194
00:58:26,624 --> 00:58:29,458
but the line between
your physical life

1195
00:58:29,460 --> 00:58:32,060
and digital life is becoming
far more blurred

1196
00:58:32,062 --> 00:58:35,129
and there will come a point
where the threats online

1197
00:58:35,131 --> 00:58:38,565
will hamper your ability
to embrace new technology.

1198
00:58:38,567 --> 00:58:41,167
That's what my colleagues
and I have to push back.

1199
00:58:41,169 --> 00:58:44,970
Governments who can achieve
all the same effects they would

1200
00:58:44,972 --> 00:58:47,973
for international affairs
or foreign affairs

1201
00:58:47,975 --> 00:58:50,408
without having to
rely on tools of war...

1202
00:58:50,410 --> 00:58:53,477
it's another tool at
the table, right?

1203
00:58:53,479 --> 00:58:56,012
War is an extension of
politics by other means?

1204
00:58:56,014 --> 00:58:58,814
Well, now there's another
one with much less risk,

1205
00:58:58,816 --> 00:59:01,516
easier to fund, and
it puts even some

1206
00:59:01,518 --> 00:59:03,951
smaller nation states
on the same playing field

1207
00:59:03,953 --> 00:59:04,952
as larger ones.

1208
00:59:04,954 --> 00:59:07,587
So dozens of nation
states have an ability

1209
00:59:07,589 --> 00:59:09,822
to hack others and
they use this

1210
00:59:09,824 --> 00:59:11,723
as an extension
of foreign policy.

1211
00:59:20,967 --> 00:59:22,800
Werner:<i> We became curious</i>
<i>to look</i>

1212
00:59:22,802 --> 00:59:27,203
<i>into the biggest cyber attack</i>
<i>known until today.</i>

1213
00:59:29,507 --> 00:59:32,774
Werner: You were at
the Sandia National Laboratory.

1214
00:59:32,776 --> 00:59:36,210
What sort of a company is
Sandia, can you explain?

1215
00:59:36,545 --> 00:59:39,245
Sure. Sandia
National Laboratories

1216
00:59:39,380 --> 00:59:42,080
is a government
research laboratory,

1217
00:59:42,415 --> 00:59:44,915
a Department of Energy
Research laboratory

1218
00:59:45,150 --> 00:59:49,785
that does work in the
national interests:

1219
00:59:50,287 --> 00:59:51,686
weapons work,

1220
00:59:52,388 --> 00:59:55,255
there's solar energy research,

1221
00:59:55,657 --> 00:59:57,923
micro machine research,

1222
00:59:59,159 --> 01:00:01,025
cyber security research,

1223
01:00:01,560 --> 01:00:03,693
those sorts of endeavors.

1224
01:00:03,695 --> 01:00:05,294
Werner: Nuclear weapons?

1225
01:00:06,030 --> 01:00:07,662
Nuclear weapons, yep.

1226
01:00:07,664 --> 01:00:10,097
It's part of the nuclear
weapons complex

1227
01:00:10,432 --> 01:00:12,765
for stockpile stewardship
along with some

1228
01:00:12,767 --> 01:00:15,000
of the other laboratories
just to ensure

1229
01:00:15,002 --> 01:00:18,269
that the weapons
will function properly and...

1230
01:00:18,738 --> 01:00:20,971
as they age
through the years.

1231
01:00:21,640 --> 01:00:24,941
Werner: So a wonderful
target for cyber-attacks.

1232
01:00:24,943 --> 01:00:25,875
It is.

1233
01:00:25,877 --> 01:00:27,576
Werner: It can't get any better.

1234
01:00:27,578 --> 01:00:30,745
It's, uh, it has
a big target on it, yes.

1235
01:00:30,747 --> 01:00:33,080
Werner: You stumbled
over a problem?

1236
01:00:33,082 --> 01:00:34,548
A problem, yes.

1237
01:00:35,584 --> 01:00:39,318
Terrifying in scope,
basically, you know,

1238
01:00:39,320 --> 01:00:42,487
hundreds of organizations -

1239
01:00:42,489 --> 01:00:45,022
military, defense,
industrial based

1240
01:00:45,024 --> 01:00:48,392
compromised as far
as their networks

1241
01:00:48,394 --> 01:00:51,861
and, you know, just...

1242
01:00:52,730 --> 01:00:55,397
people maintaining
a presence on the network

1243
01:00:55,399 --> 01:00:57,432
for the sole purpose
of siphoning off

1244
01:00:57,434 --> 01:00:58,766
information of value.

1245
01:00:58,934 --> 01:01:01,634
Werner: But we know
World Bank was affected,

1246
01:01:01,636 --> 01:01:05,803
NASA was affected,
military was affected.

1247
01:01:06,238 --> 01:01:07,604
That's correct.

1248
01:01:08,940 --> 01:01:11,807
I just cannot talk about it.
I'm sorry.

1249
01:01:11,809 --> 01:01:13,408
(laughs)

1250
01:01:13,410 --> 01:01:14,842
Werner: Alright, but...

1251
01:01:15,277 --> 01:01:17,210
we do know a name.

1252
01:01:17,545 --> 01:01:21,113
We do have a beautiful
name: Titan Rain.

1253
01:01:21,115 --> 01:01:22,280
Mm hmm.

1254
01:01:22,282 --> 01:01:24,015
Werner: Can you at least nod?

1255
01:01:24,017 --> 01:01:25,149
Yes.

1256
01:01:26,819 --> 01:01:28,752
Werner:<i> The scope of</i>
<i>our conversation</i>

1257
01:01:28,754 --> 01:01:30,787
<i>was extremely reduced,</i>

1258
01:01:31,022 --> 01:01:32,988
<i>but some</i>
<i>of the information here</i>

1259
01:01:32,990 --> 01:01:35,991
<i>became part</i>
<i>of court proceedings.</i>

1260
01:01:35,993 --> 01:01:38,860
<i>The transcripts</i>
<i>are public record,</i>

1261
01:01:38,862 --> 01:01:42,330
<i>including the name</i>
<i>coined by the FBI.</i>

1262
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:46,433
Werner: You were not up
at night in the office,

1263
01:01:46,435 --> 01:01:48,001
you were up at night at home?

1264
01:01:48,003 --> 01:01:50,269
Up at night at home, yes.

1265
01:01:50,271 --> 01:01:51,803
Werner: Lots of coffee?

1266
01:01:52,205 --> 01:01:53,771
Lots of coffee.

1267
01:01:54,373 --> 01:01:56,473
Lots of Nicorette.
(laughs)

1268
01:01:57,409 --> 01:02:00,910
Werner: And how rewarding is it
to trail the enemy?

1269
01:02:01,479 --> 01:02:03,045
To find the track?

1270
01:02:03,580 --> 01:02:05,580
It's very rewarding.

1271
01:02:05,582 --> 01:02:06,948
<i>It's like a puzzle,</i>

1272
01:02:06,950 --> 01:02:09,817
<i>finding patterns within chaos</i>

1273
01:02:09,819 --> 01:02:11,351
<i>that shouldn't be there</i>

1274
01:02:11,353 --> 01:02:13,186
<i>and finding these anomalies.</i>

1275
01:02:13,188 --> 01:02:14,987
<i>And once you</i>
<i>scratch the surface,</i>

1276
01:02:14,989 --> 01:02:17,389
<i>you start to put together clues</i>

1277
01:02:17,391 --> 01:02:19,824
<i>and develop a better picture.</i>

1278
01:02:20,092 --> 01:02:22,926
<i>You can be certain</i>
<i>that you're pursuing</i>

1279
01:02:22,928 --> 01:02:25,628
a certain person
or a certain entity

1280
01:02:25,630 --> 01:02:28,097
and it could just be a ghost.

1281
01:02:28,099 --> 01:02:30,532
Until you have
some physical proof,

1282
01:02:30,534 --> 01:02:32,700
you have someone
that kicks a door down

1283
01:02:32,702 --> 01:02:34,568
and sees that this is the person

1284
01:02:34,570 --> 01:02:36,102
that's actually
behind the keyboard,

1285
01:02:36,104 --> 01:02:39,138
it can all be a myth
or an illusion.

1286
01:02:39,673 --> 01:02:42,807
It could be, you know,
a layered sort of thing

1287
01:02:42,809 --> 01:02:45,009
or all at once, you know,

1288
01:02:45,011 --> 01:02:49,546
just to bring down power,
financial systems,

1289
01:02:49,548 --> 01:02:51,681
and just degrade, corrupt them.

1290
01:02:51,683 --> 01:02:53,015
Sometimes it's even worse,

1291
01:02:53,017 --> 01:02:55,150
rather than bringing it down
you corrupt it

1292
01:02:55,152 --> 01:02:59,187
and undermine faith, let's say,
in the stock market.

1293
01:02:59,189 --> 01:03:02,323
Don't bring it down,
you start altering prices,

1294
01:03:02,325 --> 01:03:04,058
you start altering records,

1295
01:03:04,060 --> 01:03:07,161
and you delete them en masse

1296
01:03:07,163 --> 01:03:10,597
and just cause chaos
so the markets cannot even

1297
01:03:10,599 --> 01:03:12,498
restore and come up for days.

1298
01:03:12,800 --> 01:03:15,167
The possibilities of
taking over spacecraft

1299
01:03:15,169 --> 01:03:17,169
and lowering the orbits
of the spacecraft

1300
01:03:17,171 --> 01:03:20,805
so they burn up,
and vital GPS communications

1301
01:03:20,807 --> 01:03:23,340
and other sorts
of communications are...

1302
01:03:23,342 --> 01:03:25,542
there's nothing there
to replace them anymore.

1303
01:03:25,544 --> 01:03:28,244
Werner: Could it be
that we are right now already

1304
01:03:28,246 --> 01:03:31,313
in a cyber war
that we don't even notice?

1305
01:03:31,315 --> 01:03:32,380
Sure.

1306
01:03:38,353 --> 01:03:40,519
Kevin Mitnick:<i> It doesn't matter</i>
<i>how much money</i>

1307
01:03:40,521 --> 01:03:42,220
<i>a company invests</i>
<i>in technology.</i>

1308
01:03:42,222 --> 01:03:44,422
<i>You can spend</i>
<i>tens of thousands of dollars</i>

1309
01:03:44,424 --> 01:03:47,792
<i>on your firewall, on your</i>
<i>intrusion prevention systems</i>

1310
01:03:47,794 --> 01:03:50,895
and your spam,
on your anti-virus,

1311
01:03:51,397 --> 01:03:54,831
and if I could just
manipulate one person

1312
01:03:54,833 --> 01:03:56,732
inside that company, I'm in.

1313
01:03:56,900 --> 01:03:59,734
95% of the work, when I used
to do this in the past,

1314
01:03:59,736 --> 01:04:01,702
is research
and finding out about

1315
01:04:01,704 --> 01:04:03,670
the human element
and gathering information

1316
01:04:03,672 --> 01:04:07,773
and emails and their personal
emails and the conference

1317
01:04:07,775 --> 01:04:10,142
that they were just at
and who spoke before them

1318
01:04:10,144 --> 01:04:12,277
and that person's email address
so I can send

1319
01:04:12,279 --> 01:04:15,880
that person
a rigged PDF attachment

1320
01:04:15,882 --> 01:04:17,882
that may look perfectly normal
and forge it

1321
01:04:18,017 --> 01:04:20,717
because I just spoke with
this guy so I'm gonna open it.

1322
01:04:20,719 --> 01:04:22,418
And nothing happens
on my computer

1323
01:04:22,420 --> 01:04:24,453
but in the background
a little Trojan is dropped

1324
01:04:24,455 --> 01:04:27,789
that starts communicating
that allows me access

1325
01:04:27,791 --> 01:04:30,992
and then I, you know,
gather more information.

1326
01:04:30,994 --> 01:04:33,060
I grab his contact book,

1327
01:04:33,062 --> 01:04:36,263
I find the people
that know the information

1328
01:04:36,265 --> 01:04:38,598
that I'm interested
in exploiting,

1329
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:40,600
and then I send an email
from him

1330
01:04:40,602 --> 01:04:42,602
with the same type of attachment

1331
01:04:42,604 --> 01:04:46,105
and eventually
I have what I want.

1332
01:04:46,107 --> 01:04:48,340
People are
the weakest link in security.

1333
01:04:48,875 --> 01:04:50,708
People. Not the technology.

1334
01:04:50,710 --> 01:04:53,544
TV:<i> Now through this special</i>
<i>TV offer you can receive</i>

1335
01:04:53,546 --> 01:04:56,079
<i>a Motorola flip phone</i>
<i>with Cellular One service</i>

1336
01:04:56,081 --> 01:04:57,680
<i>for just pennies a day.</i>

1337
01:04:57,682 --> 01:04:59,548
<i>Now everyone</i>
<i>can enjoy the freedom</i>

1338
01:04:59,550 --> 01:05:01,550
<i>of a personal cellular phone.</i>

1339
01:05:01,552 --> 01:05:03,018
<i>You can make a call anywhere...</i>

1340
01:05:03,020 --> 01:05:05,353
<i>Or get a call anytime.</i>

1341
01:05:05,722 --> 01:05:06,921
(chuckles)

1342
01:05:06,923 --> 01:05:09,456
So I'm living in Denver,
Colorado - incidentally

1343
01:05:09,458 --> 01:05:11,558
I'm not living
under the name Kevin Mitnick,

1344
01:05:11,560 --> 01:05:13,426
I'm under the name
of Eric Weiss.

1345
01:05:13,895 --> 01:05:15,227
<i>Why Eric Weiss?</i>

1346
01:05:15,229 --> 01:05:17,662
<i>Because at the time</i>
<i>I was a federal fugitive</i>

1347
01:05:17,664 --> 01:05:19,363
<i>I was hiding from the FBI</i>

1348
01:05:19,365 --> 01:05:23,033
<i>and my idol was Harry Houdini</i>
<i>and that's Houdini's real name,</i>

1349
01:05:23,035 --> 01:05:25,135
<i>so I thought I had</i>
<i>a sense of humor.</i>

1350
01:05:30,541 --> 01:05:33,708
<i>So I call directory assistance,</i>
<i>I get the number to Motorola.</i>

1351
01:05:33,710 --> 01:05:35,509
<i>I'm now talking</i>
<i>to the Vice President</i>

1352
01:05:35,511 --> 01:05:38,578
for Research and Development
for all of Motorola Mobility

1353
01:05:38,580 --> 01:05:41,180
and I go "Hey, this is Rick over
at Arlington Heights"

1354
01:05:41,182 --> 01:05:43,382
because I found out they had
an Arlington Heights facility.

1355
01:05:43,384 --> 01:05:44,916
"I'm looking for
the project manager

1356
01:05:44,918 --> 01:05:46,083
of the MicroTAC".

1357
01:05:46,218 --> 01:05:48,351
And the VP goes "Oh, that's Pam.

1358
01:05:48,353 --> 01:05:50,186
She works for me,
would you like her extension?"

1359
01:05:50,188 --> 01:05:52,621
I go "Sure, give it to me",
and he gives me the extension.

1360
01:05:52,623 --> 01:05:54,122
So my next call is to Pam

1361
01:05:54,124 --> 01:05:56,924
but I don't get her,
I get her outgoing greeting

1362
01:05:56,926 --> 01:05:59,426
on her voicemail and
she told her callers

1363
01:05:59,428 --> 01:06:01,461
that she just left on a two week
vacation,

1364
01:06:01,463 --> 01:06:04,063
the date she's returning, and if
you need any help whatsoever

1365
01:06:04,065 --> 01:06:06,698
please call Alicia
at extension blah, blah, blah.

1366
01:06:06,966 --> 01:06:09,099
So of course my next call
is to Alicia

1367
01:06:09,101 --> 01:06:12,001
and she answers the phone
and I go "Hey, Alicia,

1368
01:06:12,003 --> 01:06:13,836
this is Rick over
at Arlington Heights.

1369
01:06:13,838 --> 01:06:16,004
Did Pam leave on vacation yet?"

1370
01:06:16,006 --> 01:06:17,505
Of course,
I already knew she had.

1371
01:06:17,507 --> 01:06:20,774
And she goes "Yes" and I go
"Well, before she left,

1372
01:06:20,776 --> 01:06:23,676
she said that you could
help me get a copy

1373
01:06:23,678 --> 01:06:25,177
of the MicroTAC source code.

1374
01:06:25,179 --> 01:06:26,645
She said you would help me out".

1375
01:06:26,647 --> 01:06:30,414
About five minutes later she
goes "I found the source code".

1376
01:06:31,383 --> 01:06:33,182
You know, she gave me
the release number

1377
01:06:33,184 --> 01:06:34,650
and she goes
"but there's a problem.

1378
01:06:34,652 --> 01:06:38,520
Rick, I'm gonna have to talk
to my security manager

1379
01:06:38,522 --> 01:06:41,089
about what you're asking me
to do. I'll be right back".

1380
01:06:41,091 --> 01:06:42,457
And I go "No, wait, wait!"

1381
01:06:42,459 --> 01:06:45,326
'cause I didn't want her to talk
to any security manager

1382
01:06:45,328 --> 01:06:47,361
because obviously they'd
figure out what's going on.

1383
01:06:47,363 --> 01:06:50,197
About eight minutes later
she comes back on the line.

1384
01:06:50,199 --> 01:06:52,399
I'm nervous, thinking they
hooked up a tape recorder

1385
01:06:52,401 --> 01:06:54,968
and that's gonna be Exhibit A
in the court case later.

1386
01:06:54,970 --> 01:06:57,203
And she goes "Rick?"
And I go "uh huh?"

1387
01:06:57,205 --> 01:07:00,172
and she goes "That IP address

1388
01:07:00,174 --> 01:07:02,073
you gave me
to do the file transfer

1389
01:07:02,075 --> 01:07:04,909
is not inside Motorola's campus,
it's outside,

1390
01:07:04,911 --> 01:07:07,278
and because of that
I can't transfer the file

1391
01:07:07,280 --> 01:07:10,281
because we need to use
a special proxy server to do so

1392
01:07:10,283 --> 01:07:11,815
and I don't have an account".

1393
01:07:11,817 --> 01:07:14,117
And I go "Uh huh",
you know and I just go

1394
01:07:14,119 --> 01:07:16,219
"Alright, thank you very much"

1395
01:07:16,221 --> 01:07:19,388
and she goes "Wait, wait,
I have some great news for you".

1396
01:07:19,390 --> 01:07:20,389
I go "what?"

1397
01:07:20,391 --> 01:07:23,825
She goes "My security
manager gave me

1398
01:07:23,827 --> 01:07:26,494
his personal user name
and password

1399
01:07:26,496 --> 01:07:29,263
so I could log onto the proxy
server to send you the file!"

1400
01:07:29,632 --> 01:07:33,100
Motorola had a bunch of
security, technical security,

1401
01:07:33,102 --> 01:07:35,969
but it only took me 15 minutes
with a good gift of gab

1402
01:07:35,971 --> 01:07:37,603
to get the crown jewels.

1403
01:07:37,605 --> 01:07:39,104
So that's how that worked.

1404
01:07:39,106 --> 01:07:41,072
Werner: But you didn't sell it.
It was curiosity.

1405
01:07:41,074 --> 01:07:42,807
- No.
- Werner: It was a sport.

1406
01:07:42,809 --> 01:07:44,074
Trophy.

1407
01:07:53,451 --> 01:07:56,285
Narrator:<i> This is Taurus,</i>
<i>the concept that has evolved</i>

1408
01:07:56,287 --> 01:07:59,521
<i>from the work of these teams</i>
<i>of scientists and engineers.</i>

1409
01:07:59,523 --> 01:08:01,923
<i>They believe</i>
<i>the huge space colony</i>

1410
01:08:01,925 --> 01:08:04,091
<i>could be built</i>
<i>before the year 2000.</i>

1411
01:08:04,393 --> 01:08:07,560
<i>Constructed almost entirely</i>
<i>from ore mined on the moon,</i>

1412
01:08:07,562 --> 01:08:09,862
<i>the Taurus colony</i>
<i>would become home</i>

1413
01:08:09,864 --> 01:08:11,496
<i>for 10,000 people.</i>

1414
01:08:12,098 --> 01:08:13,764
Werner:<i> Ideas of creating</i>

1415
01:08:13,766 --> 01:08:15,999
<i>colonies outside</i>
<i>of planet Earth</i>

1416
01:08:16,201 --> 01:08:18,601
<i>have been around</i>
<i>for a long time.</i>

1417
01:08:19,804 --> 01:08:22,738
<i>The problem of water,</i>
<i>air and shelter</i>

1418
01:08:22,740 --> 01:08:24,573
<i>looks already solved.</i>

1419
01:08:25,442 --> 01:08:29,142
<i>In fact, nothing looks inviting</i>
<i>out there.</i>

1420
01:08:30,044 --> 01:08:32,744
<i>There is a private company,</i>
<i>SpaceX,</i>

1421
01:08:32,746 --> 01:08:36,813
<i>which is pursuing this idea</i>
<i>in practical terms.</i>

1422
01:08:37,348 --> 01:08:41,416
<i>Here rockets are being</i>
<i>assembled for the transport.</i>

1423
01:08:42,252 --> 01:08:45,653
<i>The founder of</i>
<i>SpaceX, Elon Musk,</i>

1424
01:08:45,655 --> 01:08:47,521
<i>is not just a dreamer.</i>

1425
01:08:47,523 --> 01:08:50,257
<i>He made his</i>
<i>fortune with PayPal,</i>

1426
01:08:50,259 --> 01:08:52,826
<i>he's building</i>
<i>Tesla electric cars,</i>

1427
01:08:52,828 --> 01:08:54,460
<i>and is now constructing</i>

1428
01:08:54,628 --> 01:08:58,195
<i>the largest factory</i>
<i>for batteries on this planet.</i>

1429
01:08:58,697 --> 01:09:00,129
<i>After setbacks,</i>

1430
01:09:00,131 --> 01:09:03,198
<i>he's now successfully</i>
<i>launching rockets.</i>

1431
01:09:13,743 --> 01:09:16,243
Elon Musk:<i> For the first time</i>
<i>in the history of Earth,</i>

1432
01:09:16,245 --> 01:09:17,544
<i>in 4.5 billion years,</i>

1433
01:09:18,079 --> 01:09:20,979
the window of possibility
is open for us

1434
01:09:20,981 --> 01:09:23,348
to extend life
to another planet.

1435
01:09:23,350 --> 01:09:26,751
To the best of our
knowledge life exists

1436
01:09:26,753 --> 01:09:28,219
only on Earth. You know...

1437
01:09:28,221 --> 01:09:30,254
There's a good argument that
it exists elsewhere

1438
01:09:30,256 --> 01:09:31,822
but we've seen no sign of it.

1439
01:09:31,824 --> 01:09:34,524
I think it's important
for us to take advantage

1440
01:09:34,526 --> 01:09:37,293
of that window
while it is open

1441
01:09:37,295 --> 01:09:39,862
and to establish life

1442
01:09:39,997 --> 01:09:42,130
on another planet
in the solar system

1443
01:09:42,132 --> 01:09:45,399
just in case something
goes wrong with Earth.

1444
01:09:45,701 --> 01:09:46,800
Um...

1445
01:09:47,102 --> 01:09:48,167
And, uh...

1446
01:09:48,169 --> 01:09:51,503
You know, there could be either
a natural or manmade disaster

1447
01:09:51,505 --> 01:09:54,038
that knocks the
technology level

1448
01:09:54,040 --> 01:09:57,141
below that where
it's possible

1449
01:09:57,443 --> 01:09:59,509
to travel to another planet.

1450
01:10:00,078 --> 01:10:02,445
<i>The key to establishing</i>

1451
01:10:02,447 --> 01:10:04,246
<i>a self-sustained</i>
<i>large civilization</i>

1452
01:10:04,248 --> 01:10:06,948
<i>is getting</i>
<i>the cost-per-unit-mass</i>

1453
01:10:06,950 --> 01:10:10,318
<i>low enough that there's</i>
<i>an intersection of sets:</i>

1454
01:10:10,320 --> 01:10:12,553
<i>the set of people that</i>
<i>wish to move to Mars</i>

1455
01:10:12,555 --> 01:10:15,155
<i>and the set of people that</i>
<i>can afford to move to Mars</i>

1456
01:10:15,157 --> 01:10:16,523
<i>inclusive of government aid.</i>

1457
01:10:16,958 --> 01:10:19,725
I mean, right now we can't
even get one person to Mars.

1458
01:10:19,727 --> 01:10:21,893
- So, clearly...
- Werner: I would come along.

1459
01:10:22,328 --> 01:10:24,061
I wouldn't have a problem.

1460
01:10:24,196 --> 01:10:26,129
- Werner: One way ticket.
- That sounds great.

1461
01:10:26,131 --> 01:10:27,763
Werner: I'd be your candidate.

1462
01:10:27,765 --> 01:10:29,030
Okay.

1463
01:10:29,532 --> 01:10:32,665
I do think we'll want to...

1464
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:35,066
offer round trips because

1465
01:10:35,301 --> 01:10:37,234
a lot more people
would be willing to go

1466
01:10:37,236 --> 01:10:39,069
if they think that
if they don't like it,

1467
01:10:39,071 --> 01:10:40,503
they can come back.

1468
01:10:41,672 --> 01:10:43,838
Werner:<i> But how</i>
<i>would we talk to them</i>

1469
01:10:43,840 --> 01:10:45,306
<i>who chose to stay?</i>

1470
01:10:45,841 --> 01:10:49,575
<i>Who would tell them the</i>
<i>outcome of the World Series?</i>

1471
01:10:51,712 --> 01:10:55,080
Elon:<i> Mars is actually</i>
<i>a comparatively easy</i>

1472
01:10:55,248 --> 01:10:57,147
internet thing to establish,

1473
01:10:57,149 --> 01:10:59,082
at least for
local internet because

1474
01:10:59,551 --> 01:11:02,251
you wouldn't be living
everywhere on Mars

1475
01:11:02,253 --> 01:11:03,885
so you'd really just need

1476
01:11:04,287 --> 01:11:07,021
maybe four
satellites to have

1477
01:11:07,323 --> 01:11:12,759
global internet coverage
because of how sparse

1478
01:11:12,961 --> 01:11:14,760
the civilization
would be on Mars.

1479
01:11:15,229 --> 01:11:19,030
And then some
relay satellites

1480
01:11:19,032 --> 01:11:20,498
to get back to Earth.

1481
01:11:21,601 --> 01:11:23,767
Particularly when Mars
is on the other side of the sun,

1482
01:11:23,769 --> 01:11:26,402
you'd need to sort of bounce it
off a relay satellite,

1483
01:11:26,404 --> 01:11:28,404
you couldn't communicate
directly with it.

1484
01:11:30,007 --> 01:11:32,440
Werner:<i> The skyline of Chicago.</i>

1485
01:11:34,043 --> 01:11:36,977
<i>It looks devoid of</i>
<i>its inhabitants.</i>

1486
01:11:37,179 --> 01:11:39,445
<i>We have to assume</i>
<i>that nearly everyone</i>

1487
01:11:39,447 --> 01:11:42,147
<i>has left</i>
<i>for a colony out there.</i>

1488
01:11:42,149 --> 01:11:44,215
♪ ("Are You Lonesome Tonight"
by Elvis Presley playing) ♪

1489
01:11:44,217 --> 01:11:46,917
<i>♪ Are you lonesome tonight? ♪</i>

1490
01:11:47,452 --> 01:11:51,653
<i>♪ Do you miss me tonight? ♪</i>

1491
01:11:52,088 --> 01:11:58,892
<i>♪ Are you sorry</i>
<i>we drifted apart? ♪</i>

1492
01:12:01,162 --> 01:12:05,597
<i>♪ Does your memory stray ♪</i>

1493
01:12:05,599 --> 01:12:07,498
<i>♪ To a brighter sunny day ♪</i>

1494
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:11,734
Werner:<i> The planetarium is</i>
<i>the only point of contact.</i>

1495
01:12:12,069 --> 01:12:14,335
<i>Inside, a monument for those</i>

1496
01:12:14,337 --> 01:12:16,370
<i>who have levitated and left.</i>

1497
01:12:16,805 --> 01:12:20,239
<i>Yes, things must be</i>
<i>real good out there.</i>

1498
01:12:20,241 --> 01:12:24,575
<i>♪ Do the chairs</i>
<i>in your parlor ♪</i>

1499
01:12:25,411 --> 01:12:28,378
<i>♪ Seem empty and bare? ♪</i>

1500
01:12:28,380 --> 01:12:30,613
Werner:<i> But then we</i>
<i>met some stragglers</i>

1501
01:12:30,615 --> 01:12:31,747
<i>left behind.</i>

1502
01:12:31,749 --> 01:12:34,516
<i>They're all</i>
<i>on their smartphones.</i>

1503
01:12:36,686 --> 01:12:39,486
<i>Have the monks</i>
<i>stopped meditating?</i>

1504
01:12:39,488 --> 01:12:41,421
<i>Have they</i>
<i>stopped praying?</i>

1505
01:12:41,423 --> 01:12:44,023
<i>They all seem to be tweeting.</i>

1506
01:12:44,025 --> 01:12:48,159
<i>♪ Shall I come</i>
<i>back again? ♪</i>

1507
01:12:48,594 --> 01:12:55,798
<i>♪ Tell me, dear, are you</i>
<i>lonesome tonight? ♪</i>

1508
01:12:58,269 --> 01:13:01,403
Werner: How could we
communicate with stars out there

1509
01:13:01,405 --> 01:13:03,204
that potentially have life?

1510
01:13:03,673 --> 01:13:07,241
Well, we can think of creating
a kind of long range internet

1511
01:13:07,243 --> 01:13:10,277
either through the use
of radio waves

1512
01:13:10,279 --> 01:13:12,679
or perhaps visible light.

1513
01:13:12,681 --> 01:13:14,881
So these would be
the kinds of signals

1514
01:13:14,883 --> 01:13:18,017
that we could generate in
the case of lower energy signals

1515
01:13:18,019 --> 01:13:20,085
like radio waves
relatively cheaply

1516
01:13:20,087 --> 01:13:22,353
and we could broadcast,

1517
01:13:22,355 --> 01:13:24,555
if we came up
with a suitable code

1518
01:13:25,124 --> 01:13:27,424
some way
of transmitting information

1519
01:13:27,426 --> 01:13:30,093
over galactic
and intergalactic distances.

1520
01:13:30,095 --> 01:13:31,961
Werner: But we would get
an answer back

1521
01:13:31,963 --> 01:13:33,896
in 800,000 years?

1522
01:13:34,031 --> 01:13:36,865
Maybe 2.5 million years?

1523
01:13:36,867 --> 01:13:39,934
Well, I think that the
more one looks for

1524
01:13:39,936 --> 01:13:42,937
planets in the universe
beyond our solar system

1525
01:13:42,939 --> 01:13:44,738
that are potentially places

1526
01:13:44,740 --> 01:13:46,439
that might be
hospitable to life,

1527
01:13:46,607 --> 01:13:49,441
the more you appreciate
the wonderful planet

1528
01:13:49,443 --> 01:13:52,143
<i>that we have here that</i>
<i>allows us to do things</i>

1529
01:13:52,145 --> 01:13:53,611
<i>like swim in an ocean,</i>

1530
01:13:53,613 --> 01:13:57,047
<i>breathe the air without</i>
<i>the help of our technology,</i>

1531
01:13:57,049 --> 01:14:01,450
and so, while I would like us
to explore Mars more,

1532
01:14:01,452 --> 01:14:03,518
I think the only thing
that we've demonstrated is

1533
01:14:03,520 --> 01:14:04,652
that we're very good

1534
01:14:04,654 --> 01:14:06,353
at destroying
the habitability of earth,

1535
01:14:06,855 --> 01:14:09,322
rather than improving
the habitability

1536
01:14:09,324 --> 01:14:11,090
of a completely alien world.

1537
01:14:11,659 --> 01:14:14,726
<i>The idea that Mars will</i>
<i>somehow save us</i>

1538
01:14:14,728 --> 01:14:17,161
<i>from the decisions we've made</i>
<i>here is a false one.</i>

1539
01:14:17,329 --> 01:14:19,429
And it's a little like
saying that

1540
01:14:19,431 --> 01:14:22,265
you're going to go live
in the lifeboat when, you know,

1541
01:14:22,267 --> 01:14:24,467
even lifeboats need
somewhere to land.

1542
01:14:40,350 --> 01:14:42,149
I don't think I
have good dreams.

1543
01:14:42,151 --> 01:14:43,984
I'm sure I have
good dreams sometimes,

1544
01:14:43,986 --> 01:14:46,486
but I don't seem to
remember the good dreams.

1545
01:14:47,555 --> 01:14:51,523
The ones that I remember
are the nightmares.

1546
01:14:54,628 --> 01:14:59,463
Werner: The Prussian war
theoretician, Clausewitz,

1547
01:14:59,465 --> 01:15:01,565
Napoleonic times,

1548
01:15:01,567 --> 01:15:03,433
once famously said,

1549
01:15:03,435 --> 01:15:06,536
"sometimes war
dreams of itself".

1550
01:15:07,405 --> 01:15:09,438
Could it be that the internet

1551
01:15:09,440 --> 01:15:11,673
starts to dream of itself?

1552
01:15:18,314 --> 01:15:20,013
Great question.

1553
01:15:22,684 --> 01:15:24,383
To think about dreaming,

1554
01:15:24,685 --> 01:15:26,518
there are maybe
two aspects.

1555
01:15:26,786 --> 01:15:29,620
One is...
what I'll call awareness,

1556
01:15:29,622 --> 01:15:31,054
when you wake
up and you say

1557
01:15:31,056 --> 01:15:33,256
"I was just dreaming
this" and you know it.

1558
01:15:33,524 --> 01:15:36,291
Another aspect is just...

1559
01:15:36,926 --> 01:15:39,693
some kind of pattern of
activity that emerges,

1560
01:15:39,695 --> 01:15:42,529
not because of some
external stimuli

1561
01:15:42,531 --> 01:15:44,831
but just because
of something going on

1562
01:15:44,833 --> 01:15:47,033
in unpredictable patterns.

1563
01:15:47,668 --> 01:15:50,035
I think already the internet
has the second of those,

1564
01:15:50,037 --> 01:15:52,003
has unpredictable patterns
all the time.

1565
01:15:52,005 --> 01:15:54,238
They cause things
like flash crashes

1566
01:15:54,240 --> 01:15:55,872
on the
financial markets.

1567
01:15:56,774 --> 01:15:59,241
So we have plenty of
kind of currents

1568
01:15:59,243 --> 01:16:00,742
running around in the internet

1569
01:16:00,744 --> 01:16:02,443
that are unpredictable,

1570
01:16:02,578 --> 01:16:05,312
in some cases unstoppable.

1571
01:16:05,314 --> 01:16:07,047
Werner: Imaginative?

1572
01:16:08,917 --> 01:16:12,285
Now it comes to what do
we mean by imaginative.

1573
01:16:12,287 --> 01:16:13,519
But if we mean...

1574
01:16:13,521 --> 01:16:15,187
We call a person imaginative

1575
01:16:15,189 --> 01:16:19,123
if they come up with ideas
that we didn't think of

1576
01:16:19,492 --> 01:16:22,526
and that we
nevertheless admire.

1577
01:16:22,528 --> 01:16:23,727
If they can...

1578
01:16:23,729 --> 01:16:27,030
Usually admiration
is part of it.

1579
01:16:27,365 --> 01:16:29,298
So for the internet,
so far I think

1580
01:16:29,300 --> 01:16:30,932
it's mostly just unpredictable.

1581
01:16:30,934 --> 01:16:33,634
I haven't seen anything
the internet did on its own

1582
01:16:33,636 --> 01:16:35,035
that I admire.

1583
01:16:37,639 --> 01:16:39,505
Does the internet
dream of itself?

1584
01:16:39,840 --> 01:16:43,107
It does in the sense that
it can beget

1585
01:16:43,109 --> 01:16:46,043
additional networks layered
on top of it

1586
01:16:46,045 --> 01:16:49,713
that have the characteristics
of the underlying internet.

1587
01:16:49,715 --> 01:16:53,016
So just as the basic internet
is a series of computers

1588
01:16:53,018 --> 01:16:54,817
that happen to talk internet
to each other

1589
01:16:54,819 --> 01:16:57,286
so that you can move
a bit from here to there,

1590
01:16:57,521 --> 01:17:00,455
there's a fellow named
Sir Tim Berners-Lee

1591
01:17:00,457 --> 01:17:01,823
<i>who could conceive of</i>
<i>something called</i>

1592
01:17:01,825 --> 01:17:05,326
<i>the World Wide Web and</i>
<i>choose not to copyright it,</i>

1593
01:17:05,328 --> 01:17:09,729
<i>not to patent it, to allow</i>
<i>anybody to speak "server"</i>

1594
01:17:09,731 --> 01:17:11,263
and some people
speak "client"

1595
01:17:11,265 --> 01:17:13,765
and then before you know it,
you've got websites.

1596
01:17:13,767 --> 01:17:17,735
The web is the internet
dreaming of itself.

1597
01:17:18,838 --> 01:17:21,805
Could it be that the internet
dreams of itself?

1598
01:17:22,307 --> 01:17:24,206
It's a fascinating idea.

1599
01:17:24,408 --> 01:17:26,541
In fact, there was a wonderful
science fiction story

1600
01:17:26,543 --> 01:17:28,009
<i>which later got turned</i>
<i>into a movie,</i>

1601
01:17:28,011 --> 01:17:29,810
<i>"Blade Runner", and</i>
<i>I think it was called</i>

1602
01:17:29,812 --> 01:17:32,078
<i>"Do Androids Dream</i>
<i>of Electric Sheep?"</i>

1603
01:17:32,080 --> 01:17:33,379
<i>The robot's dream,</i>

1604
01:17:33,914 --> 01:17:36,614
but the internet is
nothing but connections.

1605
01:17:36,616 --> 01:17:39,617
Will it have its
own consciousness?

1606
01:17:39,619 --> 01:17:42,119
Will it have its
own set of rules?

1607
01:17:42,121 --> 01:17:44,121
And perhaps...

1608
01:17:44,556 --> 01:17:46,756
on an even more scary realm,

1609
01:17:46,758 --> 01:17:48,958
a science fiction realm,
will the internet

1610
01:17:48,960 --> 01:17:50,859
therefore make
its own decisions?

1611
01:17:50,861 --> 01:17:52,493
And will the decisions about

1612
01:17:52,795 --> 01:17:54,628
how communication happens

1613
01:17:54,630 --> 01:17:56,363
go out of human hands?

1614
01:17:56,365 --> 01:17:58,098
That's certainly a possibility.

1615
01:17:58,733 --> 01:18:01,333
But since we don't even
understand consciousness,

1616
01:18:01,702 --> 01:18:04,469
I am hesitant to
make any predictions

1617
01:18:04,471 --> 01:18:06,304
and I think anyone
who claims

1618
01:18:06,306 --> 01:18:08,673
they know what's going to
happen to the internet,

1619
01:18:08,675 --> 01:18:10,241
is not worth listening to.

1620
01:18:23,422 --> 01:18:24,854
Werner:<i> Pittsburg.</i>

1621
01:18:25,156 --> 01:18:26,788
<i>The Industrial Age -</i>

1622
01:18:26,790 --> 01:18:29,090
<i>the steel mills</i>
<i>are long gone.</i>

1623
01:18:29,092 --> 01:18:32,293
<i>A new industry has</i>
<i>established itself.</i>

1624
01:18:32,828 --> 01:18:35,995
<i>Here robots are</i>
<i>being designed.</i>

1625
01:18:35,997 --> 01:18:37,930
<i>This one</i>
<i>named Chimp</i>

1626
01:18:37,932 --> 01:18:40,832
<i>is testing its</i>
<i>limbs on its own.</i>

1627
01:18:44,771 --> 01:18:48,873
<i>Soon battalions of them</i>
<i>connected via internet</i>

1628
01:18:48,875 --> 01:18:53,009
<i>could perform rescue missions</i>
<i>in disaster zones.</i>

1629
01:18:54,045 --> 01:18:57,379
I think it's gonna run through
the lift joints momentarily.

1630
01:19:05,222 --> 01:19:08,389
We're still a long
ways away from a robot

1631
01:19:08,391 --> 01:19:10,557
having a complete
understanding

1632
01:19:10,559 --> 01:19:12,892
of the world, of
cause and effect,

1633
01:19:12,894 --> 01:19:16,095
of desires and hopes
and dreams,

1634
01:19:16,097 --> 01:19:20,098
and those are the things that
still make humans human

1635
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,067
and robots on a
much lesser scale.

1636
01:19:24,103 --> 01:19:26,603
Well, you could
think of this scenario

1637
01:19:26,605 --> 01:19:28,338
almost as robot dreaming.

1638
01:19:28,340 --> 01:19:30,506
This is, you know, a robot

1639
01:19:30,875 --> 01:19:34,276
conceptualizing what is gonna
happen in the future

1640
01:19:34,278 --> 01:19:36,311
and thinking about
different scenarios

1641
01:19:36,313 --> 01:19:39,280
and for any of these motions
it's considering

1642
01:19:39,282 --> 01:19:42,216
thousands and thousands
of scenarios per second

1643
01:19:42,218 --> 01:19:43,217
that might happen,

1644
01:19:43,219 --> 01:19:45,452
um... especially
when you get to the point

1645
01:19:45,454 --> 01:19:48,154
of robots exchanging information
with one another,

1646
01:19:48,156 --> 01:19:50,923
then you might have a robot
dreaming about places

1647
01:19:50,925 --> 01:19:52,391
it hasn't even been.

1648
01:20:14,748 --> 01:20:17,682
This is the Chimp
view of the world

1649
01:20:17,684 --> 01:20:20,818
now using a high
resolution laser scanner

1650
01:20:20,820 --> 01:20:23,053
and it has to really
build up its...

1651
01:20:23,055 --> 01:20:26,289
<i>its learning of what's going on</i>
<i>in the environment.</i>

1652
01:20:26,291 --> 01:20:30,025
<i>In this case it's a valve</i>
<i>that it's trying to turn</i>

1653
01:20:30,027 --> 01:20:32,027
and we see the pre-planning -

1654
01:20:32,029 --> 01:20:33,561
this is like
the robot imagination

1655
01:20:33,563 --> 01:20:34,895
of what's gonna happen:

1656
01:20:34,897 --> 01:20:36,196
where the gripper is gonna be,

1657
01:20:36,198 --> 01:20:37,864
how it's gonna come
into that valve,

1658
01:20:37,866 --> 01:20:39,098
and how it can manipulate it.

1659
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:41,600
Werner:<i> It could have</i>
<i>opened the valve in Fukushima</i>

1660
01:20:41,602 --> 01:20:43,301
<i>and prevented an explosion?</i>

1661
01:20:43,303 --> 01:20:45,136
Vandeweghe:<i> That was</i>
<i>one of the key things</i>

1662
01:20:45,138 --> 01:20:46,904
<i>that spurred this research...</i>

1663
01:20:46,906 --> 01:20:49,706
realizing that it was
too dangerous for humans

1664
01:20:49,708 --> 01:20:52,175
to go in but if you
could have had a robot

1665
01:20:52,177 --> 01:20:54,177
go in and just do
some simple things,

1666
01:20:54,179 --> 01:20:57,046
<i>straightforward things that</i>
<i>the humans were unable to do:</i>

1667
01:20:57,048 --> 01:21:00,682
<i>open valves to change</i>
<i>the cooling flow patterns,</i>

1668
01:21:00,684 --> 01:21:02,984
<i>maybe turn on pumps again.</i>

1669
01:21:02,986 --> 01:21:04,719
<i>That would have</i>
<i>made all the difference</i>

1670
01:21:04,721 --> 01:21:06,821
<i>in preventing the</i>
<i>hydrogen build-up</i>

1671
01:21:06,823 --> 01:21:08,722
<i>and the</i>
<i>subsequent explosion.</i>

1672
01:21:08,724 --> 01:21:11,725
Werner: How valuable is
the cockroach for you?

1673
01:21:11,727 --> 01:21:15,928
I think any insect
is amazingly, uh...

1674
01:21:16,530 --> 01:21:19,531
advanced, compared to the state
of the art robots right now.

1675
01:21:19,533 --> 01:21:20,899
If you think
about a cockroach,

1676
01:21:20,901 --> 01:21:23,468
the fact that it can scurry
around on the floor,

1677
01:21:23,470 --> 01:21:26,838
it can avoid dangers, it
can find food for itself,

1678
01:21:26,840 --> 01:21:28,072
it can reproduce,

1679
01:21:28,074 --> 01:21:32,576
and it can live for several
years on its own,

1680
01:21:32,878 --> 01:21:35,411
robots are nowhere
near that point yet

1681
01:21:35,413 --> 01:21:39,514
and I think it'll be
great when we have even

1682
01:21:39,516 --> 01:21:41,382
as much capability
as a cockroach.

1683
01:21:52,427 --> 01:21:55,928
Danny Hillis:<i> I can not only</i>
<i>imagine artificial intelligence</i>

1684
01:21:55,930 --> 01:21:58,463
evolving spontaneously
on the internet

1685
01:21:58,465 --> 01:22:01,598
but I can't tell you it
hasn't happened already.

1686
01:22:03,335 --> 01:22:04,600
Because...

1687
01:22:05,302 --> 01:22:08,702
it wouldn't necessarily
reveal itself to us.

1688
01:22:09,571 --> 01:22:12,538
I think that the biggest
risk is not that the AI will...

1689
01:22:13,073 --> 01:22:14,772
develop a will of its own,

1690
01:22:14,774 --> 01:22:16,807
but rather that
it will follow the will

1691
01:22:16,809 --> 01:22:20,977
of people that establish
its utility function,

1692
01:22:20,979 --> 01:22:24,446
its optimization function,
and that optimization function,

1693
01:22:25,348 --> 01:22:26,847
if it is...

1694
01:22:27,983 --> 01:22:29,849
if it is not well thought out -

1695
01:22:29,851 --> 01:22:31,550
I mean even
if it's relatively...

1696
01:22:31,552 --> 01:22:32,951
if its intent is benign,

1697
01:22:32,953 --> 01:22:36,120
it could have
quite a bad outcome.

1698
01:22:36,122 --> 01:22:39,156
For example, if you were...

1699
01:22:39,324 --> 01:22:42,058
a hedge fund or a private
equity fund and you said,

1700
01:22:42,060 --> 01:22:44,126
well, all I want
my AI to do is

1701
01:22:44,128 --> 01:22:46,428
maximize the value
of my portfolio,

1702
01:22:47,264 --> 01:22:48,429
then...

1703
01:22:48,764 --> 01:22:50,029
the AI could decide,

1704
01:22:50,298 --> 01:22:54,399
well, the best way to do that
is to short consumer stocks,

1705
01:22:54,401 --> 01:22:57,468
go long defense stocks,
and start a war.

1706
01:22:58,871 --> 01:23:01,170
And that would
obviously be quite bad.

1707
01:23:03,541 --> 01:23:05,374
Werner:<i> Such an attack</i>
<i>would be much more</i>

1708
01:23:05,376 --> 01:23:09,344
<i>prosaic than an invasion</i>
<i>of these aliens</i>

1709
01:23:09,346 --> 01:23:12,347
<i>in the SpaceX</i>
<i>reception area.</i>

1710
01:23:19,889 --> 01:23:22,089
I think we're gonna
get to the point where

1711
01:23:22,091 --> 01:23:25,725
almost everything we do
will be done by machines.

1712
01:23:25,727 --> 01:23:27,827
And we'll still need people

1713
01:23:27,829 --> 01:23:31,530
but if you ask the question
about will there ever be...

1714
01:23:32,332 --> 01:23:35,366
an artificial intelligent
machine that makes movies?

1715
01:23:35,368 --> 01:23:36,467
Absolutely yes.

1716
01:23:36,469 --> 01:23:38,235
Will it be quite
as good as yours?

1717
01:23:38,237 --> 01:23:39,970
No one can
even come close.

1718
01:23:39,972 --> 01:23:41,204
Werner: Of course not.

1719
01:23:41,206 --> 01:23:44,941
But actually I think
almost everything we do,

1720
01:23:44,943 --> 01:23:47,109
we find machines
doing better,

1721
01:23:47,111 --> 01:23:49,344
and the reason why that's
the case is because

1722
01:23:49,346 --> 01:23:51,179
machines learn faster
than people can learn.

1723
01:23:51,648 --> 01:23:54,882
Werner: But they cannot
fall in love as we can.

1724
01:23:55,050 --> 01:23:57,617
And will it be useful for
machines to fall in love?

1725
01:23:58,319 --> 01:24:00,519
Would we want
to have machines

1726
01:24:00,521 --> 01:24:02,554
that are just like
people? I would say no.

1727
01:24:02,556 --> 01:24:05,089
Honestly, if a dishwasher
came to me and said

1728
01:24:05,091 --> 01:24:07,491
"look, I'm falling in love
with the refrigerator and,

1729
01:24:07,493 --> 01:24:10,160
as a result, I have no
time to wash the dishes".

1730
01:24:10,162 --> 01:24:12,095
I wouldn't like
that dishwasher.

1731
01:24:12,097 --> 01:24:14,363
We're going to have
a revolution

1732
01:24:14,365 --> 01:24:17,432
not only in our technology,
but in our theology.

1733
01:24:17,434 --> 01:24:19,267
<i>We don't even have</i>
<i>a name for it</i>

1734
01:24:19,269 --> 01:24:22,203
<i>but it's around the internet,</i>
<i>it's around connectivity,</i>

1735
01:24:22,338 --> 01:24:25,005
<i>it's around building machines</i>
<i>to think for us</i>

1736
01:24:25,474 --> 01:24:29,175
<i>and I think we're due</i>
<i>for another shift</i>

1737
01:24:29,677 --> 01:24:31,543
<i>in our morals, in our....</i>

1738
01:24:31,711 --> 01:24:34,411
<i>in our definition of what</i>
<i>it means to be human.</i>

1739
01:24:34,546 --> 01:24:37,413
<i>We're right just at</i>
<i>the beginning of that,</i>

1740
01:24:37,415 --> 01:24:39,681
<i>and so you can see us</i>
<i>trying to kind of...</i>

1741
01:24:40,150 --> 01:24:43,184
<i>feel out and invent</i>
<i>this new society</i>

1742
01:24:43,186 --> 01:24:46,253
<i>and invent this new ideas</i>
<i>of what's right and wrong.</i>

1743
01:24:46,255 --> 01:24:48,388
<i>What can we depend</i>
<i>on each other for...</i>

1744
01:24:48,390 --> 01:24:50,990
<i>or what can we expect</i>
<i>from each other?</i>

1745
01:24:51,492 --> 01:24:53,692
<i>How much do we</i>
<i>want to do that?</i>

1746
01:24:54,428 --> 01:24:58,062
<i>So I think it's an</i>
<i>incredibly creative time</i>

1747
01:24:58,064 --> 01:25:00,798
<i>in human history -</i>
<i>not just technologically</i>

1748
01:25:01,100 --> 01:25:04,267
<i>but also morally</i>
<i>and culturally.</i>

1749
01:26:01,859 --> 01:26:03,358
(inaudible)

1750
01:26:16,171 --> 01:26:18,604
This room should
know I'm here.

1751
01:26:19,206 --> 01:26:20,838
I should be able
to talk to it.

1752
01:26:20,840 --> 01:26:23,173
It should be able to give
me an answer verbally.

1753
01:26:23,175 --> 01:26:25,775
I should ask where, for example,
is a high-speed printer?

1754
01:26:25,777 --> 01:26:27,276
Or where did I leave my keys?

1755
01:26:27,278 --> 01:26:28,977
Or where's a book
on this subject?

1756
01:26:28,979 --> 01:26:30,778
And it should answer
me with speech,

1757
01:26:30,780 --> 01:26:32,713
with a hologram,
with a display,

1758
01:26:32,715 --> 01:26:34,448
in a very natural way.

1759
01:26:34,450 --> 01:26:37,517
I should maybe use
gestures and touch,

1760
01:26:37,919 --> 01:26:40,419
and even smell
and all my senses

1761
01:26:40,421 --> 01:26:43,155
to interact in a
very humanistic way

1762
01:26:43,157 --> 01:26:45,257
with this technology
around us.

1763
01:26:45,259 --> 01:26:47,892
And once that technology
comes out

1764
01:26:47,894 --> 01:26:49,460
into our physical world

1765
01:26:50,262 --> 01:26:51,728
and becomes embedded

1766
01:26:51,730 --> 01:26:53,863
in our walls, in our
desk, in our bodies,

1767
01:26:53,865 --> 01:26:56,098
in our fingernails,
in our cars, in our offices,

1768
01:26:56,100 --> 01:26:57,499
in our homes,

1769
01:26:58,068 --> 01:26:59,667
it should disappear

1770
01:26:59,669 --> 01:27:01,435
and become invisible.

1771
01:27:01,770 --> 01:27:03,102
Whereas electricity...

1772
01:27:03,337 --> 01:27:05,603
there's a socket in
the wall, you plug in,

1773
01:27:05,605 --> 01:27:06,937
you get electricity.

1774
01:27:06,939 --> 01:27:08,538
You don't care
how it's made.

1775
01:27:08,540 --> 01:27:10,640
It's not a
complicated interface.

1776
01:27:10,642 --> 01:27:11,841
It's invisible.

1777
01:27:12,109 --> 01:27:15,043
The internet is yet
to evolve to that goal

1778
01:27:15,045 --> 01:27:17,311
I was hoping for
of being invisible.

1779
01:27:17,980 --> 01:27:19,145
What's interesting
about the internet

1780
01:27:19,147 --> 01:27:22,081
is what you're gonna build
on top of it for you and for me.

1781
01:27:22,083 --> 01:27:23,482
I call it the internet of me.

1782
01:27:23,484 --> 01:27:25,517
It is a world where
when you walk into a room

1783
01:27:25,519 --> 01:27:27,352
the lights dim to
your preference level.

1784
01:27:27,354 --> 01:27:29,454
You may have music
that starts up.

1785
01:27:29,456 --> 01:27:31,923
It may even have complex
protocols for having

1786
01:27:31,925 --> 01:27:34,492
to interact with somebody
else's internet of me.

1787
01:27:34,894 --> 01:27:36,126
<i>That's interesting,</i>

1788
01:27:36,128 --> 01:27:38,061
<i>and the world that</i>
<i>will emerge as a result,</i>

1789
01:27:38,063 --> 01:27:39,462
<i>eventually you won't</i>
<i>even need phones.</i>

1790
01:27:39,464 --> 01:27:41,564
<i>The environment will</i>
<i>be so wired</i>

1791
01:27:41,566 --> 01:27:43,566
<i>that your experience</i>
<i>will be brought to you.</i>

1792
01:27:43,568 --> 01:27:45,200
<i>Your calls will be</i>
<i>brought to you,</i>

1793
01:27:45,202 --> 01:27:47,769
<i>your advertising, your</i>
<i>content, your work -</i>

1794
01:27:47,771 --> 01:27:50,571
<i>all of it will come with you.</i>
<i>That's an internet of me.</i>

1795
01:27:53,075 --> 01:27:55,141
It is going to take
a leap of thought,

1796
01:27:55,143 --> 01:27:58,110
a leap of courage... societally

1797
01:27:58,112 --> 01:27:59,578
for us to accept a generation

1798
01:27:59,580 --> 01:28:02,047
that's always had
an egotistical world.

1799
01:28:02,182 --> 01:28:04,382
We tell children very often

1800
01:28:04,384 --> 01:28:06,517
you have to play with
others, you have to share,

1801
01:28:06,519 --> 01:28:08,385
your worldview
isn't unique.

1802
01:28:08,387 --> 01:28:10,120
But when the world,
the objects in it

1803
01:28:10,122 --> 01:28:11,588
start to tell them
that they are,

1804
01:28:11,590 --> 01:28:13,456
that they're different,
that's egotistical.

1805
01:28:13,458 --> 01:28:14,857
But it will also
be a magical world,

1806
01:28:14,859 --> 01:28:17,526
one where the wave of a
hand creates doors moving

1807
01:28:17,528 --> 01:28:19,461
and objects
changing position.

1808
01:28:20,464 --> 01:28:22,730
Imagine a generation
that's never known

1809
01:28:22,732 --> 01:28:24,398
anything else but that.

1810
01:28:24,733 --> 01:28:26,265
I deeply regret
the fact

1811
01:28:26,267 --> 01:28:28,667
that deep critical thinking

1812
01:28:28,935 --> 01:28:30,234
and imaginative thinking,

1813
01:28:30,236 --> 01:28:32,236
that creative thinking is lost.

1814
01:28:32,238 --> 01:28:35,305
In my opinion, computers
and in some sense

1815
01:28:35,307 --> 01:28:38,041
the internet are
the worst enemy

1816
01:28:38,043 --> 01:28:40,009
of deep critical thinking.

1817
01:28:41,212 --> 01:28:43,845
Youth of today
are using machines

1818
01:28:43,847 --> 01:28:46,013
to basically replace

1819
01:28:46,248 --> 01:28:49,515
their examination
of the things they're observing.

1820
01:28:49,517 --> 01:28:51,450
They don't understand
what they're looking at

1821
01:28:51,452 --> 01:28:53,051
or what they're hearing
or what they're learning.

1822
01:28:53,053 --> 01:28:56,220
They depend upon the internet
to tell them and decipher it.

1823
01:28:56,222 --> 01:28:58,689
They look at numbers
instead of ideas.

1824
01:28:58,691 --> 01:29:00,924
They fail to
understand concepts,

1825
01:29:00,926 --> 01:29:02,325
and this is a problem.

1826
01:29:02,327 --> 01:29:06,428
My hope would be there
are still going to be

1827
01:29:06,797 --> 01:29:10,365
the appeal of deep
immersion in something,

1828
01:29:10,367 --> 01:29:12,166
that through the
school system

1829
01:29:12,168 --> 01:29:13,934
we still subject our kids to,

1830
01:29:13,936 --> 01:29:16,236
we can really try to

1831
01:29:16,238 --> 01:29:18,905
turn them onto its charms

1832
01:29:18,907 --> 01:29:23,041
so they become intrinsically
self-motivated to pursue it.

1833
01:29:23,176 --> 01:29:26,177
Whether we use science
or ancient Greek

1834
01:29:26,179 --> 01:29:28,245
or philosophy,

1835
01:29:28,680 --> 01:29:30,413
it's those tools
that are important.

1836
01:29:30,415 --> 01:29:31,580
Those are the
things that people

1837
01:29:31,582 --> 01:29:33,481
are gonna be able
to use in the future.

1838
01:29:33,483 --> 01:29:35,182
The actual information
they learn in school

1839
01:29:35,184 --> 01:29:37,584
won't be important
because it'll be dwarfed

1840
01:29:37,586 --> 01:29:39,385
by the information
that's coming out

1841
01:29:39,387 --> 01:29:41,453
on the internet
every single day.

1842
01:29:42,556 --> 01:29:44,756
Historians I think
will also see

1843
01:29:44,758 --> 01:29:45,790
an interesting thing.

1844
01:29:45,792 --> 01:29:47,958
They'll probably call
the time around now

1845
01:29:47,960 --> 01:29:49,359
the Digital Dark Age.

1846
01:29:49,361 --> 01:29:51,227
It will be very
mysterious

1847
01:29:51,229 --> 01:29:53,762
because a lot of things
happened quickly

1848
01:29:53,764 --> 01:29:56,197
but the records
will all be lost.

1849
01:29:56,199 --> 01:29:57,998
We don't have the
handwritten letters

1850
01:29:58,000 --> 01:29:59,599
like we have from, you know,

1851
01:29:59,601 --> 01:30:01,801
the founders
of the Constitution,

1852
01:30:01,936 --> 01:30:05,203
The founding fathers.

1853
01:30:05,205 --> 01:30:06,837
We have their letters
with each other.

1854
01:30:06,839 --> 01:30:09,706
We can see the sort of
background conversation

1855
01:30:09,708 --> 01:30:12,475
in creating the
United States government.

1856
01:30:12,477 --> 01:30:14,743
We don't have the equivalent

1857
01:30:14,745 --> 01:30:18,012
for the background conversation
in creating the internet

1858
01:30:18,014 --> 01:30:20,214
because it was
all done on email.

1859
01:30:20,216 --> 01:30:22,149
There's a playful project

1860
01:30:22,151 --> 01:30:25,252
called the Wikipedia
Emergency Project

1861
01:30:25,254 --> 01:30:27,220
that if there's ever
going to be possibly

1862
01:30:27,222 --> 01:30:30,223
a world changing event,
a big volcanic eruption,

1863
01:30:30,225 --> 01:30:31,757
Wikipedia volunteers
are supposed to

1864
01:30:31,759 --> 01:30:35,261
start printing out
Wikipedia pages madly

1865
01:30:35,263 --> 01:30:37,363
and storing the
paper in places

1866
01:30:37,365 --> 01:30:39,631
that their heirs
could find it later.

1867
01:31:03,289 --> 01:31:06,423
Marcel Just:<i> What this scanner</i>
<i>measures, it's an MRI scanner,</i>

1868
01:31:06,425 --> 01:31:09,592
and it measures
magnetic resonance energy

1869
01:31:09,594 --> 01:31:11,493
that's emanating
from the brain.

1870
01:31:11,495 --> 01:31:14,762
So it's really
extra sensory.

1871
01:31:15,064 --> 01:31:17,264
<i>It's precise enough to tell us</i>

1872
01:31:17,266 --> 01:31:19,132
<i>what activity is occurring</i>

1873
01:31:19,134 --> 01:31:21,734
in each little volume element

1874
01:31:21,736 --> 01:31:23,602
the size of a peppercorn.

1875
01:31:23,604 --> 01:31:25,971
When you read a
sentence that says

1876
01:31:25,973 --> 01:31:29,140
"There are two elephants
walking across the savanna"

1877
01:31:29,142 --> 01:31:32,476
<i>a computer program can</i>
<i>tell that the same thought</i>

1878
01:31:32,478 --> 01:31:34,544
<i>is going on in your brain</i>

1879
01:31:34,546 --> 01:31:36,479
<i>whether you're</i>
<i>watching the video</i>

1880
01:31:36,481 --> 01:31:37,980
<i>or reading the sentence.</i>

1881
01:31:37,982 --> 01:31:40,048
At a conceptual
level it's the same.

1882
01:31:40,050 --> 01:31:42,850
It's also the same for
people across languages.

1883
01:31:42,852 --> 01:31:47,087
There's a universality of
the alphabet of human thoughts

1884
01:31:47,089 --> 01:31:49,522
and it applies to the videos

1885
01:31:49,524 --> 01:31:51,757
that Jack Gallant and his
colleagues have found

1886
01:31:51,759 --> 01:31:55,526
but also applies to
spoken and written speech

1887
01:31:55,528 --> 01:31:58,495
so, and it
crosses languages.

1888
01:31:58,497 --> 01:32:01,764
We have a vocabulary,
the brain has a vocabulary

1889
01:32:01,766 --> 01:32:03,632
and we're beginning
to discover it.

1890
01:32:03,634 --> 01:32:06,267
Right now we need this
two million dollar machine

1891
01:32:06,269 --> 01:32:08,102
that weighs 16,000 pounds,

1892
01:32:08,104 --> 01:32:12,706
but you ask, in the future
will some genius biophysicist

1893
01:32:12,708 --> 01:32:16,209
invent a little
cap or helmet that'll do it?

1894
01:32:16,211 --> 01:32:18,744
I think that
that's likely.

1895
01:32:18,746 --> 01:32:21,146
The energy, the
electromagnetic energy,

1896
01:32:21,148 --> 01:32:23,948
is just sitting there.
It's sitting there.

1897
01:32:23,950 --> 01:32:26,517
So when you talk
about telepathy -

1898
01:32:26,519 --> 01:32:31,488
telepathy is communication
across a distance.

1899
01:32:31,490 --> 01:32:34,357
Well, we can already
go a few millimeters

1900
01:32:34,359 --> 01:32:36,258
and it's just a
matter of time

1901
01:32:36,260 --> 01:32:38,360
before we can go
thousands of miles.

1902
01:32:38,362 --> 01:32:39,661
You could essentially,

1903
01:32:39,663 --> 01:32:43,797
in the not too distant
future, tweet thoughts.

1904
01:32:44,065 --> 01:32:48,099
So not type your little
tweet, but think it,

1905
01:32:48,101 --> 01:32:49,266
press a button

1906
01:32:49,268 --> 01:32:53,235
and all your followers
could potentially read it.

1907
01:32:53,704 --> 01:32:55,236
Werner: Could you detect,

1908
01:32:55,238 --> 01:32:57,104
this woman who is passing by

1909
01:32:57,106 --> 01:33:00,440
and spots you, is just about
to fall in love with you?

1910
01:33:00,442 --> 01:33:02,275
Now that would
be an innovation.

1911
01:33:02,277 --> 01:33:03,476
That would be the...

1912
01:33:03,478 --> 01:33:06,412
the killer application
I guess you would say.

1913
01:33:06,947 --> 01:33:08,746
Well, I try not
to make predictions

1914
01:33:08,748 --> 01:33:11,248
about anything less than two
trillion years from now -

1915
01:33:11,250 --> 01:33:12,749
for good reasons.
One is that

1916
01:33:12,751 --> 01:33:15,084
no one will be able
to know if I'm wrong.

1917
01:33:15,419 --> 01:33:16,885
But that's one of
the wonderful things

1918
01:33:16,887 --> 01:33:19,220
about the future is you don't
know where it's gonna go.

1919
01:33:19,222 --> 01:33:23,123
And the internet is, like
most results in science,

1920
01:33:23,125 --> 01:33:23,990
out of control.

1921
01:33:23,992 --> 01:33:25,524
And if you think
about predictions

1922
01:33:25,526 --> 01:33:27,425
about the future
as done in the past,

1923
01:33:27,427 --> 01:33:28,793
they always miss
the important stuff.

1924
01:33:28,795 --> 01:33:30,694
In fact, most science fiction

1925
01:33:30,696 --> 01:33:33,430
missed the most important thing
about the present world,

1926
01:33:33,432 --> 01:33:35,064
which is the internet itself.

1927
01:33:35,299 --> 01:33:36,665
They had flying cars,

1928
01:33:36,667 --> 01:33:38,266
<i>they had rocket ships.</i>

1929
01:33:38,268 --> 01:33:39,533
<i>None of that exists,</i>

1930
01:33:39,535 --> 01:33:41,935
<i>but the internet</i>
<i>governs our lives today.</i>

1931
01:33:42,070 --> 01:33:43,469
<i>It used to be</i>

1932
01:33:43,471 --> 01:33:44,937
that when you communicated
with someone

1933
01:33:44,939 --> 01:33:46,872
the person you
were communicating with

1934
01:33:46,874 --> 01:33:48,640
was as important
as the information.

1935
01:33:48,642 --> 01:33:49,841
Now on the internet,

1936
01:33:49,843 --> 01:33:51,809
the person isn't
important at all.

1937
01:33:51,811 --> 01:33:53,043
In fact it was
developed so that

1938
01:33:53,178 --> 01:33:56,846
scientists like me could
communicate with each other

1939
01:33:56,848 --> 01:33:58,581
without knowing where
the other person was

1940
01:33:58,583 --> 01:34:00,282
or even who the
other person was.

1941
01:34:00,284 --> 01:34:03,251
There's a famous cartoon from
<i>The New Yorker</i> which says

1942
01:34:03,253 --> 01:34:05,586
"On the internet no one
knows if you're a dog".

1943
01:34:05,721 --> 01:34:07,387
<i>And in the future</i>

1944
01:34:07,389 --> 01:34:09,555
<i>you won't know if you're</i>
<i>communicating with dogs</i>

1945
01:34:09,557 --> 01:34:11,490
<i>or robots or people,</i>

1946
01:34:11,492 --> 01:34:12,657
<i>and it won't matter.</i>

1947
01:34:12,659 --> 01:34:14,558
But becoming
your own filter

1948
01:34:14,560 --> 01:34:16,493
will be the challenge
of the future.

1949
01:34:16,495 --> 01:34:18,394
Because the filter
isn't provided with you.

1950
01:34:18,396 --> 01:34:19,828
There's no controls
on the internet.

1951
01:34:19,830 --> 01:34:21,462
No matter what
governments do

1952
01:34:21,464 --> 01:34:23,263
or no matter
what industries do,

1953
01:34:23,865 --> 01:34:26,031
the internet
is gonna propagate...

1954
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:28,032
out of control

1955
01:34:28,034 --> 01:34:31,101
and people will have to
be their own controls.

1956
01:34:31,736 --> 01:34:34,369
Tom Mitchell:<i> I think</i>
<i>in the future, one next step</i>

1957
01:34:34,371 --> 01:34:36,003
<i>from computation</i>
<i>to communication</i>

1958
01:34:36,138 --> 01:34:39,405
will be to sensing
and remote sensing.

1959
01:34:39,573 --> 01:34:41,940
Werner: And mind
reading via the internet?

1960
01:34:41,942 --> 01:34:45,043
One of those sensors will
be brain imaging sensors.

1961
01:34:45,045 --> 01:34:47,178
Werner: And you will
transmit thoughts?

1962
01:34:47,180 --> 01:34:48,712
(laughing)

1963
01:34:48,714 --> 01:34:50,213
The two of you.

1964
01:34:54,452 --> 01:34:56,652
Will our children's
children's children

1965
01:34:56,654 --> 01:34:58,587
need the companionship
of humans

1966
01:34:59,122 --> 01:35:00,921
or will they have
evolved in a world

1967
01:35:00,923 --> 01:35:02,689
where that's not important?

1968
01:35:03,324 --> 01:35:05,524
It sounds awful,
doesn't it?

1969
01:35:05,526 --> 01:35:07,626
But maybe
it'll be fine.

1970
01:35:07,628 --> 01:35:09,694
Maybe the companionship
of robots,

1971
01:35:09,696 --> 01:35:12,396
maybe the companionship
of an intelligent internet

1972
01:35:12,398 --> 01:35:13,597
will be sufficient.

1973
01:35:13,599 --> 01:35:15,198
Who am I to say?

1974
01:35:16,267 --> 01:35:20,135
♪ (music plays) ♪

1975
01:35:24,808 --> 01:35:26,774
<i>♪ I'm standin' on a</i>
<i>corner shovel in my hand</i>

1976
01:35:26,776 --> 01:35:28,876
<i>♪ I'm lookin' for a</i>
<i>woman or a workin' man</i>

1977
01:35:28,878 --> 01:35:31,545
<i>♪ Honey, let me</i>
<i>be your salty dog ♪</i>

1978
01:35:31,547 --> 01:35:33,613
<i>♪ Oh, let me be</i>
<i>your salty dog ♪</i>

1979
01:35:33,615 --> 01:35:35,548
<i>♪ I won't be</i>
<i>your man at all ♪</i>

1980
01:35:35,550 --> 01:35:38,083
<i>♪ Honey, let me</i>
<i>be your salty dog ♪</i>

1981
01:35:38,885 --> 01:35:40,618
<i>♪ Let me be your salty dog ♪</i>

1982
01:35:40,620 --> 01:35:42,486
<i>♪ I won't be your man at all ♪</i>

1983
01:35:42,488 --> 01:35:44,821
<i>♪ Honey, let me</i>
<i>be your salty dog ♪</i>

1984
01:35:45,089 --> 01:35:47,022
<i>♪ Well, let me be</i>
<i>your salty dog ♪</i>

1985
01:35:47,024 --> 01:35:48,890
<i>♪ I won't be your man at all ♪</i>

1986
01:35:48,892 --> 01:35:53,126
<i>♪ Honey, let me</i>
<i>be your salty dog ♪</i>

1987
01:35:53,795 --> 01:35:55,194
I want you do some...

1988
01:35:55,196 --> 01:35:58,263
(applause)