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One country suffered more
than any other under the Nazis -
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Poland.
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Nearly one in five Poles died
during World War Two.
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This was where the Nazis conducted
one of the most brutal acts
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of ethnic cleansing in history.
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(GUNFIRE)
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One of the chief architects of this policy lived here
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on a 70-acre estate
in the western part of Poland.
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His name was Arthur Greiser.
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In 1946, Arthur Greiser
was put on trial for war crimes.
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He cut a pathetic figure.
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He claimed he too had been
"a victim of Hitler's policies"
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and that he was merely "a scapegoat
for the crimes of his masters".
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(SPEAKS IN POLISH)
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Arthur Greiser, like other leading Nazis,
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claimed he'd simply been "acting under orders".
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But he lied.
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For when Arthur Greiser sat
in the drawing room of his 60-room palace,
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he possessed the independence and power
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of a mighty feudal baron.
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This is the story of the first 20 months
of the Nazi occupation,
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when men like Greiser tried
to turn Poland into the model Nazi state.
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The Germans invaded Poland
on 1st September, 1939.
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(GUNFIRE AND EXPLOSIONS)
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Within five weeks,
the Polish army had been crushed.
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(GERMAN MARCHING SONG)
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Hitler's popularity soared.
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To German soldiers, he was the military genius
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who let them regain
all the German territory in the East
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they had lost after World War One.
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(CHEERING)
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Germany was a world superpower
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and Hitler was the man to thank.
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Now Hitler revealed his vision for Poland -
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a fundamental re-ordering of the country
based on Nazi racial theory.
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In August 1939,
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Hitler and Stalin had agreed
to share Poland between them.
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The Nazis created three new districts
in their part of Poland.
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Hitler wanted two of them,
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the Warthegau under Arthur Greiser
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and West Prussia under Albert Forster,
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to be ethnically cleansed
and incorporated into Germany.
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And in a typically vague order,
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Hitler told Forster and Greiser
that they should Germanise their districts,
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but he would ask no questions
about their methods.
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A crucial part of Germanisation
was the grading of the population
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according to how German they were
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in terms of looks, language and attitude.
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One group could be Germanised instantly.
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They were the ethnic Germans
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who lived in the parts of Poland
which were German before World War One.
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They welcomed the German army
as their saviours.
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Charles Bleeker Kohlsaat lived with the rest
of his family on a 1500-acre estate
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in Greiser's province of the Warthegau.
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The Nazis renamed the area around
his house "Bleekersdorf" after his family.
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The Nazis believed the Germans
were racially superior to the Poles.
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Poles that were not thought German
risked deportation to another district
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or arbitrary arrest.
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Poles who could stay in the Germanised areas
were treated as slaves.
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And the Nazis encouraged
the ethnic Germans to settle old scores
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with their former neighbours.
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(GUNSHOTS)
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And in the Nazi kingdom of Poland,
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the SS could do anything it liked,
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as one German soldier witnessed.
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Some senior German army officers
were appalled at these atrocities.
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One general's complaint reached Hitler.
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The Fuhrer's military adjutant
recorded Hitler's reaction to it.
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"Hitler makes serious criticism of childish
attitudes amongst the army leadership.
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"One can't fight a war
with Salvation Army methods. "
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Hitler may have had a vision
for what he wanted in Poland,
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but he also believed men like Greiser
should run their domains as they saw fit.
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That meant they all ran them differently.
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Arthur Greiser's rival and neighbour,
Albert Forster,
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who ran Danzig/West Prussia,
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chose to conduct the ethnic cleansing
in his district in a completely different way.
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Albert Forster, though himself a committed Nazi
later found guilty of war crimes,
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did not believe rigidly in Nazi racial theory.
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His view was that if the Fuhrer wanted
this part of Poland Germanised,
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the quicker it was done, the better.
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He simply declared that whole groups
of Poles were now Germans
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without checking their ethnic origins.
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But Romuald Pilaczynski's uncle lived in Posen,
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within the area run by Arthur Greiser.
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There he and his family suffered a different fate.
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So Romuald Pilaczynski's uncle
was, according to Arthur Greiser, a Pole,
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whilst he, according to Albert Forster,
was a German.
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As a result,
he and his family weren't deported
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and he could still receive an education,
but he didn't FEEL German.
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Albert Forster believed he was acting
within the discretion given him by Hitler.
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His neighbour, the fanatical racist
Arthur Greiser, was furious.
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Greiser wrote letters of complaint
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to his mentor, Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS.
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"I avoided trying to win cheap successes
by Germanising people
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"who could not provide proof
of their German origin.
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"As I have frequently discussed with you,
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"my ethnic policies are threatened
by those pursued in Danzig/West Prussia
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"insofar as the policy attempted there
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"appears to the superficial observer
to be more successful. "
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Like Greiser, Himmler was
fanatically committed to racial theory.
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He believed it was possible scientifically
to distinguish a Germanic race.
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But Forster had been heard to joke
that if he looked like Himmler,
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he wouldn't go on
about the idea of race so much.
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When Himmler heard that Forster
was Germanising en masse,
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he wrote a letter of complaint to him,
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telling him to Germanise each Pole
only after detailed ethnic examination
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and reminding Forster...
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"You, as an old National Socialist,
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"know that just one drop of false blood
that comes into an individual's veins
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"can never be removed."
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But Albert Forster wasn't worried
by Himmler's threatening letter.
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As a Gauleiter, or district leader,
he had direct contact with Hitler
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and he believed that Hitler would let him
govern his own area as he liked.
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He was right. Hitler didn't intervene
and Forster never changed his policy.
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Greiser had another problem.
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In the autumn of 1939, hundreds
of thousands of ethnic Germans arrived
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in Nazi-occupied Poland.
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Under a deal between Hitler and Stalin,
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they were allowed to leave neighbouring
countries and come home to the Reich.
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Greiser had to find homes for many
incoming Germans in the Warthegau.
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German propaganda film shows
the incoming Germans being welcomed
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by the indigenous German population of Poland.
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The reality could be very different.
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But if the local Germans
weren't impressed with the new arrivals,
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many of the new arrivals
were equally disappointed.
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They were told
they were being resettled in Germany.
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According to the Nazis, they were,
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but that depended, of course,
on how you defined Germany.
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The new arrivals needed
somewhere permanent to live.
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In Greiser's district, that was easily solved.
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Polish families like the Jeziorkowskas
simply received a late-night visit
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from the German security forces.
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The Nazis distributed the property
they had stolen to incoming ethnic Germans.
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Each head of a family was given a key, a map,
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and told to go and find their new flat
somewhere in the city.
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Propaganda pictures show the pristine glory
of the fresh accommodation.
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For the Eigis, it wasn't like that at all.
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The incoming ethnic Germans now had
homes to live in, but they didn't have jobs.
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That difficulty too was swiftly overcome.
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Before coming to Greiser's Warthegau,
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Irma Eigi's father had run a hotel and restaurant.
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Irma Eigi's father eventually found
a restaurant that was still in Polish hands.
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He informed the local Nazis
and they stole it from the Polish owner for him.
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In the depths of the Polish countryside,
the forced evictions could be even worse.
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Whole villages could be uprooted in one action.
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One night in the summer of 1940,
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the Nazis arrived at Odrowaz, an isolated village
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in the heart of Greiser's fiefdom
of the Warthegau.
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They planned to remove every inhabitant
of the village at three in the morning.
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Franz Jagemann was an interpreter
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assigned to the German forces
carrying out the action.
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Appalled at this barbarism,
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Franz Jagemann later warned
other Polish villagers in advance of their fate,
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but he still carried on participating
as an interpreter in the evictions.
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(MOURNFUL VIOLIN MUSIC)
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In Greiser's Warthegau,
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in little over a year,
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700,000 Poles were evicted from their homes.
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Greiser deported many south-east,
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to the part of Poland
he saw as the Nazis' racial dustbin -
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the General Government run by Nazi Hans Frank.
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The Jeziorkowskas were simply thrown
off the train once it reached its destination.
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In spring, 1940, 15,000 Poles a month
were sent to the General Government.
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These massive deportations
from Greiser's district enraged Hans Frank,
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the man who ruled the General Government.
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(FAINT ITALIAN OPERA)
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The country house of this
Italian-opera-loving Nazi was outside Krakow
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in a palace seized from a Polish prince.
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(OPERA)
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Hans Frank was proud
of his long relationship with Hitler,
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a relationship characterised
by Frank's total sycophancy.
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Frank was confident
that such abasement to the Nazi cause
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could help him win the argument
over the deportations,
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but Himmler showed
he knew best how to deal with Hitler
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and timing could be everything.
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He wrote Hitler a memo emphasising
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that the General Government
should remain a racial dumping ground.
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He gave it to Hitler when the Fuhrer
was euphoric in May 1940
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after German successes against France.
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Hitler discussed the memo with Himmler.
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00:34:03,207 --> 00:34:08,008
Then Himmler wrote that Hitler found
the memo to be "sehr gut und richtig",
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"very good and correct".
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00:34:10,481 --> 00:34:15,009
In a typical example of how key decisions
could be taken in the Third Reich,
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Hitler never put his own views
about the subject down on paper.
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Himmler had won the battle.
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Armed only with a nod from Hitler,
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he told Arthur Greiser
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to carry on deporting Poles down to Hans Frank.
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00:34:36,374 --> 00:34:40,834
Hans Frank dealt with his disappointment
in his customary way.
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00:34:41,012 --> 00:34:45,381
He led his subordinates to believe
that he supported Hitler's decision
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00:34:45,550 --> 00:34:48,075
and that he hadn't been defeated at all.
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Himmler's victory ensured that Poland
was still the scene of gigantic upheaval
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and even the ethnic Germans
did not escape cruel treatment.
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00:35:05,436 --> 00:35:10,897
Ethnic German farmers in a resettlement camp
refused to be relocated
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because they were homesick.
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00:35:14,278 --> 00:35:17,805
Dr Fritz Arlt helped deal with the problem.
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00:35:18,616 --> 00:35:21,084
In our interview with him,
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00:35:21,252 --> 00:35:25,780
Dr Arlt emphasised that he tried
to help the occupied population.
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00:35:27,258 --> 00:35:30,785
But this letter about these ethnic German farmers
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00:35:30,962 --> 00:35:33,931
shows a very different side to his character.
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It bears the dictation mark "Dr A" for Dr Arlt.
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00:35:39,837 --> 00:35:42,203
We reminded him of its existence.
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The letter calls for the ringleaders
of the ethnic German farmers
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to be sent to a Nazi concentration camp.
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00:36:52,677 --> 00:36:55,646
Dr Arlt joined the Nazi Party in 1932.
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00:36:56,681 --> 00:36:59,172
Is he now ashamed he did?
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00:37:22,473 --> 00:37:27,433
But another group suffered most
at the hands of the Nazis in Poland -
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the three million Polish Jews.
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00:37:32,183 --> 00:37:35,482
Early on in the German occupation of Poland,
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the Nazis gathered together Polish Jews
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and then transported them
into ghettos within the major towns.
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00:37:56,440 --> 00:38:01,241
The Nazis had not yet decided
what the final fate of the Jews would be.
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00:38:12,290 --> 00:38:16,249
The biggest ghetto
in Arthur Greiser's district was in Lodz.
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00:38:16,427 --> 00:38:18,725
Here in the spring of 1940,
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00:38:19,063 --> 00:38:22,863
160,000 Polish Jews were ordered
to congregate in a ghetto area
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00:38:22,933 --> 00:38:25,458
of less than two square miles.
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00:39:28,799 --> 00:39:32,758
Within weeks of the ghetto
being opened, the Nazis sealed it,
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00:39:32,937 --> 00:39:36,065
imprisoning the Jews behind barbed wire.
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00:39:36,440 --> 00:39:41,400
In order to escape starvation, the Jews
had to buy food at inflated prices,
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00:39:41,579 --> 00:39:46,812
either from the Nazis or unofficially
from locals who lived outside the wire.
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00:40:17,014 --> 00:40:20,973
Eugen Zielke was
an ethnic German living in Lodz.
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00:40:21,152 --> 00:40:25,680
His family owned a food shop
and some of his relatives were involved
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00:40:25,856 --> 00:40:28,222
in extorting money from the Jews,
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a crime from which he benefited as well.
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00:41:48,672 --> 00:41:52,039
The Jews, trapped behind the barbed wire,
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began by using their money to buy food.
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00:41:54,945 --> 00:41:59,507
When that ran out, they sold jewellery,
ornaments, even their clothes.
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00:41:59,683 --> 00:42:03,983
When they had nothing left
they could sell, they began to starve.
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00:42:45,229 --> 00:42:49,063
This was the office of the ambitious Nazi
who ran the Lodz ghetto,
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a former coffee importer from Bremen
called Hans Biebow.
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00:42:55,806 --> 00:43:00,175
He quickly discovered that in the ghetto
he could do anything he liked,
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00:43:00,344 --> 00:43:02,869
even attempt rape and murder.
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00:44:01,238 --> 00:44:06,835
Biebow began to do well for himself
as a result of extorting money from the Jews.
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00:44:08,979 --> 00:44:12,005
But as spring turned to summer in 1940,
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00:44:12,182 --> 00:44:14,742
the death rate in the ghetto began to rise,
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00:44:14,918 --> 00:44:19,321
the victims buried here in the Jewish
cemetery within the Lodz ghetto.
237
00:44:23,727 --> 00:44:27,788
A debate raged among the local Nazis
as to what they should do.
238
00:44:28,399 --> 00:44:32,927
Biebow's deputy said the Germans
should let all the Jews die.
239
00:44:34,004 --> 00:44:37,405
But Biebow knew that if all the Jews did die,
240
00:44:37,741 --> 00:44:39,971
then he couldn't exploit them any more,
241
00:44:40,144 --> 00:44:43,011
so he came up with the solution which prevailed.
242
00:44:49,720 --> 00:44:52,086
The Jews became slave workers,
243
00:44:52,256 --> 00:44:55,851
making goods
which could be exchanged for more food.
244
00:45:01,765 --> 00:45:04,131
Biebow made even more money,
245
00:45:04,301 --> 00:45:08,101
but he realised that he had
to share the profits around,
246
00:45:08,272 --> 00:45:10,934
particularly with his boss, Arthur Greiser.
247
00:45:46,376 --> 00:45:50,073
At the end of this road
constructed by slave labour,
248
00:45:50,247 --> 00:45:52,545
Arthur Greiser sat in luxury
249
00:45:52,883 --> 00:45:56,842
in a palace also built
on the suffering of the Poles.
250
00:45:59,123 --> 00:46:02,183
(TRIUMPHANT GERMAN SONG)
251
00:46:14,805 --> 00:46:18,002
Far from being a victim of Hitler's policies,
252
00:46:18,175 --> 00:46:20,575
Greiser was their greatest beneficiary.
253
00:46:22,212 --> 00:46:24,578
Far from acting under orders,
254
00:46:24,915 --> 00:46:29,284
he had interpreted the vague instructions
he had been given from Hitler
255
00:46:29,453 --> 00:46:32,980
in a way that brought greatest profit to himself.
256
00:46:33,157 --> 00:46:37,389
Far from being a scapegoat,
he chose to be a thief and a murderer.
257
00:47:06,089 --> 00:47:09,889
In the first 20 months
of their occupation of Poland,
258
00:47:10,060 --> 00:47:15,020
the Nazis showed they were amongst
the cruellest conquerors the world has seen,
259
00:47:15,199 --> 00:47:17,565
but even worse was to come.