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The River Thames, January 1806.

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All of London has turned out

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to witness the most elaborate
funeral procession in living memory.

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A broken body is being escorted home

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with the pomp and ceremony
usually reserved for royalty.

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The man who three months ago, gave
his life in his hour of triumph

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at The Battle of Trafalgar

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is laid to rest with a state funeral
at St Paul's Cathedral

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and in this moment,
Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson

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becomes a cult figure, representing,
for many, victory and glory.

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Nelson's funeral is
about Navy and nation

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and then about Nelson.

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Nelson, the man,
is completely overshadowed.

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The closest thing to
Nelson's funeral that most of us

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are going to remember is
the funeral of Princess Diana.

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And it had that same
kind of mass emotion,

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people dropping to their knees
when they saw the cortege pass by.

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Nelson's funeral is
a funeral fit for a king,

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fit for more than a king.

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And yet inside is this small,

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frail, in some ways flawed man.

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Who'd been born as the son of
a very minor Norfolk parson,

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who people, when they met him,

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often didn't find that
personally impressive.

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It doesn't really make any sense

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unless you understand
just how fascinating

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and how wonderfully complex the man
is who is inside that coffin.

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Entombed within
the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral,

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the real Horatio Nelson
remains hidden from view.

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Until now.

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The big thing about Nelson is
he was a rule-breaker,

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both in his naval career

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and in his personal life.

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This is the story of Nelson's great
victories and dark secrets.

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Whether this letter was actually
written by Nelson, we don't know.

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None of these detract, however,
from Nelson's probable sentiments

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and support for
the institutions of enslavement.

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The funeral was a kind of
celebration of one side of Nelson,

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the Nelson who wound up
on top of the column,

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but there's an awful lot that
was left down at ground level,

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that the funeral didn't say.

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In the two centuries
since his death,

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Admiral Lord Nelson has been
idolised as the saviour of the seas.

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Nelson has become
essentially a national figure.

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He is, for all intents and purposes,
a pop star admiral.

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In the Nelson legend, he's depicted
as a symbol of military genius,

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of machismo and romance.

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Why do we always meet
just to say goodbye?

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They just lit each other up,
like touch papers, it exploded.

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Even before the Victory
that killed him,

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he was one of the most
famous men in Britain.

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The establishment
wanted to make Nelson

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this figure of England's power,

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empire and glory.

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But underlying his status is

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new controversy over the Britain
he fought and died for.

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It's very striking that

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until now, he really has
been pretty untouched.

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Nelson, of course, was long dead
and couldn't defend himself

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as to whether he had or had not
intended to say those things.

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Who was the self-made man

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mythologised as
one of Britain's greatest heroes?

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The real story is
much more revealing.

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What you've got in the myth
is a form of truth,

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but this truth has,
of course, been embellished.

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Biographies as early as 1806
cast him in this golden light

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as a man who never put a foot wrong

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and was destined for greatness
almost from the moment of birth.

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Anything that casts even the
slightest shadow on his reputation

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is swiftly written out.

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It wasn't only Nelson's biographers

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who were keen to smooth over
less-than-appealing characteristics.

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When it came to looks, he was very
aware of 18th-century sensibilities.

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Nelson was the most unlikely
hero in appearance.

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And he was very, very clever

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in getting himself painted with what

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we might see as the contemporary
version of an Instagram filter.

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In the earliest known portrait
of Nelson, by Rigaud,

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you've got him as a very young,
newly promoted captain.

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He's rather a fresh-faced youth,
he's only in his early 20s,

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standing proud as an officer,

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but Nelson is not some
six-feet-two brute of an individual.

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He was very thin and he had
this shock of bright red hair.

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Some of it was going grey,
some of it was missing.

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We would find his face terribly
good-looking because it's really

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very chiselled, but for the time he
was not the kind of man you wanted.

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He wasn't a romantic hero
in the slightest.

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He didn't look an awful lot
like some of his portraits.

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Horatio Nelson was born
in the autumn of 1758

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in Burnham Thorpe, a small village
in the North Norfolk marshes,

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a few miles inland from the coast.

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The sixth of 11 children,
the son of Catherine Suckling

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and country parson
Reverend Edmund Nelson,

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his was a landless family,
and this put him at a disadvantage.

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Nelson was not an aristocrat.
He's from the middle classes.

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And that makes him
equally unsought after.

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He's seen as this Norfolk man
with a thick Norfolk accent.

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He can't dance.
He can't play music.

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He was often seen,
really, as a bit of a joke.

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He saw himself repeatedly
being excluded because

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he wasn't from the right class.

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Appearance and class weren't
the only factors that made Nelson

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an unlikely hero-to-be.

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He suffered a devastating loss
when he was just nine years old,

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that threatened to derail him.

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A modern psychologist would probably
say that Nelson's insecurity

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started in childhood with
the very early death of his mother.

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Even as a young boy, you can see

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that Nelson craved affection.
He craved approval.

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Throughout his life,
that was the case.

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He wanted to be appreciated.

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Life in Norfolk and his early years

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was something he wanted to leave
behind him almost straightaway.

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The turning point for a man
not obviously destined for success

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came through the patronage of his
uncle, Captain Maurice Suckling.

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On New Year's Day 1771,

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the 12-year-old Nelson enrolled
for a naval career

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which began aboard
his uncle's ship, HMS Raisonnable.

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But it wasn't only nepotism
and Nelson's single-minded nature

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that sparked an extraordinary rise
through the ranks.

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Nelson has ability on his side.

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He's a skilled officer
who's able to take advantage

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of what's afforded him.

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So it's this combination of factors
that gives Nelson's career

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a sort of firework trajectory.

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He wasn't born into the sort of
social class that bred admirals.

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So he had to fight
for his position in life.

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He was tenacious.

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He had his eyes
on victory, literally.

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If you want to be, as it were,
a man on the up, then a naval career

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provides a useful route to that.

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The prize money that was awarded
for the capture of enemy ships

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could quickly lead to a fortune.

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CANNONFIRE

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And of course,
promotion through naval rank

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allowed additional
social status to be gained.

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Everything about Nelson -
his personality, his strengths,

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his character -
is ideal for the Navy.

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He's also fortunate to be an officer
in a time of war when there's

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a good deal of action going on

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and the opportunity for promotion.

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The simple fact is that officers
get killed or become injured

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and therefore new positions open up.

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Nelson's opportunity
for further advancement,

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and notoriety,

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came on 14th February 1797.

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In the Atlantic,
off the coast of Cadiz,

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the British fleet aimed to
prevent Spanish ships

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from joining their French allies.

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The British had an advantage -

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the Spanish fleet
had been split in two.

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Commodore Nelson was following the
orders of his boss, Admiral Jervis,

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and the action that unfolded
would define Nelson's character.

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A classic example of Nelson

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leading from the front is the battle
of Cape St Vincent in 1797.

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The British admiral takes his fleet

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through this division
in the Spanish fleet,

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an incredibly difficult thing to do.

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And as soon as he's done so,

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everything starts
to slightly unravel.

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This is where Nelson steps up

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because he realises that a manoeuvre
needs to happen to make sure that

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the Spanish don't double back and
then turn the tables on the British.

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He brings his ship
alongside a Spanish ship.

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His ship's been quite damaged,
so he takes immediate action,

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and what he does is
he boards the Spanish ship

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and he leads part of his crew onto
the Spanish ship and secures it.

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And then from that Spanish ship,
he goes onto another Spanish ship.

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He manages to capture
two - two - Spanish ships.

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The key thing is he leads
that boarding party in person.

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It's the first time that
a flag officer has done that

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for over 400 years.

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It was not normal behaviour at all,

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but there he is, this slight, this
frail man, madly waving his sword,

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leading his men onto
the decks of a Spanish ship.

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Nothing would stop him.

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And it was a unique
occurrence in naval history.

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Despite disobeying orders, Nelson's
decisive action and his extreme

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bravery in securing a British
victory was rewarded back home.

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At a prestigious ceremony,

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King George III made Nelson
a Knight of the Bath,

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the first of many accolades
that Nelson proudly displayed.

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This honour coincided
with his promotion to Rear Admiral.

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But a naval life was precarious

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and three days in July 1797

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could have sunk
Nelson's high-flying career.

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The young commodore was on a mission

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to bring some much-needed
revenue into England.

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He's sent on a mission to Santa Cruz
de Tenerife in the Canary Islands

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to capture a Spanish galleon
loaded with silver dollars.

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So a very high-profile mission,
he's given the job

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and it all goes badly wrong.

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At the battle of Santa Cruz,
Nelson is leading from the front,

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he is in a small boat assault.

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He's just leaping onto the beach
to start another attack...

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..when a musket ball
hits him in the elbow.

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It shatters his elbow.

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He is then taken back
to his flagship

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and the sergeant operates
immediately, removing the limb.

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The ship's surgeon
saws off Nelson's arm

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and Nelson just has to bear it.

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On a ship in the middle of battle,

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the odds that any procedure
would save a life were slim.

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The ligature that's used to
secure the wound actually

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captures one of Nelson's nerves.

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There's no anaesthetic in those
days. The best you're going to get

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is maybe a bit of whiskey
or something to bite on.

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You just have to deal with it.

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There is a real danger of
infection, gangrene and death.

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When Nelson loses his arm, it's
a major physical shock obviously

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but also a huge emotional setback.

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He's got to essentially
recalibrate his naval career.

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Can he come back?

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Nelson said after the battle
of Santa Cruz de Tenerife

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that he was in the most horrible
hell that he had ever endured.

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He is in essentially
agonising pain for weeks,

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and has to take laudanum, a form
of opium, to help ease the pain.

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These were extremely
dark days for Nelson.

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He'd lost his right arm.

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He lost vast numbers of men,
which he really felt.

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And he'd lost the battle.

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Nelson was suffering from
depression - deep, dark depression.

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Post-traumatic stress,
we may well call it today.

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And he knows that failed admirals
don't get another go.

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He's had his shot and he's blown it.

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At the age of 38, a battered Nelson
feared his career was over.

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He'd already permanently lost
the sight in his right eye

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in combat three years earlier.

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So just how did
this broken body and mind

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become the Navy's most revered
and successful admiral,

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celebrated as
Britannia's God of War?

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His body is really the greatest
showcase of his own sacrifice,

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and that way in which Nelson manages
to turn his great weakness

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into his great power, I think,
is the epitome of his character.

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It might be surprising that
Nelson made it as far as he did,

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but that would be to ignore entirely
the power of his personality.

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His greatest victories
lie ahead him.

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So despite the failure at Santa Cruz
and the loss of an arm,

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his heyday is still ahead.

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In the summer of 1797,

241
00:17:38,620 --> 00:17:41,260
after his defeat by the Spanish,

242
00:17:41,260 --> 00:17:44,780
a battle-weary and beleaguered
figure retreated to England.

243
00:17:47,260 --> 00:17:48,980
Depressed and insecure,

244
00:17:48,980 --> 00:17:53,180
Rear Admiral Nelson feared
his career was in ruins.

245
00:17:53,180 --> 00:17:54,700
RUMBLING

246
00:17:58,060 --> 00:18:01,540
The extent of
Nelson's mental anguish is revealed

247
00:18:01,540 --> 00:18:04,940
in the very first letter
he wrote with his left hand,

248
00:18:04,940 --> 00:18:06,660
to his boss, Admiral Jervis.

249
00:18:09,740 --> 00:18:13,300
Nelson wrote that he would be
a "burden to his friends"

250
00:18:13,300 --> 00:18:15,860
and "useless to his country".

251
00:18:15,860 --> 00:18:18,220
He said, "When I leave your command

252
00:18:18,220 --> 00:18:20,380
"I become dead to the world,

253
00:18:20,380 --> 00:18:23,300
"I go hence and I am no more seen".

254
00:18:26,260 --> 00:18:30,580
But a clue to the strength of
Nelson's character and his ambition

255
00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:34,020
lies in the way
he concluded this letter.

256
00:18:34,020 --> 00:18:36,260
It's fascinating - at the bottom

257
00:18:36,260 --> 00:18:39,820
he says, "Forgive my scrawl,
it is my first attempt."

258
00:18:39,820 --> 00:18:41,620
But if you read the letter,

259
00:18:41,620 --> 00:18:44,900
it's very clear that
it's actually not much of a scrawl.

260
00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:46,820
It's seriously impressive.

261
00:18:47,980 --> 00:18:51,940
It's quite self-deprecating,
I think, but at the same time,

262
00:18:51,940 --> 00:18:53,620
he's bigging himself up.

263
00:18:54,660 --> 00:18:58,620
He knows it's going to be read
by some very important people.

264
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,900
The words say, "I'm dead,
I won't be able to serve any more"

265
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:10,260
but he's also saying,
"Wait a minute, I'm still here.

266
00:19:10,260 --> 00:19:12,700
"Don't you forget about me.
I've got more to do."

267
00:19:17,020 --> 00:19:21,340
Nelson, I think, created
a new version of the hero.

268
00:19:21,340 --> 00:19:22,780
It was the suffering hero.

269
00:19:24,980 --> 00:19:27,500
That's why Nelson talks about
his suffering body.

270
00:19:27,500 --> 00:19:31,660
He's saying, "Guys, I did this
for you. I sacrificed this for you."

271
00:19:39,220 --> 00:19:43,020
Nelson had been nursed back
to health by his wife, Frances,

272
00:19:43,020 --> 00:19:45,660
who he'd married ten years earlier.

273
00:19:50,220 --> 00:19:53,260
Despite the defeat
at Santa Cruz de Tenerife,

274
00:19:53,260 --> 00:19:56,580
he was now determined to return to
where he felt most at home...

275
00:19:57,860 --> 00:19:59,180
..the sea.

276
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:06,060
Nelson had this implicit belief
in his abilities as a commander.

277
00:20:06,060 --> 00:20:10,340
He believed he was the right person
for the right job at the right time.

278
00:20:10,340 --> 00:20:13,700
As far as he was concerned,
he had a job and he needed to do it.

279
00:20:15,700 --> 00:20:22,060
I'm the great, great, great, great
grandson of Horatio, Lord Nelson.

280
00:20:22,060 --> 00:20:27,220
I suppose technically,
I'm probably 1/64 pure Nelson.

281
00:20:27,220 --> 00:20:30,140
But I'd like to think I got
some of his behaviours, really.

282
00:20:32,940 --> 00:20:37,540
Nelson's self-belief was
bolstered by the support of his men.

283
00:20:37,540 --> 00:20:39,820
Through more than 25 years at sea,

284
00:20:39,820 --> 00:20:43,540
he had earned a reputation
as a stand-out naval officer.

285
00:20:46,380 --> 00:20:48,700
What we do know about Nelson

286
00:20:48,700 --> 00:20:51,500
is that he treated
his sailors very well.

287
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:52,860
He was a good boss.

288
00:20:52,860 --> 00:20:54,500
It was very important to him.

289
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:59,660
Nelson was really aware
of the humanity of his sailors.

290
00:20:59,660 --> 00:21:01,060
There was a feeling, certainly,

291
00:21:01,060 --> 00:21:03,700
that you had to treat your men
very badly for them to respect you.

292
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:05,060
WHIP CRACKS

293
00:21:05,060 --> 00:21:07,620
And that wasn't the way
that Nelson saw it.

294
00:21:07,620 --> 00:21:10,780
Many officers choose
to serve with Nelson.

295
00:21:10,780 --> 00:21:13,820
They like him as
a fleet commander and a leader.

296
00:21:15,140 --> 00:21:19,420
Nelson has almost a sort of
joshing tone with some of them.

297
00:21:19,420 --> 00:21:23,540
When he sees, for example, Captain
Edward Berry come into the battle,

298
00:21:23,540 --> 00:21:28,500
he announces,
"Ah, here's that damned fool Berry.
Now we'll have a battle,"

299
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:30,980
you know, so he's aware of the fact

300
00:21:30,980 --> 00:21:34,500
that Berry is going to
take the fight to the enemy.

301
00:21:39,140 --> 00:21:43,100
The most notable thing about combat
at the time is the uncertainty

302
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:44,500
and the complete chaos.

303
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:47,940
When two huge ships,
the most enormous things -

304
00:21:47,940 --> 00:21:50,220
they've been compared
to medieval cathedrals -

305
00:21:50,220 --> 00:21:53,140
these things came alongside
each other and fought,

306
00:21:53,140 --> 00:21:55,860
no-one knew
what was going to happen.

307
00:21:55,860 --> 00:21:57,980
Some might survive, some might die.

308
00:21:59,660 --> 00:22:01,580
He was ridiculously brave.

309
00:22:01,580 --> 00:22:04,420
When you know it hurts,
and going straight back there,

310
00:22:04,420 --> 00:22:06,260
that's, that's just brave.

311
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:14,460
You have to demonstrate your ability
to go into the thick of the fight

312
00:22:14,460 --> 00:22:17,380
if you were to command
the respect of your men.

313
00:22:23,060 --> 00:22:28,260
Nelson was one of about 100,000
personnel serving king and country

314
00:22:28,260 --> 00:22:30,020
in the Royal Navy,

315
00:22:30,020 --> 00:22:33,140
the largest employer
in late 18th-century Britain.

316
00:22:34,980 --> 00:22:40,620
Of course, he was operating
in a multicultural Royal Navy.

317
00:22:40,620 --> 00:22:44,220
We knew that there are sailors
from many different countries

318
00:22:44,220 --> 00:22:48,780
in the Royal Navy of the time,
and of many different races.

319
00:22:48,780 --> 00:22:54,500
It would be very common to see on
any vessel people from South Asia,

320
00:22:54,500 --> 00:22:56,940
African men from the Caribbean,

321
00:22:56,940 --> 00:23:01,180
from Africa itself, North America,
people from the Philippines.

322
00:23:01,180 --> 00:23:03,100
It was a very multiethnic crew.

323
00:23:05,060 --> 00:23:07,780
Some of these crew members
serving with Nelson

324
00:23:07,780 --> 00:23:10,220
were former enslaved
people from America.

325
00:23:11,820 --> 00:23:14,540
An irony considering
what kind of Britain

326
00:23:14,540 --> 00:23:17,220
Nelson was fighting to protect.

327
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:24,500
The Royal Navy is essentially
Britain's front line of defence.

328
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:27,700
It's also the force
that's protecting Britain's

329
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:30,980
trading interests around the globe.

330
00:23:30,980 --> 00:23:34,860
Horatio Nelson enters a Navy,

331
00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:37,940
one of whose primary roles
is safeguarding British trade

332
00:23:37,940 --> 00:23:40,500
across the Atlantic.

333
00:23:41,620 --> 00:23:46,580
This stupendously lucrative
trade in human lives

334
00:23:46,580 --> 00:23:51,020
from West Africa to the Caribbean

335
00:23:51,020 --> 00:23:53,660
and the products derived
from the plantation economies

336
00:23:53,660 --> 00:23:56,140
of the British West Indies.

337
00:23:56,140 --> 00:23:58,260
Sugar, indigo, tobacco.

338
00:23:59,860 --> 00:24:02,380
It's also bringing in cotton cloth.

339
00:24:02,380 --> 00:24:05,300
A whole host of things that
the emerging British industry

340
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:09,460
and the consumer society at
the time absolutely rely upon.

341
00:24:10,820 --> 00:24:12,980
If Britain doesn't command the sea,

342
00:24:12,980 --> 00:24:15,860
it will lose the ability to trade,

343
00:24:15,860 --> 00:24:18,380
and Britain depends
on imported food,

344
00:24:18,380 --> 00:24:21,220
even in the 1790s,
so it will starve.

345
00:24:22,460 --> 00:24:25,940
It was a set of economic
relationships,

346
00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,260
which had to be maintained
at all costs.

347
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:37,060
Despite this, the slave
trade was now under threat.

348
00:24:37,060 --> 00:24:39,380
As a senior naval commander,

349
00:24:39,380 --> 00:24:42,220
Nelson was unlikely to
challenge the status quo,

350
00:24:42,220 --> 00:24:45,540
or the trafficking human
lives which underpinned

351
00:24:45,540 --> 00:24:47,780
Britain's colonial economy.

352
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:58,740
We know that plantation owners were
within Nelson's circle of friends.

353
00:24:58,740 --> 00:25:02,740
Of course, also within Nelson's
cirlcle of friends are people

354
00:25:02,740 --> 00:25:06,820
who are in favour of the
abolition of the trade as well.

355
00:25:06,820 --> 00:25:11,980
So, Nelson's views on the matter
are by no means clear cut.

356
00:25:14,060 --> 00:25:16,260
Keeping his own counsel,

357
00:25:16,260 --> 00:25:20,620
Nelson's stated mission was
to defend Britain at all costs.

358
00:25:25,860 --> 00:25:29,020
And with that, to secure
his reputation.

359
00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:34,140
Later, he famously wrote,

360
00:25:34,140 --> 00:25:37,100
"I'm envious only of glory,

361
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:38,780
"for if it be a sin to covet glory,

362
00:25:38,780 --> 00:25:40,580
"I am the most offending
soul alive."

363
00:25:42,980 --> 00:25:46,700
Nelson is not deluded about
his own level of ambition.

364
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:50,780
He said it, "I am more obsessed
with glory than anyone else."

365
00:25:50,780 --> 00:25:53,300
What particularly matters
to Nelson is that

366
00:25:53,300 --> 00:25:56,180
he wants to reach this
level of achievement,

367
00:25:56,180 --> 00:25:57,860
if only he will be allowed to do so.

368
00:25:59,300 --> 00:26:03,020
He wants everyone to
praise and appreciate him.

369
00:26:03,020 --> 00:26:07,380
He is not going to be happy until
he gets the applause of the world.

370
00:26:09,420 --> 00:26:12,860
In 1798, the opportunity
to prove himself

371
00:26:12,860 --> 00:26:17,100
and receive the glory
he craved soon presented itself.

372
00:26:19,420 --> 00:26:22,700
Nelson would face Britain's
most challenging enemy.

373
00:26:24,020 --> 00:26:28,180
Napoleon Bonaparte, an opponent
he was determined to annihilate.

374
00:26:30,260 --> 00:26:34,860
Overnight, he's transformed into the
country's biggest romantic hero,

375
00:26:34,860 --> 00:26:39,860
and that's due to a battle, but
it's not the battle we all remember.

376
00:26:41,540 --> 00:26:43,700
It's not Trafalgar.

377
00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:45,260
It's the Nile.

378
00:26:55,200 --> 00:26:58,080
Horatio Nelson was all too
aware that,

379
00:26:58,080 --> 00:27:01,280
in a competitive world at sea,
the fortunes of a naval officer

380
00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:04,640
could quickly change.

381
00:27:04,640 --> 00:27:08,400
He had tasted success when he had
audaciously captured

382
00:27:08,400 --> 00:27:12,800
two ships at once, in 1797, at
the Battle of Saint Vincent.

383
00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:18,080
But he had also, just five
months later in the same year,

384
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:23,280
suffered a humiliating defeat
and a life-changing injury.

385
00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:27,600
Nelson's commitment to his
pursuit of Glory was total.

386
00:27:29,280 --> 00:27:32,120
The thing to realise about
Nelson is that doing it,

387
00:27:32,120 --> 00:27:35,000
however remarkable that might
have been, was never enough.

388
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:37,800
He needed people to read about it.

389
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:47,640
Nelson, I think, was incredibly
aware of that very modern lesson -

390
00:27:47,640 --> 00:27:50,440
it's not enough just to be a genius.

391
00:27:50,440 --> 00:27:54,160
You've got to tell the
world that you're a genius.

392
00:27:54,160 --> 00:27:59,800
Sometimes this irritated his
superiors who wanted, as it were,

393
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:04,480
the official line to come through,

394
00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:07,720
but Nelson, up and coming,

395
00:28:07,720 --> 00:28:12,320
a "pop star" Naval officer wants
to get his version out there.

396
00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:20,600
In March 1797,
a full account of Nelson's courage

397
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,720
at the Battle of St Vincent
appeared in a British newspaper.

398
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:27,000
It read,

399
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:31,000
"My pendant was flying on the most
glorious Valentine's Day."

400
00:28:32,280 --> 00:28:35,480
It continued, "I found
the cabin doors fastened

401
00:28:35,480 --> 00:28:39,760
"and the Spanish officers
fired their pistols at us."

402
00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:41,960
He was extremely concerned

403
00:28:41,960 --> 00:28:44,880
that the glory and courage,
and bravery, really was told

404
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,880
as well as possible
to the British public.

405
00:28:47,880 --> 00:28:50,320
And he did that by
writing it himself.

406
00:28:51,360 --> 00:28:52,880
Nelson wrote,

407
00:28:52,880 --> 00:28:56,160
"I was on the quarter deck
when the Spanish captain,

408
00:28:56,160 --> 00:28:58,400
"with a bended knee,
presented me his sword."

409
00:28:59,800 --> 00:29:04,240
He was perhaps the greatest
spin master we've ever seen.

410
00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:05,520
The self-promoter.

411
00:29:05,520 --> 00:29:09,760
He didn't need a PR company
or an advertising agency.

412
00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:12,320
He was permanently
engaged with the public.

413
00:29:12,320 --> 00:29:15,440
He'd have been
wonderful on Twitter.

414
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:23,400
He modestly titled his account A
Few Remarks Relative To Myself.

415
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:29,280
It's so full of ego and a
desire to talk about himself,

416
00:29:29,280 --> 00:29:33,840
and it certainly is not
a few remarks.

417
00:29:33,840 --> 00:29:36,560
He writes, and he doesn't
stop writing, about himself

418
00:29:36,560 --> 00:29:38,680
and about what he has achieved.

419
00:29:43,760 --> 00:29:46,720
To really capture public attention,

420
00:29:46,720 --> 00:29:49,200
the great self-publicist
needed a nemesis.

421
00:29:50,960 --> 00:29:56,040
And for Nelson,
his was Napoleon Bonaparte.

422
00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:59,120
The French have a new
superstar of their own.

423
00:29:59,120 --> 00:30:03,400
Nelson is obsessed with Napoleon
and with winning against him.

424
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:06,400
It doesn't go vice versa. Napoleon
is not obsessed with Nelson.

425
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:10,440
These two men stand for such
completely different things.

426
00:30:10,440 --> 00:30:15,160
Nelson is about the preservation
and stability of the existing order

427
00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:17,760
and Napoleon is about
the violent overthrow

428
00:30:17,760 --> 00:30:19,920
and destruction of everything.

429
00:30:20,920 --> 00:30:25,160
During the French Revolutionary
wars of the late 1790s,

430
00:30:25,160 --> 00:30:28,920
Napoleon threatened to destroy
Britain's trade routes,

431
00:30:28,920 --> 00:30:33,160
its wealth and its plans
to expand its empire.

432
00:30:33,160 --> 00:30:36,800
The Royal Navy seems
perpetually to be able to frustrate,

433
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:41,040
the activities of the French Navy.

434
00:30:41,040 --> 00:30:45,080
So, in that respect, Nelson is
an annoying bit of oak

435
00:30:45,080 --> 00:30:47,760
that's jabbed into the Emperor's
side

436
00:30:47,760 --> 00:30:49,320
and he can't quite get rid of it.

437
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:57,960
By the summer of 1798,

438
00:30:57,960 --> 00:31:02,200
Nelson suspected that the French
were clearly planning to make

439
00:31:02,200 --> 00:31:04,960
a significant move
in the Mediterranean.

440
00:31:08,160 --> 00:31:12,520
Napoleon wanted to expand
his empire by invading Egypt,

441
00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:14,880
establishing it as a French colony

442
00:31:14,880 --> 00:31:18,120
and a base from which to
threaten British control of India.

443
00:31:20,320 --> 00:31:23,040
They give Napoleon
an enormous fleet.

444
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,640
This is an entire city on the move.

445
00:31:30,640 --> 00:31:35,360
And because of that, they're going
to be easy to catch and destroy,

446
00:31:35,360 --> 00:31:37,040
IF they can find them.

447
00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:40,440
So there's a key moment here
where Napoleon,

448
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:44,000
and his crazy schemes,
can actually be stopped.

449
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:52,920
The opportunity for
Nelson to really prove himself

450
00:31:52,920 --> 00:31:56,680
as the master of his
craft had arrived.

451
00:31:56,680 --> 00:32:00,560
He was selected, arguably
against more qualified men,

452
00:32:00,560 --> 00:32:02,960
to hunt the French and thwart them.

453
00:32:04,560 --> 00:32:08,080
All of his experience
so far was building to this battle.

454
00:32:09,480 --> 00:32:11,720
The Nile is the moment

455
00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:14,120
when Nelson demonstrates all aspects

456
00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:15,920
of his genius at their height.

457
00:32:15,920 --> 00:32:18,320
Just before the Battle of the Nile,

458
00:32:18,320 --> 00:32:21,600
he says, "Before this time tomorrow,
I shall have gained a peerage

459
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:23,000
"or Westminster Abbey."

460
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,240
He knew very well that there was a
good chance he was going to die,

461
00:32:26,240 --> 00:32:29,560
but equally he knew very well
there was a good chance

462
00:32:29,560 --> 00:32:32,800
he was going to become one of the
most famous people in the country.

463
00:32:41,120 --> 00:32:46,600
Nelson prepares for a battle in
a very particular and careful way.

464
00:32:49,880 --> 00:32:52,440
He's briefed and coached
his captains to the point

465
00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:54,600
where they know exactly
what they have to do.

466
00:32:55,960 --> 00:33:00,240
Each commander has been empowered
to take the fight to the enemy.

467
00:33:02,360 --> 00:33:06,120
Nelson calls the men he sails
with, in the Mediterranean in 1798,

468
00:33:06,120 --> 00:33:07,280
a "band of brothers" -

469
00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:12,440
it's a phrase he's actually taken
from Shakespeare.

470
00:33:13,680 --> 00:33:15,880
They were the most potent
naval squadron

471
00:33:15,880 --> 00:33:19,880
that I think the Royal Navy
had ever put together,

472
00:33:19,880 --> 00:33:24,080
and they'd be put together and sent
to the Mediterranean with one job.

473
00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,080
And that was to catch Napoleon.

474
00:33:32,280 --> 00:33:35,440
The French Navy had landed
an army in Egypt to secure

475
00:33:35,440 --> 00:33:38,800
new territory but Napoleon hadn't
reckoned on Nelson discovering

476
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:42,360
the French fleet in Aboukir Bay,

477
00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:46,120
near the mouth of the
Nile at anchor.

478
00:33:46,120 --> 00:33:50,360
Usually being anchored like that
is a very strong position,

479
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:52,960
but the French
haven't done it right.

480
00:33:52,960 --> 00:33:55,960
They've not attached their ships
to each other with chains -

481
00:33:55,960 --> 00:33:57,480
which is normally done.

482
00:33:57,480 --> 00:34:02,600
They're swinging on a single anchor,
and that means, with the ships

483
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:05,000
in line here, there is enough water
on the landward side,

484
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,200
for a ships to go.

485
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:08,760
And the British realise that,

486
00:34:08,760 --> 00:34:12,520
particularly captain Foley of the
Goliath.

487
00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:15,760
He realises he can take
his ship between the land

488
00:34:15,760 --> 00:34:18,840
and the French battle fleet,

489
00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:21,000
and if he could take one ship
through

490
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:22,680
then others could follow him.

491
00:34:22,680 --> 00:34:24,680
Nelson takes the key decision,

492
00:34:24,680 --> 00:34:28,360
which is to start the attack on the
outboard side of the French ships,

493
00:34:28,360 --> 00:34:32,320
to double up on them. If you can
get a ship on both sides of an

494
00:34:32,320 --> 00:34:35,360
enemy vessel, you reduce the combat
time, which is really important.

495
00:34:35,360 --> 00:34:37,520
You've got to get this battle done.

496
00:34:37,520 --> 00:34:39,280
So, before they know it,

497
00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:41,560
the French are being attacked
on both sides...

498
00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:47,800
..and there is an
incredibly intense battle

499
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:49,920
and it last for hours,
and it's night-time.

500
00:34:51,960 --> 00:34:54,000
Within each battle,

501
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:58,240
there is often a moment that
actually defines the engagement

502
00:34:58,240 --> 00:35:02,200
and, at the battle of the Nile,
that movement is the destruction

503
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:06,560
of the French flagship, the
l'Orient.

504
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,840
It is hit and the powder magazine
ignites,

505
00:35:14,840 --> 00:35:17,320
and essentially the entire
ship blows up.

506
00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:24,640
The battle stops.

507
00:35:24,640 --> 00:35:29,200
Everyone literally looks round to
see what has become of the l'Orient.

508
00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:37,120
The moments of l'Orient's explosion
is
captured

509
00:35:37,120 --> 00:35:40,320
in one of the most
evocative paintings

510
00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:44,640
from this entire age of sail - a
huge ball of burning orange fire

511
00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:47,000
with bits of rigging flying off,

512
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:50,320
up into the sky at night.

513
00:35:50,320 --> 00:35:56,400
And that's a moment when I think
Napoleon's plans for invading Egypt

514
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,160
sink to the bottom
of the Mediterranean.

515
00:36:01,640 --> 00:36:03,200
Naval battles -

516
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:06,520
the enemy usually sails away
and comes back another day.

517
00:36:06,520 --> 00:36:08,960
Nelson made sure that didn't happen.

518
00:36:12,520 --> 00:36:15,040
In less than 24 hours,

519
00:36:15,040 --> 00:36:17,680
Nelson's squadron destroyed all
but two

520
00:36:17,680 --> 00:36:19,280
of the 13 French battleships...

521
00:36:21,440 --> 00:36:23,400
..without losing a single ship.

522
00:36:27,040 --> 00:36:31,720
The action thwarted French
ambitions to expand in the area.

523
00:36:33,520 --> 00:36:37,000
At least 2,000 Frenchmen
lost their lives that night,

524
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:39,240
nearly ten times
more than the British.

525
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:45,000
Of the hundreds
wounded on both sides,

526
00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:47,600
Nelson was again seriously injured.

527
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:53,880
Nelson is hit on the forehead
by a piece of shrapnel,

528
00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:56,480
which opens up a great flap
of skin from his forehead,

529
00:36:56,480 --> 00:36:58,040
which falls over his good eye,

530
00:36:58,040 --> 00:36:59,040
so he can't see.

531
00:37:01,320 --> 00:37:03,240
The impact certainly concussed him,

532
00:37:03,240 --> 00:37:05,360
probably a hairline fracture
of the skull.

533
00:37:08,080 --> 00:37:12,120
You realise that his body
is really suffering

534
00:37:12,120 --> 00:37:14,800
from years and years
of relentless warfare.

535
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:23,240
The Nile is Nelson's
signature battle.

536
00:37:23,240 --> 00:37:25,680
It's the moment when he goes
from being an Admiral

537
00:37:25,680 --> 00:37:27,920
to being a superstar.

538
00:37:29,160 --> 00:37:30,920
Nelson's new status was captured

539
00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:36,280
by the master caricaturist
of the day, James Gillray.

540
00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:39,760
Gillray gives us a
fabulous image of Nelson,

541
00:37:39,760 --> 00:37:42,320
pulling a bunch of crocodiles
from the Nile

542
00:37:42,320 --> 00:37:44,680
and cudgelling them with
a piece of British oak.

543
00:37:46,320 --> 00:37:48,840
He achieves the level of celebrity,

544
00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:50,600
that you only find in wartime,

545
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:52,800
when people are desperate
for a saviour,

546
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:54,920
somebody to get them
out of this mess.

547
00:37:56,360 --> 00:37:59,120
For saving Egypt from the French,

548
00:37:59,120 --> 00:38:01,760
Nelson was showered with
gifts by the Ottoman sultan.

549
00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:07,120
And the King of Naples
made him the Duke of Bronte.

550
00:38:07,120 --> 00:38:13,440
From then forward, he proudly
signed himself Nelson and Bronte.

551
00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:16,960
This new signature encapsulates
his personality perfectly

552
00:38:16,960 --> 00:38:18,640
because he's been given a title,

553
00:38:18,640 --> 00:38:20,400
and he wants people
to know about it.

554
00:38:21,520 --> 00:38:24,520
And he's re-branded himself
to Nelson and Bronte.

555
00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:30,920
And he wasn't the only one
obsessed with his new image.

556
00:38:30,920 --> 00:38:34,320
Nelson-mania swiftly took hold.

557
00:38:34,320 --> 00:38:37,760
Suddenly, Britain goes Nelson crazy.

558
00:38:37,760 --> 00:38:40,120
you can be all a-la-Nelson.

559
00:38:40,120 --> 00:38:43,000
It means that you've
got Nelson headband.

560
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,240
It means you've got
an anchor around your neck.

561
00:38:45,240 --> 00:38:48,360
It means you've got giant Ns
embroidered on your skirts.

562
00:38:48,360 --> 00:38:51,160
You're one walking
Nelson advertisement.

563
00:38:53,160 --> 00:38:57,200
Every house, it's been estimated,
has some kind of version of Nelson -

564
00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,560
whether it's something
torn out of a paper

565
00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:03,840
or whether it's a full-blown
portrait or pewter service,

566
00:39:03,840 --> 00:39:04,920
or dinner service.

567
00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:08,800
You know, you could do your
whole house in the Nelson look.

568
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:13,240
This man, who was
ignored by society as, yes,

569
00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:15,840
he might be good at Naval stuff,
but he wasn't handsome,

570
00:39:15,840 --> 00:39:17,520
he wasn't the right class.

571
00:39:17,520 --> 00:39:20,480
Overnight, he's suddenly this
romantic hero,

572
00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:24,440
this obsession - all because
of the Battle of the Nile.

573
00:39:29,960 --> 00:39:32,480
In the immediate aftermath
of the battle,

574
00:39:32,480 --> 00:39:37,800
Nelson himself has been wounded.

575
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:40,640
And his fleet is in a rather
poor state.

576
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:42,880
So they put into Naples.

577
00:39:45,080 --> 00:39:48,760
And it was here, secure
in his superstar status,

578
00:39:48,760 --> 00:39:51,440
that Nelson, already
married to Frances,

579
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:54,640
embarked on a new and scandalous
adventure in his personal life.

580
00:39:56,400 --> 00:40:01,960
He would meet a woman who absolutely
shared all his dreams.

581
00:40:03,440 --> 00:40:05,640
She tells him she's melting for him,

582
00:40:05,640 --> 00:40:09,040
she's swelling for him,
and then Emma finishes this

583
00:40:09,040 --> 00:40:10,960
bombshell letter to Nelson by
saying,

584
00:40:10,960 --> 00:40:13,640
"For God's sake,
come to Naples soon.

585
00:40:13,640 --> 00:40:16,600
"My husband and I are
impatient to embrace you."

586
00:40:16,600 --> 00:40:18,120
He arrives in Naples

587
00:40:18,120 --> 00:40:22,040
and he becomes the absolute
centre of attention.

588
00:40:22,040 --> 00:40:24,440
And that's when he falls in love.

589
00:40:33,280 --> 00:40:35,640
In the autumn of 1798,

590
00:40:35,640 --> 00:40:38,800
Rear Admiral Nelson was
riding high on success.

591
00:40:41,320 --> 00:40:45,640
He had achieved a significant
victory over Napoleon.

592
00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:49,200
As he arrived into Naples to
repair his ships,

593
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,480
the woman who led the welcoming
party wasn't his wife -

594
00:40:52,480 --> 00:40:55,400
but a superstar of the day.

595
00:40:57,280 --> 00:41:00,360
Nelson arrives, the hero
of the Nile,

596
00:41:00,360 --> 00:41:02,520
terribly injured in battle.

597
00:41:02,520 --> 00:41:05,320
He was a battered sailor.

598
00:41:05,320 --> 00:41:08,040
A hero, but a battered
sailor nonetheless.

599
00:41:08,040 --> 00:41:10,840
And he's expecting to
see the King, the queen.

600
00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:13,960
He's expected to be welcomed,

601
00:41:13,960 --> 00:41:15,840
and this glamorous woman,

602
00:41:15,840 --> 00:41:17,600
she is running towards him,

603
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:20,400
and she stops dead in front of him.

604
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,240
She must have been
such a vision to him.

605
00:41:24,240 --> 00:41:29,040
She swoops in and makes
such a fuss of him.

606
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:31,400
She has been an actress,
she has been a muse.

607
00:41:31,400 --> 00:41:35,720
but this is the biggest
role she's ever played

608
00:41:35,720 --> 00:41:38,160
in front of this entire
audience of Naples,

609
00:41:38,160 --> 00:41:41,520
she really throws herself
into Nelson's arms.

610
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:54,080
Emma Hamilton was already
well known across Europe,

611
00:41:54,080 --> 00:41:57,600
and came to embody the
archetypal mistress and siren.

612
00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:03,480
Her name synonymous with the high
profile establishment affair.

613
00:42:05,880 --> 00:42:10,280
Emma Hamilton was the most
fabulous, beautiful, resourceful,

614
00:42:10,280 --> 00:42:13,320
intelligent woman of her day

615
00:42:13,320 --> 00:42:17,280
and I truly believe that,
if she existed now,

616
00:42:17,280 --> 00:42:20,920
she would be as much of a
megastar as she was back then.

617
00:42:20,920 --> 00:42:25,520
Emma Hamilton's story is one of
almost unbelievable rags to riches.

618
00:42:25,520 --> 00:42:28,040
She was born in extreme
poverty in a mining village

619
00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:30,000
in the North of England.

620
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:31,760
But she had this incredible,

621
00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:34,280
meteoric rise through
London society.

622
00:42:36,520 --> 00:42:38,760
Emma, against the odds,

623
00:42:38,760 --> 00:42:42,680
secured the position of mistress
to a prominent London aristocrat.

624
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:48,240
And she became famous as the muse
to society artist George Romney,

625
00:42:48,240 --> 00:42:52,400
who created more than 60
paintings inspired by her.

626
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,640
And you have these incredible
paintings between Romney and Emma,

627
00:42:57,640 --> 00:43:00,400
the synergy of muse
and painter.

628
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:03,000
He paints her as a spinstress.

629
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:06,000
He paints her as Baccante, as Cerce.

630
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:10,280
These incredible luminous
paintings that really blow

631
00:43:10,280 --> 00:43:12,640
the 18th-century mind.

632
00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:15,920
She wore her hair down,
which was...

633
00:43:15,920 --> 00:43:19,320
..not the done thing back then,
that was seen as very wild.

634
00:43:19,320 --> 00:43:23,400
And also, she sort of looks
at the viewer she's painted

635
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:28,000
to actually gaze into your eyes
quite coquettishly.

636
00:43:30,360 --> 00:43:32,000
But Emma's notoriety as a model

637
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:34,120
worked against her marriage
prospects...

638
00:43:35,480 --> 00:43:38,120
..and she was dismissed by her lover

639
00:43:38,120 --> 00:43:40,960
who packed her off to Naples.

640
00:43:40,960 --> 00:43:45,200
Arriving on her 21st
birthday in April 1786.

641
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:54,000
She transformed herself again,
as a performer of The Attitudes,

642
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:58,760
unique choreographed poses bringing
classical characters to life.

643
00:43:58,760 --> 00:44:01,480
She would act out Greek myths

644
00:44:01,480 --> 00:44:05,160
and people will come from miles
around to see Emma's performances.

645
00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:10,320
They were utterly mesmerising.

646
00:44:10,320 --> 00:44:15,120
They were silent and they were very
powerful and passionate pieces.

647
00:44:17,560 --> 00:44:21,760
And actually those attitudes
were a huge part of what elevated

648
00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:24,720
her status as an artist.

649
00:44:27,520 --> 00:44:30,000
Emma, now a European superstar, was,

650
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:32,680
like the rest of Naples society,

651
00:44:32,680 --> 00:44:35,920
terrified of a French invasion.

652
00:44:35,920 --> 00:44:37,760
On hearing of Nelson's victory,

653
00:44:37,760 --> 00:44:39,240
she appealed directly to him.

654
00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:45,160
She writes him this bombshell
of a letter.

655
00:44:45,160 --> 00:44:48,000
She tells him she's melting for him.

656
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:49,360
She's swelling for him.

657
00:44:49,360 --> 00:44:52,080
She's overcome with agitations

658
00:44:52,080 --> 00:44:54,840
and then Emma finishes by saying,

659
00:44:54,840 --> 00:44:56,840
"For God's sake,
come to Naples soon.

660
00:44:56,840 --> 00:44:59,200
"My husband and I are
impatient to embrace you."

661
00:45:06,240 --> 00:45:08,800
Emma had married the
British ambassador to Naples,

662
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:13,000
Sir William Hamilton, in 1791.

663
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:15,360
And through his connections

664
00:45:15,360 --> 00:45:17,960
became a confidante to the
Neopolitan royal family.

665
00:45:19,400 --> 00:45:20,520
It was Lady Hamilton,

666
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:22,520
high society darling,

667
00:45:22,520 --> 00:45:24,920
who soothed a battle-scarred Nelson.

668
00:45:26,920 --> 00:45:31,160
She nurses him herself
and they come out of it,

669
00:45:31,160 --> 00:45:33,640
head over heels in
love with one another.

670
00:45:33,640 --> 00:45:36,720
They just lit each other up,
like touch papers.

671
00:45:36,720 --> 00:45:38,440
You know, it exploded.

672
00:45:38,440 --> 00:45:42,360
Here are two people who've
risen up the social ranks

673
00:45:42,360 --> 00:45:46,120
and they realise, I think, that they
can basically help each other.

674
00:45:46,120 --> 00:45:51,200
Really, they were
two of the first to surf

675
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:53,400
the new wave of celebrity.

676
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:57,280
And the fact that they did
it together, hand-in-hand,

677
00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:01,040
made them the first of a
new kind of power couple.

678
00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:07,760
This was no conventional
love affair.

679
00:46:07,760 --> 00:46:11,000
Not only was Emma married
but the reaction of her husband,

680
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:15,800
who was over 30 years her senior,
was just as unconventional.

681
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:21,640
The affair is carried out in
public in front of Sir William.

682
00:46:21,640 --> 00:46:24,200
Nelson, Emma and Sir William become

683
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:26,400
the most famous
threesome in history.

684
00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:32,920
They call themselves "trio juncta in
uno," three joined in one.

685
00:46:32,920 --> 00:46:35,120
Everyone in that almost
menage-a-trois

686
00:46:35,120 --> 00:46:39,880
valued the others partly
for what they could get out of it.

687
00:46:42,720 --> 00:46:45,360
Sir William knew that he was
losing political power.

688
00:46:45,360 --> 00:46:47,680
And if he could say to both
Britain and Naples

689
00:46:47,680 --> 00:46:51,920
that he controlled Nelson,
this loose cannon,

690
00:46:51,920 --> 00:46:55,240
he would gain himself huge
amounts of power and respect.

691
00:46:57,640 --> 00:46:59,960
But this is far from what happened.

692
00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:06,080
And Sir William bore the brunt
of the vilification by satirists

693
00:47:06,080 --> 00:47:10,080
like Gillray who painted him
as a sleeping cuckold.

694
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:12,280
Emma is in her negligee

695
00:47:12,280 --> 00:47:16,560
and looking out with her arm
stretched out to sea.

696
00:47:16,560 --> 00:47:20,880
This cartoon, bulky, emotional woman

697
00:47:20,880 --> 00:47:24,760
wanting Nelson whilst in bed with
her husband.

698
00:47:28,880 --> 00:47:32,120
News of the affair is not
received well in London.

699
00:47:33,560 --> 00:47:35,480
What the Admiralty really
need is for him

700
00:47:35,480 --> 00:47:37,920
to go back on a ship, back out to
sea,

701
00:47:37,920 --> 00:47:41,320
and to confront the big problem,
which is Napoleon.

702
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:47,720
Nelson's superiors ordered him
and Sir William home,

703
00:47:47,720 --> 00:47:53,000
but, true to his rebellious nature,
Nelson chose the scenic route

704
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,920
and took a grand tour with
the Hamiltons.

705
00:48:01,520 --> 00:48:03,720
He knew that he would soon have to

706
00:48:03,720 --> 00:48:06,680
choose between the enterprising,
glamorous Emma

707
00:48:06,680 --> 00:48:10,840
or the unambitious, loyal wife
and their home in Norfolk.

708
00:48:18,400 --> 00:48:23,320
Nelson had been married for 11 years
to Frances - or Fanny - Nisbet,

709
00:48:23,320 --> 00:48:26,880
the daughter of a plantation owner,
whom he'd met in the West Indies.

710
00:48:28,160 --> 00:48:31,240
Fanny Nisbet was herself already
a widow,

711
00:48:31,240 --> 00:48:34,720
although a young one, and with a
son.

712
00:48:34,720 --> 00:48:37,320
It seemed an eminently suitable
match.

713
00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:42,400
Norfolk was never really
going to suit Nelson.

714
00:48:42,400 --> 00:48:46,640
It didn't much suit Fanny either,
used to the West Indies.

715
00:48:46,640 --> 00:48:50,920
And I think Nelson was soon
disappointed in his wife.

716
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:54,960
He wanted a cheerleader,
if you like,

717
00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:58,360
whereas Fanny was all about her
nerves, her worry.

718
00:48:59,760 --> 00:49:04,000
Wouldn't he just stay quietly at
home in a little cottage with her?

719
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:08,520
Frances Nelson is expecting to meet
Nelson and all go back to normal.

720
00:49:08,520 --> 00:49:09,960
She thinks, you know,

721
00:49:09,960 --> 00:49:12,920
"You can't have your mistress on
show in London society."

722
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:24,000
When Nelson and Emma return, you've
got a further layer of scandal.

723
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:28,680
This hasn't simply been
a holiday romance.

724
00:49:28,680 --> 00:49:33,520
Emma is many months pregnant with
Nelson's daughter,

725
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:37,040
so this is something much more
serious.

726
00:49:37,040 --> 00:49:40,960
And, of course, Nelson had
no children with Frances,

727
00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:45,480
and now he's seeing the
potential for an heir with Emma.

728
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:52,480
Nelson behaved absolutely
despicably towards his wife.

729
00:49:53,800 --> 00:50:00,040
By then, he was so comfortable in
his position as this beloved hero

730
00:50:00,040 --> 00:50:03,480
that he acted with impunity.

731
00:50:03,480 --> 00:50:05,960
It's a double scandal for Frances,

732
00:50:05,960 --> 00:50:10,840
and I think reveals this cool, cold,

733
00:50:10,840 --> 00:50:14,680
potentially quite heartless streak
in Nelson.

734
00:50:14,680 --> 00:50:19,280
He's found Emma and that's who he's
sticking with.

735
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:26,680
Then, in October, 1801, Nelson
unofficially set up home with

736
00:50:26,680 --> 00:50:31,080
the Hamiltons in the countryside
to the southwest of London,

737
00:50:31,080 --> 00:50:34,520
a house affectionately
known as Paradise Merton.

738
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,520
This is where they invite
all their friends to come -

739
00:50:39,520 --> 00:50:42,920
the top aristocrats,
politicians come.

740
00:50:42,920 --> 00:50:47,560
They accept Nelson's explicit
relationship with his mistress

741
00:50:47,560 --> 00:50:49,000
because he is so powerful.

742
00:50:50,880 --> 00:50:55,480
And there is one episode at a
dinner party where Nelson takes out

743
00:50:55,480 --> 00:50:59,520
one of his swords and Emma makes
this massive, overblown,

744
00:50:59,520 --> 00:51:00,960
theatrical set-up.

745
00:51:00,960 --> 00:51:03,680
She gets out the sword and she
kisses it in front of everyone.

746
00:51:03,680 --> 00:51:05,720
It's all so big and romantic.

747
00:51:05,720 --> 00:51:08,080
Fanny would never have done that

748
00:51:08,080 --> 00:51:10,680
and Nelson just adores it.

749
00:51:13,760 --> 00:51:17,080
Even though social mores dictated
that they could not be husband

750
00:51:17,080 --> 00:51:20,880
and wife, Nelson had now become
a father -

751
00:51:20,880 --> 00:51:24,000
a long-held ambition - to a girl,

752
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:27,720
and, to avoid further scandal,
the couple had a plan.

753
00:51:29,120 --> 00:51:32,720
They called her Horatia,
which always makes me giggle

754
00:51:32,720 --> 00:51:36,200
because they couldn't tell
people that it was their daughter,

755
00:51:36,200 --> 00:51:38,040
because it was out of wedlock,

756
00:51:38,040 --> 00:51:41,160
so they lied and said that she was
a friend's daughter

757
00:51:41,160 --> 00:51:42,840
that they were fostering.

758
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:50,840
The fiction was absolute,
even between Nelson and Emma,

759
00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:52,640
that this was a godchild.

760
00:51:54,320 --> 00:51:56,080
And she looks just like him.

761
00:51:56,080 --> 00:51:57,680
His genes are strong.

762
00:51:57,680 --> 00:52:01,280
As she grows up, she's like the tiny
version of Nelson.

763
00:52:01,280 --> 00:52:03,200
Nelson has everything he wants.

764
00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:06,960
He has his love, he has a home,
he has Horatia.

765
00:52:08,320 --> 00:52:10,640
For the first time in his life,

766
00:52:10,640 --> 00:52:14,840
Nelson is accepted and is loved by
polite society,

767
00:52:14,840 --> 00:52:16,160
and he is loving it.

768
00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:25,440
But Britain was still playing
a dangerous game abroad

769
00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:30,400
and Nelson's own peace would soon be
broken by the single most

770
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:33,640
important battle of his life.

771
00:52:33,640 --> 00:52:35,840
Trafalgar.

772
00:52:35,840 --> 00:52:39,520
They finally find out where the
French fleet is.

773
00:52:41,840 --> 00:52:44,880
Then it's just a matter of time
before someone goes and knocks on

774
00:52:44,880 --> 00:52:46,800
the door of the man that everyone
needs.

775
00:52:48,160 --> 00:52:52,680
And Nelson is summoned to Portsmouth
as quickly as he possibly can.

776
00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:04,700
In the summer of 1803,

777
00:53:04,700 --> 00:53:09,780
Admiral Nelson received news of
the posting he had always wanted -

778
00:53:09,780 --> 00:53:13,820
commander-in-chief
of the Mediterranean Fleet.

779
00:53:13,820 --> 00:53:16,980
He had the weight of the nation
on his shoulders,

780
00:53:16,980 --> 00:53:18,980
adored as the Hero of the Nile,

781
00:53:18,980 --> 00:53:21,660
the only man who could defeat
Napoleon.

782
00:53:23,180 --> 00:53:27,540
Now aged 45, this was his
ultimate chance for glory.

783
00:53:30,060 --> 00:53:33,700
The Battle of Trafalgar is
Nelson's one last job.

784
00:53:33,700 --> 00:53:36,300
It's his one last heist,
you might say,

785
00:53:36,300 --> 00:53:38,540
a great, out-there naval commander,

786
00:53:38,540 --> 00:53:40,620
and he knows this.

787
00:53:40,620 --> 00:53:44,860
The personal stakes for Nelson
have being raised.

788
00:53:44,860 --> 00:53:46,780
He's now in a loving relationship

789
00:53:46,780 --> 00:53:48,500
with Emma Hamilton.

790
00:53:48,500 --> 00:53:54,380
He's got a daughter, but now his
country calls yet again,

791
00:53:54,380 --> 00:54:00,740
and he is going to be sent off to
try and defeat another French fleet.

792
00:54:00,740 --> 00:54:04,940
In one respect, it's simply another
day in the office,

793
00:54:04,940 --> 00:54:07,420
but it's another day in the office

794
00:54:07,420 --> 00:54:10,140
with a very different
domestic situation.

795
00:54:13,020 --> 00:54:14,780
This was going to
be his last battle.

796
00:54:14,780 --> 00:54:17,140
He was knocking on a bit by now.

797
00:54:17,140 --> 00:54:19,780
And he absolutely knew he would win.

798
00:54:19,780 --> 00:54:22,660
Nelson fully expects to win every
battle,

799
00:54:22,660 --> 00:54:26,140
but he wants to win it in the
best possible manner to achieve

800
00:54:26,140 --> 00:54:29,100
the effect he needs at the
strategic and political level.

801
00:54:32,420 --> 00:54:36,020
Nelson spent two years at sea
planning for his encounter

802
00:54:36,020 --> 00:54:39,580
with Napoleon - far longer than he
had anticipated.

803
00:54:42,140 --> 00:54:43,860
In the spring of 1805,

804
00:54:43,860 --> 00:54:47,180
he searched for the
Napoleonic fleet in the Caribbean.

805
00:54:48,980 --> 00:54:52,900
A letter from June that year
revealed his fears that the enemy

806
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:56,460
would attack Britain's most
valuable colony, Jamaica,

807
00:54:56,460 --> 00:54:59,300
and with it the colonial system.

808
00:55:00,380 --> 00:55:04,620
He wrote it to an acquaintance
on the islands of Jamaica,

809
00:55:04,620 --> 00:55:10,180
a Mr Simon Taylor, who was an
extremely wealthy plantation owner

810
00:55:10,180 --> 00:55:15,300
who had more than 2,000 enslaved
Africans toiling his fields.

811
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:19,420
The letter said,

812
00:55:19,420 --> 00:55:22,260
"I have ever been and shall die a
firm friend

813
00:55:22,260 --> 00:55:24,100
"to our colonial system..."

814
00:55:26,860 --> 00:55:29,580
..and referred to the abolition of
slavery as

815
00:55:29,580 --> 00:55:31,860
"the damnable doctrine of
Wilberforce

816
00:55:31,860 --> 00:55:33,820
"and his hypocritical allies."

817
00:55:37,220 --> 00:55:41,900
The letter reveals evidence
of Nelson as a man of his time,

818
00:55:41,900 --> 00:55:45,580
the darker, more unpalatable side
to a hero.

819
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:52,860
We know that one of Nelson's first
voyages was to the Caribbean.

820
00:55:52,860 --> 00:55:55,900
We know that he married
Frances Nisbet,

821
00:55:55,900 --> 00:56:00,540
who is the daughter of a plantation
owner on Nevis.

822
00:56:01,820 --> 00:56:05,820
He was, of course, part of the Navy,

823
00:56:05,820 --> 00:56:11,180
part of whose job was to protect
England's commercial interests,

824
00:56:11,180 --> 00:56:15,060
including, hideously, this one.

825
00:56:16,140 --> 00:56:20,460
I don't think it would have crossed
his mind, the morality of it.

826
00:56:20,460 --> 00:56:23,780
I think it would have been baffling
to him,

827
00:56:23,780 --> 00:56:26,140
the fact that anyone wanted to
cease this trade.

828
00:56:30,740 --> 00:56:33,700
The imagined French attack
on the Caribbean colony

829
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:35,340
failed to materialise...

830
00:56:38,340 --> 00:56:43,140
..and that summer, Nelson requested
a short period of home leave.

831
00:56:43,140 --> 00:56:45,740
He wanted to make his relationship
with Emma Hamilton

832
00:56:45,740 --> 00:56:47,420
as official as he could.

833
00:56:49,740 --> 00:56:52,740
Emma and Nelson have a
betrothal ceremony with rings.

834
00:56:52,740 --> 00:56:56,460
Of course, they can't marry -
Nelson is still married to Frances -

835
00:56:56,460 --> 00:56:58,620
but they do have this
betrothal ceremony,

836
00:56:58,620 --> 00:57:00,940
which really is quite daring.

837
00:57:00,940 --> 00:57:03,420
They see it as greater than anyone
else's love,

838
00:57:03,420 --> 00:57:08,420
and that wonderful belief they have
in their own huge romance story.

839
00:57:09,780 --> 00:57:13,100
And he expects he and Emma
can live happily ever after.

840
00:57:14,180 --> 00:57:16,580
Nelson spent just three weeks at
home

841
00:57:16,580 --> 00:57:18,300
before he was summoned to leave.

842
00:57:19,740 --> 00:57:22,860
He said farewell to Emma
and Merton Place,

843
00:57:22,860 --> 00:57:26,660
on the evening of
Friday the 13th of September, 1805.

844
00:57:29,180 --> 00:57:31,780
When Nelson travels down to
Portsmouth,

845
00:57:31,780 --> 00:57:34,020
he does so as quickly as he can.

846
00:57:36,140 --> 00:57:38,420
And he actually takes a back route
to the Victory

847
00:57:38,420 --> 00:57:40,220
because he wants to avoid the
crowds.

848
00:57:41,580 --> 00:57:43,740
He's not interested in the fame
right now.

849
00:57:43,740 --> 00:57:45,300
He's got a job to do.

850
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:47,020
Then they catch up with him

851
00:57:47,020 --> 00:57:50,980
and they end up waving him off
to go and defeat the French.

852
00:57:50,980 --> 00:57:55,300
The public know that their security,
their safety

853
00:57:55,300 --> 00:58:00,420
and their wealth relies on the
British controlling the sea,

854
00:58:00,420 --> 00:58:04,780
so he's got all of their hopes
and dreams with him as he sails.

855
00:58:15,580 --> 00:58:19,220
Nelson's arrival is
regarded with cheer.

856
00:58:19,220 --> 00:58:23,580
Here you've got the most successful
admiral of the day,

857
00:58:23,580 --> 00:58:27,060
someone who can be trusted to
get the job done

858
00:58:27,060 --> 00:58:31,020
and someone who is popular
with his officers and men.

859
00:58:33,220 --> 00:58:37,180
Nelson wrote to Emma describing
his arrival on board the Victory.

860
00:58:37,180 --> 00:58:40,260
He described the reception
of his ideas that he called

861
00:58:40,260 --> 00:58:41,420
the Nelson Touch.

862
00:58:41,420 --> 00:58:46,180
He said it was like an electric
shock, that some shed tears.

863
00:58:46,180 --> 00:58:48,500
And then he says,
"But all approved."

864
00:58:48,500 --> 00:58:51,940
It's a wonderful letter cos I get a
real sense that some people might

865
00:58:51,940 --> 00:58:54,740
have rolled their eyes at Nelson,

866
00:58:54,740 --> 00:58:57,620
again going on about how much he was
loved.

867
00:59:05,780 --> 00:59:09,740
HMS Victory, the Royal Navy's
most famous warship,

868
00:59:09,740 --> 00:59:13,580
had cost the equivalent of over
£1.1 billion

869
00:59:13,580 --> 00:59:16,380
when she was completed in 1765.

870
00:59:17,980 --> 00:59:22,220
The flagship had proved her
success in battle and, in 1803,

871
00:59:22,220 --> 00:59:26,580
Victory was given a complete refit
and Nelson made her his own.

872
00:59:28,980 --> 00:59:32,140
A ship like HMS Victory was
the largest,

873
00:59:32,140 --> 00:59:36,980
the most complex man-made, moving
object that had ever been built.

874
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:41,300
Victory is the stately home that
Nelson never had.

875
00:59:41,300 --> 00:59:44,940
It's the place where he lived
and worked for two and a half years.

876
00:59:44,940 --> 00:59:49,220
They might have as many as
800 people on board masts,

877
00:59:49,220 --> 00:59:53,940
200 feet high,
over 100 guns on three decks.

878
00:59:57,820 --> 00:59:59,300
The guns varied in size.

879
00:59:59,300 --> 01:00:02,820
The 36-pounders were
the weight of a small car

880
01:00:02,820 --> 01:00:06,260
and that's how heavy and difficult
they were to actually manoeuvre,

881
01:00:06,260 --> 01:00:09,820
so they had a team of men around
them who would operate that gun,

882
01:00:09,820 --> 01:00:13,300
who would load it, who would aim it
and who would fire it.

883
01:00:13,300 --> 01:00:18,380
HMS Victory was built to hold
the centre of a line of battle.

884
01:00:18,380 --> 01:00:21,820
They were the absolute
strength in a chain of ships,

885
01:00:21,820 --> 01:00:25,460
which might stretch up to 30 miles
in length.

886
01:00:31,140 --> 01:00:36,100
By September, 1805, the joint
French and Spanish fleet was posing

887
01:00:36,100 --> 01:00:39,380
a threat to British dominance
of the Mediterranean

888
01:00:39,380 --> 01:00:43,740
and had found safe haven at Cadiz
on Spain's Atlantic coast.

889
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:48,780
Britain feared the enemy fleet could
support Napoleon's planned moves

890
01:00:48,780 --> 01:00:52,500
on Italy and threaten British trade
routes.

891
01:00:52,500 --> 01:00:54,700
But Nelson was ahead of the game,

892
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:57,340
and when the combined
force of 33 French

893
01:00:57,340 --> 01:01:01,780
and Spanish warships set sail,
Nelson had anticipated their move.

894
01:01:04,220 --> 01:01:07,220
His fleet comprised of just
27 ships,

895
01:01:07,220 --> 01:01:10,700
but the admiral's meticulous plan
was already in place.

896
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:17,940
Captain Cuthbert Collingwood, who is
essentially second in command,

897
01:01:17,940 --> 01:01:21,220
and then also
Thomas Masterman Hardy,

898
01:01:21,220 --> 01:01:25,380
who is Nelson's flag captain on the
Victory.

899
01:01:26,580 --> 01:01:31,780
And Nelson uses the campaign
leading up to Trafalgar to

900
01:01:31,780 --> 01:01:36,780
make his men into an effective
and trusted fighting force.

901
01:01:39,700 --> 01:01:41,740
And it was Nelson's own decision

902
01:01:41,740 --> 01:01:45,500
to appeal to the entire British
fleet with the flag signal

903
01:01:45,500 --> 01:01:49,100
"England expects that every
man will do his duty"

904
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:52,180
that has come to epitomise his
extraordinary impact

905
01:01:52,180 --> 01:01:53,940
as a naval commander.

906
01:01:56,140 --> 01:01:59,500
That's the first time an admiral had
spoken to an entire fleet

907
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:02,420
going into battle possibly
since the ancient world.

908
01:02:02,420 --> 01:02:05,060
It's an astonishing piece of Nelson.

909
01:02:05,060 --> 01:02:07,020
But what's interesting is
the response to it.

910
01:02:07,020 --> 01:02:09,420
We know there was a huge cheer.

911
01:02:09,420 --> 01:02:10,500
CHEERING

912
01:02:10,500 --> 01:02:13,620
It wasn't England they were
cheering - it was Nelson.

913
01:02:13,620 --> 01:02:15,460
I rather suspect he could have said
anything

914
01:02:15,460 --> 01:02:18,100
and, actually, they just loved
the fact that Nelson was talking

915
01:02:18,100 --> 01:02:20,060
directly to the sailors.

916
01:02:20,060 --> 01:02:23,060
They recognise, in a sort of
indulgent fashion,

917
01:02:23,060 --> 01:02:24,620
that that's what Nelson did.

918
01:02:24,620 --> 01:02:27,860
They let him do these things that
other people might see as

919
01:02:27,860 --> 01:02:29,860
against the rules of the Navy

920
01:02:29,860 --> 01:02:34,260
because they find him, I think,
a man worthy of loyalty.

921
01:02:35,820 --> 01:02:38,020
There's also a bit of a threat in
it.

922
01:02:38,020 --> 01:02:41,740
He uses the time to remind the
sailors of their duty.

923
01:02:41,740 --> 01:02:44,380
There are examples of British
sailors

924
01:02:44,380 --> 01:02:46,620
not doing what was expected of them.

925
01:02:48,380 --> 01:02:51,420
He didn't just want to win -
he wanted to crush the enemy.

926
01:02:55,540 --> 01:02:58,980
As the sun came up on the morning of
the 21st of October,

927
01:02:58,980 --> 01:03:01,860
20 miles off the Spanish coast,

928
01:03:01,860 --> 01:03:04,460
the two fleets were in visual
contact...

929
01:03:05,900 --> 01:03:08,060
..and Nelson unleashed his plan.

930
01:03:09,780 --> 01:03:13,580
The first thing is to divide up
the enemy fleet, divide them into

931
01:03:13,580 --> 01:03:19,500
smaller portions, which his fleet
could then fall on and dominate.

932
01:03:19,500 --> 01:03:22,140
And the object of that
attack was to locate

933
01:03:22,140 --> 01:03:25,860
and destroy the commander-in-chief's
flagship and the ability

934
01:03:25,860 --> 01:03:30,260
of the French commander in chief
to signal and control his fleet.

935
01:03:30,260 --> 01:03:34,780
He does this by dividing his fleet
into two sections

936
01:03:34,780 --> 01:03:40,020
and then attacking the French and
the Spanish fleet at right angles.

937
01:03:40,020 --> 01:03:42,980
The idea is that you
break into the enemy line

938
01:03:42,980 --> 01:03:47,220
and, in a way, you sort of cut off
the heads of the enemy ships

939
01:03:47,220 --> 01:03:49,660
because they can't get
back into the battle.

940
01:03:55,140 --> 01:03:59,340
Very quickly, the battle becomes
a rather closed affair

941
01:03:59,340 --> 01:04:02,180
with ship-on-ship action,

942
01:04:02,180 --> 01:04:07,060
and it's only occasionally
that the big picture emerges.

943
01:04:08,460 --> 01:04:12,980
So you're relying on the initiative
of those individual ship captains

944
01:04:12,980 --> 01:04:17,140
to see what's going on
and react accordingly.

945
01:04:20,380 --> 01:04:23,220
One of the key moments in the battle
is the approach,

946
01:04:23,220 --> 01:04:28,140
where you have the two British
squadrons sailing at right angles

947
01:04:28,140 --> 01:04:31,060
towards the allied French and
Spanish.

948
01:04:31,060 --> 01:04:34,980
It's an incredibly dangerous
moment because the British,

949
01:04:34,980 --> 01:04:37,940
all of their guns are on the sides
of the ships on the broad side

950
01:04:37,940 --> 01:04:41,260
so although the French and the
Spanish are firing at them,

951
01:04:41,260 --> 01:04:43,620
they can do very little
indeed to fire back.

952
01:04:43,620 --> 01:04:47,300
And, in fact, they're under specific
instructions not to.

953
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:51,540
They lie down next to their guns
because what Nelson wants

954
01:04:51,540 --> 01:04:54,820
to happen is to make that first
broadside count.

955
01:04:57,020 --> 01:05:00,340
The closer you are,
the more reliable it's going to be

956
01:05:00,340 --> 01:05:03,940
so the British sailors are lying
down and they're waiting.

957
01:05:03,940 --> 01:05:07,220
It's a very, very slow walk

958
01:05:07,220 --> 01:05:11,820
and yet this inevitable progress
is being made across a deep swell

959
01:05:11,820 --> 01:05:14,300
towards the French and the Spanish.

960
01:05:15,420 --> 01:05:18,580
The gunfire starts coming in
and people are dying,

961
01:05:18,580 --> 01:05:22,420
people are being injured before the
British even start to fire back.

962
01:05:28,060 --> 01:05:30,460
When the British finally open fire,

963
01:05:30,460 --> 01:05:33,020
they unloaded a hail of cannonballs

964
01:05:33,020 --> 01:05:36,660
straight through the French and
Spanish ships.

965
01:05:39,300 --> 01:05:43,540
The ball would land in the hull of a
ship, but the inside of the hull,

966
01:05:43,540 --> 01:05:49,060
where all of the sailors were, would
shatter in a cloud of splinters.

967
01:05:52,060 --> 01:05:56,620
The battle essentially goes to plan

968
01:05:56,620 --> 01:06:01,140
and they split the combined
French and Spanish fleet,

969
01:06:01,140 --> 01:06:05,580
so they actually are then able
to maximise their firepower

970
01:06:05,580 --> 01:06:10,140
on a smaller number of enemy
ships as other sail off.

971
01:06:10,140 --> 01:06:14,380
At this early stage in the battle,
it could still really go any way.

972
01:06:14,380 --> 01:06:17,620
The entire top section
of the French fleet,

973
01:06:17,620 --> 01:06:21,100
it's going to turn around
and that could come back

974
01:06:21,100 --> 01:06:23,820
and join the battle and
completely tip the scales.

975
01:06:25,620 --> 01:06:29,140
At the height of the battle,
Victory is in some trouble.

976
01:06:29,140 --> 01:06:33,380
She is right alongside the
French warship Redoutable.

977
01:06:33,380 --> 01:06:38,500
In fact, so close that their masts
have become entwined

978
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:43,940
and they're exchanging broadsides
from a very close distance.

979
01:06:45,140 --> 01:06:48,940
British marines will be firing up
into the rigging of the French ship,

980
01:06:48,940 --> 01:06:50,660
trying to kill the snipers.

981
01:06:53,740 --> 01:06:57,100
Many people on the ship, they would
have a very, very restricted view

982
01:06:57,100 --> 01:06:58,300
of the battle.

983
01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:01,100
All they would see, really,
was their immediate surroundings.

984
01:07:03,340 --> 01:07:06,420
Somebody might be there, sponging
out the powder,

985
01:07:06,420 --> 01:07:08,820
or somebody might spend
their time just pulling on a rope.

986
01:07:08,820 --> 01:07:10,820
That was their Battle of Trafalgar.

987
01:07:10,820 --> 01:07:15,900
But you're doing that in
scary conditions.

988
01:07:15,900 --> 01:07:21,340
Deafening, smoky,
slippy underfoot with blood,

989
01:07:21,340 --> 01:07:22,900
screams of people...

990
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:24,460
Horrific experience.

991
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:32,700
Nelson is seeing the battle go well

992
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:36,900
so at about quarter past one in the
afternoon,

993
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:39,460
Nelson is probably thinking,

994
01:07:39,460 --> 01:07:44,740
"This is OK. I think we can see this
through."

995
01:07:44,740 --> 01:07:49,980
And it's this moment where a sniper,
a soldier standing in the rigging

996
01:07:49,980 --> 01:07:52,860
of the Redoutable, takes a shot.

997
01:07:52,860 --> 01:07:54,260
GUNSHOT

998
01:08:01,860 --> 01:08:05,620
And a musket ball strikes his left
shoulder...

999
01:08:08,060 --> 01:08:11,820
..and that, essentially, is the
beginning of the end for Nelson.

1000
01:08:22,900 --> 01:08:27,660
Nelson, who had until now survived
extreme combat at sea,

1001
01:08:27,660 --> 01:08:30,940
was mortally wounded at a crucial
stage in battle,

1002
01:08:30,940 --> 01:08:33,500
when victory was far from
guaranteed.

1003
01:08:35,540 --> 01:08:37,860
The great commander was felled.

1004
01:08:39,300 --> 01:08:43,260
His greatest strength,
his desire to be there with his men,

1005
01:08:43,260 --> 01:08:45,500
it became his greatest weakness.

1006
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:48,340
He wasn't immortal, yet, to many at
the time,

1007
01:08:48,340 --> 01:08:51,340
they may well have thought he was
because,

1008
01:08:51,340 --> 01:08:55,220
despite falling down, he always came
back up

1009
01:08:55,220 --> 01:08:57,020
until that final time.

1010
01:09:13,560 --> 01:09:17,120
In the early afternoon of the
21st of October, 1805,

1011
01:09:17,120 --> 01:09:20,560
on the upper deck of the Victory
during the height of

1012
01:09:20,560 --> 01:09:22,600
the Battle of Trafalgar,

1013
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:26,200
Admiral Lord Nelson received
the fatal wound

1014
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:29,120
that would secure his status as a
legendary hero.

1015
01:09:32,280 --> 01:09:37,160
His is one of the most famous deaths
in history, retold and analysed.

1016
01:09:37,160 --> 01:09:38,760
They've done for me at last.

1017
01:09:38,760 --> 01:09:40,520
You're not badly hurt are you, Sir?

1018
01:09:40,520 --> 01:09:42,640
My backbone. Shot.

1019
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:53,640
Nelson's been injured enough in his
lifetime to know that this one is...

1020
01:09:53,640 --> 01:09:55,280
There's no coming back from it.

1021
01:09:56,840 --> 01:10:00,840
Nelson's final injury was sustained
through a musket ball,

1022
01:10:00,840 --> 01:10:05,200
.69 inches, about the size of a
large marble.

1023
01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:08,720
Doesn't sound very big, but it would
have been the velocity

1024
01:10:08,720 --> 01:10:12,720
and its trajectory that would have
caused the damage.

1025
01:10:12,720 --> 01:10:15,200
Going in at the left shoulder,
coming across,

1026
01:10:15,200 --> 01:10:19,040
piercing his pulmonary artery -
an extremely important vessel -

1027
01:10:19,040 --> 01:10:23,360
coming to rest just below the right
shoulder.

1028
01:10:23,360 --> 01:10:26,960
Nelson is immediately paralysed
and falls to the deck...

1029
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:33,960
..and exclaims to Hardy that
the French have finally got him.

1030
01:10:33,960 --> 01:10:37,920
He knows at that very moment that
he is going to die.

1031
01:10:41,560 --> 01:10:44,560
He insists that his face is covered
by a handkerchief

1032
01:10:44,560 --> 01:10:48,320
so people can't see who it is being
carried down below.

1033
01:10:51,360 --> 01:10:54,440
He's so acutely aware of the power
of his role as

1034
01:10:54,440 --> 01:10:56,800
a symbol in the fleet.

1035
01:10:56,800 --> 01:10:59,880
So, one of his prime concerns
is to keep his injured

1036
01:10:59,880 --> 01:11:01,880
state from all of his sailors.

1037
01:11:08,640 --> 01:11:12,080
He is taken to the orlop
deck which is below the water

1038
01:11:12,080 --> 01:11:15,760
line of Victory where he's seen
by the surgeon.

1039
01:11:17,960 --> 01:11:20,560
He's down there amongst all of
the injured.

1040
01:11:20,560 --> 01:11:23,400
It would have been dark. There would
have been screaming.

1041
01:11:26,520 --> 01:11:29,720
And the surgeon essentially says,
"Sorry, my Lord.

1042
01:11:29,720 --> 01:11:31,920
"There is nothing I can do for you."

1043
01:11:44,840 --> 01:11:48,840
It's surprising that he lived
anywhere near as long as he did.

1044
01:11:48,840 --> 01:11:51,600
There was no treatment available,
that we would find it hard to

1045
01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:52,920
save his life today.

1046
01:11:57,800 --> 01:12:02,760
Nelson was drowning in blood,
lungs were filling up with blood.

1047
01:12:02,760 --> 01:12:06,240
And there is nothing more
distressing for a patient

1048
01:12:06,240 --> 01:12:07,880
than not being able to breathe.

1049
01:12:09,560 --> 01:12:11,920
He would have been gasping
for breath.

1050
01:12:11,920 --> 01:12:15,200
And they were standing there
with him, comforting him.

1051
01:12:15,200 --> 01:12:18,240
And it must've been an extremely
distressing sight for them.

1052
01:12:20,240 --> 01:12:24,600
William Beatty, the ship's surgeon,
documented these final hours.

1053
01:12:25,880 --> 01:12:29,880
Captain Thomas Hardy, one of
the original band of brothers,

1054
01:12:29,880 --> 01:12:33,800
kept Nelson informed of the number
of enemy ships that had fallen.

1055
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:39,480
He continued to instruct from his
death bed...

1056
01:12:40,920 --> 01:12:45,160
..and knowing what I know about
patients who have fatal

1057
01:12:45,160 --> 01:12:50,400
respiratory issues I cannot imagine
what that must've looked like.

1058
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:52,200
But what he does is remarkable.

1059
01:12:52,200 --> 01:12:55,600
He hangs on in there.
He's determined to know

1060
01:12:55,600 --> 01:12:57,480
what the score is.

1061
01:12:57,480 --> 01:13:00,320
Occasionally, Hardy is able to come
down and essentially

1062
01:13:00,320 --> 01:13:04,120
give him an update on the score
and it gets to about 14 nil.

1063
01:13:06,520 --> 01:13:09,240
Which was good, but not good enough.

1064
01:13:09,240 --> 01:13:11,960
The answer slightly displeases him

1065
01:13:11,960 --> 01:13:14,080
because he hopes for at least 20.

1066
01:13:15,280 --> 01:13:19,000
So, even in his dying moments,
he was trying to

1067
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:23,880
inspire others to achieve more than
they had already achieved.

1068
01:13:23,880 --> 01:13:26,960
What I think is extremely
comforting for him,

1069
01:13:26,960 --> 01:13:29,560
and for those around him, that they

1070
01:13:29,560 --> 01:13:34,000
were able to break the news to him
that the battle had been won

1071
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:35,320
just before he died.

1072
01:13:38,640 --> 01:13:42,560
Those closest to Nelson waited for
his final words.

1073
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:47,600
He's doing what all great
heroes have to do.

1074
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:50,960
He has to say something appropriate
and fitting on the occasion.

1075
01:13:50,960 --> 01:13:55,960
By this stage, Nelson is passing in
and out of consciousness,

1076
01:13:55,960 --> 01:14:00,120
but of course is able to exclaim,
"Thank God, I have done my duty."

1077
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:06,720
And Nelson had clearly thought this
one through because it's on a loop.

1078
01:14:06,720 --> 01:14:10,640
He just keeps on issuing,
"Thank God, I've done my duty."

1079
01:14:10,640 --> 01:14:14,360
Everybody in the cockpit heard him
say this more than once.

1080
01:14:17,080 --> 01:14:20,240
Those around him, and many since,

1081
01:14:20,240 --> 01:14:23,400
have hung on those last words
and their meaning.

1082
01:14:23,400 --> 01:14:27,640
Perhaps he's talking about
he's done his duty in that he has

1083
01:14:27,640 --> 01:14:33,400
defeated the French, or that he's
done his duty in sacrificing

1084
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:38,280
his life to defeat the French.
Perhaps the latter is the case,

1085
01:14:38,280 --> 01:14:41,000
so casual, I think is he
with his life.

1086
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:47,760
I wondered whether he felt that he
was not allowed any other life,

1087
01:14:47,760 --> 01:14:51,200
that this is why
he was on this planet.

1088
01:14:53,280 --> 01:14:55,120
You can see how many times he
was injured.

1089
01:14:55,120 --> 01:14:57,000
How many times he led from
the front.

1090
01:14:57,000 --> 01:14:59,000
I think he knew it was coming.

1091
01:14:59,000 --> 01:15:02,880
Um, I don't think he expected to
reach old bones at all.

1092
01:15:02,880 --> 01:15:06,560
Nelson's thoughts turned to
the personal, and it was a final

1093
01:15:06,560 --> 01:15:09,840
kiss that has become a part of
the legendary death scene.

1094
01:15:12,360 --> 01:15:14,520
Kiss me, Hardy.

1095
01:15:17,760 --> 01:15:21,240
He asked Captain Hardy to kiss him,

1096
01:15:21,240 --> 01:15:26,040
which Hardy did tenderly on forehead
and cheek.

1097
01:15:26,040 --> 01:15:31,440
This was a sort of cry for
a sort of emotional response.

1098
01:15:31,440 --> 01:15:35,800
Hardy was a friend, and the dying
Nelson was simply seeking

1099
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:37,000
some comfort.

1100
01:15:39,680 --> 01:15:45,000
We were taught at school that as
he died, he said, "Kiss me, Hardy."

1101
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:47,200
And then afterwards they said,

1102
01:15:47,200 --> 01:15:49,720
"Could it have been
'Kismet, Hardy?'"

1103
01:15:49,720 --> 01:15:54,560
Kismet comes from the word "qismat"
which means destiny.

1104
01:15:54,560 --> 01:15:57,240
So, they said, "Oh, as he was dying
he said,

1105
01:15:57,240 --> 01:15:59,200
"'it was in our destiny, Hardy.'"

1106
01:16:00,520 --> 01:16:04,600
He'd been in the most intense
place for a very long time.

1107
01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:08,000
Hardy was the closest thing
he had to a friend on the ship.

1108
01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:11,600
And that little bit of human
engagement at the end would

1109
01:16:11,600 --> 01:16:14,280
have been enormously rewarding.

1110
01:16:14,280 --> 01:16:19,840
Later, I think it may potentially
have worried the ever-prudish

1111
01:16:19,840 --> 01:16:26,040
Victorians that the fallen hero
should not be seen kissing a man.

1112
01:16:27,520 --> 01:16:32,360
He's clutching Hardy's hand,
he's talking, he's dying.

1113
01:16:32,360 --> 01:16:36,120
And what he's talking about, as
was recorded by William Beatty,

1114
01:16:36,120 --> 01:16:39,840
was, "What will become of my dear
Lady Hamilton?

1115
01:16:39,840 --> 01:16:41,680
"Remember me to Horatia."

1116
01:16:43,240 --> 01:16:46,960
There's so much evidence to show
that Emma was on his mind

1117
01:16:46,960 --> 01:16:48,920
the entire time.

1118
01:16:50,440 --> 01:16:56,240
He wrote her letters, he had her
portrait up on his cabin wall.

1119
01:16:56,240 --> 01:17:00,240
It feels like Emma was his every
waking thought.

1120
01:17:01,840 --> 01:17:06,800
And it's very possible
that as he was dying, it wasn't

1121
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:10,520
"Kiss me, Hardy" or "Kismet, Hardy."

1122
01:17:10,520 --> 01:17:14,120
Maybe it was "Kiss Emma, Hardy."

1123
01:17:14,120 --> 01:17:17,040
And that seems so much more likely.

1124
01:17:19,880 --> 01:17:24,880
There are wonderful images of this
last moment in Nelson's life.

1125
01:17:24,880 --> 01:17:28,080
And I think it was such a profound
moment for those who actually

1126
01:17:28,080 --> 01:17:30,080
witnessed it.

1127
01:17:30,080 --> 01:17:32,560
It fell to Nelson's
second in command

1128
01:17:32,560 --> 01:17:34,760
Captain Collingwood to write

1129
01:17:34,760 --> 01:17:39,480
the dispatch that announced Nelson's
passing to the world, entitled

1130
01:17:39,480 --> 01:17:44,160
"The ever-to-be-lamented death of
Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson".

1131
01:17:45,240 --> 01:17:50,840
It read, "Nelson fell in the hour of
victory. I have not only to

1132
01:17:50,840 --> 01:17:54,480
"lament in common with the British
Navy, and the British Nation,

1133
01:17:54,480 --> 01:17:58,520
"in the fall of the Commander
in Chief, the loss of a hero,

1134
01:17:58,520 --> 01:18:00,400
"whose name will be immortal,

1135
01:18:00,400 --> 01:18:03,080
"and his memory ever dear to
his country."

1136
01:18:11,080 --> 01:18:13,840
The fleet was mortified.

1137
01:18:13,840 --> 01:18:16,080
They were heartbroken about it.

1138
01:18:16,080 --> 01:18:20,080
There were tears shed. I think, to
a certain extent, there might have

1139
01:18:20,080 --> 01:18:21,800
been an element of fear.

1140
01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:23,760
"What are we going to do
without him?

1141
01:18:23,760 --> 01:18:25,200
"This is our talisman.

1142
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:27,360
"This is the man that's delivered us
our victories.

1143
01:18:27,360 --> 01:18:28,920
"Who's going to pick up the reins?"

1144
01:18:32,040 --> 01:18:36,280
I think that's when the story
of Trafalgar really becomes

1145
01:18:36,280 --> 01:18:39,160
as much about the death of Nelson
as it does about

1146
01:18:39,160 --> 01:18:41,440
the victory over the French
and the Spanish.

1147
01:18:43,440 --> 01:18:46,680
But even Nelson, who had always
dreamt of glory,

1148
01:18:46,680 --> 01:18:49,560
couldn't imagine the extent
to which he would be made

1149
01:18:49,560 --> 01:18:52,160
immortal by his demise at the Battle
of Trafalgar.

1150
01:18:54,720 --> 01:18:57,240
His death was far from the end of
the story.

1151
01:18:58,560 --> 01:19:05,520
Nelson is presented as a symbol
of duty and also as a symbol

1152
01:19:05,520 --> 01:19:09,720
of commitment. He becomes almost
like a god of sea power.

1153
01:19:11,240 --> 01:19:15,000
A depiction of Nelson shows him
in apotheosis,

1154
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:17,280
essentially ascending to Heaven.

1155
01:19:19,280 --> 01:19:23,520
This is the Navy giving up
the fallen hero,

1156
01:19:23,520 --> 01:19:26,720
and he's now become a figure
of national status.

1157
01:19:29,760 --> 01:19:33,920
The grief that met Nelson's death
was really overwhelming.

1158
01:19:35,240 --> 01:19:38,320
Nelson is not buried
like a dead man.

1159
01:19:39,960 --> 01:19:41,480
He's buried like a Roman God.

1160
01:19:58,040 --> 01:20:02,000
When news of Nelson's death
reached Britain,

1161
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:04,520
the whole nation was plunged
into mourning.

1162
01:20:07,360 --> 01:20:09,120
The British government,

1163
01:20:09,120 --> 01:20:12,400
in consultation with King George
III, carefully considered

1164
01:20:12,400 --> 01:20:15,400
the message that Nelson's funeral
would convey to the world.

1165
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:20,760
Two months after Nelson had been
killed in action,

1166
01:20:20,760 --> 01:20:23,440
his body was finally received
in Greenwich

1167
01:20:23,440 --> 01:20:25,400
on Christmas Eve, 1805.

1168
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:36,520
Victory at Trafalgar has got
to be celebrated

1169
01:20:36,520 --> 01:20:39,320
to boost national morale.

1170
01:20:39,320 --> 01:20:42,240
And Nelson can be
seen as a sort of unifying

1171
01:20:42,240 --> 01:20:46,040
figure around which the nation
can cluster.

1172
01:20:46,040 --> 01:20:49,600
Nelson's funeral is designed to make
everyone realise how

1173
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:54,160
important sea power is to the future
prosperity of the country.

1174
01:20:57,400 --> 01:20:59,080
In these days of Empire

1175
01:20:59,080 --> 01:21:04,160
and Britain's national identity as
ruler of the seas,

1176
01:21:04,160 --> 01:21:08,960
only a state funeral, up until now
reserved for royalty, would do.

1177
01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:16,040
At the start of this five day event,
Nelson's body lay in state

1178
01:21:16,040 --> 01:21:17,480
within the Painted Hall

1179
01:21:17,480 --> 01:21:19,760
at the Royal Naval College
in Greenwich.

1180
01:21:21,520 --> 01:21:27,160
The gates open and some 10,000
people surge forward to catch

1181
01:21:27,160 --> 01:21:29,720
a glimpse of the coffin
of the fallen hero.

1182
01:21:30,960 --> 01:21:33,160
And then on the 8th of January,

1183
01:21:33,160 --> 01:21:37,760
the first stage of the funeral takes
place when Nelson's coffin is taken

1184
01:21:37,760 --> 01:21:43,440
in a funeral barge, draped with
black cloth, upstream to Whitehall.

1185
01:21:47,400 --> 01:21:51,800
If you're alongside the river, you
can see, you can go and join in,

1186
01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:54,000
if you have your own boat.

1187
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:55,960
You can be a waterman
or a nobleman.

1188
01:22:00,840 --> 01:22:04,560
Every aspect of proceedings was
designed to impress.

1189
01:22:04,560 --> 01:22:08,560
On the 9th of January, Nelson made
his final journey by land towards

1190
01:22:08,560 --> 01:22:11,880
St Paul's Cathedral in
a funeral hearse,

1191
01:22:11,880 --> 01:22:14,720
a wheeled model of his flagship,
The Victory.

1192
01:22:16,920 --> 01:22:21,160
The figurehead is of fame,
which is what he's achieved,

1193
01:22:21,160 --> 01:22:24,000
and that would have pleased
him enormously.

1194
01:22:27,440 --> 01:22:30,400
Everybody fell silent,
hats were removed,

1195
01:22:30,400 --> 01:22:33,560
and not a word could be heard.

1196
01:22:33,560 --> 01:22:36,360
And then at the edge
of the City of London,

1197
01:22:36,360 --> 01:22:38,560
the Lord Mayor came down,
sword in hand,

1198
01:22:38,560 --> 01:22:41,920
took command of the parade and led
them up to the steps of St Paul's.

1199
01:22:41,920 --> 01:22:45,480
So, the City of London finally took
control of Nelson,

1200
01:22:45,480 --> 01:22:47,800
because Nelson was the man
they worshipped.

1201
01:22:47,800 --> 01:22:50,320
He made it safe to do
business round the world.

1202
01:23:03,160 --> 01:23:06,000
Nelson was buried in the crypt
at the very centre

1203
01:23:06,000 --> 01:23:09,840
of the cathedral, symbolising
the commercial and spiritual heart

1204
01:23:09,840 --> 01:23:12,920
of the empire he had secured.

1205
01:23:12,920 --> 01:23:16,800
He represented the trading interests
of a state fighting for dominance.

1206
01:23:18,840 --> 01:23:23,120
And there he will form
the foundation stone

1207
01:23:23,120 --> 01:23:25,880
of a national pantheon
of heroic dead.

1208
01:23:32,040 --> 01:23:36,080
Crucial to Nelson's elevation
as a talisman for England

1209
01:23:36,080 --> 01:23:40,360
was to ensure all blemishes were
airbrushed from history,

1210
01:23:40,360 --> 01:23:43,080
and that included his
mistress, Lady Hamilton,

1211
01:23:43,080 --> 01:23:45,800
who Nelson regarded
as his true wife.

1212
01:23:48,520 --> 01:23:52,200
Once Nelson died,

1213
01:23:52,200 --> 01:23:58,200
everyone swooped in to eradicate
Emma's importance in his life.

1214
01:23:59,880 --> 01:24:03,720
The woman he loved is not
invited to the funeral.

1215
01:24:03,720 --> 01:24:07,680
It's really made very clear that
now Nelson has died,

1216
01:24:07,680 --> 01:24:09,480
he is no longer hers.

1217
01:24:11,840 --> 01:24:15,800
After Nelson died,
he was turned into a God,

1218
01:24:15,800 --> 01:24:19,400
and Emma was turned into a scandal.

1219
01:24:23,440 --> 01:24:26,920
Nelson's final wish, written
in his will on the day

1220
01:24:26,920 --> 01:24:32,280
he died, was that the State made
provision for Emma and his daughter.

1221
01:24:32,280 --> 01:24:34,960
He wrote that that it was the one
favour he asked

1222
01:24:34,960 --> 01:24:39,160
of his king and country as he went
to fight their battles.

1223
01:24:39,160 --> 01:24:42,520
It was a plea that would be ignored.

1224
01:24:42,520 --> 01:24:45,120
The last thing the State is ever
going to do

1225
01:24:45,120 --> 01:24:48,400
is look after someone's mistress.

1226
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:50,000
There was nothing for Emma -

1227
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:53,040
no money for her, no money
for her child.

1228
01:24:53,040 --> 01:24:56,440
They're expected to stay
out of society and go away.

1229
01:24:58,440 --> 01:25:02,840
Emma was permitted to spiral into

1230
01:25:02,840 --> 01:25:07,280
a vortex of debt, alcoholism.

1231
01:25:07,280 --> 01:25:09,600
She just gradually felt betrayed.

1232
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:13,240
And then she died
in poverty in Calais.

1233
01:25:16,000 --> 01:25:19,360
Horatia didn't acknowledge Emma.

1234
01:25:19,360 --> 01:25:22,960
She had sort of disowned
the fact that she was her mother.

1235
01:25:24,280 --> 01:25:27,760
And if Nelson had known

1236
01:25:27,760 --> 01:25:33,440
that it was going to turn out
like that before Trafalgar,

1237
01:25:33,440 --> 01:25:38,040
I wonder how he would have performed
at his duty beforehand,

1238
01:25:38,040 --> 01:25:39,680
going into battle.

1239
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:46,800
It's a massive disservice to
Emma Hamilton to talk about Nelson

1240
01:25:46,800 --> 01:25:51,040
without acknowledging the huge
impact that she had on his life

1241
01:25:51,040 --> 01:25:56,160
and how massively let down
she was by the authorities,

1242
01:25:56,160 --> 01:26:00,320
the Government, the country
that hails him a hero.

1243
01:26:02,120 --> 01:26:05,560
The poor treatment of Emma was
partly a sign of the position

1244
01:26:05,560 --> 01:26:10,080
of women in society but also
revealed how far the establishment

1245
01:26:10,080 --> 01:26:15,240
would go to preserve Nelson's legacy
in the aftermath of Trafalgar.

1246
01:26:15,240 --> 01:26:18,760
His image was successfully
high-jacked by the State.

1247
01:26:23,400 --> 01:26:26,960
The minute he died, the power
he had over his image was gone.

1248
01:26:26,960 --> 01:26:32,240
And he was being used and exploited
as propaganda by the powers that be

1249
01:26:32,240 --> 01:26:35,120
to create loyalty to the war,
loyalty to the nation.

1250
01:26:36,280 --> 01:26:42,000
The establishment wanted
to make Nelson

1251
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:46,080
this figure of England's power,

1252
01:26:46,080 --> 01:26:49,200
empire and glory.

1253
01:26:49,200 --> 01:26:54,080
And that's all we have been
taught to know about him.

1254
01:26:56,200 --> 01:26:59,600
This sanitised account of who
Nelson was

1255
01:26:59,600 --> 01:27:03,840
has become embedded in British
national identity and history.

1256
01:27:03,840 --> 01:27:07,240
In Trafalgar Square, a physical
embodiment of this

1257
01:27:07,240 --> 01:27:10,800
was completed in 1843.

1258
01:27:16,160 --> 01:27:18,920
But questions remain about what
kind of Britain

1259
01:27:18,920 --> 01:27:20,760
Nelson was fighting for...

1260
01:27:22,680 --> 01:27:27,000
..and in particular the support for
the slave trade -

1261
01:27:27,000 --> 01:27:31,480
questions which today loom
heavily over his legacy.

1262
01:27:31,480 --> 01:27:37,000
We can understand quite easily that
Nelson would have been sympathetic

1263
01:27:37,000 --> 01:27:40,560
to the world of the planters
and plantation owners

1264
01:27:40,560 --> 01:27:42,560
in the British West Indies.

1265
01:27:42,560 --> 01:27:46,960
His support of the slave trade
is something which is debatable.

1266
01:27:46,960 --> 01:27:48,840
We know he would have
had sympathies,

1267
01:27:48,840 --> 01:27:51,080
he would have been
sympathetic towards it,

1268
01:27:51,080 --> 01:27:56,480
however, we have very fragmentary
evidence which points that way.

1269
01:27:59,520 --> 01:28:02,600
In particular, interpretations
of a letter

1270
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:06,560
to the wealthy plantation owner
Simon Taylor

1271
01:28:06,560 --> 01:28:10,400
have highlighted the issue of
his support for the slave trade.

1272
01:28:12,880 --> 01:28:15,520
My interpretation of this letter,

1273
01:28:15,520 --> 01:28:19,360
where he makes out he's
opposed to Wilberforce

1274
01:28:19,360 --> 01:28:23,320
and he's supports
the old colonial system,

1275
01:28:23,320 --> 01:28:27,520
is he's looking for financial
support from Simon Taylor,

1276
01:28:27,520 --> 01:28:29,640
who was one of the wealthiest men.

1277
01:28:31,040 --> 01:28:34,760
Nelson is asking an acquaintance for
a favour,

1278
01:28:34,760 --> 01:28:39,600
knowing that acquaintance fully
supports the system of slavery

1279
01:28:39,600 --> 01:28:43,840
in Jamaica. This may explain why
Nelson felt

1280
01:28:43,840 --> 01:28:48,160
he needed to include an allusion
to his support for it -

1281
01:28:48,160 --> 01:28:52,520
essentially a buttering up
of his correspondent.

1282
01:28:56,480 --> 01:29:00,800
The private letter, written
aboard the Victory in June, 1805,

1283
01:29:00,800 --> 01:29:03,720
was first made public in 1807,

1284
01:29:03,720 --> 01:29:07,480
more than a year after
Nelson's death,

1285
01:29:07,480 --> 01:29:10,240
printed in
Cobbett's Political Register.

1286
01:29:12,120 --> 01:29:17,360
William Cobbett was a famous...if
not notorious anti-abolitionist

1287
01:29:17,360 --> 01:29:21,120
and Negrophobe.

1288
01:29:21,120 --> 01:29:24,920
And it's interesting that was
where it first appeared,

1289
01:29:24,920 --> 01:29:29,640
and that it was used as an example
of showing how Britain's hero,

1290
01:29:29,640 --> 01:29:32,280
Britain's newly anointed saviour,

1291
01:29:32,280 --> 01:29:37,520
is pushing his weight behind
the pro-slavery lobby.

1292
01:29:37,520 --> 01:29:41,760
To have Nelson's name attached
to a published letter

1293
01:29:41,760 --> 01:29:45,440
opposing the passing of
the Slave Trade Bill

1294
01:29:45,440 --> 01:29:48,960
was of course a piece of
political dynamite.

1295
01:29:50,280 --> 01:29:54,200
Nelson's original letter to
Mr Taylor has been lost,

1296
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:57,760
so we've no evidence in his
own hand of what was written.

1297
01:30:01,680 --> 01:30:05,280
And a new second letter,
thought to be an earlier version

1298
01:30:05,280 --> 01:30:09,720
of the 1807 political text,
has now been discovered.

1299
01:30:11,520 --> 01:30:14,600
It seems that for
Cobbett's magazine,

1300
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:17,440
Nelson's text was altered

1301
01:30:17,440 --> 01:30:20,920
to make it more headline grabbing

1302
01:30:20,920 --> 01:30:22,760
than it might've been.

1303
01:30:22,760 --> 01:30:25,000
For example, in the original,

1304
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:29,920
Nelson appears to have written
that he "cares for Jamaica".

1305
01:30:29,920 --> 01:30:34,600
In Cobbett's magazine, "cares"
becomes "fears for Jamaica",

1306
01:30:34,600 --> 01:30:38,520
as if adding a sort of sense of doom

1307
01:30:38,520 --> 01:30:40,840
that the abolition of
the slave trade

1308
01:30:40,840 --> 01:30:44,240
would somehow ruin
the economy of Jamaica.

1309
01:30:44,240 --> 01:30:48,040
Without seeing manuscript,
it's very, very difficult to know

1310
01:30:48,040 --> 01:30:49,880
who wrote the letter.

1311
01:30:49,880 --> 01:30:52,800
Whether that means it's something
that Nelson wrote

1312
01:30:52,800 --> 01:30:55,920
or something that somebody wished
he'd written

1313
01:30:55,920 --> 01:30:59,640
or perhaps modified something
he'd written, who knows?

1314
01:30:59,640 --> 01:31:04,040
Although doubt must be cast over
the provenance of this letter,

1315
01:31:04,040 --> 01:31:07,840
the sentiments expressed in it
would align

1316
01:31:07,840 --> 01:31:11,800
with what's generally known about
Nelson's sentiments

1317
01:31:11,800 --> 01:31:15,040
towards enslavement and abolition.

1318
01:31:15,040 --> 01:31:18,800
With modern eyes, we're doing
history a disservice

1319
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:21,320
if we don't talk about that
side of him.

1320
01:31:22,960 --> 01:31:25,920
To Nelson, I think
it's about duty, actually.

1321
01:31:25,920 --> 01:31:29,920
And I feel that had
he been around later,

1322
01:31:29,920 --> 01:31:32,520
when the Royal Navy
was extremely active

1323
01:31:32,520 --> 01:31:34,720
in the suppression of
the slave trade,

1324
01:31:34,720 --> 01:31:37,760
that Nelson would have been at
the forefront of that as well.

1325
01:31:40,480 --> 01:31:42,800
In the two centuries
since his death,

1326
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:47,040
Horatio Nelson has continued to
be immortalised.

1327
01:31:47,040 --> 01:31:50,960
England confides that every man
will do his duty.

1328
01:31:50,960 --> 01:31:55,520
Nelson, the self-made hero
and great self-publicist,

1329
01:31:55,520 --> 01:31:58,040
might not always have approved
of the way

1330
01:31:58,040 --> 01:32:00,480
his legend has unravelled,

1331
01:32:00,480 --> 01:32:03,320
but he would certainly have
revelled in the attention.

1332
01:32:04,840 --> 01:32:07,040
I think Nelson has endured

1333
01:32:07,040 --> 01:32:10,880
because he just represents what
the Navy look for

1334
01:32:10,880 --> 01:32:12,080
in a great commander.

1335
01:32:14,280 --> 01:32:17,320
I've been trying to reflect
on others

1336
01:32:17,320 --> 01:32:21,160
that might be Nelson today,

1337
01:32:21,160 --> 01:32:24,120
and I can't find them. I can't think
of anyone.

1338
01:32:24,120 --> 01:32:27,080
He was generous.

1339
01:32:27,080 --> 01:32:29,560
He was impulsive.

1340
01:32:29,560 --> 01:32:33,040
He was full of love for others,

1341
01:32:33,040 --> 01:32:37,040
but also demanding
to be loved himself.

1342
01:32:37,040 --> 01:32:41,880
It is that mixture in Nelson,
of confidence and doubt,

1343
01:32:41,880 --> 01:32:46,960
the quite frail, physically,
figure, and the courage,

1344
01:32:46,960 --> 01:32:52,200
still makes Nelson such a
staggeringly interesting figure.

1345
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:55,720
I think the importance is
actually to stop seeing

1346
01:32:55,720 --> 01:32:59,160
Nelson as a hero
on top of a column...

1347
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:06,200
..but to understand that Nelson was
a man of his time,

1348
01:33:06,200 --> 01:33:10,160
and who achieved remarkable things,

1349
01:33:10,160 --> 01:33:15,520
but someone who was as flawed
and vulnerable as we all are.

1350
01:33:39,360 --> 01:33:44,600
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