1
00:00:17,517 --> 00:00:20,302
<i>Roosevelt:
I believe that we are
going to get along very well</i>

2
00:00:20,336 --> 00:00:22,471
<i>With marshal stalin.</i>

3
00:00:24,908 --> 00:00:27,609
The american people
have always had guts

4
00:00:27,644 --> 00:00:28,777
And always will have.

5
00:00:28,795 --> 00:00:31,797
Crowd:
We want wallace!
We want wallace!

6
00:00:31,831 --> 00:00:33,682
We want wallace!

7
00:00:33,717 --> 00:00:36,518
<i>Roosevelt:
I'll accept the results
of this conference</i>

8
00:00:36,553 --> 00:00:40,439
As the beginnings of a permanent
structure of peace.

9
00:00:44,060 --> 00:00:46,512
<i>Truman:
Our demand has been,</i>

10
00:00:46,546 --> 00:00:48,080
<i>And it remains,</i>

11
00:00:48,114 --> 00:00:50,298
Unconditional surrender.

12
00:01:01,728 --> 00:01:03,228
A short time ago,

13
00:01:03,263 --> 00:01:06,365
An american airplane
dropped one bomb

14
00:01:06,399 --> 00:01:08,033
On hiroshima

15
00:01:08,068 --> 00:01:10,769
And destroyed its usefulness
to the enemy.

16
00:01:12,272 --> 00:01:14,256
<i>The japanese
began the war from the air</i>

17
00:01:14,290 --> 00:01:15,591
<i>At pearl harbor.</i>

18
00:01:15,625 --> 00:01:18,444
<i>They have been repaid
manyfold.</i>

19
00:01:18,495 --> 00:01:20,045
And the end is not yet.

20
00:01:21,514 --> 00:01:23,449
<i>We shall destroy their docks,</i>

21
00:01:23,483 --> 00:01:24,650
<i>Their factories</i>

22
00:01:24,684 --> 00:01:26,785
<i>And their communications.</i>

23
00:01:26,820 --> 00:01:28,420
Let there be no mistake--

24
00:01:28,455 --> 00:01:29,605
<i>We shall
completely destroy</i>

25
00:01:29,639 --> 00:01:32,491
<i>Japan's power
to make war.</i>

26
00:01:32,525 --> 00:01:34,993
It is an atomic bomb.

27
00:01:35,028 --> 00:01:38,797
It is a harnessing
of the basic power
of the universe.

28
00:01:38,832 --> 00:01:42,751
<i>Stone:
This was August 6, 1945.</i>

29
00:01:42,786 --> 00:01:45,554
<i>The war in europe
had ended close to
three months before</i>

30
00:01:45,572 --> 00:01:46,889
<i>On may the 8th.</i>

31
00:01:53,847 --> 00:01:57,366
<i>Looming on November 1 was
operation downfall--</i>

32
00:01:57,400 --> 00:01:59,785
<i>The invasion
of the japanese islands,</i>

33
00:01:59,819 --> 00:02:02,754
<i>Overseen by
general douglas macarthur.</i>

34
00:02:02,789 --> 00:02:04,456
<i>Many feared a bloodbath</i>

35
00:02:04,507 --> 00:02:07,693
<i>As americans confronted
a fanatically hostile</i>

36
00:02:07,727 --> 00:02:09,478
<i>Civilian population</i>

37
00:02:09,512 --> 00:02:13,699
<i>As well as the remaining
japanese imperial armed forces.</i>

38
00:02:13,733 --> 00:02:16,185
<i>The climate
for the war on japan</i>

39
00:02:16,219 --> 00:02:17,719
<i>Was shaped
by the profound hatred</i>

40
00:02:17,753 --> 00:02:20,856
<i>Americans felt
towards the japanese.</i>

41
00:02:24,194 --> 00:02:27,128
<i>Pulitzer prize-winning
historian allan nevins</i>

42
00:02:27,147 --> 00:02:29,982
<i>Wrote after the war,
"probably in all our history,</i>

43
00:02:30,016 --> 00:02:32,267
<i>No foe has been
so detested</i>

44
00:02:32,285 --> 00:02:34,386
<i>As were the japanese."</i>

45
00:02:34,420 --> 00:02:36,722
<i>Admiral william "bull" halsey,</i>

46
00:02:36,756 --> 00:02:39,124
<i>Commander of
the south pacific force,</i>

47
00:02:39,159 --> 00:02:41,059
<i>Was notorious
in this regard,</i>

48
00:02:41,094 --> 00:02:44,429
<i>Urging his men to kill
the "yellow monkeys"</i>

49
00:02:44,464 --> 00:02:46,665
<i>And "get some more
monkey meat."</i>

50
00:02:46,699 --> 00:02:49,351
<i>Halsey:
They were tough monkeys,
but they could be had.</i>

51
00:02:49,369 --> 00:02:52,004
<i>Stone:
An article in
"time" magazine stated</i>

52
00:02:52,055 --> 00:02:54,656
<i>"the ordinary
unreasoning jap is ignorant.</i>

53
00:02:54,691 --> 00:02:56,959
<i>Perhaps he is human.</i>

54
00:02:56,993 --> 00:02:58,460
<i>Nothing indicates it."</i>

55
00:02:58,494 --> 00:03:00,562
<i>The british embassy
in washington</i>

56
00:03:00,597 --> 00:03:03,799
<i>Reported back to london
that the americans viewed
the japanese</i>

57
00:03:03,833 --> 00:03:06,602
<i>As a "nameless mass
of vermin."</i>

58
00:03:06,636 --> 00:03:09,104
<i>When popular war correspondent
ernie pyle</i>

59
00:03:09,138 --> 00:03:11,039
<i>Was transferred
from europe to the pacific</i>

60
00:03:11,074 --> 00:03:13,575
<i>In February '45,
he observed...</i>

61
00:03:13,610 --> 00:03:16,211
<i>Pyle:
In europe,
we felt that our enemies,</i>

62
00:03:16,246 --> 00:03:17,963
<i>Horrible and deadly
as they were,</i>

63
00:03:17,997 --> 00:03:19,298
<i>Were still people.</i>

64
00:03:19,332 --> 00:03:20,966
<i>But out here
I soon gathered</i>

65
00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:22,517
<i>That the japanese
were looked upon</i>

66
00:03:22,551 --> 00:03:26,738
<i>The way some people feel
about cockroaches or mice.</i>

67
00:03:26,773 --> 00:03:29,524
<i>Stone:
Some of this sentiment
can be attributed</i>

68
00:03:29,559 --> 00:03:30,926
<i>Certainly to racism.</i>

69
00:03:30,960 --> 00:03:33,495
<i>But american rancor
towards japan soared</i>

70
00:03:33,529 --> 00:03:36,381
<i>With the sneak attack
at pearl harbor.</i>

71
00:03:36,416 --> 00:03:37,783
<i>And in early 1944,</i>

72
00:03:37,817 --> 00:03:39,918
<i>The government
released information</i>

73
00:03:39,969 --> 00:03:41,853
<i>About the sadistic
treatment of u.S.</i>

74
00:03:41,888 --> 00:03:45,057
<i>And filipino prisoners
during the baton death March</i>

75
00:03:45,108 --> 00:03:46,675
<i>Two years earlier.</i>

76
00:03:46,693 --> 00:03:49,695
<i>Reports of unspeakable
japanese cruelty--</i>

77
00:03:49,729 --> 00:03:51,179
<i>Torture,
crucifixion,</i>

78
00:03:51,197 --> 00:03:53,348
<i>Castration,
dismemberment,</i>

79
00:03:53,383 --> 00:03:56,218
<i>Beheading,
burning and burying alive,</i>

80
00:03:56,252 --> 00:03:57,736
<i>Vivisection,</i>

81
00:03:57,787 --> 00:03:59,037
<i>Nailing prisoners to trees</i>

82
00:03:59,072 --> 00:04:01,423
<i>And using them
for bayonet practice--</i>

83
00:04:01,457 --> 00:04:02,758
<i>Flooded the media.</i>

84
00:04:02,792 --> 00:04:05,160
<i>Even president truman's
bigotry</i>

85
00:04:05,194 --> 00:04:09,031
<i>Long antedated reports
of japanese savagery.</i>

86
00:04:09,065 --> 00:04:12,267
<i>As a young man courting
his future wife, he wrote...</i>

87
00:04:12,302 --> 00:04:14,102
<i>Truman:
I think one man
is as good as another,</i>

88
00:04:14,120 --> 00:04:16,038
<i>So long as he's
honest and decent</i>

89
00:04:16,072 --> 00:04:17,889
<i>And not a nigger
or a chinaman.</i>

90
00:04:17,924 --> 00:04:19,507
<i>Uncle will says
that the lord</i>

91
00:04:19,525 --> 00:04:20,809
<i>Made a white man
of dust,</i>

92
00:04:20,843 --> 00:04:22,644
<i>A nigger from mud,</i>

93
00:04:22,679 --> 00:04:25,580
<i>Then threw up what was left
and it came down a chinaman.</i>

94
00:04:25,615 --> 00:04:28,116
<i>Stone:
To be fair,
truman was a product</i>

95
00:04:28,151 --> 00:04:29,451
<i>Of his time and place.</i>

96
00:04:29,485 --> 00:04:32,020
<i>His biographer
merle miller reported...</i>

97
00:04:32,038 --> 00:04:34,506
<i>Miller:
Privately, mr. Truman
always said 'nigger.'</i>

98
00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:36,708
<i>At least he always did
when I talked to him.</i>

99
00:04:36,743 --> 00:04:39,661
<i>Stone:
This racism prevailed
when president roosevelt</i>

100
00:04:39,696 --> 00:04:42,981
<i>In February 1942
signed an executive order</i>

101
00:04:43,016 --> 00:04:46,918
<i>Calling for the evacuation
of over 110,000</i>

102
00:04:46,953 --> 00:04:49,855
<i>Japanese
and japanese-americans</i>

103
00:04:49,889 --> 00:04:52,524
<i>From california,
oregon and washington</i>

104
00:04:52,558 --> 00:04:54,493
<i>On the grounds that they</i>

105
00:04:54,527 --> 00:04:57,329
<i>"represented a threat
to national security."</i>

106
00:04:57,363 --> 00:05:01,133
<i>70% of them
were american citizens,</i>

107
00:05:01,167 --> 00:05:05,954
<i>But still with few
defending these citizens'
constitutional rights,</i>

108
00:05:05,989 --> 00:05:10,008
<i>They were eventually placed
in 10 different camps,</i>

109
00:05:10,043 --> 00:05:13,512
<i>Often referred to at the time
as concentration camps.</i>

110
00:05:13,546 --> 00:05:15,514
<i>Conditions here
were deplorable.</i>

111
00:05:15,548 --> 00:05:17,766
<i>Lacking running water,
bathroom facilities,</i>

112
00:05:17,800 --> 00:05:19,534
<i>Decent schools,</i>

113
00:05:19,569 --> 00:05:22,637
<i>Insulated cabins
and proper roofs.</i>

114
00:05:22,672 --> 00:05:25,223
<i>They worked under
scorching desert sun</i>

115
00:05:25,258 --> 00:05:27,042
<i>For miniscule pay.</i>

116
00:05:27,060 --> 00:05:30,062
<i>Evacuees were only allowed
to bring what they could carry</i>

117
00:05:30,096 --> 00:05:32,898
<i>And some greedy westerners
used the opportunity</i>

118
00:05:32,932 --> 00:05:35,067
<i>To seize their
neighbor's properties</i>

119
00:05:35,101 --> 00:05:38,036
<i>At a fraction
of their real value.</i>

120
00:05:38,071 --> 00:05:41,106
<i>The japanese lost
an estimated $400 million</i>

121
00:05:41,140 --> 00:05:42,841
<i>In personal property.</i>

122
00:05:42,875 --> 00:05:45,210
<i>Worth more than
$5 billion today.</i>

123
00:05:47,447 --> 00:05:50,165
<i>Japanese resoluteness
in the face of defeat</i>

124
00:05:50,183 --> 00:05:51,933
<i>Was legendary.</i>

125
00:05:51,968 --> 00:05:54,803
<i>In February
and March of 1945,</i>

126
00:05:54,837 --> 00:05:57,789
<i>After five weeks
of combat at iwo jima,</i>

127
00:05:57,824 --> 00:06:01,193
<i>Almost 7,000 american
sailors and marines</i>

128
00:06:01,227 --> 00:06:04,446
<i>Were killed and over
18,000 wounded.</i>

129
00:06:05,782 --> 00:06:08,467
- Stryker!
- Yes, sir?

130
00:06:08,518 --> 00:06:10,268
The colonel has ordered
that we put up this flag

131
00:06:10,303 --> 00:06:11,937
As soon as
the top is secured.

132
00:06:11,971 --> 00:06:14,389
- Be sure that
it gets there.
- Aye, aye, sir.

133
00:06:14,423 --> 00:06:15,957
Find something we can
use for a standard

134
00:06:15,991 --> 00:06:17,175
And we'll put this up.

135
00:06:17,210 --> 00:06:19,494
<i>Even hollywood movie star
john wayne</i>

136
00:06:19,529 --> 00:06:21,496
<i>Would fall victim.</i>

137
00:06:22,849 --> 00:06:24,883
Well, conway,
I see you made it.

138
00:06:24,934 --> 00:06:26,835
Yeah, I guess that
little voice was wrong.

139
00:06:26,853 --> 00:06:28,303
I feel better.

140
00:06:28,337 --> 00:06:30,305
I feel a lot better too.

141
00:06:30,339 --> 00:06:32,841
As a matter of fact,
I never felt so good
in my life.

142
00:06:32,859 --> 00:06:35,444
<i>- How about a cigarette?
- ( gunshot )</i>

143
00:06:37,530 --> 00:06:42,184
<i>♪ first to fight
for right and freedom ♪</i>

144
00:06:42,218 --> 00:06:47,055
<i>♪ then to keep
our honor clean, we are... ♪</i>

145
00:06:47,090 --> 00:06:49,174
All right!
Saddle up!

146
00:06:49,225 --> 00:06:50,792
Let's get back
in the war!

147
00:06:50,810 --> 00:06:56,631
<i>♪ the United States marines.</i>

148
00:06:56,649 --> 00:06:59,301
<i>Stone:
At okinawa, the bloodiest
battle of the pacific,</i>

149
00:06:59,335 --> 00:07:02,070
<i>Over 12,000 americans
were killed or missing</i>

150
00:07:02,105 --> 00:07:04,506
<i>And over 36,000 wounded.</i>

151
00:07:04,540 --> 00:07:07,325
<i>100,000 japanese soldiers</i>

152
00:07:07,360 --> 00:07:10,529
<i>And an equivalent number
of okinawan civilians</i>

153
00:07:10,563 --> 00:07:11,863
<i>Were killed.</i>

154
00:07:11,898 --> 00:07:13,899
<i>Many of them
committed suicide.</i>

155
00:07:17,904 --> 00:07:20,405
<i>Americans were
especially shocked</i>

156
00:07:20,440 --> 00:07:23,008
<i>By the 1,900
kamikaze attacks</i>

157
00:07:23,042 --> 00:07:27,195
<i>Which sank 30 and damaged
some 360 naval vessels.</i>

158
00:07:31,067 --> 00:07:32,951
<i>Japanese soldiers
fought for the emperor,</i>

159
00:07:33,002 --> 00:07:35,437
<i>Who many worshipped
as a god.</i>

160
00:07:35,471 --> 00:07:37,839
<i>They believed that surrender
would shame their families,</i>

161
00:07:37,857 --> 00:07:39,774
<i>But that death
on the battlefield</i>

162
00:07:39,809 --> 00:07:41,359
<i>Would bring
the highest honor.</i>

163
00:07:46,082 --> 00:07:47,833
<i>All military planners agreed</i>

164
00:07:47,867 --> 00:07:50,168
<i>That an invasion
would be costly.</i>

165
00:07:51,471 --> 00:07:53,505
<i>But the debate over
just how costly</i>

166
00:07:53,539 --> 00:07:55,457
<i>Has raged for decades.</i>

167
00:07:55,491 --> 00:07:57,442
<i>Marshall told truman
on June 18th,</i>

168
00:07:57,493 --> 00:08:00,912
<i>He expected no more than
31,000 casualties.</i>

169
00:08:08,971 --> 00:08:12,390
<i>America's moral threshold
would be dramatically lowered</i>

170
00:08:12,425 --> 00:08:14,309
<i>By world war ii.</i>

171
00:08:14,343 --> 00:08:16,561
<i>Urban area bombing
had begun before</i>

172
00:08:16,596 --> 00:08:18,263
<i>During the first world war</i>

173
00:08:18,297 --> 00:08:21,600
<i>When the europeans had
bombed each others' cities.</i>

174
00:08:21,634 --> 00:08:24,486
<i>And to its credit,
the u.S. Had strongly condemned</i>

175
00:08:24,520 --> 00:08:28,773
<i>Japanese bombing
of chinese cities in 1937.</i>

176
00:08:28,808 --> 00:08:31,943
<i>When the war began in '39,</i>

177
00:08:31,978 --> 00:08:33,745
<i>Roosevelt implored combatants</i>

178
00:08:33,779 --> 00:08:36,498
<i>To refrain
from the inhuman barbarism</i>

179
00:08:36,532 --> 00:08:39,301
<i>Involved in bombing
defenseless cities.</i>

180
00:08:41,137 --> 00:08:43,305
<i>But by the mid 1940s,</i>

181
00:08:43,339 --> 00:08:46,107
<i>Great cities
such as barcelona, madrid,</i>

182
00:08:46,142 --> 00:08:48,627
<i>Shanghai, beijing,
nanjing,</i>

183
00:08:48,661 --> 00:08:50,795
<i>Warsaw, london,
rotterdam,</i>

184
00:08:50,830 --> 00:08:52,998
<i>Moscow, leningrad,
budapest,</i>

185
00:08:53,032 --> 00:08:55,217
<i>Vienna, cologne,
berlin,</i>

186
00:08:55,251 --> 00:08:58,320
<i>And many others
had been severely bombed.</i>

187
00:08:58,354 --> 00:09:01,706
<i>Germany had begun
with deadly raids
on british cities,</i>

188
00:09:01,741 --> 00:09:05,193
<i>And the british responded
with thousand-plane formations</i>

189
00:09:05,228 --> 00:09:07,329
<i>Over urban targets
in germany.</i>

190
00:09:08,598 --> 00:09:11,666
<i>When u.S. Air force general
curtis lemay</i>

191
00:09:11,701 --> 00:09:14,803
<i>Arrived in England in 1942,</i>

192
00:09:14,837 --> 00:09:17,405
<i>Air force strategy
was targeting germany</i>

193
00:09:17,440 --> 00:09:19,591
<i>With precision bombing
of key industries</i>

194
00:09:19,625 --> 00:09:24,079
<i>And transportation networks
in vast daylight raids.</i>

195
00:09:24,113 --> 00:09:27,082
<i>But the crews were
being shot to pieces.</i>

196
00:09:27,116 --> 00:09:28,466
<i>Terrified for their lives,</i>

197
00:09:28,501 --> 00:09:30,535
<i>Many pilots simply
aborted their missions</i>

198
00:09:30,586 --> 00:09:32,220
<i>And returned to base.</i>

199
00:09:32,255 --> 00:09:34,756
<i>Morale was
at the point of collapse.</i>

200
00:09:34,790 --> 00:09:38,393
<i>Lemay issued
a severe order to his flyers.</i>

201
00:09:38,427 --> 00:09:40,829
<i>Lemay:
Our abort rate
is far too high.</i>

202
00:09:40,863 --> 00:09:42,831
<i>The cause of it is fear.</i>

203
00:09:42,865 --> 00:09:45,033
<i>Therefore I will be
on the lead plane</i>

204
00:09:45,067 --> 00:09:47,369
<i>In these missions.
And any crew that takes off</i>

205
00:09:47,403 --> 00:09:49,170
<i>And doesn't get
to the target</i>

206
00:09:49,205 --> 00:09:50,839
<i>Will be court-marshaled.</i>

207
00:09:50,873 --> 00:09:51,856
Attention!

208
00:10:00,199 --> 00:10:02,317
I can tell you now
one reason I think

209
00:10:02,351 --> 00:10:04,302
You've been having hard luck.

210
00:10:04,337 --> 00:10:08,239
<i>I saw it in
your faces last night.</i>

211
00:10:08,274 --> 00:10:10,342
<i>I see it there now.</i>

212
00:10:10,376 --> 00:10:13,862
You've been looking
at a lot of air lately

213
00:10:13,896 --> 00:10:17,132
And you think
you ought to have a rest.

214
00:10:17,166 --> 00:10:19,851
In short,
you're sorry for yourselves.

215
00:10:19,885 --> 00:10:21,720
Now I don't have
a lot of patience

216
00:10:21,754 --> 00:10:23,538
With this what-are-
we-fighting-for stuff.

217
00:10:23,572 --> 00:10:25,724
We're in a war,
a shooting war.

218
00:10:25,758 --> 00:10:27,742
We've got to fight.

219
00:10:27,777 --> 00:10:29,861
And some of us
have got to die.

220
00:10:29,895 --> 00:10:32,998
I'm not trying to tell you
not to be afraid.

221
00:10:33,032 --> 00:10:35,216
Fear is normal.

222
00:10:35,250 --> 00:10:37,085
But stop worrying
about it

223
00:10:37,103 --> 00:10:39,004
And about yourselves.

224
00:10:39,038 --> 00:10:40,221
Stop making plans.

225
00:10:40,256 --> 00:10:42,207
Forget about going home.

226
00:10:42,241 --> 00:10:44,526
Consider yourselves
already dead.

227
00:10:44,560 --> 00:10:46,561
<i>Once you accept that idea,</i>

228
00:10:46,595 --> 00:10:48,463
<i>It won't be so tough.</i>

229
00:10:48,497 --> 00:10:52,484
Now if any man here
can't buy that,

230
00:10:52,518 --> 00:10:54,836
If he rates himself
as something special

231
00:10:54,870 --> 00:10:57,906
With a special kind
of hide to be saved,

232
00:10:57,940 --> 00:11:01,860
He'd better make up
his mind about it right now.

233
00:11:02,995 --> 00:11:07,432
Because I don't want him
in this group.

234
00:11:07,466 --> 00:11:09,517
I'll be in my office
in five minutes.

235
00:11:09,552 --> 00:11:11,836
You can see me there.

236
00:11:11,871 --> 00:11:14,723
<i>Stone:
The abort rate
dropped off to nothing.</i>

237
00:11:14,757 --> 00:11:17,842
<i>But even then, lemay looked
to overhaul strategy,</i>

238
00:11:17,893 --> 00:11:22,247
<i>Frustrated with
the restrictions
of conventional bombing.</i>

239
00:11:22,281 --> 00:11:24,382
<i>His inspiration came
from the british,</i>

240
00:11:24,417 --> 00:11:27,919
<i>And especially the notorious
sir arthur "bomber" harris</i>

241
00:11:27,953 --> 00:11:30,055
<i>Who made no distinction
between military</i>

242
00:11:30,089 --> 00:11:31,990
<i>And civilian targets.</i>

243
00:11:32,024 --> 00:11:34,526
<i>It was harris
in February '42</i>

244
00:11:34,560 --> 00:11:39,197
<i>Who masterminded the shift
from precise but dangerous
daytime bombing</i>

245
00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:43,334
<i>To notoriously imprecise
nighttime area bombing raids</i>

246
00:11:43,369 --> 00:11:46,071
<i>That indiscriminately
kill civilians.</i>

247
00:11:46,105 --> 00:11:48,873
<i>The u.S. Had in the past
balked at such slaughter,</i>

248
00:11:48,908 --> 00:11:52,077
<i>But now round the clock
bombing ensued.</i>

249
00:11:52,111 --> 00:11:55,146
<i>British at night,
the americans by day.</i>

250
00:11:55,181 --> 00:11:58,683
<i>In July '43,
british bombers,
including harris,</i>

251
00:11:58,718 --> 00:12:02,220
<i>Destroyed the german
city of hamburg,</i>

252
00:12:02,254 --> 00:12:05,957
<i>Creating fires higher
than the empire state building.</i>

253
00:12:05,991 --> 00:12:08,276
<i>Lemay felt he could
do even better.</i>

254
00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:12,297
<i>And in November '43,
the u.S. Air force
destroyed munster.</i>

255
00:12:12,331 --> 00:12:14,682
<i>It was the beginning
of a new war.</i>

256
00:12:18,254 --> 00:12:21,723
<i>On the night
of February 13, 1945,</i>

257
00:12:21,757 --> 00:12:24,058
<i>The beautiful baroque
city of dresden</i>

258
00:12:24,093 --> 00:12:25,660
<i>On the elbe river,</i>

259
00:12:25,694 --> 00:12:29,280
<i>Packed with refugees
fleeing the red army,</i>

260
00:12:29,331 --> 00:12:31,232
<i>Disappeared from
the face of the earth.</i>

261
00:12:31,267 --> 00:12:34,185
<i>25,000 were killed
by british bombers at night,</i>

262
00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:37,756
<i>Followed by the u.S. Air force
the next morning.</i>

263
00:12:37,790 --> 00:12:40,808
<i>The city had
little military value.</i>

264
00:12:40,826 --> 00:12:43,728
<i>The cost of allied
area bombing in europe</i>

265
00:12:43,763 --> 00:12:46,548
<i>Was vast in terms
of men and material,</i>

266
00:12:46,582 --> 00:12:50,218
<i>Representing almost
a quarter of the entire
british war effort,</i>

267
00:12:50,252 --> 00:12:52,487
<i>And much of the american.</i>

268
00:12:52,505 --> 00:12:54,005
<i>But was it worth it?</i>

269
00:12:54,039 --> 00:12:56,207
<i>The bombing slowed
the rate of increase</i>

270
00:12:56,242 --> 00:12:57,809
<i>In german armaments production</i>

271
00:12:57,843 --> 00:13:00,061
<i>And took its toll
on civilian morale,</i>

272
00:13:00,095 --> 00:13:03,148
<i>Killing more than
an estimated half million</i>

273
00:13:03,182 --> 00:13:06,234
<i>German, italian
and french civilians.</i>

274
00:13:06,268 --> 00:13:10,488
<i>And it forced the luftwaffe
to divert forces</i>

275
00:13:10,539 --> 00:13:13,107
<i>To defend the mainland,
making them unavailable</i>

276
00:13:13,125 --> 00:13:15,160
<i>For the soviet front.</i>

277
00:13:15,194 --> 00:13:18,880
<i>But defending itself
and repairing damage</i>

278
00:13:18,914 --> 00:13:22,050
<i>May have cost the germans less
than the allies spent</i>

279
00:13:22,084 --> 00:13:23,952
<i>To wreak such damage.</i>

280
00:13:23,986 --> 00:13:26,654
<i>Over 79,000 u.S.</i>

281
00:13:26,689 --> 00:13:29,290
<i>And an equal number
of british air crew members</i>

282
00:13:29,325 --> 00:13:30,792
<i>Were killed in action.</i>

283
00:13:30,826 --> 00:13:34,395
<i>Even churchill
wondered out loud in 1943,</i>

284
00:13:34,430 --> 00:13:35,864
<i>"are we beasts?</i>

285
00:13:35,898 --> 00:13:38,583
<i>Are we taking this too far?"</i>

286
00:13:38,617 --> 00:13:42,537
<i>By mid-April,
there was simply nothing
worthwhile left</i>

287
00:13:42,571 --> 00:13:44,939
<i>To destroy in germany.</i>

288
00:13:44,974 --> 00:13:46,524
<i>Lemay argued...</i>

289
00:13:46,559 --> 00:13:48,860
<i>Lemay:
You gotta kill people.
And when you kill enough,</i>

290
00:13:48,894 --> 00:13:50,995
<i>They stop fighting.</i>

291
00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,332
<i>Stone:
In late 1944, the man
the japanese came to know</i>

292
00:13:54,366 --> 00:13:56,467
<i>As "demon lemay"</i>

293
00:13:56,502 --> 00:13:58,269
<i>Was transferred
to the pacific</i>

294
00:13:58,304 --> 00:14:00,738
<i>Where he bombed
japanese civilians</i>

295
00:14:00,773 --> 00:14:03,007
<i>With a ferocity never
before witnessed</i>

296
00:14:03,042 --> 00:14:04,809
<i>In the annals of war.</i>

297
00:14:04,844 --> 00:14:07,829
<i>More explicit than
the british area bombing,</i>

298
00:14:07,863 --> 00:14:10,682
<i>Lemay called it
"terror bombing."</i>

299
00:14:13,385 --> 00:14:15,286
<i>In that year,
the u.S. Was capturing</i>

300
00:14:15,337 --> 00:14:18,306
<i>More and more
japanese-occupied territories,</i>

301
00:14:18,340 --> 00:14:22,176
<i>Bringing japan itself
within range of u.S. Bombers.</i>

302
00:14:22,211 --> 00:14:25,513
<i>And on the night
of March 9th, 1945,</i>

303
00:14:25,548 --> 00:14:28,783
<i>Lemay sent 330 planes
over tokyo,</i>

304
00:14:28,817 --> 00:14:30,351
<i>The imperial capital...</i>

305
00:14:32,221 --> 00:14:34,055
<i>Carrying incendiary bombs,</i>

306
00:14:34,089 --> 00:14:36,791
<i>Consisting of napalm,
thermite,</i>

307
00:14:36,825 --> 00:14:37,959
<i>White phosphorous,</i>

308
00:14:37,993 --> 00:14:40,812
<i>And other inflammable
material.</i>

309
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:49,087
<i>Tokyo was a thousand-year-old
concentration of
bamboo and wood.</i>

310
00:14:49,121 --> 00:14:52,190
<i>It was called
a paper city.</i>

311
00:14:52,224 --> 00:14:55,193
<i>B-29s destroyed
16 square miles,</i>

312
00:14:55,227 --> 00:14:57,996
<i>Killing up to
100,000 civilians</i>

313
00:14:58,030 --> 00:15:01,482
<i>And leaving an estimated
one million homeless.</i>

314
00:15:01,517 --> 00:15:04,469
<i>The scalding inferno
caused canals to boil,</i>

315
00:15:04,520 --> 00:15:07,138
<i>Metal to melt,
and people to burst</i>

316
00:15:07,189 --> 00:15:09,807
<i>Spontaneously into flames.</i>

317
00:15:09,842 --> 00:15:12,343
<i>The stench of burning flesh
was so powerful</i>

318
00:15:12,378 --> 00:15:16,281
<i>That crew members
vomited in their planes.</i>

319
00:15:16,315 --> 00:15:19,951
<i>The tokyo raid was to be known
as lemay's masterpiece.</i>

320
00:15:19,985 --> 00:15:21,286
<i>He said...</i>

321
00:15:21,320 --> 00:15:22,954
<i>Lemay:
To confuse morality</i>

322
00:15:22,988 --> 00:15:25,556
<i>With what
we were doing-- nuts.</i>

323
00:15:25,591 --> 00:15:28,693
<i>Stone:
The american air force
actually firebombed</i>

324
00:15:28,727 --> 00:15:31,713
<i>Up to an estimated
100 japanese cities,</i>

325
00:15:31,747 --> 00:15:34,582
<i>Some of no
military significance,</i>

326
00:15:34,617 --> 00:15:38,486
<i>Taking more than an
estimated half million lives.</i>

327
00:15:38,520 --> 00:15:40,488
<i>Almost no one objected
to the slaughter bombing</i>

328
00:15:40,522 --> 00:15:41,973
<i>Of japanese civilians.</i>

329
00:15:42,024 --> 00:15:44,592
<i>It was, as one
brigadier general said,</i>

330
00:15:44,610 --> 00:15:46,461
<i>"one of the most ruthless
and barbaric</i>

331
00:15:46,495 --> 00:15:49,847
<i>Killings of non-combatants
in all history."</i>

332
00:15:49,898 --> 00:15:54,652
<i>Destruction reached 99.5%
in the city of toyama.</i>

333
00:15:54,687 --> 00:15:57,789
<i>Secretary of war
henry stimson told truman</i>

334
00:15:57,823 --> 00:16:00,158
<i>He did not want to have
the u.S. Get the reputation</i>

335
00:16:00,192 --> 00:16:02,360
<i>Of outdoing hitler
in atrocities.</i>

336
00:16:03,846 --> 00:16:06,798
<i>Seeing through the prism
of the terrible destruction</i>

337
00:16:06,832 --> 00:16:09,317
<i>Being wrought by
lemay's terror bombing,</i>

338
00:16:09,351 --> 00:16:11,970
<i>The atomic bomb
can be viewed</i>

339
00:16:12,004 --> 00:16:14,472
<i>As a chilling,
if logical, next step.</i>

340
00:16:15,908 --> 00:16:17,759
<i>But as it crept closer,</i>

341
00:16:17,793 --> 00:16:20,845
<i>Many scientists
began to squirm.</i>

342
00:16:20,879 --> 00:16:22,863
<i>Leo szilard and others</i>

343
00:16:22,881 --> 00:16:25,183
<i>Understood implicitly that
this bomb they were building</i>

344
00:16:25,217 --> 00:16:28,803
<i>Was a primitive prototype
to what was to follow.</i>

345
00:16:28,837 --> 00:16:32,640
<i>Szilard, nobel prize-winning
chemist harold urey,</i>

346
00:16:32,675 --> 00:16:34,375
<i>And astronomer walter bartky</i>

347
00:16:34,410 --> 00:16:36,044
<i>Attempted to see truman</i>

348
00:16:36,078 --> 00:16:38,012
<i>To caution against
use of the bomb.</i>

349
00:16:38,047 --> 00:16:40,498
<i>But they were rerouted
to south carolina</i>

350
00:16:40,532 --> 00:16:42,100
<i>To speak with byrnes,</i>

351
00:16:42,134 --> 00:16:44,852
<i>Whose response
appalled szilard.</i>

352
00:16:44,886 --> 00:16:46,070
<i>Szilard:
Mr. Byrnes knew at that time,</i>

353
00:16:46,105 --> 00:16:47,655
<i>As the rest
of the government knew,</i>

354
00:16:47,690 --> 00:16:49,991
<i>That japan was
essentially defeated.</i>

355
00:16:50,025 --> 00:16:51,893
<i>He was much concerned
about the spreading</i>

356
00:16:51,927 --> 00:16:53,361
<i>Of russian influence
in europe</i>

357
00:16:53,395 --> 00:16:55,997
<i>And that our possessing
and demonstrating the bomb</i>

358
00:16:56,031 --> 00:16:58,433
<i>Would make russia
more manageable.</i>

359
00:16:58,467 --> 00:17:00,268
<i>Stone:
Leslie groves also admitted</i>

360
00:17:00,302 --> 00:17:03,805
<i>That in his mind,
russia had always
been the enemy.</i>

361
00:17:03,839 --> 00:17:05,740
<i>Groves:
There was never,
from about two weeks</i>

362
00:17:05,774 --> 00:17:08,009
<i>From the time
I took charge of this project,</i>

363
00:17:08,043 --> 00:17:10,011
<i>Any illusion on my part</i>

364
00:17:10,045 --> 00:17:11,879
<i>That russia
was our enemy,</i>

365
00:17:11,914 --> 00:17:14,849
<i>And the project
was conducted on that basis.</i>

366
00:17:14,883 --> 00:17:17,952
<i>Stone:
In June, scientists
at chicago's met lab</i>

367
00:17:17,986 --> 00:17:21,789
<i>Drafted a report warning
that a nuclear attack on japan</i>

368
00:17:21,824 --> 00:17:25,143
<i>Would not only destroy
america's moral position,</i>

369
00:17:25,177 --> 00:17:27,812
<i>But would instigate
a nuclear arms race</i>

370
00:17:27,846 --> 00:17:29,147
<i>With the soviet union.</i>

371
00:17:32,317 --> 00:17:36,020
<i>The report also noted
that because there was
no secret to the bomb,</i>

372
00:17:36,055 --> 00:17:38,506
<i>The soviet union
would soon catch up.</i>

373
00:17:38,540 --> 00:17:41,442
<i>When security officers
banned its circulation,</i>

374
00:17:41,477 --> 00:17:44,445
<i>Szilard drafted
a petition to truman</i>

375
00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:48,850
<i>Signed by 155
project scientists.</i>

376
00:17:48,884 --> 00:17:51,185
<i>But robert oppenheimer
barred its circulation</i>

377
00:17:51,220 --> 00:17:53,588
<i>At los alamos
and alerted groves,</i>

378
00:17:53,622 --> 00:17:57,658
<i>Who made sure the petition
did not reach truman.</i>

379
00:17:57,693 --> 00:18:00,595
<i>Groves' security agents
had been conducting</i>

380
00:18:00,629 --> 00:18:02,663
<i>Extensive surveillance
of szilard</i>

381
00:18:02,698 --> 00:18:04,165
<i>Throughout the war.</i>

382
00:18:04,199 --> 00:18:06,601
<i>And at one point,
groves had labeled szilard</i>

383
00:18:06,635 --> 00:18:08,886
<i>An "enemy alien"
and requested</i>

384
00:18:08,921 --> 00:18:12,740
<i>That he be interned
for the duration of the war.</i>

385
00:18:12,775 --> 00:18:14,459
<i>In may '45,</i>

386
00:18:14,493 --> 00:18:17,061
<i>General marshall supported
oppenheimer's suggestion</i>

387
00:18:17,096 --> 00:18:20,598
<i>To share information
with soviet scientists.</i>

388
00:18:20,632 --> 00:18:25,153
<i>If not, his proposal to invite
soviet observers to the test,</i>

389
00:18:25,187 --> 00:18:29,223
<i>But byrnes in any case
vetoed the whole idea.</i>

390
00:18:29,257 --> 00:18:32,760
<i>The bomb's use now seemed
inexorable, unstoppable.</i>

391
00:18:32,778 --> 00:18:34,679
<i>And it came to
an apocalyptic head</i>

392
00:18:34,713 --> 00:18:36,330
<i>In potsdam in July</i>

393
00:18:36,348 --> 00:18:38,633
<i>Where the big three
were discussing the shape</i>

394
00:18:38,667 --> 00:18:40,968
<i>Of the postwar world.</i>

395
00:18:41,003 --> 00:18:44,271
<i>It was the perfect place
to reveal the existence
of the bomb.</i>

396
00:18:46,341 --> 00:18:50,561
<i>The conference setting
was strange and otherworldly.</i>

397
00:18:50,612 --> 00:18:54,515
<i>Soviet troops occupied
the wrecked capital of berlin.</i>

398
00:18:54,549 --> 00:18:56,901
<i>Truman had said
his primary reason</i>

399
00:18:56,935 --> 00:19:00,438
<i>For going to potsdam was
to insure the soviet entry</i>

400
00:19:00,472 --> 00:19:02,456
<i>Into the pacific war,</i>

401
00:19:02,491 --> 00:19:06,060
<i>An assurance that stalin
was ready to give again.</i>

402
00:19:06,094 --> 00:19:07,795
<i>Truman wrote
in his diary...</i>

403
00:19:07,830 --> 00:19:10,464
<i>Truman:
He'll be in the jap war
on August 15th.</i>

404
00:19:10,499 --> 00:19:12,433
<i>Fini japs when
that comes about.</i>

405
00:19:12,467 --> 00:19:15,720
<i>Stone:
Allied intelligence
concurred, reporting...</i>

406
00:19:24,530 --> 00:19:26,814
<i>Yet, it was clear
to most that the japanese</i>

407
00:19:26,849 --> 00:19:28,549
<i>Were already finished.</i>

408
00:19:28,584 --> 00:19:30,351
<i>By the end of 1944,</i>

409
00:19:30,385 --> 00:19:33,087
<i>The japanese navy
had been decimated,</i>

410
00:19:33,121 --> 00:19:34,755
<i>The air force
badly weakened,</i>

411
00:19:34,790 --> 00:19:37,542
<i>The railroad transit system
in tatters,</i>

412
00:19:37,593 --> 00:19:39,827
<i>The food supply shrunk,</i>

413
00:19:39,845 --> 00:19:42,346
<i>Public morale plummeting.</i>

414
00:19:42,397 --> 00:19:45,299
<i>Upon germany's defeat,
the russian army
began gathering</i>

415
00:19:45,334 --> 00:19:48,836
<i>In siberia in enormous numbers,
preparing to invade</i>

416
00:19:48,871 --> 00:19:50,972
<i>Japanese occupied manchuria</i>

417
00:19:51,006 --> 00:19:54,475
<i>In early August
of 1945.</i>

418
00:19:54,509 --> 00:19:56,978
<i>In February of that year,
prince konoe,</i>

419
00:19:57,012 --> 00:19:59,747
<i>The former prime minister
had written to the emperor...</i>

420
00:19:59,781 --> 00:20:01,749
<i>( speaking japanese )</i>

421
00:20:05,137 --> 00:20:08,472
<i>Stone:
In may, japan's
supreme war council decided</i>

422
00:20:08,507 --> 00:20:11,191
<i>To feel out the soviets
for peace terms.</i>

423
00:20:11,210 --> 00:20:14,378
<i>They wanted not only to keep
the u.S.S.R. Out of their war,</i>

424
00:20:14,429 --> 00:20:18,182
<i>But also to see if the soviets
could help secure</i>

425
00:20:18,217 --> 00:20:21,686
<i>Better surrender terms
from the americans.</i>

426
00:20:21,720 --> 00:20:24,922
<i>This was
a delicate negotiation,</i>

427
00:20:24,957 --> 00:20:28,125
<i>But american intelligence
had been intercepting</i>

428
00:20:28,176 --> 00:20:31,362
<i>Japanese cables since
the start of the war.</i>

429
00:20:31,396 --> 00:20:34,165
<i>And a July 18 cable
from tokyo</i>

430
00:20:34,199 --> 00:20:37,335
<i>To the japanese
ambassador in moscow</i>

431
00:20:37,369 --> 00:20:40,938
<i>Seeking surrender terms
said unequivocally,</i>

432
00:20:40,973 --> 00:20:44,842
<i>"unconditional surrender
is the only obstacle to peace."</i>

433
00:20:46,111 --> 00:20:49,080
<i>Truman, unambiguously
characterized this</i>

434
00:20:49,114 --> 00:20:52,500
<i>As the "telegram from
the jap emperor</i>

435
00:20:52,534 --> 00:20:55,703
<i>Asking for peace."</i>

436
00:20:55,721 --> 00:20:57,421
<i>Forrestal noted evidence</i>

437
00:20:57,472 --> 00:21:00,424
<i>Of a japanese desire
to get out of the war.</i>

438
00:21:00,459 --> 00:21:04,295
<i>Stimson described japanese
maneuverings for peace.</i>

439
00:21:04,329 --> 00:21:08,499
<i>Byrnes pointed to
japanese peace feelers.</i>

440
00:21:08,533 --> 00:21:11,235
<i>They all knew
the japanese were finished.</i>

441
00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:13,104
<i>The end was near.</i>

442
00:21:13,138 --> 00:21:15,756
<i>And several
of truman's close advisors</i>

443
00:21:15,790 --> 00:21:19,710
<i>Urged him to modify
the unconditional surrender</i>

444
00:21:19,745 --> 00:21:22,730
<i>To signal that japan
could keep its emperor</i>

445
00:21:22,764 --> 00:21:24,015
<i>And speed the end
of the war.</i>

446
00:21:25,884 --> 00:21:28,719
<i>To the people, the emperor
was a sacred figure,</i>

447
00:21:28,754 --> 00:21:31,856
<i>And the center
of their shinto religion.</i>

448
00:21:33,709 --> 00:21:36,210
<i>To see him hanged
like mussolini in Italy</i>

449
00:21:36,244 --> 00:21:38,746
<i>Or humiliated
in a war trial</i>

450
00:21:38,764 --> 00:21:41,048
<i>Would be more
than they could bear.</i>

451
00:21:41,083 --> 00:21:42,950
<i>Macarthur's command reported,</i>

452
00:21:42,984 --> 00:21:45,086
<i>"the hanging of
the emperor to them</i>

453
00:21:45,120 --> 00:21:49,874
<i>Would be comparable
to the crucifixion
of christ to us.</i>

454
00:21:49,908 --> 00:21:52,610
<i>All would fight
to die like ants."</i>

455
00:21:55,881 --> 00:22:00,151
<i>But jimmy byrnes
told truman that he would be</i>

456
00:22:00,185 --> 00:22:04,755
<i>Crucified politically
if the imperial system
was retained.</i>

457
00:22:04,806 --> 00:22:07,475
<i>Once again,
his advice prevailed.</i>

458
00:22:07,509 --> 00:22:10,444
<i>Truman and byrnes believed
they had a way to speed</i>

459
00:22:10,479 --> 00:22:12,780
<i>Japanese surrender
on american terms</i>

460
00:22:12,814 --> 00:22:15,032
<i>Without soviet help,</i>

461
00:22:15,067 --> 00:22:17,902
<i>Thereby denying the u.S.S.R.</i>

462
00:22:17,936 --> 00:22:20,855
<i>The territorial
and economic concessions</i>

463
00:22:20,889 --> 00:22:23,157
<i>Promised by roosevelt.</i>

464
00:22:23,191 --> 00:22:26,093
<i>Truman had delayed
the start of potsdam</i>

465
00:22:26,128 --> 00:22:27,728
<i>For two weeks,</i>

466
00:22:27,763 --> 00:22:32,199
<i>Giving the scientists time
to ready the bomb test.</i>

467
00:22:32,234 --> 00:22:33,801
<i>It worked.</i>

468
00:22:33,835 --> 00:22:35,870
<i>Stimson gave him the news.</i>

469
00:22:35,904 --> 00:22:39,457
<i>The conference began
the very next day.</i>

470
00:22:39,491 --> 00:22:41,726
<i>He later read
the full report.</i>

471
00:22:41,760 --> 00:22:46,263
<i>The test was terrifying,
almost beyond comprehension.</i>

472
00:22:46,298 --> 00:22:49,600
<i>Truman's demeanor
changed completely.</i>

473
00:22:49,651 --> 00:22:52,686
<i>Churchill was stunned
by the transformation.</i>

474
00:22:52,720 --> 00:22:54,405
<i>Churchill:
I couldn't understand it.</i>

475
00:22:54,439 --> 00:22:56,273
<i>He was a changed man.</i>

476
00:22:56,324 --> 00:23:00,161
<i>He told the russians
just where they got on and off</i>

477
00:23:00,195 --> 00:23:02,747
<i>And generally bossed
the whole meeting.</i>

478
00:23:02,781 --> 00:23:06,500
<i>Stone:
On the 24th of July,
truman informed stalin</i>

479
00:23:06,535 --> 00:23:09,036
<i>That the United States
was in possession</i>

480
00:23:09,071 --> 00:23:12,640
<i>Of a new weapon
of unusual destructive force.</i>

481
00:23:12,674 --> 00:23:15,876
Mr. President, I remember
you told stalin at potsdam

482
00:23:15,911 --> 00:23:17,845
That we had
the atomic bomb.

483
00:23:17,879 --> 00:23:19,380
- Yes.
- Did he seem to
be impressed

484
00:23:19,414 --> 00:23:22,249
- At that time?
- No.  I don't think

485
00:23:22,284 --> 00:23:24,018
He quite understood
what I was talking about.

486
00:23:24,052 --> 00:23:27,822
I told him that we had
discovered a tremendously
powerful explosive

487
00:23:27,856 --> 00:23:31,325
And that we proposed to use it
to end the war with japan.

488
00:23:31,359 --> 00:23:33,661
And he smiled and said
that he was very happy
to hear it,

489
00:23:33,695 --> 00:23:35,796
Then the conversation ended
and I went my way

490
00:23:35,831 --> 00:23:37,098
And he went his.

491
00:23:38,567 --> 00:23:41,001
<i>Stone:
But truman was naive
in this matter.</i>

492
00:23:41,036 --> 00:23:44,405
<i>Klaus fuchs, a man
of ideological conviction</i>

493
00:23:44,439 --> 00:23:46,740
<i>Who was part of
the british scientific mission</i>

494
00:23:46,775 --> 00:23:48,075
<i>At alamogordo,</i>

495
00:23:48,110 --> 00:23:49,877
<i>Had delivered
technical information</i>

496
00:23:49,895 --> 00:23:53,681
<i>Relating to the bomb
to his soviet handlers.</i>

497
00:23:53,715 --> 00:23:57,284
<i>Stalin already knew when
the test had been scheduled</i>

498
00:23:57,302 --> 00:24:00,738
<i>And now was being told
it had succeeded.</i>

499
00:24:00,772 --> 00:24:03,491
<i>Anthony eden,
british foreign secretary,</i>

500
00:24:03,525 --> 00:24:05,609
<i>Noted stalin's response
to truman</i>

501
00:24:05,660 --> 00:24:08,496
<i>Was a nod
and a muttered "thank you."</i>

502
00:24:08,530 --> 00:24:11,482
<i>Apparently,
once he stepped away
from the conference,</i>

503
00:24:11,516 --> 00:24:14,351
<i>Stalin called his
secret police chief,</i>

504
00:24:14,386 --> 00:24:17,755
<i>Beria, and scolded him
for not having told him</i>

505
00:24:17,789 --> 00:24:20,191
<i>Of the success of the test
before truman.</i>

506
00:24:20,225 --> 00:24:23,027
<i>Foreign minister
andrei gromyko reported</i>

507
00:24:23,061 --> 00:24:25,162
<i>That when stalin
returned to his villa,</i>

508
00:24:25,197 --> 00:24:28,365
<i>He remarked that the americans
would use their atomic monopoly</i>

509
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:31,235
<i>Now to dictate
terms in europe.</i>

510
00:24:31,269 --> 00:24:33,737
<i>But that he wouldn't
give in to that blackmail.</i>

511
00:24:33,772 --> 00:24:35,573
<i>He ordered soviet
military forces</i>

512
00:24:35,607 --> 00:24:38,175
<i>To speed their entry
into the asian war</i>

513
00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:40,444
<i>And he ordered
soviet scientists</i>

514
00:24:40,479 --> 00:24:42,730
<i>To pick up the pace
of their research.</i>

515
00:24:42,764 --> 00:24:44,648
<i>Truman's behavior
at potsdam</i>

516
00:24:44,683 --> 00:24:47,184
<i>Reinforced stalin's belief
that the u.S.</i>

517
00:24:47,219 --> 00:24:49,119
<i>Intended to end
the war quickly,</i>

518
00:24:49,154 --> 00:24:53,324
<i>And renege on its
promised concessions
in the pacific.</i>

519
00:24:53,358 --> 00:24:55,793
<i>On July the 25th,
truman approved</i>

520
00:24:55,827 --> 00:24:58,462
<i>A directive signed
by stimson and marshall</i>

521
00:24:58,497 --> 00:25:01,532
<i>Ordering the atomic bomb
to be used against japan</i>

522
00:25:01,566 --> 00:25:03,934
<i>As soon after August 3rd</i>

523
00:25:03,969 --> 00:25:06,270
<i>As the weather permitted.</i>

524
00:25:06,304 --> 00:25:09,206
<i>He and byrnes fully expected
the japanese government</i>

525
00:25:09,241 --> 00:25:11,775
<i>To reject
the potsdam declaration,</i>

526
00:25:11,810 --> 00:25:15,546
<i>Which failed
to give any reassurances
about the emperor.</i>

527
00:25:15,580 --> 00:25:17,481
<i>The u.S. Even vetoed</i>

528
00:25:17,516 --> 00:25:20,618
<i>Stalin's wish to sign
the declaration.</i>

529
00:25:20,652 --> 00:25:24,154
<i>Adding stalin's signature
would have signaled
the japanese</i>

530
00:25:24,189 --> 00:25:28,359
<i>That the soviet union
was about to come
into the war.</i>

531
00:25:28,393 --> 00:25:30,761
<i>It was incredibly
underhanded behavior</i>

532
00:25:30,795 --> 00:25:33,230
<i>By the u.S.
Both towards the japanese</i>

533
00:25:33,265 --> 00:25:35,099
<i>And the u.S.S.R.</i>

534
00:25:35,133 --> 00:25:36,500
<i>While the hours
were ticking off</i>

535
00:25:36,535 --> 00:25:39,169
<i>Until the atomic bomb
was ready to use,</i>

536
00:25:39,204 --> 00:25:41,572
<i>The absence
of a soviet signature</i>

537
00:25:41,606 --> 00:25:43,991
<i>Was encouraging the japanese</i>

538
00:25:44,025 --> 00:25:46,510
<i>To continue their futile
diplomatic efforts</i>

539
00:25:46,545 --> 00:25:50,381
<i>Since may of that year
to keep the soviets
out of the war,</i>

540
00:25:50,415 --> 00:25:52,583
<i>Knowing that the entry
of their giant army</i>

541
00:25:52,617 --> 00:25:56,003
<i>Would crush
the japanese empire.</i>

542
00:25:56,021 --> 00:25:58,255
<i>Stimson, who had
serious misgivings</i>

543
00:25:58,290 --> 00:26:01,792
<i>About using the bomb--
referring to it as
"the dreadful,</i>

544
00:26:01,826 --> 00:26:04,261
<i>The terrible,
the diabolical"--</i>

545
00:26:04,296 --> 00:26:06,997
<i>Repeatedly tried
to convince truman and byrnes</i>

546
00:26:07,032 --> 00:26:10,067
<i>To assure the japanese
about the emperor,</i>

547
00:26:10,101 --> 00:26:13,070
<i>But it was an exercise
in futility.</i>

548
00:26:13,104 --> 00:26:16,357
<i>When stimson complained
to truman about being ignored,</i>

549
00:26:16,391 --> 00:26:19,760
<i>Truman told his elderly,
frail secretary of war</i>

550
00:26:19,794 --> 00:26:23,664
<i>That if he didn't like it,
he could pack his bags
and go home.</i>

551
00:26:23,698 --> 00:26:25,833
<i>Though truman always
somewhat proudly</i>

552
00:26:25,867 --> 00:26:28,201
<i>Accepted responsibility
for his decision,</i>

553
00:26:28,219 --> 00:26:32,506
<i>Groves, who drafted the final
order to drop the bomb,</i>

554
00:26:32,540 --> 00:26:35,843
<i>Contended that truman
really didn't decide.</i>

555
00:26:35,877 --> 00:26:37,244
<i>Groves:
As far as I was concerned,</i>

556
00:26:37,279 --> 00:26:40,114
<i>His decision was one
of non-interference.</i>

557
00:26:40,148 --> 00:26:44,952
<i>Basically, a decision not to
upset the existing plans.</i>

558
00:26:44,986 --> 00:26:49,323
<i>Truman did not
so much say "yes,"
as not say "no."</i>

559
00:26:49,357 --> 00:26:53,160
<i>Stone:
He described truman scornfully
as a little boy on a toboggan.</i>

560
00:26:55,497 --> 00:26:58,782
<i>Truman's attitude
in all this was puzzling.</i>

561
00:26:58,817 --> 00:27:00,934
<i>Though at times treating
the bomb as a poker hand</i>

562
00:27:00,969 --> 00:27:03,337
<i>To hold over
stalin's head,</i>

563
00:27:03,355 --> 00:27:07,007
<i>He also understood
that it was really
a sword of damocles</i>

564
00:27:07,042 --> 00:27:09,793
<i>Hanging over all humanity.</i>

565
00:27:09,828 --> 00:27:11,929
<i>He wrote in
his potsdam diary...</i>

566
00:27:11,963 --> 00:27:14,264
<i>Truman:
We have discovered
the most terrible bomb</i>

567
00:27:14,299 --> 00:27:16,200
<i>In the history of the world.</i>

568
00:27:16,234 --> 00:27:18,202
<i>It may be
the fire destruction</i>

569
00:27:18,236 --> 00:27:20,938
<i>Prophesied in
the euphrates valley era,</i>

570
00:27:20,972 --> 00:27:23,674
<i>After noah
and his fabulous ark.</i>

571
00:27:23,708 --> 00:27:26,610
<i>Stone:
Six of america's seven
five-star officers</i>

572
00:27:26,661 --> 00:27:29,296
<i>Who received their
final star in world war ii</i>

573
00:27:29,331 --> 00:27:32,349
<i>Declared the bomb
morally reprehensible,</i>

574
00:27:32,384 --> 00:27:34,585
<i>Militarily unnecessary</i>

575
00:27:34,619 --> 00:27:35,753
<i>Or both.</i>

576
00:27:35,787 --> 00:27:37,688
<i>Eisenhower said...</i>

577
00:27:37,722 --> 00:27:39,056
<i>Eisenhower:
So then stimson told me</i>

578
00:27:39,090 --> 00:27:41,825
<i>They were going to drop it
on the japanese.</i>

579
00:27:41,860 --> 00:27:44,628
<i>I listened.
I didn't volunteer anything</i>

580
00:27:44,663 --> 00:27:48,048
<i>Because after all,
my war was over in europe</i>

581
00:27:48,066 --> 00:27:50,601
<i>And it wasn't up to me.</i>

582
00:27:50,635 --> 00:27:53,253
<i>But I was against it
on two counts.</i>

583
00:27:53,288 --> 00:27:56,190
<i>First, the japanese
were ready to surrender,</i>

584
00:27:56,224 --> 00:28:00,694
<i>And it wasn't necessary
to hit them with
that awful thing.</i>

585
00:28:00,728 --> 00:28:03,230
<i>Second, I hated
to see our country</i>

586
00:28:03,264 --> 00:28:06,884
<i>Be the first to use
such a weapon.</i>

587
00:28:06,918 --> 00:28:11,405
<i>Stone: General macarthur,
supreme commander of allied
forces in the pacific,</i>

588
00:28:11,423 --> 00:28:13,841
<i>Considered the bomb
completely unnecessary</i>

589
00:28:13,875 --> 00:28:16,477
<i>From a military point of view.</i>

590
00:28:16,511 --> 00:28:19,646
<i>He later said that
the japanese would have
surrendered in may</i>

591
00:28:19,681 --> 00:28:23,517
<i>If the u.S. Had told them
they could keep the emperor.</i>

592
00:28:23,551 --> 00:28:25,285
<i>Opposition was
sufficiently known</i>

593
00:28:25,320 --> 00:28:27,955
<i>That groves imposed
a requirement</i>

594
00:28:27,989 --> 00:28:30,023
<i>That u.S. Commanders
in the field</i>

595
00:28:30,058 --> 00:28:32,492
<i>Clear all statements
on the bombings</i>

596
00:28:32,510 --> 00:28:33,994
<i>With the war department.</i>

597
00:28:34,012 --> 00:28:36,830
After three years
of the highest tension--

598
00:28:36,865 --> 00:28:38,966
<i>Groves:
We didn't want macarthur
and others saying</i>

599
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:41,635
<i>The war could have
been won without the bomb.</i>

600
00:28:41,669 --> 00:28:44,822
<i>Stone:
Ironically, shortly
after the war was over,</i>

601
00:28:44,856 --> 00:28:47,624
<i>General curtis
"demon" lemay said...</i>

602
00:28:47,659 --> 00:28:49,626
<i>Lemay:
Even without
the atomic bomb</i>

603
00:28:49,661 --> 00:28:51,829
<i>And the russian
entry into the war,</i>

604
00:28:51,863 --> 00:28:54,898
<i>Japan would have surrendered
in two weeks.</i>

605
00:28:54,933 --> 00:28:56,567
<i>The atomic bomb
had nothing to do</i>

606
00:28:56,601 --> 00:28:57,768
<i>With the end of the war.</i>

607
00:29:01,005 --> 00:29:04,374
<i>Stone:
The target committee had
selected a number of sites</i>

608
00:29:04,409 --> 00:29:07,694
<i>On the japanese mainland.</i>

609
00:29:07,729 --> 00:29:09,446
<i>Stimson removed kyoto,</i>

610
00:29:09,481 --> 00:29:12,866
<i>The ancient cultural capital,
which was spared its fate</i>

611
00:29:12,901 --> 00:29:15,569
<i>Over the strong
opposition of groves.</i>

612
00:29:15,603 --> 00:29:19,740
<i>It was the city of hiroshima
that was decided upon.</i>

613
00:29:19,774 --> 00:29:21,809
<i>It had been deliberately
left undamaged</i>

614
00:29:21,843 --> 00:29:24,144
<i>By lemay's bombers.</i>

615
00:29:24,179 --> 00:29:26,814
<i>Here the u.S. Could
showcase its new weapon.</i>

616
00:29:34,055 --> 00:29:36,824
<i>On August 6th
at 2:45 a.M.,</i>

617
00:29:36,858 --> 00:29:40,227
<i>Three b-29s took off
from the island of tinian</i>

618
00:29:40,261 --> 00:29:42,162
<i>For japan.</i>

619
00:29:42,197 --> 00:29:44,498
<i>The lead plane,
the enola gay,</i>

620
00:29:44,532 --> 00:29:48,469
<i>Carried the uranium bomb
little boy.</i>

621
00:29:48,503 --> 00:29:51,738
<i>Pilot paul tibbets
named the plane</i>

622
00:29:51,756 --> 00:29:53,707
<i>After his mother.</i>

623
00:29:53,741 --> 00:29:56,610
<i>Six and a half hours later,
the enola gay</i>

624
00:29:56,644 --> 00:29:58,479
<i>Came into sight
of its target.</i>

625
00:29:58,513 --> 00:30:00,914
<i>The doomed city lay quiet</i>

626
00:30:00,949 --> 00:30:03,851
<i>In the flooding
early morning sunshine.</i>

627
00:30:03,885 --> 00:30:06,570
<i>Hiroshima's
300,000 civilians,</i>

628
00:30:06,604 --> 00:30:08,305
<i>43,000 soldiers,</i>

629
00:30:08,339 --> 00:30:11,792
<i>And 45,000 korean
slave laborers</i>

630
00:30:11,826 --> 00:30:15,112
<i>Were just beginning
their day.</i>

631
00:30:15,146 --> 00:30:18,448
<i>The target was a bridge
near the center of the city.</i>

632
00:30:20,685 --> 00:30:23,003
<i>At 8:15,
right on schedule,</i>

633
00:30:23,037 --> 00:30:26,056
<i>The giant plane
went into its bombing run</i>

634
00:30:26,090 --> 00:30:27,874
<i>At 31,000 feet,</i>

635
00:30:27,892 --> 00:30:30,344
<i>Speed 330 miles per hour.</i>

636
00:30:39,170 --> 00:30:42,039
<i>As the bomb was released,
the plane twisted violently</i>

637
00:30:42,073 --> 00:30:45,242
<i>To get as far as possible
from the blast.</i>

638
00:30:47,929 --> 00:30:50,564
<i>At the last minute,
a gust of wind blew the bomb</i>

639
00:30:50,598 --> 00:30:52,900
<i>Carrying it toward
shima hospital</i>

640
00:30:52,934 --> 00:30:54,551
<i>At one end
of the bridge.</i>

641
00:30:54,586 --> 00:30:58,755
<i>The bomb fell almost
five miles to 2,000 feet</i>

642
00:30:58,790 --> 00:31:01,592
<i>And then the two
masses of uranium</i>

643
00:31:01,626 --> 00:31:03,710
<i>Came together
at lightning speed</i>

644
00:31:03,745 --> 00:31:05,546
<i>And turned to energy.</i>

645
00:31:13,555 --> 00:31:16,056
<i>The plane,
now nine miles away</i>

646
00:31:16,090 --> 00:31:18,191
<i>Was battered
by the shockwave.</i>

647
00:31:18,226 --> 00:31:20,060
<i>The fireball expanded outward</i>

648
00:31:20,094 --> 00:31:23,447
<i>Enveloping the densely
populated center of the city.</i>

649
00:31:23,481 --> 00:31:25,649
<i>Its intense heat and blast</i>

650
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:27,534
<i>Driving outward
to shatter buildings</i>

651
00:31:27,569 --> 00:31:29,669
<i>And ignite all debris.</i>

652
00:31:29,687 --> 00:31:32,406
<i>The bomb totally
destroyed an area</i>

653
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:37,094
<i>Extending approximately
1.2 miles in all directions.</i>

654
00:31:40,114 --> 00:31:41,665
<i>An hour and a half later,</i>

655
00:31:41,716 --> 00:31:44,201
<i>From almost 400 miles away,</i>

656
00:31:44,235 --> 00:31:48,138
<i>The crew could look back
and still see the
mushroom cloud</i>

657
00:31:48,172 --> 00:31:52,743
<i>Rearing up to
40,000 feet or more.</i>

658
00:31:52,777 --> 00:31:57,948
<i>At the hypocenter
where temperatures reached
5,400° fahrenheit,</i>

659
00:31:57,982 --> 00:32:01,818
<i>The fireball roasted
people to bundles of
smoking black char</i>

660
00:32:01,853 --> 00:32:06,390
<i>In a fraction of a second
as their internal organs
boiled away.</i>

661
00:32:06,424 --> 00:32:08,725
<i>Tens of thousands
were killed instantly.</i>

662
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:13,363
<i>An estimated 140,000
were dead by the end
of the year</i>

663
00:32:13,398 --> 00:32:17,367
<i>And 200,000 by 1950.</i>

664
00:32:17,402 --> 00:32:22,306
<i>The u.S. Officially reported
only 3,243</i>

665
00:32:22,340 --> 00:32:25,075
<i>Japanese troops killed.</i>

666
00:32:25,109 --> 00:32:28,578
<i>Among the casualties were
23 american prisoners of war.</i>

667
00:32:28,613 --> 00:32:31,315
<i>Some of whom
survived the blast</i>

668
00:32:31,349 --> 00:32:34,785
<i>Only to be beaten to death
by bomb survivors.</i>

669
00:32:34,836 --> 00:32:38,071
<i>When the bomb had exploded
at hiroshima,</i>

670
00:32:38,106 --> 00:32:42,409
<i>Truman, aboard the augusta,
had gone from one crew member
to another</i>

671
00:32:42,427 --> 00:32:45,478
<i>Telling them the great news
like a town crier.</i>

672
00:32:45,496 --> 00:32:48,448
<i>Truman:
This is the greatest
thing in history.</i>

673
00:32:48,482 --> 00:32:50,534
<i>Stone:
Responding to this,</i>

674
00:32:50,568 --> 00:32:54,154
<i>Catholic layworker and pacifist
dorothy day wrote...</i>

675
00:32:54,188 --> 00:32:58,492
<i>Day:
We have killed
318,000 japanese.</i>

676
00:32:58,526 --> 00:33:01,028
<i>Mr. Truman was jubilant.</i>

677
00:33:01,062 --> 00:33:04,164
<i>President truman--
true man.</i>

678
00:33:04,198 --> 00:33:07,167
<i>What a strange name,
come to think of it.</i>

679
00:33:07,201 --> 00:33:10,404
<i>We refer to jesus christ
as true god</i>

680
00:33:10,438 --> 00:33:11,738
<i>And true man.</i>

681
00:33:11,772 --> 00:33:14,758
<i>Truman is a true man
of his time</i>

682
00:33:14,792 --> 00:33:17,928
<i>In that he was jubilant.</i>

683
00:33:17,962 --> 00:33:21,848
<i>Stone:
But the japanese
did not surrender.</i>

684
00:33:21,866 --> 00:33:25,185
<i>Stalin, honoring
his pledge to roosevelt</i>

685
00:33:25,219 --> 00:33:27,754
<i>And having now moved
one and a half million men</i>

686
00:33:27,789 --> 00:33:31,658
<i>To the eastern front,
attacked japan on August 9th</i>

687
00:33:31,693 --> 00:33:34,561
<i>On three fronts
in manchuria.</i>

688
00:33:34,595 --> 00:33:36,263
<i>The fighting was bloody.</i>

689
00:33:42,754 --> 00:33:45,856
<i>The kwantung army
was practically obliterated.</i>

690
00:33:45,890 --> 00:33:51,161
<i>Estimates range up to
700,000 japanese killed,
wounded and captured.</i>

691
00:33:51,195 --> 00:33:53,814
<i>Stalin also
attacked in korea</i>

692
00:33:53,848 --> 00:33:56,616
<i>And in the kuril islands
and sakhalin island.</i>

693
00:34:00,054 --> 00:34:03,824
<i>This enormous event has been
mostly forgotten to history,</i>

694
00:34:03,858 --> 00:34:06,827
<i>Because later that morning
on August 9,</i>

695
00:34:06,861 --> 00:34:08,995
<i>Before japan
had time to react</i>

696
00:34:09,030 --> 00:34:10,814
<i>To the soviet invasion,</i>

697
00:34:10,848 --> 00:34:13,083
<i>The United States dropped
its second bomb,</i>

698
00:34:13,117 --> 00:34:18,021
<i>An implosive plutonium bomb
nicknamed "fat man,"</i>

699
00:34:18,056 --> 00:34:19,356
<i>On the city of nagasaki.</i>

700
00:34:25,747 --> 00:34:29,182
<i>Exploding ironically over
the largest catholic cathedral</i>

701
00:34:29,217 --> 00:34:32,986
<i>In asia, with a force
of 22 kilotons,</i>

702
00:34:33,020 --> 00:34:36,173
<i>40,000 died immediately.</i>

703
00:34:36,207 --> 00:34:38,909
<i>Of them, 250 soldiers.</i>

704
00:34:42,130 --> 00:34:44,197
<i>Henry wallace wrote
of truman and byrnes</i>

705
00:34:44,232 --> 00:34:46,133
<i>In his diary on August 10th,</i>

706
00:34:46,167 --> 00:34:48,735
<i>One day after nagasaki...</i>

707
00:34:48,770 --> 00:34:51,938
<i>Wallace:
It is obvious that
the attitude of truman, byrnes,</i>

708
00:34:51,973 --> 00:34:54,341
<i>And both the war
and navy departments</i>

709
00:34:54,375 --> 00:34:57,160
<i>Will make
for war eventually.</i>

710
00:34:57,211 --> 00:34:59,596
<i>Stone:
Yet neither
the announcement of nagasaki</i>

711
00:34:59,630 --> 00:35:02,666
<i>Or army minister anami's
fallacious report</i>

712
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:06,136
<i>That the u.S. Had
100 more atomic bombs</i>

713
00:35:06,170 --> 00:35:10,941
<i>Moved tokyo any closer to
surrendering unconditionally.</i>

714
00:35:10,975 --> 00:35:12,759
<i>After all,
japanese cities</i>

715
00:35:12,794 --> 00:35:16,062
<i>Were being wiped out
all through 1945.</i>

716
00:35:16,097 --> 00:35:18,632
<i>200 planes
and thousands of bombs</i>

717
00:35:18,666 --> 00:35:20,167
<i>Or one plane
and one bomb--</i>

718
00:35:20,201 --> 00:35:22,502
<i>It didn't seem to make
a noticeable difference.</i>

719
00:35:22,537 --> 00:35:25,772
<i>For japanese leaders,
the devastating news
on August 9</i>

720
00:35:25,807 --> 00:35:29,643
<i>Was the soviet invasion.</i>

721
00:35:29,677 --> 00:35:32,662
<i>Nagasaki was just one more
city that was destroyed.</i>

722
00:35:34,215 --> 00:35:37,384
<i>But the red army easily
overwhelming japanese forces</i>

723
00:35:37,418 --> 00:35:39,452
<i>In their richest colony,</i>

724
00:35:39,487 --> 00:35:41,721
<i>The puppet state
of manchukuo,</i>

725
00:35:41,756 --> 00:35:43,290
<i>Was cause for alarm.</i>

726
00:35:48,896 --> 00:35:52,265
<i>General kawabe,
the army deputy chief of staff</i>

727
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:54,067
<i>Explained...</i>

728
00:35:54,101 --> 00:35:57,003
<i>Kawabe:
It was only
in a gradual manner</i>

729
00:35:57,038 --> 00:35:59,472
<i>That the horrible wreckage
which had been made</i>

730
00:35:59,507 --> 00:36:02,075
<i>Of hiroshima became known.</i>

731
00:36:02,109 --> 00:36:05,345
<i>In comparison,
the soviet entry</i>

732
00:36:05,379 --> 00:36:08,014
<i>Into the war was
a great shock,</i>

733
00:36:08,049 --> 00:36:11,084
<i>Because we had been
in constant fear of it</i>

734
00:36:11,118 --> 00:36:13,753
<i>With a vivid imagination
that the vast</i>

735
00:36:13,788 --> 00:36:16,256
<i>Red army forces in europe</i>

736
00:36:16,290 --> 00:36:18,859
<i>Were now being turned
against us.</i>

737
00:36:21,195 --> 00:36:23,163
<i>Stone:
Prime minister suzuki said...</i>

738
00:36:23,197 --> 00:36:26,099
<i>Suzuki:
Japan must surrender
immediately</i>

739
00:36:26,133 --> 00:36:30,220
<i>Or the soviet union will take
not only manchuria,</i>

740
00:36:30,254 --> 00:36:34,424
<i>Korea, karafuto,
but also hokkaido.</i>

741
00:36:34,475 --> 00:36:38,395
<i>This would destroy
the foundation of japan.</i>

742
00:36:38,429 --> 00:36:40,914
<i>We must end the war</i>

743
00:36:40,948 --> 00:36:44,434
<i>When we can deal
with the u.S.</i>

744
00:36:44,468 --> 00:36:48,321
<i>Stone:
A top secret study
done in January 1946</i>

745
00:36:48,356 --> 00:36:50,807
<i>By the intelligence staff
of the war department's</i>

746
00:36:50,858 --> 00:36:53,777
<i>Operations division
concludes...</i>

747
00:37:13,164 --> 00:37:15,999
<i>Not only would the soviets
destroy their empire,</i>

748
00:37:16,033 --> 00:37:17,884
<i>But they would
have no qualms</i>

749
00:37:17,919 --> 00:37:20,570
<i>About destroying
the emperor himself.</i>

750
00:37:20,605 --> 00:37:23,623
<i>After all, they murdered
their own emperor in 1918.</i>

751
00:37:41,976 --> 00:37:44,294
<i>On August 14th,
five days after</i>

752
00:37:44,328 --> 00:37:47,497
<i>The second bomb was
dropped at nagasaki,</i>

753
00:37:47,531 --> 00:37:49,933
<i>And with desperate fighting
still raging</i>

754
00:37:49,967 --> 00:37:52,902
<i>Against the soviets,
emperor hirohito</i>

755
00:37:52,937 --> 00:37:55,238
<i>Now exerted
his personal power.</i>

756
00:37:55,273 --> 00:37:57,841
<i>For centuries,
the japanese emperors</i>

757
00:37:57,875 --> 00:37:59,976
<i>Had lived without contact
with their people,</i>

758
00:38:00,011 --> 00:38:02,145
<i>Revered as divine beings.</i>

759
00:38:02,179 --> 00:38:04,364
<i>But now, hirohito,</i>

760
00:38:04,398 --> 00:38:07,801
<i>Speaking to the japanese
people directly,</i>

761
00:38:07,835 --> 00:38:09,936
<i>Ordered surrender
over the radio.</i>

762
00:38:09,971 --> 00:38:12,172
<i>( hirohito speaking japanese )</i>

763
00:38:14,041 --> 00:38:15,241
<i>Stone:
It was the first time</i>

764
00:38:15,276 --> 00:38:17,711
<i>Most of them had heard
the voice of god.</i>

765
00:38:26,286 --> 00:38:28,371
<i>Macarthur:
Let us pray that peace</i>

766
00:38:28,406 --> 00:38:31,975
<i>Be now restored to the world</i>

767
00:38:32,009 --> 00:38:35,228
And that god
will preserve it

768
00:38:35,262 --> 00:38:37,480
<i>Always.</i>

769
00:38:37,515 --> 00:38:42,152
<i>These proceedings
are closed.</i>

770
00:38:42,186 --> 00:38:44,621
<i>Stone:
The horrors and bloodshed
of world war ii</i>

771
00:38:44,655 --> 00:38:48,158
<i>Coarsened a lot of people
to the suffering of others.</i>

772
00:38:48,209 --> 00:38:51,294
<i>Freeman dyson, the renowned
future physicist</i>

773
00:38:51,329 --> 00:38:53,229
<i>Who was part of
the tiger force fleet</i>

774
00:38:53,264 --> 00:38:57,067
<i>Of 300 british bombers
explained...</i>

775
00:38:57,101 --> 00:38:58,935
<i>Dyson:
I found this
continuing slaughter</i>

776
00:38:58,969 --> 00:39:00,303
<i>Of defenseless japanese</i>

777
00:39:00,338 --> 00:39:04,174
<i>Even more sickening
than the slaughter of germans,</i>

778
00:39:04,208 --> 00:39:06,309
<i>But still I did not quit.</i>

779
00:39:06,344 --> 00:39:09,112
<i>By that time,
I had been at war so long</i>

780
00:39:09,146 --> 00:39:12,449
<i>That I could hardly
remember peace.</i>

781
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:14,334
<i>No living poet had words</i>

782
00:39:14,368 --> 00:39:16,803
<i>To describe that
emptiness of the soul</i>

783
00:39:16,837 --> 00:39:19,789
<i>Which allowed me
to go on killing
without hatred</i>

784
00:39:19,840 --> 00:39:22,008
<i>And without remorse.</i>

785
00:39:22,043 --> 00:39:24,127
<i>But shakespeare
understood it.</i>

786
00:39:24,178 --> 00:39:26,179
<i>And he gave macbeth
the words...</i>

787
00:39:41,295 --> 00:39:45,281
<i>Stone:
In that spirit,
85% of the american public,</i>

788
00:39:45,316 --> 00:39:47,667
<i>Convinced that the bombs
had ended the war,</i>

789
00:39:47,701 --> 00:39:50,103
<i>Applauded their use.</i>

790
00:39:50,121 --> 00:39:52,105
<i>Murrow:
When the bomb was dropped,</i>

791
00:39:52,139 --> 00:39:56,326
<i>The war was near
to ending anyway.</i>

792
00:39:56,360 --> 00:39:58,111
Was this the result
of a miscalculation

793
00:39:58,145 --> 00:40:01,848
Of the japanese potential?
Was our intelligence faulty
in this area?

794
00:40:01,882 --> 00:40:06,453
It was done on the theory
that the--

795
00:40:06,487 --> 00:40:10,190
Our troops were expecting
to invade japan

796
00:40:10,224 --> 00:40:11,775
<i>In a very short time,</i>

797
00:40:11,826 --> 00:40:13,326
<i>And it was estimated
that it would take</i>

798
00:40:13,360 --> 00:40:16,112
<i>About a million and a half men
to make that invasion,</i>

799
00:40:16,163 --> 00:40:19,082
<i>And in all probability
there'd be a half a million
of them of casualties</i>

800
00:40:19,116 --> 00:40:21,885
<i>And 250,000 of them killed.</i>

801
00:40:21,919 --> 00:40:24,187
And we had this powerful
new weapon.

802
00:40:24,221 --> 00:40:26,856
I had no qualms
about using it,

803
00:40:26,891 --> 00:40:29,959
Because a weapon of war

804
00:40:29,994 --> 00:40:31,861
Is a destructive weapon.

805
00:40:31,896 --> 00:40:33,396
That's the reason
none of us want war

806
00:40:33,431 --> 00:40:35,131
And all of us
are against war.

807
00:40:35,166 --> 00:40:37,534
But when you have the weapon
that will win the war,

808
00:40:37,568 --> 00:40:39,669
You'd be foolish
if you didn't use it.

809
00:40:41,305 --> 00:40:43,873
<i>Stone:
Truman's estimates
of american casualties</i>

810
00:40:43,924 --> 00:40:46,242
<i>Kept climbing
as the years went by.</i>

811
00:41:07,198 --> 00:41:10,200
<i>Almost 50 years later,
in 1991,</i>

812
00:41:10,234 --> 00:41:13,236
<i>President george bush
praised truman's</i>

813
00:41:13,270 --> 00:41:15,071
<i>"tough calculating decision</i>

814
00:41:15,105 --> 00:41:18,074
<i>Which spared millions
of american lives."</i>

815
00:41:20,678 --> 00:41:22,712
<i>Controversy over
the atomic bombings</i>

816
00:41:22,746 --> 00:41:25,114
<i>Continued to roil
american society.</i>

817
00:41:25,149 --> 00:41:26,783
<i>Protests by
the american legion,</i>

818
00:41:26,817 --> 00:41:28,718
<i>The air force association</i>

819
00:41:28,752 --> 00:41:30,587
<i>And congressional
conservatives</i>

820
00:41:30,621 --> 00:41:33,857
<i>Forced the smithsonian
air and space museum</i>

821
00:41:33,891 --> 00:41:37,227
<i>To cancel a 1995 exhibit
on the bombings.</i>

822
00:41:40,297 --> 00:41:42,532
<i>Young second lieutenant
paul fussell,</i>

823
00:41:42,566 --> 00:41:44,667
<i>Who was in the pacific
at the time of the bombing,</i>

824
00:41:44,702 --> 00:41:49,189
<i>Published "thank god
for the atom bomb" in 1988</i>

825
00:41:49,223 --> 00:41:50,757
<i>In which he wrote...</i>

826
00:41:50,791 --> 00:41:53,826
<i>Fussell:
For all the fake manliness
of our facades,</i>

827
00:41:53,861 --> 00:41:56,246
<i>We cried
with relief and joy.</i>

828
00:41:56,280 --> 00:41:58,147
<i>We were going to live.</i>

829
00:41:58,182 --> 00:42:02,352
<i>We were going to grow up
to adulthood after all.</i>

830
00:42:02,386 --> 00:42:05,171
<i>Stone:
Like millions of others
of his generation,</i>

831
00:42:05,206 --> 00:42:06,906
<i>And millions since,</i>

832
00:42:06,940 --> 00:42:09,576
<i>Fussell was convinced
that truman and the bomb</i>

833
00:42:09,610 --> 00:42:12,829
<i>Saved them
from invading japan.</i>

834
00:42:12,880 --> 00:42:14,580
<i>But attributing victory
to the bomb</i>

835
00:42:14,598 --> 00:42:16,566
<i>In a sense
insults the memory</i>

836
00:42:16,617 --> 00:42:19,836
<i>Of the many men and women
who gave their lives</i>

837
00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:23,172
<i>To defeat the japanese
year by grinding year.</i>

838
00:42:25,993 --> 00:42:28,311
<i>Robert oppenheimer
met with henry wallace</i>

839
00:42:28,345 --> 00:42:30,179
<i>Shortly after the war,</i>

840
00:42:30,214 --> 00:42:32,315
<i>Deeply worried at
the eventual slaughter</i>

841
00:42:32,349 --> 00:42:34,450
<i>Of tens of millions.</i>

842
00:42:34,485 --> 00:42:36,686
<i>Earlier that year,
he informed</i>

843
00:42:36,720 --> 00:42:38,655
<i>Top military
and civilian leaders</i>

844
00:42:38,689 --> 00:42:40,323
<i>That within three years,</i>

845
00:42:40,357 --> 00:42:41,858
<i>The u.S. Would likely
have weapons</i>

846
00:42:41,892 --> 00:42:45,562
<i>Up to 7,000 times
as powerful as the bomb</i>

847
00:42:45,613 --> 00:42:47,363
<i>That would destroy hiroshima.</i>

848
00:42:48,566 --> 00:42:50,516
<i>He proposed
international control</i>

849
00:42:50,534 --> 00:42:53,953
<i>Of the atomic technology
to assuage soviet fears</i>

850
00:42:53,988 --> 00:42:56,155
<i>Over u.S. Intentions.</i>

851
00:42:56,189 --> 00:42:58,341
<i>Wallace wrote
in his diary...</i>

852
00:42:58,375 --> 00:43:01,144
<i>Wallace:
The guilt consciousness
of atomic scientists</i>

853
00:43:01,178 --> 00:43:05,014
<i>Is one of the most
astounding things
I have ever seen.</i>

854
00:43:05,049 --> 00:43:06,616
<i>Stone:
He agreed with oppenheimer.</i>

855
00:43:06,650 --> 00:43:09,018
<i>What was needed was
an olive branch.</i>

856
00:43:09,053 --> 00:43:11,955
<i>And it came from
the most unexpected quarter.</i>

857
00:43:12,006 --> 00:43:14,240
<i>Henry stimson,
"the colonel,"</i>

858
00:43:14,275 --> 00:43:16,376
<i>Was a true old soldier,</i>

859
00:43:16,410 --> 00:43:20,296
<i>But he was terrified
by the forces he'd
helped unleash,</i>

860
00:43:20,331 --> 00:43:23,049
<i>And now wanted to put
the genie back in the bottle.</i>

861
00:43:23,083 --> 00:43:25,718
<i>In early September,
stimson sent a memo</i>

862
00:43:25,753 --> 00:43:27,920
<i>To truman saying
that the soviets</i>

863
00:43:27,955 --> 00:43:29,856
<i>Should be treated
as allies.</i>

864
00:43:29,890 --> 00:43:32,592
<i>Stimson:
If we have this weapon
rather ostentatiously</i>

865
00:43:32,626 --> 00:43:34,844
<i>On our hip,
their suspicions</i>

866
00:43:34,895 --> 00:43:37,513
<i>And their distrust
of our purposes and motives</i>

867
00:43:37,564 --> 00:43:39,649
<i>Will increase.
The chief lesson</i>

868
00:43:39,683 --> 00:43:41,851
<i>That I have learned
in a long life</i>

869
00:43:41,902 --> 00:43:44,737
<i>Is that the only way
you can make a man trustworthy</i>

870
00:43:44,772 --> 00:43:46,189
<i>Is to trust him.</i>

871
00:43:46,240 --> 00:43:48,992
<i>And the surest way
to make him untrustworthy</i>

872
00:43:49,026 --> 00:43:52,311
<i>Is to distrust him
and show your distrust.</i>

873
00:43:52,329 --> 00:43:55,281
<i>Stone:
He proposed that the u.S.
Dismantle its atomic bombs</i>

874
00:43:55,316 --> 00:43:58,818
<i>If the soviets agreed
that both countries would ban</i>

875
00:43:58,852 --> 00:44:00,153
<i>Atomic weapons research.</i>

876
00:44:00,187 --> 00:44:02,488
<i>And thus submit
to an international</i>

877
00:44:02,523 --> 00:44:04,807
<i>System of control.</i>

878
00:44:04,842 --> 00:44:08,828
<i>Truman devoted the historic
September 21, 1945,</i>

879
00:44:08,846 --> 00:44:11,814
<i>Cabinet meeting--
stimson's last--</i>

880
00:44:11,865 --> 00:44:13,816
<i>To discuss his proposal.</i>

881
00:44:13,867 --> 00:44:16,152
<i>Wallace allied himself
with stimson,</i>

882
00:44:16,203 --> 00:44:18,705
<i>Indicating the absurdity
of trying to keep</i>

883
00:44:18,739 --> 00:44:21,791
<i>- An atomic monopoly.
- Wallace: I then went
at some length</i>

884
00:44:21,842 --> 00:44:24,394
<i>Into the whole
scientific background,</i>

885
00:44:24,428 --> 00:44:27,330
<i>Describing how
foreign jewish scientists</i>

886
00:44:27,364 --> 00:44:28,965
<i>Had in the first place</i>

887
00:44:28,999 --> 00:44:32,435
<i>Sold the president
in the fall of 1939.</i>

888
00:44:32,469 --> 00:44:34,837
<i>I indicated the degree
to which the whole approach</i>

889
00:44:34,872 --> 00:44:36,506
<i>Had originated in europe,</i>

890
00:44:36,540 --> 00:44:39,625
<i>And that it was impossible
to bottle the thing up,</i>

891
00:44:39,660 --> 00:44:41,928
<i>No matter
how much we tried.</i>

892
00:44:41,962 --> 00:44:45,531
<i>Stone:
With byrnes away in london,
navy secretary james forrestal</i>

893
00:44:45,565 --> 00:44:48,251
<i>Argued that the soviets
could not be trusted.</i>

894
00:44:48,285 --> 00:44:50,403
<i>"the russians," he said,
"like the japanese,</i>

895
00:44:50,421 --> 00:44:53,456
<i>Are essentially oriental
in their thinking."</i>

896
00:44:53,490 --> 00:44:56,659
<i>The cabinet split sharply
over stimson's proposal</i>

897
00:44:56,710 --> 00:44:58,461
<i>Which would have put
the United States</i>

898
00:44:58,495 --> 00:45:02,065
<i>Squarely on the side
of wanting world peace.</i>

899
00:45:02,099 --> 00:45:04,801
<i>But truman vacillated
and ultimately yielded</i>

900
00:45:04,835 --> 00:45:08,671
<i>To the byrnes-forrestal
hardline faction.</i>

901
00:45:08,706 --> 00:45:12,658
<i>The feared, and potentially
suicidal arms race,</i>

902
00:45:12,693 --> 00:45:14,160
<i>Would continue.</i>

903
00:45:14,194 --> 00:45:16,629
<i>When truman finally met
with robert oppenheimer</i>

904
00:45:16,663 --> 00:45:18,331
<i>In October 1945,</i>

905
00:45:18,365 --> 00:45:20,633
<i>He asked him to guess
when the russians</i>

906
00:45:20,667 --> 00:45:22,635
<i>Would develop
their own atomic bomb.</i>

907
00:45:22,669 --> 00:45:24,971
<i>Oppenheimer
did not know.</i>

908
00:45:25,005 --> 00:45:28,708
<i>Truman responded that
he knew the answer: "never."</i>

909
00:45:28,742 --> 00:45:31,844
<i>Clearly surprised
by the president's
truculent ignorance</i>

910
00:45:31,879 --> 00:45:34,180
<i>And frustrated that
he did not understand</i>

911
00:45:34,214 --> 00:45:37,183
<i>The seriousness
of the evolving crisis,</i>

912
00:45:37,217 --> 00:45:39,519
<i>Oppenheimer blurted out,
"mr. President,</i>

913
00:45:39,553 --> 00:45:41,854
<i>I feel I have
blood on my hands."</i>

914
00:45:41,889 --> 00:45:43,723
<i>Truman responded with anger.</i>

915
00:45:43,757 --> 00:45:45,858
<i>Truman:
I told him the blood
was on my hands</i>

916
00:45:45,893 --> 00:45:48,127
<i>And to let me
worry about that.</i>

917
00:45:48,162 --> 00:45:50,863
<i>Stone:
Afterwards,
truman told dean acheson...</i>

918
00:45:50,898 --> 00:45:52,398
<i>Truman:
I don't want to see
that son of a bitch</i>

919
00:45:52,433 --> 00:45:55,668
<i>In this office ever again.</i>

920
00:45:55,702 --> 00:45:58,938
<i>Stone:
Oppenheimer was later attacked
by right-wing conservatives</i>

921
00:45:58,972 --> 00:46:01,007
<i>As an agent
of the soviet union,</i>

922
00:46:01,041 --> 00:46:03,276
<i>And subjected
to numerous investigations</i>

923
00:46:03,310 --> 00:46:05,011
<i>By the f.B.I.</i>

924
00:46:05,045 --> 00:46:09,215
<i>In 1954, his security
clearance was revoked.</i>

925
00:46:09,249 --> 00:46:12,285
<i>His real crime in the eyes
of american authorities</i>

926
00:46:12,319 --> 00:46:15,288
<i>Was opposing building
the new hydrogen bomb,</i>

927
00:46:15,322 --> 00:46:18,191
<i>Which he considered
a weapon of genocide.</i>

928
00:46:20,561 --> 00:46:24,147
<i>Contrary to the belief
of truman's inner circle,</i>

929
00:46:24,198 --> 00:46:26,165
<i>The dropping
of the atomic bombs</i>

930
00:46:26,183 --> 00:46:28,301
<i>On hiroshima
and nagasaki</i>

931
00:46:28,335 --> 00:46:30,636
<i>Did not make
the soviet union</i>

932
00:46:30,654 --> 00:46:31,637
<i>Any more pliable.</i>

933
00:46:34,525 --> 00:46:37,243
<i>Soviet forces occupied
the northern half</i>

934
00:46:37,277 --> 00:46:38,828
<i>Of the korean peninsula,</i>

935
00:46:38,862 --> 00:46:41,964
<i>Left face to face with
u.S. Forces in the south.</i>

936
00:46:41,999 --> 00:46:44,717
<i>Korea would later become
a major flash point</i>

937
00:46:44,735 --> 00:46:47,453
<i>In the cold war
that would engulf the world</i>

938
00:46:47,488 --> 00:46:49,755
<i>For another 50 years.</i>

939
00:46:51,108 --> 00:46:53,025
<i>But on a far larger scale,</i>

940
00:46:53,043 --> 00:46:56,662
<i>The bombing haunted
the soviet imagination.</i>

941
00:46:56,696 --> 00:46:59,465
<i>Future foreign minister
andrei gromyko's son</i>

942
00:46:59,500 --> 00:47:02,602
<i>Anatoly recalled his father
telling him that</i>

943
00:47:02,636 --> 00:47:06,722
<i>Hiroshima set the heads of
the soviet military spinning.</i>

944
00:47:06,757 --> 00:47:09,141
<i>The mood in the kremlin
was neurotic.</i>

945
00:47:09,176 --> 00:47:11,978
<i>The mistrust towards
the allies grew quickly.</i>

946
00:47:12,012 --> 00:47:14,213
<i>Opinions floated around
to preserve</i>

947
00:47:14,231 --> 00:47:17,350
<i>A large land army
to establish control</i>

948
00:47:17,384 --> 00:47:19,485
<i>Over extended territories</i>

949
00:47:19,520 --> 00:47:23,306
<i>To lessen potential losses
from another atomic bombing.</i>

950
00:47:23,340 --> 00:47:27,009
<i>And in what many consider
a cruel irony,</i>

951
00:47:27,044 --> 00:47:30,496
<i>The japanese were allowed
after all to keep the emperor,</i>

952
00:47:30,531 --> 00:47:33,966
<i>Whose retention most experts
believed essential</i>

953
00:47:34,001 --> 00:47:37,570
<i>To postwar stability
in japan.</i>

954
00:47:37,604 --> 00:47:40,306
<i>Truman suffered
no political repercussions</i>

955
00:47:40,340 --> 00:47:42,041
<i>From this decision.</i>

956
00:47:42,075 --> 00:47:43,442
<i>Murrow:
How did you manage it?
How did you keep</i>

957
00:47:43,477 --> 00:47:46,779
<i>Your equilibrium?
How did you sleep at night?</i>

958
00:47:46,813 --> 00:47:49,081
No trouble
sleeping at night.

959
00:47:49,116 --> 00:47:50,850
All my life,
whenever it comes time

960
00:47:50,884 --> 00:47:52,585
To make a decision,
I make it.

961
00:47:52,619 --> 00:47:55,521
And forget about it and go
to work on something else.

962
00:47:55,556 --> 00:47:57,790
<i>Murrow:
Do you have any reason
to think, in historical terms,</i>

963
00:47:57,824 --> 00:47:59,659
<i>That this new and terrible
hydrogen weapon</i>

964
00:47:59,693 --> 00:48:01,260
<i>Will not be used?</i>

965
00:48:01,295 --> 00:48:02,995
I hope it'll never
have to be used,

966
00:48:03,030 --> 00:48:04,797
Because I hope we'll keep
the peace in the world

967
00:48:04,831 --> 00:48:06,465
And it won't be necessary.

968
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:09,068
If the world ever gets
into turmoil, however,

969
00:48:09,102 --> 00:48:11,604
It will be used.
You can be sure of that.

970
00:48:11,638 --> 00:48:13,589
<i>Stone:
As truman anticipated,</i>

971
00:48:13,624 --> 00:48:17,326
<i>The process he unleashed
did indeed threaten</i>

972
00:48:17,361 --> 00:48:20,396
<i>The future existence
of life on this planet.</i>

973
00:48:20,430 --> 00:48:22,348
<i>Even pugnacious
winston churchill</i>

974
00:48:22,382 --> 00:48:24,283
<i>Had moral qualms.</i>

975
00:48:24,318 --> 00:48:27,136
<i>When he visited truman towards
the end of his presidency,</i>

976
00:48:27,170 --> 00:48:29,272
<i>Margaret,
the president's daughter,</i>

977
00:48:29,306 --> 00:48:31,274
<i>Described the scene.</i>

978
00:48:31,308 --> 00:48:33,409
<i>Margaret:
Everyone was in
an ebullient mood,</i>

979
00:48:33,443 --> 00:48:34,944
<i>Especially dad.</i>

980
00:48:34,978 --> 00:48:37,747
<i>Without warning, mr. Churchill
turned to him and said...</i>

981
00:48:37,781 --> 00:48:41,217
<i>Churchill:
Mr. President, I hope
you have your answer ready</i>

982
00:48:41,251 --> 00:48:44,954
<i>For that hour when
you and I stand
before st. Peter</i>

983
00:48:44,988 --> 00:48:48,491
<i>And he says,
"I understand you two</i>

984
00:48:48,525 --> 00:48:52,361
<i>Are responsible for
putting off those atomic bombs.</i>

985
00:48:52,396 --> 00:48:55,598
<i>What have you got
to say for yourselves?"</i>

986
00:48:57,050 --> 00:48:59,051
<i>Stone:
Although harry truman
left office</i>

987
00:48:59,086 --> 00:49:02,655
<i>With approval ratings
so low that only
george w. Bush</i>

988
00:49:02,689 --> 00:49:04,923
<i>Has come close since,</i>

989
00:49:04,942 --> 00:49:07,860
<i>He is now widely viewed
as a near-great president</i>

990
00:49:07,894 --> 00:49:09,928
<i>And routinely showered
with praise</i>

991
00:49:09,947 --> 00:49:13,232
<i>By republicans
and democrats alike.</i>

992
00:49:13,266 --> 00:49:15,468
<i>Former national
security advisor</i>

993
00:49:15,502 --> 00:49:18,804
<i>And secretary of state
condoleeza rice,</i>

994
00:49:18,839 --> 00:49:20,473
<i>Who george bush
credited with</i>

995
00:49:20,507 --> 00:49:23,926
<i>"telling me everything
I know about the soviet union,"</i>

996
00:49:23,977 --> 00:49:26,028
<i>Named truman her
"man of the century"</i>

997
00:49:26,079 --> 00:49:29,815
<i>To "time" magazine.</i>

998
00:49:29,850 --> 00:49:33,219
<i>David mccullough's
1993 biography of truman</i>

999
00:49:33,253 --> 00:49:36,389
<i>Won him a wide readership
and a pulitzer prize,</i>

1000
00:49:36,423 --> 00:49:39,425
<i>Followed by an emmy-awarded
best tv movie</i>

1001
00:49:39,459 --> 00:49:43,162
<i>On the cable network
h.B.O. In 1995,</i>

1002
00:49:43,196 --> 00:49:46,132
<i>Seen by millions.</i>

1003
00:49:46,166 --> 00:49:47,483
The first bomb
will be ready

1004
00:49:47,517 --> 00:49:49,268
By the end of
the first week in August.

1005
00:49:49,302 --> 00:49:51,620
The japs know
they're licked.

1006
00:49:51,672 --> 00:49:52,955
Why won't they quit?

1007
00:49:53,006 --> 00:49:55,041
Their strategy
is to prolong the war,

1008
00:49:55,075 --> 00:49:56,759
No matter what the cost,

1009
00:49:56,793 --> 00:49:59,712
Until we agree
to let the emperor
stay on the throne.

1010
00:49:59,746 --> 00:50:02,181
They'll prolong it
by any means necessary.

1011
00:50:02,215 --> 00:50:04,249
They just will not
surrender.

1012
00:50:04,267 --> 00:50:06,385
Some of the scientists

1013
00:50:06,419 --> 00:50:07,586
Who developed the bomb

1014
00:50:07,604 --> 00:50:09,188
Believe that it
should never be used.

1015
00:50:09,222 --> 00:50:11,924
Is that so?

1016
00:50:11,942 --> 00:50:14,860
Well, what the hell do
they think we built it for?

1017
00:50:14,895 --> 00:50:17,530
We can't uninvent it, henry.

1018
00:50:17,564 --> 00:50:20,733
What about the idea
of setting one off
for the japs to see?

1019
00:50:20,767 --> 00:50:22,201
What happened
to that idea?

1020
00:50:22,235 --> 00:50:23,869
Mr. President,

1021
00:50:23,904 --> 00:50:25,738
I can only speak
to the military questions.

1022
00:50:27,107 --> 00:50:28,657
<i>We must use
overwhelming force</i>

1023
00:50:28,709 --> 00:50:31,210
<i>To crush
the japanese army,</i>

1024
00:50:31,244 --> 00:50:34,613
<i>Destroy their will
to make war.</i>

1025
00:50:34,631 --> 00:50:36,949
<i>Stone:
In the myth
the film creates,</i>

1026
00:50:36,967 --> 00:50:39,535
<i>Henry stimson
and general george marshall</i>

1027
00:50:39,569 --> 00:50:42,338
<i>Are portrayed as
looking down on the underdog,</i>

1028
00:50:42,389 --> 00:50:43,622
<i>Little man truman,</i>

1029
00:50:43,657 --> 00:50:46,625
<i>Who is following
his moral conscience.</i>

1030
00:50:46,660 --> 00:50:49,211
<i>But their real positions
on the bomb and japan</i>

1031
00:50:49,246 --> 00:50:50,946
<i>Are misrepresented.</i>

1032
00:50:50,981 --> 00:50:53,165
With regular weapons,
the firebombing of dresden

1033
00:50:53,200 --> 00:50:55,000
Killed 30,000
in one night.

1034
00:50:55,035 --> 00:50:57,169
Tokyo is utterly gone

1035
00:50:57,204 --> 00:50:59,088
With almost
everyone in it.

1036
00:50:59,122 --> 00:51:00,639
They figure
100,000 dead there.

1037
00:51:00,674 --> 00:51:02,508
Seems to me,
if there is

1038
00:51:02,542 --> 00:51:04,376
A moral point
of no return,

1039
00:51:04,410 --> 00:51:06,479
You've long
since passed it.

1040
00:51:09,549 --> 00:51:10,916
If I don't
drop the bomb,

1041
00:51:10,934 --> 00:51:12,435
So many more
of our young men

1042
00:51:12,469 --> 00:51:14,553
Will die
in the invasion of japan.

1043
00:51:16,473 --> 00:51:20,659
Their men too,
and women and children.

1044
00:51:20,694 --> 00:51:22,194
How could I face
the people

1045
00:51:22,229 --> 00:51:23,262
When it's
finally over

1046
00:51:23,296 --> 00:51:24,780
And say that
I had the power

1047
00:51:24,815 --> 00:51:28,534
To possibly
end the war long ago,

1048
00:51:28,568 --> 00:51:31,203
Spare the lives
of their loved ones

1049
00:51:31,238 --> 00:51:34,006
And I chose
not to use it?

1050
00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:36,008
<i>Stone:
In the film,
the soviet point of view</i>

1051
00:51:36,042 --> 00:51:37,943
<i>Is entirely ignored</i>

1052
00:51:37,978 --> 00:51:40,079
<i>And the characters of
henry wallace and jimmy byrnes</i>

1053
00:51:40,113 --> 00:51:42,531
<i>Are not included.</i>

1054
00:51:42,566 --> 00:51:45,734
<i>But the real harry truman
is far darker</i>

1055
00:51:45,769 --> 00:51:48,554
<i>Than mccullough's
heroic underdog.</i>

1056
00:51:48,588 --> 00:51:51,891
<i>Despite his denials,
his flawed and tragic</i>

1057
00:51:51,925 --> 00:51:54,693
<i>Decision to use
the bomb against japan</i>

1058
00:51:54,728 --> 00:51:57,229
<i>Was meant instead
as a ruthless</i>

1059
00:51:57,264 --> 00:51:59,364
<i>And deeply unnecessary warning</i>

1060
00:51:59,382 --> 00:52:02,284
<i>That the United States
could be unrestrained</i>

1061
00:52:02,319 --> 00:52:05,154
<i>By humanitarian
considerations</i>

1062
00:52:05,188 --> 00:52:08,173
<i>In using these same bombs
against the soviet union</i>

1063
00:52:08,191 --> 00:52:12,511
<i>If they continued to
interfere in europe or asia.</i>

1064
00:52:12,546 --> 00:52:15,347
<i>However, on a larger
moral scale,</i>

1065
00:52:15,382 --> 00:52:18,717
<i>Truman knew he was
beginning a process</i>

1066
00:52:18,751 --> 00:52:21,504
<i>That could end life
on the planet,</i>

1067
00:52:21,538 --> 00:52:24,190
<i>As he said explicitly
on at least three occasions.</i>

1068
00:52:24,224 --> 00:52:28,377
<i>Yet he forged ahead
recklessly.</i>

1069
00:52:28,411 --> 00:52:31,380
<i>Unnecessarily killing people
is a war crime.</i>

1070
00:52:31,414 --> 00:52:36,051
<i>Threatening human extinction
goes far far beyond that.</i>

1071
00:52:37,487 --> 00:52:39,522
<i>This is what henry wallace
understood more deeply</i>

1072
00:52:39,556 --> 00:52:42,191
<i>Than any other
government official.</i>

1073
00:52:42,225 --> 00:52:44,593
<i>The man who did
his utmost to end</i>

1074
00:52:44,628 --> 00:52:47,730
<i>The u.S. Monopoly
of the atomic bomb</i>

1075
00:52:47,764 --> 00:52:51,000
<i>Has been
largely lost to history.</i>

1076
00:52:51,034 --> 00:52:53,135
<i>Newsreel voice:
Henry wallace,
u.S. Secretary of commerce,</i>

1077
00:52:53,170 --> 00:52:55,804
<i>Is called to the white house
by president truman.</i>

1078
00:52:55,839 --> 00:52:59,141
<i>He had advocated publically
a more conciliatory attitude</i>

1079
00:52:59,192 --> 00:53:02,144
<i>Towards russia.
Faced with public criticism</i>

1080
00:53:02,179 --> 00:53:04,296
<i>Of american official policy
on world affairs</i>

1081
00:53:04,331 --> 00:53:06,148
<i>By a member
of his own cabinet,</i>

1082
00:53:06,183 --> 00:53:09,101
<i>The president
asked for and accepted
wallace's resignation.</i>

1083
00:53:09,135 --> 00:53:10,819
"dear harry,

1084
00:53:10,854 --> 00:53:12,955
As you requested,

1085
00:53:12,989 --> 00:53:15,291
Here is my resignation.

1086
00:53:15,325 --> 00:53:18,310
I shall continue
to fight for peace.

1087
00:53:18,345 --> 00:53:21,313
I am sure that you approve

1088
00:53:21,348 --> 00:53:23,566
And will join me

1089
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:25,834
In that great endeavor."

1090
00:53:25,869 --> 00:53:28,587
<i>Newsreel voice:
His walking papers
in the outgoing mail,</i>

1091
00:53:28,605 --> 00:53:31,840
<i>Last official act of the one
remaining cabinet member</i>

1092
00:53:31,875 --> 00:53:34,510
<i>Appointed in roosevelt's
first administration.</i>

1093
00:53:34,544 --> 00:53:35,878
<i>That's that.</i>

1094
00:53:38,548 --> 00:53:40,716
<i>And so mr. Wallace
takes a walk</i>

1095
00:53:40,750 --> 00:53:43,068
<i>After 13 years
in government posts.</i>

1096
00:53:43,086 --> 00:53:46,071
<i>From cabinet seat
to park bench,</i>

1097
00:53:46,089 --> 00:53:47,456
<i>He's going to renew
those attacks</i>

1098
00:53:47,507 --> 00:53:49,875
<i>On secretary byrnes'
policies at paris.</i>

1099
00:53:49,909 --> 00:53:51,860
<i>But right now,
the man who predicted</i>

1100
00:53:51,895 --> 00:53:53,879
<i>60 million jobs in america</i>

1101
00:53:53,913 --> 00:53:57,499
<i>Seems to be busy reading
the help-wanted ads.</i>

1102
00:53:57,534 --> 00:54:00,636
<i>Stone:
After leaving government
in 1946,</i>

1103
00:54:00,670 --> 00:54:03,489
<i>He ran for president
in 1948</i>

1104
00:54:03,523 --> 00:54:05,207
<i>As a candidate
for the newly formed</i>

1105
00:54:05,242 --> 00:54:07,009
<i>Progressive party.</i>

1106
00:54:07,043 --> 00:54:10,362
<i>Their message of peace
in a time of rising tensions</i>

1107
00:54:10,397 --> 00:54:12,164
<i>Was not heard.</i>

1108
00:54:12,198 --> 00:54:14,833
<i>Repeatedly attacked
by truman and the press</i>

1109
00:54:14,868 --> 00:54:17,503
<i>As a communist sympathizer,</i>

1110
00:54:17,537 --> 00:54:21,223
<i>Wallace garnered
less than 3% of the vote.</i>

1111
00:54:21,274 --> 00:54:24,476
<i>Following the election,
he retired from politics.</i>

1112
00:54:24,510 --> 00:54:27,663
<i>Increasingly accused
of sheltering communists</i>

1113
00:54:27,697 --> 00:54:30,165
<i>During his campaign,
he compromised himself</i>

1114
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:32,835
<i>During the pressures
of the korean war</i>

1115
00:54:32,869 --> 00:54:34,570
<i>And the mccarthy period,</i>

1116
00:54:34,604 --> 00:54:36,705
<i>Loudly condemning
the soviets.</i>

1117
00:54:36,740 --> 00:54:39,441
<i>But he clung
to his progressive ideals</i>

1118
00:54:39,476 --> 00:54:43,529
<i>And decried later
u.S. Involvement in vietnam.</i>

1119
00:54:43,563 --> 00:54:46,598
<i>He lived quietly on his farm
in upstate new york</i>

1120
00:54:46,633 --> 00:54:49,118
<i>Where he died in 1965.</i>

1121
00:54:51,104 --> 00:54:54,523
<i>In an irony that only
an american capitalism
can embrace,</i>

1122
00:54:54,557 --> 00:54:59,461
<i>The hi-bred corn company,
which wallace founded in 1926,</i>

1123
00:54:59,496 --> 00:55:04,133
<i>Was sold in the late 1990s
to the dupont corporation</i>

1124
00:55:04,167 --> 00:55:07,336
<i>For more than $9 billion.</i>

1125
00:55:07,370 --> 00:55:10,072
<i>A bittersweet reminder
to those who repeatedly</i>

1126
00:55:10,123 --> 00:55:12,958
<i>Denigrated "mr. Smith
goes to washington"</i>

1127
00:55:12,992 --> 00:55:16,962
<i>As naive and communist.</i>

1128
00:55:16,997 --> 00:55:20,833
<i>He remains one
of the unsung heroes
of the second world war,</i>

1129
00:55:20,867 --> 00:55:24,486
<i>Showing the world
a kinder vision of america.</i>

1130
00:55:24,537 --> 00:55:26,605
<i>Though his vision was
opposed at every step,</i>

1131
00:55:26,639 --> 00:55:28,640
<i>It did not die.</i>

1132
00:55:28,675 --> 00:55:31,760
<i>Following in the footsteps
of others before him,</i>

1133
00:55:31,795 --> 00:55:35,180
<i>Henry wallace continued
to lay the foundations,</i>

1134
00:55:35,215 --> 00:55:36,882
<i>And others followed.</i>

1135
00:55:39,085 --> 00:55:40,703
<i>Franklin roosevelt said...</i>

1136
00:55:40,737 --> 00:55:44,790
<i>Roosevelt:
No man was more of the
american soil than wallace.</i>

1137
00:55:46,292 --> 00:55:49,194
<i>Stone:
But few now remember
how close wallace came</i>

1138
00:55:49,229 --> 00:55:50,863
<i>To getting
the vice presidential</i>

1139
00:55:50,897 --> 00:55:53,515
<i>Nomination on that
steamy chicago night</i>

1140
00:55:53,550 --> 00:55:56,135
<i>In July 1944.</i>

1141
00:55:57,887 --> 00:56:01,140
<i>It was here that roosevelt
committed the greatest blunder</i>

1142
00:56:01,174 --> 00:56:03,192
<i>Of his splendid career--</i>

1143
00:56:03,226 --> 00:56:07,029
<i>Acceding to the party bosses'
choice of harry truman.</i>

1144
00:56:07,063 --> 00:56:10,215
<i>He could have resisted and,
with the people's backing,</i>

1145
00:56:10,249 --> 00:56:12,935
<i>Had wallace
as his vice president.</i>

1146
00:56:12,969 --> 00:56:16,288
<i>But he was tired
of defending his vision</i>

1147
00:56:16,322 --> 00:56:17,890
<i>For world peace.</i>

1148
00:56:17,924 --> 00:56:21,043
<i>Very tired
and near death.</i>

1149
00:56:21,077 --> 00:56:23,495
<i>This sad moment
points most clearly</i>

1150
00:56:23,530 --> 00:56:27,216
<i>To the fallibility
of all human history--</i>

1151
00:56:27,250 --> 00:56:29,551
<i>"to fail is not tragic,</i>

1152
00:56:29,586 --> 00:56:31,153
<i>To be human is."</i>

1153
00:56:35,191 --> 00:56:36,909
<i>What might this country
have become</i>

1154
00:56:36,943 --> 00:56:40,162
<i>Had wallace succeeded
roosevelt in April '45</i>

1155
00:56:40,196 --> 00:56:42,698
<i>Instead of truman?</i>

1156
00:56:42,732 --> 00:56:46,502
<i>Would no atomic bombs have
been used in world war ii?</i>

1157
00:56:46,536 --> 00:56:51,190
<i>Could we have avoided
the nuclear arms race
and the cold war?</i>

1158
00:56:51,224 --> 00:56:54,376
<i>Would civil rights
and women's rights
have triumphed</i>

1159
00:56:54,427 --> 00:56:56,428
<i>In the immediate
postwar years?</i>

1160
00:56:58,431 --> 00:57:01,533
<i>Might colonialism
have ended decades earlier</i>

1161
00:57:01,551 --> 00:57:04,736
<i>And the fruits of science
and industry been spread</i>

1162
00:57:04,754 --> 00:57:07,456
<i>More equitably
around the globe?</i>

1163
00:57:07,507 --> 00:57:09,475
<i>We'll never know.</i>

1164
00:57:09,509 --> 00:57:12,461
Some have spoken
of the american century.

1165
00:57:12,495 --> 00:57:15,798
I say that the century
on which we are entering,

1166
00:57:15,832 --> 00:57:18,467
A century which
will come out of this war,

1167
00:57:18,501 --> 00:57:20,869
Can be and must be

1168
00:57:20,904 --> 00:57:22,905
The century
of the common man.

1169
00:57:24,174 --> 00:57:26,358
<i>If we really believe
we are fighting</i>

1170
00:57:26,392 --> 00:57:28,827
<i>For a people's peace,</i>

1171
00:57:28,862 --> 00:57:32,264
<i>All the rest
becomes easy.</i>

1172
00:57:32,282 --> 00:57:34,249
<i>( dramatic music playing )</i>