1
00:00:06,172 --> 00:00:08,440
<i>( theme music playing )</i>

2
00:00:20,420 --> 00:00:21,420
( rumbles )

3
00:00:32,232 --> 00:00:33,766
( flames crackle )

4
00:00:39,489 --> 00:00:40,773
( cheers )

5
00:00:52,085 --> 00:00:55,170
<i>- ( jazz music plays )
- newsreel: Pushing through germany,</i>

6
00:00:55,205 --> 00:00:57,005
<i>The United States
and soviet armies</i>

7
00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,975
<i>Met at the river ill.
Americans and russians joined hands</i>

8
00:01:00,009 --> 00:01:02,611
<i>Joined hands in
celebration of victory.</i>

9
00:01:02,645 --> 00:01:04,480
<i>Successful partners in war,</i>

10
00:01:04,514 --> 00:01:07,082
<i>The hope flamed among all men
that the United States</i>

11
00:01:07,117 --> 00:01:09,551
<i>And the soviet union,
with their allies,</i>

12
00:01:09,586 --> 00:01:11,553
<i>Would form
a successful partnership</i>

13
00:01:11,588 --> 00:01:13,655
<i>Against any future
threat of aggression.</i>

14
00:01:17,944 --> 00:01:22,181
<i>The news of final surrender,
the news that peace had at last been won,</i>

15
00:01:22,215 --> 00:01:24,850
<i>Penetrated to every
corner of the globe.</i>

16
00:01:24,884 --> 00:01:27,519
<i>Peace, the hope of mankind,
had arrived.</i>

17
00:01:27,554 --> 00:01:31,239
<i>Men rejoiced, cheered
the end of world war ii.</i>

18
00:01:31,257 --> 00:01:33,459
<i>( "in the mood" playing )</i>

19
00:01:42,552 --> 00:01:45,370
<i>Stone:
There was a brief
moment in time</i>

20
00:01:45,405 --> 00:01:48,340
<i>When the United States,
alone among the victors,</i>

21
00:01:48,374 --> 00:01:49,875
<i>Was on top of the world.</i>

22
00:01:49,909 --> 00:01:52,961
<i>Its death toll was 405,000,</i>

23
00:01:52,996 --> 00:01:56,999
<i>Compared to the soviet union's
27 million.</i>

24
00:01:57,033 --> 00:02:00,769
<i>The economy was booming.
Exports more than doubled
pre-war levels.</i>

25
00:02:00,804 --> 00:02:04,289
<i>Industrial production
had grown 15% annually.</i>

26
00:02:04,340 --> 00:02:08,660
<i>The U.S. Held two-thirds
of the world's gold reserves</i>

27
00:02:08,695 --> 00:02:11,730
<i>And three-fourths
of its invested capital.</i>

28
00:02:11,764 --> 00:02:14,500
<i>It was producing
an incredible 50%</i>

29
00:02:14,534 --> 00:02:17,586
<i>Of the world's
goods and services.</i>

30
00:02:17,620 --> 00:02:21,039
<i>In 1945 at bretton woods,
new hampshire,</i>

31
00:02:21,074 --> 00:02:23,242
<i>The U.S. Established
the two new</i>

32
00:02:23,276 --> 00:02:26,094
<i>Major economic institutions
of capitalism--</i>

33
00:02:26,129 --> 00:02:29,998
<i>The world bank
and the international
monetary fund--</i>

34
00:02:30,033 --> 00:02:33,869
<i>Each budgeted at approximately
seven to eight billion dollars.</i>

35
00:02:34,938 --> 00:02:36,722
<i>President harry truman,</i>

36
00:02:36,756 --> 00:02:40,809
<i>Who had made his name
investigating excess spending
in the senate,</i>

37
00:02:40,844 --> 00:02:43,762
<i>Was overseeing
a gigantic demobilization.</i>

38
00:02:45,431 --> 00:02:50,035
<i>And yet there was a lingering
unease in a new society</i>

39
00:02:50,069 --> 00:02:51,987
<i>Where the home front
had prospered</i>

40
00:02:52,005 --> 00:02:54,506
<i>While the servicemen
were away.</i>

41
00:02:57,894 --> 00:03:00,562
I can see that you had
a splendid war record, derry.

42
00:03:00,597 --> 00:03:02,214
Just average,
mr. Thorpe.

43
00:03:02,248 --> 00:03:04,983
But you'll understand that
since this business
changed hands,

44
00:03:05,018 --> 00:03:07,769
We're under no legal
obligation to give you
your old job back.

45
00:03:07,803 --> 00:03:10,105
I wasn't thinking
of getting my old job
back, mr. Thorpe.

46
00:03:10,139 --> 00:03:12,941
- I'm looking for a better one.
- What are your qualifications?

47
00:03:12,975 --> 00:03:16,245
- Your experience?
- Two years behind
a soda fountain

48
00:03:16,279 --> 00:03:18,580
And three years behind
a norden bombsight.

49
00:03:18,615 --> 00:03:20,649
Yes.
While in the army,

50
00:03:20,667 --> 00:03:22,817
Did you have
any experience
in procurement?

51
00:03:22,835 --> 00:03:25,087
- No.
- Purchasing
of supplies, materials?

52
00:03:25,121 --> 00:03:27,556
No, I didn't
do any of that.
I just dropped bombs.

53
00:03:27,590 --> 00:03:29,508
- Did you do any
personnel work?
- No.

54
00:03:29,542 --> 00:03:33,245
But as an officer,
you surely had to act
in an executive capacity.

55
00:03:33,279 --> 00:03:36,381
You had to command men.
Were you responsible
for their morale?

56
00:03:36,432 --> 00:03:40,102
No, I was only responsible
for getting the bombs
on the target.

57
00:03:40,136 --> 00:03:42,087
- I didn't command anybody.
- I see.

58
00:03:42,121 --> 00:03:44,539
I'm sure that work
required great skill.

59
00:03:44,574 --> 00:03:48,176
But unfortunately
we've no opportunities
for that

60
00:03:48,194 --> 00:03:49,895
- With midway drugs.
- Yeah.

61
00:03:49,946 --> 00:03:52,781
<i>Stone:
World war ii
left as many</i>

62
00:03:52,815 --> 00:03:56,351
<i>As 70 million people dead
in europe and asia--</i>

63
00:03:56,369 --> 00:03:58,337
<i>Two-thirds of them
civilians.</i>

64
00:03:58,371 --> 00:04:01,240
<i>Hiroshima was
an ominous forewarning.</i>

65
00:04:01,274 --> 00:04:03,408
<i>The depression was
perhaps over,</i>

66
00:04:03,443 --> 00:04:05,911
<i>But america's business
and social planners</i>

67
00:04:05,945 --> 00:04:07,646
<i>Feared a relapse</i>

68
00:04:07,680 --> 00:04:11,149
<i>And fretted over
the consequences
of worldwide poverty,</i>

69
00:04:11,200 --> 00:04:15,170
<i>With populations uprooted,
homeless and unemployed.</i>

70
00:04:15,204 --> 00:04:17,205
<i>Would revolution
sweep the globe?</i>

71
00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:20,208
<i>What would happen
to american trade
and investment?</i>

72
00:04:20,243 --> 00:04:23,144
<i>In France
the communist party,</i>

73
00:04:23,162 --> 00:04:26,048
<i>Which had half
a million members
and fought bravely</i>

74
00:04:26,082 --> 00:04:27,432
<i>In the resistance
to the nazis,</i>

75
00:04:27,483 --> 00:04:31,103
<i>Won 26% of the vote
in 1945.</i>

76
00:04:31,137 --> 00:04:34,306
<i>In Italy
1.7 million people</i>

77
00:04:34,340 --> 00:04:36,341
<i>Joined the party.</i>

78
00:04:36,376 --> 00:04:40,395
<i>Even in britain
the people, exhausted and
broke from two world wars,</i>

79
00:04:40,413 --> 00:04:43,348
<i>Were uncharacteristically
turning to the state</i>

80
00:04:43,383 --> 00:04:45,901
<i>To make their lives
tolerable.</i>

81
00:04:45,935 --> 00:04:49,271
<i>And fortune, which had
made winston churchill</i>

82
00:04:49,305 --> 00:04:52,424
<i>One of the most respected
statesmen of his era,</i>

83
00:04:52,458 --> 00:04:53,925
<i>Now cast him aside</i>

84
00:04:53,960 --> 00:04:56,995
<i>With a reversal
befitting greek tragedy.</i>

85
00:04:57,030 --> 00:04:59,381
<i>( trumpets playing )</i>

86
00:04:59,415 --> 00:05:02,834
<i>Newsreel:
Winston churchill,
touring the ruins of berlin</i>

87
00:05:02,885 --> 00:05:05,554
<i>As the curtain rings down
on his career as prime minister</i>

88
00:05:05,588 --> 00:05:07,122
<i>Of great britain.</i>

89
00:05:09,342 --> 00:05:12,411
<i>Beneath flags of the big three,
the 70-year-old leader</i>

90
00:05:12,445 --> 00:05:14,513
<i>Stands at last
in the heart of berlin</i>

91
00:05:14,547 --> 00:05:16,598
<i>As he vowed he would
five years ago.</i>

92
00:05:16,632 --> 00:05:20,002
<i>Admiral king
and general marshall come up
to greet the old warrior.</i>

93
00:05:20,036 --> 00:05:24,039
<i>Next to general marshall
can be seen balding, mustached
clement attlee,</i>

94
00:05:24,073 --> 00:05:25,824
<i>New labour prime minister.</i>

95
00:05:27,360 --> 00:05:30,412
<i>Stone:
Attlee embodied
the new socialist european,</i>

96
00:05:30,446 --> 00:05:33,865
<i>Promising to build a free
health-care system for all</i>

97
00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:36,735
<i>And advocating
the complete nationalization</i>

98
00:05:36,769 --> 00:05:39,504
<i>Of many of britain's
oldest industries--</i>

99
00:05:39,539 --> 00:05:42,507
<i>A man preoccupied
not with empire</i>

100
00:05:42,542 --> 00:05:45,043
<i>But with a massive
social welfare state.</i>

101
00:05:45,078 --> 00:05:48,280
<i>By contrast,
churchill was offering empire.</i>

102
00:05:48,314 --> 00:05:50,916
<i>He had said in late 1942,</i>

103
00:05:50,950 --> 00:05:54,436
<i>At a time when England's
very existence was
threatened...</i>

104
00:05:54,470 --> 00:05:57,506
<i>Churchill's voice:
I have not become the king's
first minister</i>

105
00:05:57,540 --> 00:06:01,543
<i>To preside over the liquidation
of the british empire.</i>

106
00:06:01,577 --> 00:06:04,913
<i>Stone:
But dismemberment is exactly
what he would live to see.</i>

107
00:06:04,947 --> 00:06:08,917
<i>Atlee would administer
the independence of india,</i>

108
00:06:08,951 --> 00:06:11,453
<i>Pakistan, burma,
sri lanka,</i>

109
00:06:11,487 --> 00:06:13,755
<i>Jordan and palestine.</i>

110
00:06:13,790 --> 00:06:17,893
<i>Attlee understood that there
was a new american world order.</i>

111
00:06:17,927 --> 00:06:22,297
<i>The U.S. Extended almost
a $4 billion loan to britain,</i>

112
00:06:22,331 --> 00:06:24,466
<i>Not to be repaid
for 50 years,</i>

113
00:06:24,500 --> 00:06:28,286
<i>And was now leasing
military bases on english soil.</i>

114
00:06:28,321 --> 00:06:30,622
<i>Britain in essence
was to become</i>

115
00:06:30,656 --> 00:06:33,125
<i>A new client-state
of the U.S.</i>

116
00:06:34,894 --> 00:06:37,596
<i>Franklin roosevelt--
who had always disliked</i>

117
00:06:37,630 --> 00:06:39,898
<i>The concept
of king and empire</i>

118
00:06:39,932 --> 00:06:42,768
<i>And reflected much
of the american disapproval</i>

119
00:06:42,802 --> 00:06:45,170
<i>Of its repressive policies
in india,</i>

120
00:06:45,204 --> 00:06:47,773
<i>Greece
and throughout the world--</i>

121
00:06:47,807 --> 00:06:50,876
<i>Had successfully steered
a middle course</i>

122
00:06:50,910 --> 00:06:53,412
<i>Between great britain
and the soviet union.</i>

123
00:06:55,081 --> 00:06:58,483
<i>The prospect of a large
american credit to help
the soviets</i>

124
00:06:58,534 --> 00:07:02,721
<i>Rebuild had been encouraged
and discussed openly
during the war.</i>

125
00:07:02,772 --> 00:07:06,558
<i>But harry truman showed
none of roosevelt's dexterity,</i>

126
00:07:06,592 --> 00:07:10,178
<i>As he tacked, at a time
of maximum U.S. Strength,</i>

127
00:07:10,213 --> 00:07:12,814
<i>Increasingly towards
the british camp.</i>

128
00:07:12,849 --> 00:07:15,917
<i>When the soviet union
did not receive anything close</i>

129
00:07:15,952 --> 00:07:18,787
<i>To the aid package
given the british,</i>

130
00:07:18,821 --> 00:07:21,223
<i>They were
greatly disappointed.</i>

131
00:07:21,257 --> 00:07:23,692
<i>They already sensed
the wartime alliance</i>

132
00:07:23,726 --> 00:07:26,962
<i>Would be the first casualty
of the postwar era.</i>

133
00:07:28,097 --> 00:07:29,931
<i>In mid-September 1945</i>

134
00:07:29,949 --> 00:07:32,317
<i>At a foreign ministers
meeting in london,</i>

135
00:07:32,368 --> 00:07:34,703
<i>Secretary of state
jimmy byrnes</i>

136
00:07:34,737 --> 00:07:38,006
<i>Berated soviet policies
in eastern europe.</i>

137
00:07:38,024 --> 00:07:40,408
<i>Foreign minister molotov
pointed to</i>

138
00:07:40,443 --> 00:07:43,628
<i>Exclusionary U.S. Policies
in Italy,</i>

139
00:07:43,663 --> 00:07:45,163
<i>Greece and japan,</i>

140
00:07:45,214 --> 00:07:47,582
<i>And, tired
of byrnes's belligerence,</i>

141
00:07:47,616 --> 00:07:50,702
<i>Asked if he was hiding
an atomic bomb in his pocket.</i>

142
00:07:50,753 --> 00:07:52,587
<i>Byrnes actually replied...</i>

143
00:07:52,622 --> 00:07:55,006
<i>Byrnes' voice:
You don't know southerners.</i>

144
00:07:55,057 --> 00:07:56,808
<i>We carry our artillery
in our pocket.</i>

145
00:07:56,843 --> 00:07:58,827
<i>If you don't cut out
all this stalling,</i>

146
00:07:58,861 --> 00:08:01,813
<i>I'm going to pull
an atomic bomb out of my pocket
and let you have it.</i>

147
00:08:03,783 --> 00:08:07,002
<i>Stone:
In December, secretary
of commerce henry wallace</i>

148
00:08:07,036 --> 00:08:11,206
<i>Pressed truman to take control
of america's atomic weapons</i>

149
00:08:11,240 --> 00:08:14,543
<i>Away from soviet-hater
leslie groves,</i>

150
00:08:14,577 --> 00:08:17,679
<i>Who still had
unilateral control over them.</i>

151
00:08:17,713 --> 00:08:20,081
<i>Groves had advocated</i>

152
00:08:20,115 --> 00:08:22,467
<i>A preemptive attack
against...</i>

153
00:08:27,340 --> 00:08:30,709
<i>The soviet union,
with the largest army
in the world</i>

154
00:08:30,760 --> 00:08:34,863
<i>And having
played the leading role
in the anti-fascist movement,</i>

155
00:08:34,897 --> 00:08:37,465
<i>Was now
a frightening prospect</i>

156
00:08:37,500 --> 00:08:39,417
<i>For some U.S. Officials.</i>

157
00:08:39,452 --> 00:08:42,854
<i>In early 1946</i>

158
00:08:42,905 --> 00:08:46,391
<i>A gallup poll found that
26% of americans</i>

159
00:08:46,425 --> 00:08:49,794
<i>Thought the soviets
sought world domination.</i>

160
00:08:49,829 --> 00:08:53,415
<i>13% thought
the british did.</i>

161
00:08:53,449 --> 00:08:57,202
<i>The soviets, though aware
of the rightward shift</i>

162
00:08:57,236 --> 00:08:59,237
<i>In the truman
administration,</i>

163
00:08:59,272 --> 00:09:02,173
<i>Were hoping still to maintain
the wartime alliance</i>

164
00:09:02,208 --> 00:09:04,709
<i>And actually went out
of their way to restrain</i>

165
00:09:04,744 --> 00:09:07,612
<i>Their frustrated
communist allies in china,</i>

166
00:09:07,647 --> 00:09:10,916
<i>Italy, France and greece.</i>

167
00:09:10,950 --> 00:09:13,385
<i>Stalin, whose major
foreign policy goal</i>

168
00:09:13,419 --> 00:09:16,655
<i>Was to make certain
germany or japan never again</i>

169
00:09:16,689 --> 00:09:18,990
<i>Posed a threat
to his country,</i>

170
00:09:19,025 --> 00:09:21,259
<i>Had enormous problems
at home.</i>

171
00:09:21,294 --> 00:09:24,362
<i>His nation was in the grip
of a crushing poverty,</i>

172
00:09:24,397 --> 00:09:28,066
<i>Engaged still in extensive
ongoing partisan warfare</i>

173
00:09:28,117 --> 00:09:31,620
<i>In its western sectors,
particularly ukraine,</i>

174
00:09:31,654 --> 00:09:34,789
<i>Which was soon to be
wracked with famine.</i>

175
00:09:34,824 --> 00:09:36,858
<i>The soviets were
isolated at the u.N.</i>

176
00:09:36,892 --> 00:09:39,861
<i>And the U.S. Had
a monopoly on the bomb.</i>

177
00:09:39,895 --> 00:09:42,297
<i>Yet the U.S. Was
building an image</i>

178
00:09:42,331 --> 00:09:46,217
<i>Of the soviet union as being
out to conquer the world.</i>

179
00:09:48,020 --> 00:09:51,423
<i>In germany the two systems
were already at odds.</i>

180
00:09:51,474 --> 00:09:54,376
<i>Roosevelt's policy
of pastoralizing germany</i>

181
00:09:54,410 --> 00:09:58,780
<i>Was reversed
to one revitalizing
the german economy</i>

182
00:09:58,798 --> 00:10:02,584
<i>As a key to an overall
european recovery.</i>

183
00:10:02,618 --> 00:10:05,236
<i>This was not in itself
a bad decision,</i>

184
00:10:05,271 --> 00:10:08,373
<i>Given what happened
to west germany in later years,</i>

185
00:10:08,407 --> 00:10:11,293
<i>But at the time
it was highly insensitive</i>

186
00:10:11,327 --> 00:10:13,728
<i>To the concerns
of a country that had been</i>

187
00:10:13,746 --> 00:10:17,065
<i>Twice cornered
in ruthless wars
with germany.</i>

188
00:10:17,099 --> 00:10:20,601
<i>There was in fact a profound
conflict of interest,</i>

189
00:10:20,620 --> 00:10:24,472
<i>And the stark images
of the soviets stripping
the eastern zone</i>

190
00:10:24,507 --> 00:10:28,960
<i>Of everything
to ship back to its own
impoverished land was,</i>

191
00:10:28,995 --> 00:10:33,331
<i>To most americans,
perceived not incorrectly
as looting.</i>

192
00:10:33,366 --> 00:10:36,217
<i>As far back
as the 19th century,</i>

193
00:10:36,252 --> 00:10:40,605
<i>The pre-communist russian
empire had been in conflict
with the british empire,</i>

194
00:10:40,640 --> 00:10:44,542
<i>Both seeking influence
in turkey and iran.</i>

195
00:10:44,577 --> 00:10:46,478
<i>Russia had repeatedly
sought access</i>

196
00:10:46,512 --> 00:10:49,514
<i>To the warm-water ports
of the mediterranean.</i>

197
00:10:49,548 --> 00:10:51,349
<i>( fanfare )</i>

198
00:10:53,152 --> 00:10:56,087
<i>In the 1917
russian revolution,</i>

199
00:10:56,122 --> 00:10:58,223
<i>Churchill, as lord
of the admiralty,</i>

200
00:10:58,257 --> 00:11:00,825
<i>Had been a fierce foe
of communism,</i>

201
00:11:00,860 --> 00:11:03,862
<i>Which he proclaimed "ought
to be strangled in its cradle."</i>

202
00:11:06,666 --> 00:11:08,783
<i>He'd wanted to draw
the United States</i>

203
00:11:08,801 --> 00:11:12,620
<i>Into a military engagement
with the new communist regime.</i>

204
00:11:14,874 --> 00:11:18,460
<i>And in the fierce
counter-revolution against it</i>

205
00:11:18,494 --> 00:11:21,529
<i>40,000 british
and 15,000 american troops</i>

206
00:11:21,564 --> 00:11:23,264
<i>Actually participated,</i>

207
00:11:23,299 --> 00:11:26,368
<i>Poisoning relations
from the start.</i>

208
00:11:29,655 --> 00:11:32,073
<i>It had been roosevelt
who finally recognized</i>

209
00:11:32,107 --> 00:11:34,993
<i>The soviet union in 1933.</i>

210
00:11:36,946 --> 00:11:40,715
<i>Churchill,
out of office and favor,</i>

211
00:11:40,750 --> 00:11:43,385
<i>Was now itching
for a confrontation.</i>

212
00:11:43,419 --> 00:11:45,587
<i>It would happen,
not unsurprisingly,</i>

213
00:11:45,621 --> 00:11:47,088
<i>In the middle east.</i>

214
00:11:47,123 --> 00:11:50,759
<i>Great britain controlled 72%
of middle eastern oil,</i>

215
00:11:50,793 --> 00:11:54,229
<i>The U.S. Had 10%
and wanted a bigger share.</i>

216
00:11:54,263 --> 00:11:57,282
<i>The soviet union
wanted a piece too.</i>

217
00:11:57,316 --> 00:11:59,584
<i>Having stationed troops
during the war</i>

218
00:11:59,618 --> 00:12:02,153
<i>Across its border
in northern iran</i>

219
00:12:02,188 --> 00:12:05,156
<i>To keep oil supplies
out of nazi hands,</i>

220
00:12:05,191 --> 00:12:07,142
<i>The soviets now
came into conflict</i>

221
00:12:07,176 --> 00:12:08,977
<i>With britain
in the south.</i>

222
00:12:09,011 --> 00:12:11,329
<i>Churchill additionally
felt threatened</i>

223
00:12:11,363 --> 00:12:13,631
<i>By soviet probes in turkey,</i>

224
00:12:13,666 --> 00:12:17,102
<i>Threatening britain's sphere
of interest in the middle east.</i>

225
00:12:17,136 --> 00:12:21,506
<i>The exposure of a soviet
espionage ring in canada</i>

226
00:12:21,540 --> 00:12:26,010
<i>In early February added
credibility to his warnings.</i>

227
00:12:26,045 --> 00:12:29,030
<i>And a speech by stalin
in which he proclaimed</i>

228
00:12:29,064 --> 00:12:31,399
<i>A new postwar
five-year plan</i>

229
00:12:31,434 --> 00:12:33,818
<i>To rebuild
the soviet union</i>

230
00:12:33,853 --> 00:12:36,204
<i>Was misunderstood
as incendiary</i>

231
00:12:36,238 --> 00:12:38,973
<i>And predicting
the inevitability of a war</i>

232
00:12:39,008 --> 00:12:41,976
<i>Between the two systems--
which it had not.</i>

233
00:12:42,010 --> 00:12:46,364
<i>It was in this context
in early March 1946</i>

234
00:12:46,398 --> 00:12:48,833
<i>That winston churchill
would remind the world</i>

235
00:12:48,868 --> 00:12:51,436
<i>That he was still a power
to be reckoned with.</i>

236
00:12:51,470 --> 00:12:54,239
<i>He traveled
to truman's home state--</i>

237
00:12:54,273 --> 00:12:56,141
<i>Fulton, missouri--</i>

238
00:12:56,175 --> 00:13:00,011
<i>To make one of the most
devastating speeches
of the cold war,</i>

239
00:13:00,045 --> 00:13:02,113
<i>Words that would
condemn forever</i>

240
00:13:02,148 --> 00:13:04,949
<i>In the minds of many
the soviet union.</i>

241
00:13:04,984 --> 00:13:07,118
( cheering )

242
00:13:09,054 --> 00:13:12,891
<i>Truman:
Mr. Churchill-- he's one
of the great men of the age.</i>

243
00:13:12,925 --> 00:13:15,260
<i>He's a great englishman,</i>

244
00:13:15,294 --> 00:13:17,695
But he's half-american.

245
00:13:17,730 --> 00:13:20,165
( laughter, applause )

246
00:13:20,199 --> 00:13:22,200
( churchill speaking )

247
00:13:51,914 --> 00:13:53,681
<i>( applause )</i>

248
00:13:53,716 --> 00:13:56,317
<i>Stone:
This was a quantum leap
in belligerence</i>

249
00:13:56,352 --> 00:13:58,319
<i>Towards the soviet union.</i>

250
00:13:58,354 --> 00:14:00,822
<i>"the new york times"
applauded the speech,</i>

251
00:14:00,856 --> 00:14:05,193
<i>Saying it was spoken
"with the force of the prophet
proved right before."</i>

252
00:14:05,227 --> 00:14:08,263
<i>Visibly upset,
stalin accused churchill</i>

253
00:14:08,297 --> 00:14:11,165
<i>Of being in bed
with the "war mongers"</i>

254
00:14:11,200 --> 00:14:13,434
<i>Who followed
the "racial theory"</i>

255
00:14:13,469 --> 00:14:17,438
<i>That only english speakers
could "decide the fate
of the whole world."</i>

256
00:14:18,707 --> 00:14:21,142
<i>The "chicago tribune,"
although agreeing</i>

257
00:14:21,176 --> 00:14:23,511
<i>With his assessment
of eastern europe,</i>

258
00:14:23,546 --> 00:14:25,613
<i>Sharply questioned
churchill's...</i>

259
00:14:37,493 --> 00:14:40,028
<i>Florida's senator
claude pepper observed</i>

260
00:14:40,062 --> 00:14:42,463
<i>That churchill was,
"as much opposed to russia</i>

261
00:14:42,498 --> 00:14:45,433
<i>As to a labor government
in his own country.</i>

262
00:14:45,467 --> 00:14:48,970
<i>It is shocking to see
mr. Churchill align himself</i>

263
00:14:49,004 --> 00:14:52,273
<i>With the old chamberlain tories
who strengthened the nazis</i>

264
00:14:52,308 --> 00:14:54,642
<i>As part of their
anti-soviet crusade."</i>

265
00:14:56,662 --> 00:15:00,164
<i>The following month,
on the first anniversary
of roosevelt's death,</i>

266
00:15:00,199 --> 00:15:02,533
<i>Wallace offered
a different vision.</i>

267
00:15:02,568 --> 00:15:05,670
<i>Wallace's voice:
The only way to defeat
communism in the world</i>

268
00:15:05,704 --> 00:15:09,691
<i>Is to do a better
and smoother job of production
and distribution.</i>

269
00:15:09,725 --> 00:15:13,528
<i>Let's make it a clean race,
a determined race,</i>

270
00:15:13,562 --> 00:15:17,298
<i>But above all a peaceful race
in the service of humanity.</i>

271
00:15:17,333 --> 00:15:21,269
<i>The source of all
our mistakes is fear.</i>

272
00:15:21,303 --> 00:15:24,022
<i>Russia fears
anglo-saxon encirclement.</i>

273
00:15:24,056 --> 00:15:26,824
<i>We fear communist penetration.</i>

274
00:15:26,859 --> 00:15:29,193
<i>Out of fear,
great nations have been acting</i>

275
00:15:29,228 --> 00:15:33,181
<i>Like cornered beasts,
thinking only of survival.</i>

276
00:15:33,215 --> 00:15:37,151
<i>The common people of the world
will not tolerate imperialism,</i>

277
00:15:37,169 --> 00:15:41,322
<i>Even under
enlightened anglo-saxon
atomic-bomb auspices.</i>

278
00:15:41,357 --> 00:15:44,092
<i>The destiny of
the english-speaking people</i>

279
00:15:44,126 --> 00:15:47,362
<i>Is to serve the world,
not dominate it.</i>

280
00:15:48,547 --> 00:15:50,632
<i>Stone:
Following churchill's speech,</i>

281
00:15:50,666 --> 00:15:53,334
<i>Conditions
deteriorated rapidly.</i>

282
00:15:53,368 --> 00:15:55,737
<i>When soviet troops stayed
in northern iran</i>

283
00:15:55,771 --> 00:15:57,689
<i>Beyond their March deadline,</i>

284
00:15:57,723 --> 00:16:00,174
<i>Truman threatened war.
He wrote...</i>

285
00:16:00,192 --> 00:16:03,577
<i>Truman's voice:
If the russians were
to control iran's oil,</i>

286
00:16:03,595 --> 00:16:07,215
<i>Either directly or indirectly,
it would be a serious loss</i>

287
00:16:07,249 --> 00:16:09,283
<i>For the economy
of the western world.</i>

288
00:16:09,301 --> 00:16:12,870
<i>Stone:
Truman later privately claimed
to a hard-line senator</i>

289
00:16:12,905 --> 00:16:16,174
<i>That he gave the soviets
a nuclear warning,</i>

290
00:16:16,208 --> 00:16:20,945
<i>Telling their ambassador,
if soviet troops are not
out in 48 hours,</i>

291
00:16:20,980 --> 00:16:23,264
<i>"we're going
to drop it on you."</i>

292
00:16:23,298 --> 00:16:25,583
<i>They were out,
he claimed, in 24.</i>

293
00:16:26,719 --> 00:16:28,703
<i>The soviets did withdraw,</i>

294
00:16:28,737 --> 00:16:32,874
<i>But probably for reasons
other than atomic blackmail.</i>

295
00:16:32,908 --> 00:16:34,876
<i>Less than
two months later,</i>

296
00:16:34,910 --> 00:16:38,496
<i>The U.S. Cut off
desperately-needed
reparation payments</i>

297
00:16:38,547 --> 00:16:41,132
<i>From west germany
to the soviet union.</i>

298
00:16:41,166 --> 00:16:44,569
<i>And in July of '46,
sending another</i>

299
00:16:44,603 --> 00:16:46,504
<i>Chilling message about
its intentions,</i>

300
00:16:46,538 --> 00:16:50,508
<i>The U.S. Decided to proceed
with an atomic bomb test</i>

301
00:16:50,542 --> 00:16:52,744
<i>In the marshall islands.</i>

302
00:16:55,080 --> 00:16:57,448
<i>( applause )</i>

303
00:16:57,483 --> 00:17:00,918
<i>In September '46
in front of 20,000 people</i>

304
00:17:00,953 --> 00:17:03,855
<i>At new york's
madison square garden,</i>

305
00:17:03,889 --> 00:17:06,140
<i>Henry wallace tried
to put a stop</i>

306
00:17:06,174 --> 00:17:07,975
<i>To the growing madness.</i>

307
00:17:09,144 --> 00:17:12,080
<i>Wallace's voice:
The tougher we get,</i>

308
00:17:12,114 --> 00:17:14,348
<i>The tougher
the russians will get.</i>

309
00:17:14,383 --> 00:17:16,384
<i>We can get cooperation</i>

310
00:17:16,418 --> 00:17:19,554
<i>Once russia understands
that our primary objective</i>

311
00:17:19,588 --> 00:17:22,590
<i>Is neither saving
the british empire,</i>

312
00:17:22,624 --> 00:17:25,109
<i>Nor purchasing oil
in the near east</i>

313
00:17:25,144 --> 00:17:27,562
<i>With the lives
of american soldiers.</i>

314
00:17:27,596 --> 00:17:30,081
<i>Under friendly,
peaceful competition</i>

315
00:17:30,115 --> 00:17:32,316
<i>The russian world
and the american world</i>

316
00:17:32,351 --> 00:17:34,986
<i>Will gradually become
more alike.</i>

317
00:17:35,020 --> 00:17:37,688
<i>The russians will be forced
to grant more and more</i>

318
00:17:37,723 --> 00:17:41,726
<i>Of the personal freedoms
and we shall become more
and more absorbed</i>

319
00:17:41,760 --> 00:17:44,846
<i>With the problems
of social-economic justice.</i>

320
00:17:44,880 --> 00:17:46,864
<i>Stone:
The speech became world news,</i>

321
00:17:46,915 --> 00:17:50,351
<i>Deeply embarrassing
to secretary of state
jimmy byrnes</i>

322
00:17:50,369 --> 00:17:54,238
<i>Who told truman either
he or wallace had to go.</i>

323
00:17:54,289 --> 00:17:58,443
<i>Support for wallace
poured in throughout
the ensuing controversy</i>

324
00:17:58,477 --> 00:18:02,029
<i>From such as eleanor roosevelt
and albert einstein,</i>

325
00:18:02,064 --> 00:18:05,149
<i>But not from the truman
administration.</i>

326
00:18:05,184 --> 00:18:09,387
<i>James forrestal
regarded wallace as
at best a security risk,</i>

327
00:18:09,421 --> 00:18:12,924
<i>And secretly had
his naval intelligence unit</i>

328
00:18:12,958 --> 00:18:15,126
<i>Monitoring the secretary
of commerce,</i>

329
00:18:15,160 --> 00:18:19,480
<i>And shared information
with the f.B.I.'s
j. Edgar hoover</i>

330
00:18:19,515 --> 00:18:23,985
<i>Who harbored deep suspicions
about wallace's loyalties.</i>

331
00:18:24,019 --> 00:18:27,555
<i>Wallace in turn
considered hoover
an "american himmler."</i>

332
00:18:28,757 --> 00:18:30,808
<i>Truman later denied
he had read</i>

333
00:18:30,843 --> 00:18:33,544
<i>And approved
the entire speech in advance,</i>

334
00:18:33,579 --> 00:18:36,347
<i>Which he had.
He wrote in his diary...</i>

335
00:18:36,381 --> 00:18:39,750
<i>Truman's voice:
Wallace is a pacifist 100%.</i>

336
00:18:39,785 --> 00:18:42,653
<i>He wants us to disband
our armed forces,</i>

337
00:18:42,704 --> 00:18:45,439
<i>Give russia
our atomic secrets,</i>

338
00:18:45,457 --> 00:18:48,526
<i>And trust
a bunch of adventurers
in the kremlin politburo.</i>

339
00:18:48,577 --> 00:18:51,863
<i>I do not understand
a "dreamer" like that.</i>

340
00:18:51,914 --> 00:18:54,048
<i>Stone:
Truman fired wallace.</i>

341
00:18:54,082 --> 00:18:56,551
<i>And with his departure,
the best chance</i>

342
00:18:56,585 --> 00:18:59,386
<i>To avert a nuclear
arms race was gone.</i>

343
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:04,826
<i>1947 would be
the turning point,</i>

344
00:19:04,860 --> 00:19:07,294
<i>As the U.S. Plunged
headlong</i>

345
00:19:07,312 --> 00:19:10,047
<i>Into the cold war
at home and abroad.</i>

346
00:19:10,082 --> 00:19:12,900
<i>Behind the ongoing
liberation movements</i>

347
00:19:12,935 --> 00:19:15,169
<i>In places
such as british malaya,</i>

348
00:19:15,204 --> 00:19:18,256
<i>French indochina
and dutch indonesia,</i>

349
00:19:18,290 --> 00:19:22,043
<i>U.S. Leadership painted
a dire picture of stalin</i>

350
00:19:22,077 --> 00:19:24,529
<i>Spreading world revolution,</i>

351
00:19:24,563 --> 00:19:27,865
<i>Ruling out negotiations
and ignoring any grays</i>

352
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:29,901
<i>In its black-and-white
conclusions.</i>

353
00:19:32,638 --> 00:19:34,839
<i>In greece,
the british army</i>

354
00:19:34,873 --> 00:19:38,793
<i>Toppled the popular leftist
national liberation front</i>

355
00:19:38,827 --> 00:19:42,480
<i>And restored the monarchy
and right-wing dictatorship,</i>

356
00:19:42,514 --> 00:19:45,199
<i>Sparking
a communist-led uprising.</i>

357
00:19:46,451 --> 00:19:50,321
<i>Following the severe winter
of 1946-7,</i>

358
00:19:50,355 --> 00:19:53,958
<i>The financially-strapped
british could not
control the revolt</i>

359
00:19:53,992 --> 00:19:56,494
<i>And asked the United States
to take the lead</i>

360
00:19:56,545 --> 00:19:59,080
<i>In defeating
the greek insurgents</i>

361
00:19:59,114 --> 00:20:01,966
<i>And modernizing
the turkish army.</i>

362
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,735
<i>One state department official
later summed it up:</i>

363
00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:06,821
<i>Great britain had
within the hour</i>

364
00:20:06,855 --> 00:20:10,658
<i>Handed the job
of world leadership
to the United States.</i>

365
00:20:12,044 --> 00:20:14,328
<i>A war-weary public
had no appetite</i>

366
00:20:14,363 --> 00:20:16,597
<i>For costly initiatives.</i>

367
00:20:16,632 --> 00:20:19,717
<i>But truman, addressing
both houses of congress,</i>

368
00:20:19,751 --> 00:20:22,553
<i>Appealed for $400 million,</i>

369
00:20:22,588 --> 00:20:25,089
<i>Laying out a new vision</i>

370
00:20:25,123 --> 00:20:27,758
<i>For america as
the world's policeman.</i>

371
00:20:28,794 --> 00:20:30,778
( truman speaking )

372
00:21:02,628 --> 00:21:05,296
<i>Stone:
Truman in not
distinguishing vital threats</i>

373
00:21:05,330 --> 00:21:08,366
<i>From peripheral ones
and by linking the fate</i>

374
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:11,836
<i>Of people all over the world
to the security of
the United States</i>

375
00:21:11,870 --> 00:21:14,705
<i>Was making a momentous
statement.</i>

376
00:21:14,740 --> 00:21:17,908
<i>These words could in fact
be transposed to korea,</i>

377
00:21:17,943 --> 00:21:21,162
<i>To vietnam, to iraq
and afghanistan.</i>

378
00:21:21,196 --> 00:21:23,681
<i>After a heated debate,</i>

379
00:21:23,715 --> 00:21:25,883
<i>Congress fell into line.</i>

380
00:21:25,917 --> 00:21:29,086
<i>Moscow was stunned
by this war-like language,</i>

381
00:21:29,121 --> 00:21:33,758
<i>Accusing the U.S.
Of imperialist expansion
under the guise of charity</i>

382
00:21:33,792 --> 00:21:37,962
<i>And trying to extend
the monroe doctrine
to the old world.</i>

383
00:21:39,931 --> 00:21:42,033
<i>From outside
the government</i>

384
00:21:42,067 --> 00:21:43,818
<i>Henry wallace led
the opposition,</i>

385
00:21:43,852 --> 00:21:47,254
<i>Decrying the utter nonsense
of describing...</i>

386
00:21:50,726 --> 00:21:54,645
<i>...And accusing truman
of betraying roosevelt's
vision for world peace.</i>

387
00:21:54,680 --> 00:21:57,965
<i>Wallace's voice:
President truman cannot
prevent change in the world</i>

388
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:00,568
<i>Any more than he can prevent
the tide from coming in</i>

389
00:22:00,602 --> 00:22:02,870
<i>Or the sun from setting.</i>

390
00:22:02,904 --> 00:22:06,107
<i>But once america stands
for opposition to change,</i>

391
00:22:06,141 --> 00:22:07,742
<i>We are lost.</i>

392
00:22:07,776 --> 00:22:11,412
<i>America will become the most
hated nation in the world.</i>

393
00:22:11,446 --> 00:22:13,447
<i>Stone:
Anticipating that the soviets</i>

394
00:22:13,481 --> 00:22:16,067
<i>Would reply in kind,
he warned...</i>

395
00:22:16,101 --> 00:22:19,353
<i>Wallace's voice:
Truman's policy will
spread communism</i>

396
00:22:19,388 --> 00:22:21,522
<i>In europe and asia.</i>

397
00:22:21,556 --> 00:22:24,075
<i>Stone:
Two months later
the soviets sponsored</i>

398
00:22:24,109 --> 00:22:25,993
<i>A communist coup
overthrowing</i>

399
00:22:26,027 --> 00:22:28,796
<i>The democratically-elected
government of hungary.</i>

400
00:22:28,830 --> 00:22:30,981
<i>"the new york times" wrote</i>

401
00:22:31,033 --> 00:22:33,818
<i>"the coup in hungary
is russia's answer</i>

402
00:22:33,869 --> 00:22:36,921
<i>To our action
in greece and turkey."</i>

403
00:22:36,955 --> 00:22:39,940
<i>And it clearly contributed
to the soviet decision</i>

404
00:22:39,958 --> 00:22:44,195
<i>To impose a new, stricter order
across eastern europe.</i>

405
00:22:46,264 --> 00:22:48,366
<i>The greek civil war
grew bloody,</i>

406
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:51,419
<i>And U.S. Personnel
identified as "advisors"</i>

407
00:22:51,453 --> 00:22:54,455
<i>Arrived in the war zone
in June of '47.</i>

408
00:22:54,489 --> 00:22:57,875
<i>The United States amply armed
the right-wing monarchy</i>

409
00:22:57,909 --> 00:23:02,880
<i>And tolerated
their client's mass political
arrests and executions.</i>

410
00:23:02,914 --> 00:23:06,133
<i>It was an especially
savage conflict,</i>

411
00:23:06,167 --> 00:23:08,686
<i>With tactics--
some old, some new--</i>

412
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,956
<i>That previewed those
later used in vietnam,</i>

413
00:23:11,990 --> 00:23:14,942
<i>Such as mass deportations
to camps,</i>

414
00:23:14,976 --> 00:23:18,262
<i>Mass imprisonment of wives
and children of subversives,</i>

415
00:23:18,296 --> 00:23:21,749
<i>Executions,
the destruction of unions,</i>

416
00:23:21,783 --> 00:23:24,485
<i>Torture
and napalming villages.</i>

417
00:23:28,757 --> 00:23:31,959
<i>Greece was kept in the hands
of wealthy businessmen,</i>

418
00:23:31,993 --> 00:23:34,462
<i>Many of them
nazi collaborators,</i>

419
00:23:34,496 --> 00:23:36,781
<i>And the victims were
primarily workers</i>

420
00:23:36,815 --> 00:23:38,966
<i>And peasants who'd
resisted the nazis.</i>

421
00:23:40,969 --> 00:23:44,705
<i>The soviet union temporarily
assisted the left-wing forces,</i>

422
00:23:44,739 --> 00:23:46,674
<i>But in February of '48</i>

423
00:23:46,708 --> 00:23:49,877
<i>Stalin ordered
yugoslavia's josip tito,</i>

424
00:23:49,911 --> 00:23:53,581
<i>As well as neighboring
albania and bulgaria,</i>

425
00:23:53,615 --> 00:23:56,117
<i>To stop supporting
the guerilla movement.</i>

426
00:23:56,151 --> 00:23:58,319
<i>( stalin speaking )</i>

427
00:24:14,802 --> 00:24:17,972
<i>Stone:
The tough tito, who'd fought
his own grueling war</i>

428
00:24:18,006 --> 00:24:22,042
<i>Against the nazis
and had no fear of
stalin's assassins,</i>

429
00:24:22,077 --> 00:24:24,444
<i>Refused, and stalin
excommunicated him</i>

430
00:24:24,463 --> 00:24:27,598
<i>From the international
communist movement,</i>

431
00:24:27,632 --> 00:24:31,035
<i>Antagonizing hard-line allies
like mao in china.</i>

432
00:24:31,069 --> 00:24:33,370
<i>The state department
reported</i>

433
00:24:33,405 --> 00:24:36,040
<i>"for the first time
in history we may now have</i>

434
00:24:36,074 --> 00:24:38,359
<i>Within the international
community</i>

435
00:24:38,393 --> 00:24:42,129
<i>A communist state
independent of moscow."</i>

436
00:24:42,163 --> 00:24:45,683
<i>But despite providing
covert support for tito,</i>

437
00:24:45,717 --> 00:24:50,354
<i>The United States never
adjusted its rhetoric
to reflect that.</i>

438
00:24:50,388 --> 00:24:53,724
<i>In the public's mind,
the soviet union remained</i>

439
00:24:53,758 --> 00:24:56,393
<i>At the center
of a communist conspiracy</i>

440
00:24:56,428 --> 00:24:58,295
<i>To dominate the world.</i>

441
00:24:58,330 --> 00:25:02,700
<i>In 1956,
out of office a second time
and in retirement,</i>

442
00:25:02,734 --> 00:25:07,104
<i>The old lion churchill
confirmed in an interview...</i>

443
00:25:07,138 --> 00:25:09,907
<i>Churchill's voice:
Stalin never broke
his word to me.</i>

444
00:25:09,941 --> 00:25:13,177
<i>We agreed on the balkans.
I said he could have</i>

445
00:25:13,211 --> 00:25:15,079
<i>Romania and bulgaria</i>

446
00:25:15,113 --> 00:25:17,414
<i>And he said
we could have greece.</i>

447
00:25:17,449 --> 00:25:20,818
<i>He signed a slip of paper
and he never broke his word.</i>

448
00:25:20,852 --> 00:25:23,454
<i>We saved greece that way.</i>

449
00:25:23,488 --> 00:25:26,373
<i>Stone:
Stalin's lack of support
for the greek uprising</i>

450
00:25:26,391 --> 00:25:27,758
<i>Doomed the rebels,</i>

451
00:25:27,809 --> 00:25:30,110
<i>And the war ended
with victory in 1949</i>

452
00:25:30,144 --> 00:25:32,079
<i>For the national
government.</i>

453
00:25:32,113 --> 00:25:34,448
<i>Though U.S. Officials
cheered the victory,</i>

454
00:25:34,482 --> 00:25:37,301
<i>The greek people
weren't so sure--</i>

455
00:25:37,335 --> 00:25:39,587
<i>More than 100,000 died</i>

456
00:25:39,621 --> 00:25:42,489
<i>And 800,000
became refugees.</i>

457
00:25:42,524 --> 00:25:45,926
<i>Successive greek governments
would use the state apparatus--</i>

458
00:25:45,961 --> 00:25:48,896
<i>The police,
military, decrees</i>

459
00:25:48,930 --> 00:25:51,465
<i>And an intelligence agency--</i>

460
00:25:51,499 --> 00:25:54,368
<i>To systematically
rule the country.</i>

461
00:25:56,955 --> 00:26:00,073
<i>Domestically, pressured by
the republican right,</i>

462
00:26:00,091 --> 00:26:02,776
<i>Truman found it necessary
to appease</i>

463
00:26:02,811 --> 00:26:06,413
<i>The public's growing unease
with communism,</i>

464
00:26:06,448 --> 00:26:10,267
<i>Thus he mandated loyalty checks
on all government employees</i>

465
00:26:10,318 --> 00:26:12,636
<i>To root out "subversives."</i>

466
00:26:12,671 --> 00:26:15,155
<i>Having the wrong views
on religion,</i>

467
00:26:15,189 --> 00:26:19,994
<i>Sexual behavior,
foreign policy or race
could make one suspect.</i>

468
00:26:20,028 --> 00:26:22,746
<i>Through 1952 loyalty boards</i>

469
00:26:22,781 --> 00:26:26,016
<i>Reviewed more than
22,000 cases</i>

470
00:26:26,051 --> 00:26:31,005
<i>And more than 4,000 employees
were fired or resigned.</i>

471
00:26:31,039 --> 00:26:33,257
<i>Newsreel:
The growing menace
of communism</i>

472
00:26:33,291 --> 00:26:35,009
<i>Arouses the house
of representatives'</i>

473
00:26:35,043 --> 00:26:36,644
<i>Un-american activities
committee.</i>

474
00:26:36,678 --> 00:26:39,213
<i>Stone:
In October 1947</i>

475
00:26:39,247 --> 00:26:42,182
<i>The house un-american
activities committee</i>

476
00:26:42,217 --> 00:26:44,618
<i>Held highly-publicized
public hearings</i>

477
00:26:44,653 --> 00:26:46,954
<i>On communist influence
in hollywood.</i>

478
00:26:46,988 --> 00:26:48,889
<i>It was an easy target.</i>

479
00:26:48,923 --> 00:26:51,091
Have you ever been a member
of the communist party?

480
00:26:51,126 --> 00:26:53,811
I have told you that
I will offer my beliefs,

481
00:26:53,845 --> 00:26:56,513
<i>- My affiliations
and everything else...
- Excuse the witness!</i>

482
00:26:56,548 --> 00:26:58,482
...To the american public
and they will know
where I stand,

483
00:26:58,533 --> 00:27:00,868
<i>- As they do
from what I have written.
- Stand away from the stand!</i>

484
00:27:00,902 --> 00:27:04,271
<i>- I have written for
americanism for many years...
- Stand away from the stand!</i>

485
00:27:04,289 --> 00:27:06,940
...And I will continue to fight
for the bill of rights, which
you are trying to destroy.

486
00:27:06,958 --> 00:27:08,542
<i>Officer, take this man
away from the stand.</i>

487
00:27:08,576 --> 00:27:10,494
<i>Stone:
Hollywood studio executives</i>

488
00:27:10,545 --> 00:27:12,830
<i>Shamefully denounced
those accused</i>

489
00:27:12,864 --> 00:27:17,418
<i>And pledged not to hire anyone
with suspect affiliations.</i>

490
00:27:17,452 --> 00:27:20,020
<i>Although a great number
of hollywood stars</i>

491
00:27:20,038 --> 00:27:22,323
<i>Publically criticized
the witch-hunts,</i>

492
00:27:22,357 --> 00:27:25,142
<i>The "blacklist" gave way
to the "graylist"</i>

493
00:27:25,176 --> 00:27:27,978
<i>And hundreds more
were denied work.</i>

494
00:27:28,013 --> 00:27:30,564
<i>Among the friendly witnesses
who testified</i>

495
00:27:30,598 --> 00:27:33,734
<i>Were screen actors guild
president ronald reagan,</i>

496
00:27:33,768 --> 00:27:36,353
<i>Actors robert taylor
and gary cooper</i>

497
00:27:36,388 --> 00:27:38,772
<i>And studio executive
walt disney.</i>

498
00:27:38,790 --> 00:27:41,175
I-- I don't believe
it's a political party.

499
00:27:41,209 --> 00:27:42,960
I believe it's
an un-american thing

500
00:27:42,994 --> 00:27:46,980
<i>And the thing that I resent
the most is that they</i>

501
00:27:46,998 --> 00:27:49,783
<i>Are able to get into these
unions and take them over.</i>

502
00:27:51,136 --> 00:27:53,887
<i>Stone:
From 1948 through '54,</i>

503
00:27:53,922 --> 00:27:57,958
<i>More than 40
strongly anti-communist
motion pictures were made,</i>

504
00:27:57,992 --> 00:28:01,261
<i>Not including terrifying
science-fiction parables</i>

505
00:28:01,296 --> 00:28:04,565
<i>Like h.G. Wells'
"the war of the worlds,"</i>

506
00:28:04,599 --> 00:28:07,084
<i>Which implied
the threat of communism.</i>

507
00:28:07,118 --> 00:28:10,137
<i>Announcer:
This could be the beginning
of the end for the human race.</i>

508
00:28:10,171 --> 00:28:12,806
<i>For what men first
thought were meteors</i>

509
00:28:12,841 --> 00:28:16,577
<i>Are in reality the flaming
vanguard from the red planet.</i>

510
00:28:16,611 --> 00:28:19,045
<i>- ( screams )
- ( siren wails )</i>

511
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:25,552
<i>Stone:
The f.B.I. Under
publicity-conscious</i>

512
00:28:25,587 --> 00:28:27,221
<i>J. Edgar hoover,</i>

513
00:28:27,255 --> 00:28:29,723
<i>Whose single greatest
obsession in life</i>

514
00:28:29,758 --> 00:28:30,891
<i>Was communism,</i>

515
00:28:30,925 --> 00:28:33,210
<i>Conducted most
of the investigations</i>

516
00:28:33,261 --> 00:28:35,879
<i>Into its existence
in america.</i>

517
00:28:38,433 --> 00:28:42,019
<i>Those accused could not know
the basis of the accusations.</i>

518
00:28:42,053 --> 00:28:44,805
<i>In his paranoia,
hoover distrusted</i>

519
00:28:44,839 --> 00:28:48,242
<i>Even the white house,
the pentagon and justice
department,</i>

520
00:28:48,276 --> 00:28:51,111
<i>And hid what he did--
both inside and outside
the law--</i>

521
00:28:51,129 --> 00:28:55,265
<i>Drawing up plans
for mass detentions
of communists</i>

522
00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:58,435
<i>In the event
of an anticipated
soviet attack.</i>

523
00:29:01,556 --> 00:29:04,458
<i>In July of '47
truman pushed through</i>

524
00:29:04,492 --> 00:29:08,846
<i>The national security act,
which created a vast
new bureaucracy</i>

525
00:29:08,880 --> 00:29:13,033
<i>Headed by the anti-soviet
hardliner james forrestal</i>

526
00:29:13,067 --> 00:29:16,420
<i>As this country's first
secretary of defense.</i>

527
00:29:16,471 --> 00:29:20,073
<i>The act also
created the central
intelligence agency,</i>

528
00:29:20,108 --> 00:29:22,309
<i>Which was given
four functions--</i>

529
00:29:22,327 --> 00:29:24,294
<i>Three of them dealing
with the collection,</i>

530
00:29:24,329 --> 00:29:27,297
<i>Analysis and dissemination
of intelligence.</i>

531
00:29:27,332 --> 00:29:31,835
<i>It was the fourth
function that would prove
the most dangerous--</i>

532
00:29:31,870 --> 00:29:34,371
<i>A vaguely-worded passage</i>

533
00:29:34,405 --> 00:29:37,341
<i>That allowed the c.I.A.
To perform...</i>

534
00:29:44,048 --> 00:29:46,700
<i>...As the president saw fit.</i>

535
00:29:46,734 --> 00:29:49,603
<i>The c.I.A. Would use
that vague wording</i>

536
00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:53,423
<i>To conduct hundreds of covert
operations around the world,</i>

537
00:29:53,475 --> 00:29:57,544
<i>Including more than 80
during truman's second term.</i>

538
00:29:57,579 --> 00:30:02,082
<i>Its earliest success
was to subvert Italy's
1948 election</i>

539
00:30:02,116 --> 00:30:05,419
<i>To ensure victory
over the communist party.</i>

540
00:30:05,453 --> 00:30:07,888
<i>Democracy was
apparently a virtue</i>

541
00:30:07,922 --> 00:30:10,190
<i>When it served
U.S. Interests.</i>

542
00:30:11,693 --> 00:30:13,694
<i>Sometimes referred to as</i>

543
00:30:13,728 --> 00:30:15,963
<i>"capitalism's
invisible army,"</i>

544
00:30:15,997 --> 00:30:20,067
<i>The c.I.A. Was truly
the beginning of
a new america,</i>

545
00:30:20,101 --> 00:30:23,637
<i>Built upon a secret state
that would grow exponentially</i>

546
00:30:23,671 --> 00:30:26,456
<i>Over the following
decades.</i>

547
00:30:26,491 --> 00:30:31,295
<i>Despite his public face,
truman had feared
from the start</i>

548
00:30:31,329 --> 00:30:34,298
<i>That the c.I.A. Could
turn into a "gestapo"</i>

549
00:30:34,332 --> 00:30:36,616
<i>Or "military dictatorship."</i>

550
00:30:36,634 --> 00:30:41,505
<i>In 1963,
shortly after john kennedy
had been assassinated,</i>

551
00:30:41,539 --> 00:30:44,474
<i>Truman, surprisingly
but explicitly,</i>

552
00:30:44,509 --> 00:30:47,728
<i>Called for the c.I.A.
To end operations</i>

553
00:30:47,762 --> 00:30:50,848
<i>And simply
gather intelligence.</i>

554
00:30:50,882 --> 00:30:54,117
<i>His op-ed appeared
in the "washington post,"</i>

555
00:30:54,152 --> 00:30:57,020
<i>But strangely generated
little discussion</i>

556
00:30:57,055 --> 00:31:01,124
<i>In other media outlets
and disappeared from
public attention.</i>

557
00:31:04,145 --> 00:31:05,646
<i>General george marshall,</i>

558
00:31:05,680 --> 00:31:08,515
<i>Having led the allied
armies to victory</i>

559
00:31:08,550 --> 00:31:11,618
<i>In the second world war,
was named man of the year again</i>

560
00:31:11,636 --> 00:31:14,304
<i>By "time"
in January of '48</i>

561
00:31:14,339 --> 00:31:16,673
<i>And planned
a quiet retirement.</i>

562
00:31:16,708 --> 00:31:20,861
<i>But truman, who'd had
more than enough of byrnes,</i>

563
00:31:20,895 --> 00:31:23,363
<i>Forced his resignation
and made marshall</i>

564
00:31:23,381 --> 00:31:25,299
<i>His new
secretary of state.</i>

565
00:31:25,333 --> 00:31:28,135
<i>Privately believing
that truman's descriptions</i>

566
00:31:28,169 --> 00:31:31,137
<i>Of a communist threat
were exaggerated,</i>

567
00:31:31,155 --> 00:31:33,690
<i>Marshall's common sense
dictated</i>

568
00:31:33,741 --> 00:31:36,226
<i>That the best way
to win a war</i>

569
00:31:36,277 --> 00:31:38,445
<i>Was to prevent it
from occurring.</i>

570
00:31:38,463 --> 00:31:42,132
<i>What was needed in a ruined
and destitute europe</i>

571
00:31:42,166 --> 00:31:45,969
<i>Was not a military response,
but a humanitarian one.</i>

572
00:31:46,004 --> 00:31:47,588
<i>In that spirit</i>

573
00:31:47,622 --> 00:31:52,175
<i>At harvard university's
graduation ceremony
in June 1947,</i>

574
00:31:52,210 --> 00:31:54,811
<i>America's most
prestigious general</i>

575
00:31:54,846 --> 00:31:57,981
<i>Invited european leaders
to submit a plan</i>

576
00:31:58,016 --> 00:32:00,050
<i>For economic recovery.</i>

577
00:32:00,084 --> 00:32:03,553
<i>Out of this was born
the famous marshall plan.</i>

578
00:32:03,588 --> 00:32:07,507
Our policy is directed not
against any country

579
00:32:07,542 --> 00:32:09,376
<i>Or doctrine,</i>

580
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:12,346
<i>But against hunger,
poverty,</i>

581
00:32:12,380 --> 00:32:15,182
<i>Desperation and chaos.</i>

582
00:32:15,216 --> 00:32:18,819
<i>Stone:
What the United States did
after the second world war</i>

583
00:32:18,853 --> 00:32:21,221
<i>Was rare in imperial history.</i>

584
00:32:21,255 --> 00:32:24,107
<i>It restored its old rivals
germany and japan</i>

585
00:32:24,158 --> 00:32:27,077
<i>And made them
economically-powerful
satellites</i>

586
00:32:27,111 --> 00:32:29,546
<i>Of the United States.</i>

587
00:32:29,580 --> 00:32:31,598
It is a difficult program.

588
00:32:31,633 --> 00:32:33,917
And you know
far better than I do

589
00:32:33,952 --> 00:32:37,688
The political difficulties
involved in this program.

590
00:32:37,722 --> 00:32:40,440
But there's no doubt
whatever in my mind

591
00:32:40,458 --> 00:32:42,909
That if we decide
to do this thing,

592
00:32:42,943 --> 00:32:44,962
We can do it successfully.

593
00:32:44,996 --> 00:32:48,481
<i>Stone:
The U.S. Eventually
spent $13 billion</i>

594
00:32:48,499 --> 00:32:51,068
<i>Between 1948 and '52,</i>

595
00:32:51,102 --> 00:32:52,769
<i>With britain, France
and germany</i>

596
00:32:52,804 --> 00:32:55,488
<i>Being the largest
recipients,</i>

597
00:32:55,506 --> 00:32:57,841
<i>Adding greatly
to soviet fears</i>

598
00:32:57,875 --> 00:33:00,727
<i>Of german power restored.</i>

599
00:33:00,762 --> 00:33:03,847
<i>The soviets turned down
an offer to join the plan,</i>

600
00:33:03,881 --> 00:33:06,683
<i>As it called for
too much american control</i>

601
00:33:06,718 --> 00:33:09,335
<i>Over the soviet economy.</i>

602
00:33:09,354 --> 00:33:13,957
<i>When czechoslovakia--
a freely-elected coalition
government headed,</i>

603
00:33:13,992 --> 00:33:17,077
<i>Interestingly enough,
by a communist party--</i>

604
00:33:17,111 --> 00:33:20,130
<i>Accepted marshall's offer
of aid,</i>

605
00:33:20,164 --> 00:33:23,233
<i>That went too far
for the mistrustful stalin</i>

606
00:33:23,267 --> 00:33:25,852
<i>Who demanded the czechs
reject the plan.</i>

607
00:33:25,886 --> 00:33:28,205
<i>In February of '48</i>

608
00:33:28,256 --> 00:33:31,624
<i>A stalinist regime was
imposed on czechoslovakia.</i>

609
00:33:31,642 --> 00:33:34,361
<i>The U.S. And many liberals
in europe</i>

610
00:33:34,395 --> 00:33:36,363
<i>Were shocked.</i>

611
00:33:36,397 --> 00:33:37,998
<i>Famous actor james cagney</i>

612
00:33:38,032 --> 00:33:41,868
<i>Voiced following explanation
of the western point of view.</i>

613
00:33:41,903 --> 00:33:43,503
<i>James cagney:
Subversion is of course</i>

614
00:33:43,538 --> 00:33:45,739
<i>An important technique
of communist conquest.</i>

615
00:33:45,773 --> 00:33:50,577
<i>Czechoslovakia in 1948
is an established democracy
in eastern europe.</i>

616
00:33:50,611 --> 00:33:52,946
<i>Suddenly a rash of strikes.</i>

617
00:33:52,980 --> 00:33:55,365
<i>Conservative elements
resign from the capitol.</i>

618
00:33:55,416 --> 00:33:58,151
<i>But jan masaryk,
son of the country's
greatest hero,</i>

619
00:33:58,186 --> 00:34:01,088
<i>Will not go along and remains
in the foreign office.</i>

620
00:34:01,122 --> 00:34:03,857
<i>Two weeks later his dead body
is discovered.</i>

621
00:34:03,891 --> 00:34:06,326
<i>Whether he was murdered
or killed himself</i>

622
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:08,295
<i>Is not known to this day.</i>

623
00:34:12,133 --> 00:34:14,184
<i>Stone:
Masaryk's manner of death--</i>

624
00:34:14,218 --> 00:34:16,470
<i>Falling out
of his bathroom window--</i>

625
00:34:16,504 --> 00:34:19,706
<i>Would come to particularly
haunt forrestal</i>

626
00:34:19,741 --> 00:34:23,894
<i>And vindicated the darkest view
of soviet intentions.</i>

627
00:34:23,928 --> 00:34:27,264
<i>Marshall, however,
had told a cabinet meeting</i>

628
00:34:27,298 --> 00:34:29,933
<i>The previous November
that the soviets would soon</i>

629
00:34:29,967 --> 00:34:32,669
<i>"clamp down"
on czechoslovakia</i>

630
00:34:32,703 --> 00:34:35,038
<i>As a "purely defensive move."</i>

631
00:34:35,073 --> 00:34:36,990
<i>But truman seized
on the outrage</i>

632
00:34:37,024 --> 00:34:39,659
<i>To press the marshall plan
through congress,</i>

633
00:34:39,694 --> 00:34:41,661
<i>As well as
a rearmament program</i>

634
00:34:41,696 --> 00:34:43,964
<i>The pentagon had
long been pushing.</i>

635
00:34:43,998 --> 00:34:46,049
<i>Truman:
The soviet union
and its agents</i>

636
00:34:46,084 --> 00:34:49,686
Have destroyed
the independence
and democratic character

637
00:34:49,720 --> 00:34:53,123
Of a whole series of nations
in eastern and central europe.

638
00:34:54,559 --> 00:34:57,094
It is this ruthless
course of action

639
00:34:57,128 --> 00:35:01,098
And the clear design
to extend it to the remaining
free nations of europe

640
00:35:01,132 --> 00:35:05,001
That have brought about
the critical situation
in europe today.

641
00:35:05,036 --> 00:35:07,237
<i>Stone:
The U.S. Also at this point</i>

642
00:35:07,271 --> 00:35:09,906
<i>Made the fateful decision
to press</i>

643
00:35:09,941 --> 00:35:12,926
<i>For an independent
west german state.</i>

644
00:35:12,944 --> 00:35:14,961
<i>Truman described
the marshall plan</i>

645
00:35:14,996 --> 00:35:18,648
<i>And the truman doctrine
as two halves of
the same walnut.</i>

646
00:35:18,683 --> 00:35:22,686
<i>Although the plan fueled
european recovery,</i>

647
00:35:22,720 --> 00:35:27,473
<i>Much of the aid was used
to purchase exports from U.S.
Multinational corporations.</i>

648
00:35:27,492 --> 00:35:29,943
<i>Little aid was given
to rebuild</i>

649
00:35:29,977 --> 00:35:33,313
<i>Europe's own indigenous
refining capacity,</i>

650
00:35:33,347 --> 00:35:37,834
<i>Allowing the american
oil majors to dominate
the european market.</i>

651
00:35:40,755 --> 00:35:43,640
<i>The plan was secretly
generous to the c.I.A.,</i>

652
00:35:43,674 --> 00:35:46,576
<i>Which diverted large amounts
of marshall aid money</i>

653
00:35:46,611 --> 00:35:50,380
<i>For covert operations.
In the summer of '48</i>

654
00:35:50,414 --> 00:35:53,116
<i>Following
the czechoslovakian coup,</i>

655
00:35:53,151 --> 00:35:55,652
<i>Truman approved
a dramatic escalation</i>

656
00:35:55,686 --> 00:35:58,738
<i>Of global covert action
to include</i>

657
00:35:58,773 --> 00:36:01,391
<i>Guerilla operations
in the soviet union</i>

658
00:36:01,425 --> 00:36:03,076
<i>And eastern europe.</i>

659
00:36:03,094 --> 00:36:05,729
<i>One project went
to creating a guerilla army</i>

660
00:36:05,763 --> 00:36:08,932
<i>Codenamed "nightingale"
in ukraine,</i>

661
00:36:08,966 --> 00:36:13,253
<i>Which had originally been
set up by the nazis in 1941,</i>

662
00:36:13,287 --> 00:36:16,506
<i>Made up of ultranationalist
ukrainians.</i>

663
00:36:16,541 --> 00:36:19,543
<i>These groups now wreaked havoc
in the famine-wracked region</i>

664
00:36:19,577 --> 00:36:22,078
<i>Where soviet control
was loose,</i>

665
00:36:22,113 --> 00:36:24,764
<i>Carrying out the murder
of thousands of jews,</i>

666
00:36:24,782 --> 00:36:27,350
<i>Soviets and poles
who opposed</i>

667
00:36:27,401 --> 00:36:29,786
<i>A separate
ukrainian state.</i>

668
00:36:29,820 --> 00:36:32,222
<i>Beginning in 1949,</i>

669
00:36:32,256 --> 00:36:35,175
<i>For five years
the c.I.A. Parachuted</i>

670
00:36:35,209 --> 00:36:38,345
<i>Ukrainian infiltrators
back into the region.</i>

671
00:36:38,379 --> 00:36:39,829
<i>To the soviet mind,</i>

672
00:36:39,864 --> 00:36:42,382
<i>It was as if they had
infiltrated guerillas</i>

673
00:36:42,416 --> 00:36:45,752
<i>Into the canadian
or mexican border areas
of the United States,</i>

674
00:36:45,786 --> 00:36:49,306
<i>And signaled the lengths
to which the U.S.
Was willing to go</i>

675
00:36:49,340 --> 00:36:51,958
<i>To dislodge soviet control</i>

676
00:36:51,976 --> 00:36:54,995
<i>Of their own border areas
and sphere of interests.</i>

677
00:36:56,898 --> 00:37:00,133
<i>The c.I.A. Was equally
active in germany,</i>

678
00:37:00,167 --> 00:37:03,353
<i>Taking over
the gehlen organization
from the U.S. Army.</i>

679
00:37:03,387 --> 00:37:07,090
<i>Gehlen, a former nazi
who'd run intelligence</i>

680
00:37:07,124 --> 00:37:09,759
<i>In eastern europe
and the soviet union
for hitler,</i>

681
00:37:09,794 --> 00:37:13,129
<i>Recruited a network of nazis
and war criminals</i>

682
00:37:13,164 --> 00:37:16,633
<i>Drawn in part
from the gestapo and s.S.</i>

683
00:37:16,667 --> 00:37:19,402
<i>And in the ensuing years,</i>

684
00:37:19,437 --> 00:37:23,139
<i>It painted the worst-possible
picture of soviet actions.</i>

685
00:37:23,174 --> 00:37:26,042
<i>A retired c.I.A. Official
acknowledged,</i>

686
00:37:26,077 --> 00:37:28,511
<i>"he fed us
what we wanted to hear.</i>

687
00:37:28,546 --> 00:37:30,914
<i>We used his stuff
constantly</i>

688
00:37:30,948 --> 00:37:32,849
<i>And we fed it
to everyone else--</i>

689
00:37:32,883 --> 00:37:36,002
<i>The pentagon,
the white house,
the newspapers.</i>

690
00:37:36,037 --> 00:37:37,337
<i>They loved it too.</i>

691
00:37:37,371 --> 00:37:40,473
<i>But it was hyped-up
russian bogeyman junk,</i>

692
00:37:40,508 --> 00:37:43,242
<i>And it did a lot of damage
to this country."</i>

693
00:37:43,261 --> 00:37:46,930
<i>When in June of 1948,</i>

694
00:37:46,964 --> 00:37:49,349
<i>The U.S. Instituted
currency reform</i>

695
00:37:49,383 --> 00:37:52,352
<i>In the three western sectors
of berlin--</i>

696
00:37:52,386 --> 00:37:55,288
<i>Which was 100 miles
inside eastern germany--</i>

697
00:37:55,323 --> 00:37:59,726
<i>In order to replace
the popular black-market
american cigarette,</i>

698
00:37:59,760 --> 00:38:02,128
<i>The soviets saw this
as a major step</i>

699
00:38:02,163 --> 00:38:04,931
<i>In establishing an independent
west german state,</i>

700
00:38:04,966 --> 00:38:07,801
<i>As well as a betrayal
of the U.S. Promise</i>

701
00:38:07,835 --> 00:38:09,569
<i>To provide reparations</i>

702
00:38:09,603 --> 00:38:13,873
<i>From the inherently
more prosperous western zones.</i>

703
00:38:16,127 --> 00:38:19,696
<i>The soviets cut off rail
and road access to berlin.</i>

704
00:38:19,730 --> 00:38:22,082
<i>Stalin said
the western powers</i>

705
00:38:22,116 --> 00:38:24,301
<i>Had forfeited
their right of access</i>

706
00:38:24,335 --> 00:38:25,969
<i>Because they were shattering</i>

707
00:38:26,003 --> 00:38:29,723
<i>The postwar framework
of a unified germany.</i>

708
00:38:29,757 --> 00:38:33,610
<i>The western media decried
the savage cruelty</i>

709
00:38:33,644 --> 00:38:38,431
<i>Of the soviets' berlin
blockade, trying to starve
civilians into submission.</i>

710
00:38:38,466 --> 00:38:41,100
<i>But contrary to this
widely-held view,</i>

711
00:38:41,118 --> 00:38:43,536
<i>The soviets,
for all their faults,</i>

712
00:38:43,570 --> 00:38:46,923
<i>Guaranteed west berliners
access to food and coal</i>

713
00:38:46,957 --> 00:38:49,092
<i>From the eastern zone.</i>

714
00:38:49,126 --> 00:38:51,761
<i>U.S. Military intelligence
confirmed this.</i>

715
00:38:51,796 --> 00:38:53,913
<i>What most people
do remember, however,</i>

716
00:38:53,948 --> 00:38:56,783
<i>Is that over
the next 15 months</i>

717
00:38:56,817 --> 00:39:00,553
<i>In a heroic defensive maneuver
against soviet aggression</i>

718
00:39:00,588 --> 00:39:04,307
<i>The massive berlin airlift
organized by general
curtis lemay</i>

719
00:39:04,342 --> 00:39:08,311
<i>Delivered food and fuel
to 2.2 million people</i>

720
00:39:08,346 --> 00:39:11,031
<i>In a besieged city.</i>

721
00:39:11,065 --> 00:39:15,668
<i>Truman, who was willing
to approve the use
of atomic weapons,</i>

722
00:39:15,686 --> 00:39:18,838
<i>Wrote in September,
"we are very close to war."</i>

723
00:39:18,856 --> 00:39:23,259
<i>France had little enthusiasm
for this U.S. Initiative,</i>

724
00:39:23,294 --> 00:39:25,995
<i>Fearing a re-militarized
germany.</i>

725
00:39:26,047 --> 00:39:28,198
<i>Nor did britain.
But the U.S. Gambled</i>

726
00:39:28,232 --> 00:39:30,683
<i>That its atomic monopoly
would win out,</i>

727
00:39:30,718 --> 00:39:32,836
<i>Rejecting soviet attempts
to compromise</i>

728
00:39:32,887 --> 00:39:35,088
<i>Until it achieved
both a basic law</i>

729
00:39:35,122 --> 00:39:38,274
<i>Outlining
a west german state</i>

730
00:39:38,309 --> 00:39:41,277
<i>And the creation
in April of 1949</i>

731
00:39:41,312 --> 00:39:44,814
<i>Of the north atlantic
treaty organization.</i>

732
00:39:44,865 --> 00:39:47,384
<i>This, for the first time
in its history,</i>

733
00:39:47,435 --> 00:39:49,786
<i>Committed the United States
to a peacetime</i>

734
00:39:49,820 --> 00:39:51,955
<i>Military alliance
with western europe.</i>

735
00:39:53,257 --> 00:39:56,292
<i>Its objectives won,
the U.S. Now agreed</i>

736
00:39:56,327 --> 00:39:59,028
<i>To talks on the future
of germany,</i>

737
00:39:59,063 --> 00:40:03,083
<i>And it was then that
the soviets lifted
the blockade.</i>

738
00:40:08,489 --> 00:40:10,590
<i>Newsreel:
And the soviets gave up.</i>

739
00:40:10,624 --> 00:40:13,660
<i>Their blockade was lifted.
The United States and britain</i>

740
00:40:13,694 --> 00:40:15,795
<i>Had kept faith
with the people of berlin.</i>

741
00:40:15,830 --> 00:40:18,231
<i>The lifeline of supply
remained open.</i>

742
00:40:18,265 --> 00:40:20,884
<i>Stone:
Germany was now
officially divided.</i>

743
00:40:20,918 --> 00:40:23,520
<i>And in return
for its foreign aid,</i>

744
00:40:23,554 --> 00:40:27,006
<i>The U.S. Would, with nato,
militarize France,</i>

745
00:40:27,041 --> 00:40:28,641
<i>England, Italy, germany</i>

746
00:40:28,676 --> 00:40:33,163
<i>And later station nuclear
weapons on german soil.</i>

747
00:40:33,197 --> 00:40:35,899
<i>In effect
the U.S. Was declaring</i>

748
00:40:35,950 --> 00:40:38,451
<i>Western europe
the first line of defense</i>

749
00:40:38,469 --> 00:40:41,871
<i>And potential launching pad
for world war iii.</i>

750
00:40:45,376 --> 00:40:48,278
<i>As the 1948 election loomed,</i>

751
00:40:48,280 --> 00:40:52,232
<i>And the republicans
were heavily favored,</i>

752
00:40:52,234 --> 00:40:54,117
<i>Henry wallace declared himself</i>

753
00:40:54,119 --> 00:40:56,486
<i>The progressive party's
candidate.</i>

754
00:40:56,488 --> 00:40:58,655
<i>Wallace's voice:
The bigger the peace vote,</i>

755
00:40:58,657 --> 00:41:01,207
<i>The more definitely
the world will know</i>

756
00:41:01,209 --> 00:41:05,645
<i>That the United States is
not behind the bipartisan
reactionary war policy</i>

757
00:41:05,679 --> 00:41:08,364
<i>Which is dividing the world
into two armed camps.</i>

758
00:41:08,399 --> 00:41:11,367
<i>The people of the world
must see</i>

759
00:41:11,402 --> 00:41:15,071
<i>That there is another america
than this truman-led,</i>

760
00:41:15,105 --> 00:41:18,625
<i>Wall-street-dominated,
military-backed group</i>

761
00:41:18,659 --> 00:41:22,495
<i>That is blackening
the name of democracy
all over the world.</i>

762
00:41:24,131 --> 00:41:25,865
<i>Stone:
Truman's political people</i>

763
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:28,735
<i>Unleashed a vicious
red-baiting campaign</i>

764
00:41:28,769 --> 00:41:30,803
<i>Using liberals
to accuse</i>

765
00:41:30,838 --> 00:41:34,157
<i>The former vice-president
of being a tool of moscow.</i>

766
00:41:34,191 --> 00:41:37,177
<i>Truman:
I do not want
and I will not accept</i>

767
00:41:37,211 --> 00:41:41,264
The political
support of henry wallace
and his communists.

768
00:41:41,298 --> 00:41:43,066
( applause )

769
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,636
<i>Stone:
Although wallace repeatedly
denied any involvement</i>

770
00:41:46,670 --> 00:41:49,038
<i>With communism and warned
that charges of it</i>

771
00:41:49,073 --> 00:41:52,675
<i>Were being used to undermine
american freedoms,</i>

772
00:41:52,726 --> 00:41:56,196
<i>Mobs broke up his rallies,
universities denied him</i>

773
00:41:56,230 --> 00:41:58,231
<i>The right to speak on campuses</i>

774
00:41:58,265 --> 00:42:01,267
<i>And his supporters
were sometimes fired
from their jobs.</i>

775
00:42:01,302 --> 00:42:04,737
Glen, I think
the american people are
going to surprise us

776
00:42:04,755 --> 00:42:07,040
Very very pleasantly
next fall.

777
00:42:07,074 --> 00:42:09,259
- So do I.
- ( chuckles ) boy.

778
00:42:09,293 --> 00:42:11,361
<i>Stone:
Wallace's running mate,</i>

779
00:42:11,395 --> 00:42:13,146
<i>Idaho senator glen taylor,</i>

780
00:42:13,180 --> 00:42:17,133
<i>Was arrested
and beaten up by police
in birmingham, alabama,</i>

781
00:42:17,167 --> 00:42:20,904
<i>For entering the gathering
of a southern negro
youth congress</i>

782
00:42:20,938 --> 00:42:22,839
<i>Through a door
marked "colored."</i>

783
00:42:22,873 --> 00:42:24,874
<i>Wallace wired taylor.</i>

784
00:42:24,909 --> 00:42:28,494
<i>Wallace's voice:
This dramatizes the hypocrisy
of spending billions for arms</i>

785
00:42:28,512 --> 00:42:31,163
<i>In the name of defending
freedom abroad,</i>

786
00:42:31,181 --> 00:42:34,701
<i>While freedom is
trampled on here at home.</i>

787
00:42:34,735 --> 00:42:37,237
<i>Stone:
The communist charges</i>

788
00:42:37,271 --> 00:42:39,339
<i>And the dismissive
treatment of wallace</i>

789
00:42:39,373 --> 00:42:42,342
<i>By the major newspapers
took its toll.</i>

790
00:42:42,376 --> 00:42:45,211
<i>Wallace's campaign
was a disaster.</i>

791
00:42:45,246 --> 00:42:49,699
<i>He came in fourth
behind a south carolina
segregationist.</i>

792
00:42:49,733 --> 00:42:52,969
<i>But his progressive agenda
on domestic issues,</i>

793
00:42:53,003 --> 00:42:54,771
<i>Especially civil rights,</i>

794
00:42:54,805 --> 00:42:56,973
<i>Seems to have
influenced truman.</i>

795
00:42:57,007 --> 00:43:00,293
<i>In the end there was
a surprising last-minute rush</i>

796
00:43:00,327 --> 00:43:02,629
<i>To truman
by democratic voters</i>

797
00:43:02,663 --> 00:43:05,331
<i>Now fearing
a republican victory.</i>

798
00:43:05,366 --> 00:43:09,419
<i>And allowing truman to upset
heavily-favored thomas dewey.</i>

799
00:43:11,088 --> 00:43:14,424
<i>Though it was one of the great
come-from-behind miracle tales</i>

800
00:43:14,458 --> 00:43:17,961
<i>Of U.S. Politics,
harry truman, like churchill,</i>

801
00:43:17,995 --> 00:43:20,530
<i>Would watch
his presidency crumble.</i>

802
00:43:20,564 --> 00:43:23,983
<i>In the next four years,
he would see his
support plummet,</i>

803
00:43:24,017 --> 00:43:26,286
<i>Leaving office with
historically low</i>

804
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:29,155
<i>George w. Bush-level
approval ratings.</i>

805
00:43:29,189 --> 00:43:31,491
<i>In September 1949</i>

806
00:43:31,525 --> 00:43:34,360
<i>Came the first
of three major events--</i>

807
00:43:34,395 --> 00:43:37,997
<i>None of them unforeseen
by the laws of cause
and effect.</i>

808
00:43:50,110 --> 00:43:51,778
<i>Truman shocked the nation.</i>

809
00:43:51,812 --> 00:43:54,680
<i>Truman's voice:
We have evidence that
within recent weeks</i>

810
00:43:54,698 --> 00:43:57,817
<i>An atomic explosion
occurred in the U.S.S.R.</i>

811
00:43:57,851 --> 00:44:01,554
<i>Stone:
In 1948 oppenheimer had said,</i>

812
00:44:01,588 --> 00:44:03,856
<i>"our atomic monopoly
is like</i>

813
00:44:03,891 --> 00:44:06,843
<i>A cake of ice
melting in the sun."</i>

814
00:44:06,894 --> 00:44:10,413
<i>As henry wallace
had warned in 1945,</i>

815
00:44:10,447 --> 00:44:13,182
<i>Truman and his group were
terribly wrong to assume</i>

816
00:44:13,217 --> 00:44:16,853
<i>The U.S. Would have
an ongoing monopoly
on the bomb.</i>

817
00:44:16,887 --> 00:44:20,390
<i>Americans felt more
vulnerable than ever,</i>

818
00:44:20,424 --> 00:44:24,227
<i>And the nuclear arms race
that wallace and the scientists
had so feared</i>

819
00:44:24,261 --> 00:44:27,930
<i>Now escalated as the U.S.
Hastened development</i>

820
00:44:27,965 --> 00:44:30,433
<i>Of a hydrogen bomb.</i>

821
00:44:32,553 --> 00:44:34,637
<i>As 1949 ended,</i>

822
00:44:34,672 --> 00:44:37,557
<i>The world's largest
and most populous nation,</i>

823
00:44:37,591 --> 00:44:40,292
<i>China,
turned communist.</i>

824
00:44:40,310 --> 00:44:42,128
<i>When mao zedong</i>

825
00:44:42,146 --> 00:44:45,598
<i>Routed the corrupt nationalist
forces of jiang jieshi,</i>

826
00:44:45,632 --> 00:44:48,634
<i>It was unquestionably
the most important revolution</i>

827
00:44:48,669 --> 00:44:53,239
<i>Since russia's 1917
overthrow of the tsar.</i>

828
00:44:53,273 --> 00:44:55,958
<i>"time" magazine warned
of the "red tide</i>

829
00:44:55,993 --> 00:44:58,628
<i>That threatens
to engulf the world."</i>

830
00:44:58,662 --> 00:45:01,364
<i>General douglas macarthur
wrote in "life" magazine,</i>

831
00:45:01,398 --> 00:45:05,401
<i>"the fall of china imperils
the United States."</i>

832
00:45:05,436 --> 00:45:09,505
<i>Acting outraged as if
the corrupt nationalists' loss</i>

833
00:45:09,540 --> 00:45:11,140
<i>Had not been anticipated,</i>

834
00:45:11,175 --> 00:45:13,943
<i>The conservative
china lobby in the U.S.</i>

835
00:45:13,977 --> 00:45:17,780
<i>Found guilty not only
the soviet union, democrats,</i>

836
00:45:17,815 --> 00:45:19,932
<i>State department china experts,</i>

837
00:45:19,967 --> 00:45:23,386
<i>But also secretary
of state george marshall.</i>

838
00:45:23,437 --> 00:45:26,823
<i>These would prove
to be false accusations.</i>

839
00:45:26,857 --> 00:45:28,841
<i>In subordinating
world revolution</i>

840
00:45:28,876 --> 00:45:31,944
<i>To their own immediate
security concerns,</i>

841
00:45:31,979 --> 00:45:35,047
<i>The soviets had provided
minimal assistance</i>

842
00:45:35,082 --> 00:45:38,551
<i>To the revolutionaries
and little encouragement.</i>

843
00:45:38,585 --> 00:45:43,022
<i>Stalin did finally form
an alliance with mao
in February of 1950,</i>

844
00:45:43,056 --> 00:45:45,925
<i>But urged the radicalized
chinese leader</i>

845
00:45:45,959 --> 00:45:49,262
<i>To maintain cordial relations
with the U.S.</i>

846
00:45:49,296 --> 00:45:52,832
<i>Both sides made exaggerated
claims against each other,</i>

847
00:45:52,866 --> 00:45:56,335
<i>But china's commitment
to revolutionary change</i>

848
00:45:56,369 --> 00:46:00,056
<i>And U.S. Refusal
to recognize the legitimacy</i>

849
00:46:00,090 --> 00:46:03,059
<i>Of the new government with
a seat at the united nations</i>

850
00:46:03,093 --> 00:46:06,195
<i>While recognizing
dictator-run countries,</i>

851
00:46:06,230 --> 00:46:08,698
<i>Doomed any efforts
at peace.</i>

852
00:46:12,452 --> 00:46:15,104
<i>In June of 1950,</i>

853
00:46:15,139 --> 00:46:17,540
<i>North korea invaded
south korea,</i>

854
00:46:17,574 --> 00:46:21,277
<i>And the cold war
now turned hot for real.</i>

855
00:46:21,311 --> 00:46:24,747
<i>Both soviet-installed dictator
kim il-sung in the north</i>

856
00:46:24,782 --> 00:46:28,584
<i>And U.S.-Backed dictator
syngman rhee in the south</i>

857
00:46:28,619 --> 00:46:32,238
<i>Had been threatening
to unify the country by force.</i>

858
00:46:32,272 --> 00:46:35,792
<i>Distressed by the U.S.'s
rebuilding of japan,</i>

859
00:46:35,826 --> 00:46:39,078
<i>With whom the soviets
had fought two bloody wars,</i>

860
00:46:39,096 --> 00:46:43,382
<i>Stalin gave kim
the green light to beat
the south to the punch.</i>

861
00:46:43,417 --> 00:46:46,786
<i>Stalin told kim il sung
the war was a way</i>

862
00:46:46,820 --> 00:46:50,323
<i>To get back
at the "arrogant behavior
of the United States in europe,</i>

863
00:46:50,357 --> 00:46:52,925
<i>The balkans, the middle east,</i>

864
00:46:52,960 --> 00:46:55,678
<i>And especially
its decision to form nato."</i>

865
00:46:55,712 --> 00:46:59,799
<i>On the other hand,
knowing the industrial power
of the U.S.,</i>

866
00:46:59,833 --> 00:47:02,752
<i>Stalin did not want
a wider war.</i>

867
00:47:02,786 --> 00:47:06,756
<i>Importantly, the joint chiefs
and the state department</i>

868
00:47:06,790 --> 00:47:10,193
<i>Had openly acknowledged korea
to be outside</i>

869
00:47:10,227 --> 00:47:13,029
<i>The U.S. Defense perimeter
in east asia.</i>

870
00:47:13,063 --> 00:47:16,132
<i>But with communist victory
in china</i>

871
00:47:16,166 --> 00:47:18,718
<i>And revolutionary forces
threatening to overthrow</i>

872
00:47:18,752 --> 00:47:20,920
<i>Western-backed regimes</i>

873
00:47:20,954 --> 00:47:24,357
<i>In vietnam, malaya,
and the philippines,</i>

874
00:47:24,391 --> 00:47:27,226
<i>Truman felt he had
to make a stand somewhere,</i>

875
00:47:27,261 --> 00:47:30,763
<i>And korea was
the newly-appointed place.</i>

876
00:47:30,797 --> 00:47:33,599
<i>Truman's voice:
If we let korea down,
the soviets will keep on going</i>

877
00:47:33,617 --> 00:47:36,636
<i>And swallow up one piece
of asia after another.</i>

878
00:47:36,670 --> 00:47:38,588
<i>If we were to let asia go,</i>

879
00:47:38,639 --> 00:47:40,189
<i>The near east would collapse</i>

880
00:47:40,224 --> 00:47:42,608
<i>And no telling what would
happen in europe.</i>

881
00:47:42,626 --> 00:47:45,778
<i>Stone:
Despite deploying tens
of thousands of troops,</i>

882
00:47:45,812 --> 00:47:49,081
<i>Truman refused to call
the intervention a war,</i>

883
00:47:49,099 --> 00:47:52,268
<i>Labeling it instead
a "police action."</i>

884
00:47:52,319 --> 00:47:55,655
<i>Although it was nominally
a united nations effort,</i>

885
00:47:55,689 --> 00:47:58,591
<i>The U.S. Provided
half the ground forces</i>

886
00:47:58,609 --> 00:48:01,761
<i>And almost all
of the naval and air power.</i>

887
00:48:01,795 --> 00:48:04,747
<i>Most of the other ground forces
were south korean.</i>

888
00:48:04,781 --> 00:48:09,201
<i>Truman opted as well to bypass
congressional authorization,</i>

889
00:48:09,236 --> 00:48:12,672
<i>Setting the stage
for future interventions.</i>

890
00:48:12,706 --> 00:48:17,059
<i>The war and its bloody,
indecisive, three-year course</i>

891
00:48:17,110 --> 00:48:19,528
<i>Would cost truman dearly.</i>

892
00:48:21,398 --> 00:48:25,668
<i>As for james forrestal,
though his views
had helped shape</i>

893
00:48:25,702 --> 00:48:29,372
<i>The poisonous anti-soviet
climate in washington,</i>

894
00:48:29,406 --> 00:48:33,292
<i>He'd been on the losing end
of several policy battles
with truman,</i>

895
00:48:33,327 --> 00:48:35,478
<i>And was relieved of duty</i>

896
00:48:35,512 --> 00:48:40,383
<i>With a ceremony
in March of '49.
He was "shattered."</i>

897
00:48:40,417 --> 00:48:44,687
<i>When friend and future
c.I.A. Director john mccone
came to call,</i>

898
00:48:44,721 --> 00:48:47,990
<i>Forrestal,
becoming increasingly paranoid,</i>

899
00:48:48,025 --> 00:48:50,793
<i>Pulled down the shades
and sat away from the window</i>

900
00:48:50,827 --> 00:48:54,764
<i>So as not to give
a sniper an easy target.</i>

901
00:48:54,798 --> 00:48:57,483
<i>Who he was afraid of,
he never specified.</i>

902
00:49:00,320 --> 00:49:02,755
<i>Rumors hit the press
and went worldwide</i>

903
00:49:02,789 --> 00:49:06,058
<i>That forrestal was discovered
in the streets in his pajamas</i>

904
00:49:06,076 --> 00:49:08,277
<i>Shouting,
"the russian are coming!"</i>

905
00:49:08,328 --> 00:49:12,148
They're here already!
You're next!

906
00:49:12,182 --> 00:49:14,483
<i>Stone:
The pentagon announced
forrestal had gone</i>

907
00:49:14,518 --> 00:49:19,455
<i>For a routine check-up
at the bethesda naval hospital
in maryland.</i>

908
00:49:19,489 --> 00:49:22,191
<i>He was diagnosed
with reactive depression.</i>

909
00:49:22,225 --> 00:49:25,911
Doctor!  Will you tell
these fools I'm not crazy!

910
00:49:25,945 --> 00:49:27,663
Make them listen to me
before it's too late!

911
00:49:27,714 --> 00:49:30,949
Listen to me.
Please listen.

912
00:49:30,968 --> 00:49:33,135
If you don't,
if you won't,

913
00:49:33,170 --> 00:49:37,340
If you fail to understand,
then the same incredible terror

914
00:49:37,391 --> 00:49:39,792
That is menacing me
will strike at you!

915
00:49:39,810 --> 00:49:42,511
<i>Stone:
Alone in his room
on the 16th floor,</i>

916
00:49:42,546 --> 00:49:46,182
<i>He suffered constant
nightmares of persecution.</i>

917
00:49:46,216 --> 00:49:48,517
<i>He thought he would suffer
the same fate</i>

918
00:49:48,552 --> 00:49:51,804
<i>As czechoslovakian
foreign minister jan masaryk--</i>

919
00:49:51,838 --> 00:49:53,522
<i>To be pushed out
of a window.</i>

920
00:49:55,492 --> 00:49:57,827
<i>But his condition
began to improve</i>

921
00:49:57,861 --> 00:50:00,596
<i>And on the night
of may 22, 1949,</i>

922
00:50:00,630 --> 00:50:04,934
<i>He stayed up late copying
sophocles' "the chorus"
from "ajax,"</i>

923
00:50:04,968 --> 00:50:08,471
<i>Where the hero ponders
his fate far from home.</i>

924
00:50:08,505 --> 00:50:13,009
<i>At the word "nightingale,"
he put his pen down.</i>

925
00:50:13,043 --> 00:50:16,612
<i>16 floors up, he jumped.</i>

926
00:50:19,182 --> 00:50:22,685
<i>Philosopher and newspaper
columnist walter lippmann</i>

927
00:50:22,719 --> 00:50:24,387
<i>Wrote of forrestal:</i>

928
00:50:24,421 --> 00:50:27,256
<i>"he was like a doctor
who studies a disease</i>

929
00:50:27,290 --> 00:50:29,625
<i>And then contracts it himself."</i>

930
00:50:29,659 --> 00:50:33,763
<i>Behind him,
forrestal left a newborn
pentagon establishment,</i>

931
00:50:33,797 --> 00:50:37,166
<i>Which, faced with
those struggling for
a different world,</i>

932
00:50:37,200 --> 00:50:40,669
<i>Saw only
communist conspiracies.</i>

933
00:50:40,721 --> 00:50:43,489
<i>There is still today
a fundamental misunderstanding</i>

934
00:50:43,523 --> 00:50:46,842
<i>That the United States
entered the cold war</i>

935
00:50:46,877 --> 00:50:49,745
<i>In response
to soviet aggression worldwide.</i>

936
00:50:49,780 --> 00:50:53,466
<i>There is no doubt
the soviet leadership
imposed repressive</i>

937
00:50:53,500 --> 00:50:56,435
<i>And, when challenged,
brutal dictatorships</i>

938
00:50:56,470 --> 00:50:59,672
<i>On poland, hungary,
romania, bulgaria,</i>

939
00:50:59,706 --> 00:51:02,975
<i>East germany, albania
and czechoslovakia.</i>

940
00:51:03,009 --> 00:51:06,979
<i>But it is equally clear
that the soviets were
initially willing</i>

941
00:51:07,013 --> 00:51:10,549
<i>To accept governments friendly
to them in these countries,</i>

942
00:51:10,584 --> 00:51:14,186
<i>Until the west began
to make threatening moves</i>

943
00:51:14,221 --> 00:51:17,690
<i>Both on their ideology
and their security.</i>

944
00:51:17,724 --> 00:51:21,393
<i>During this postwar period,
it was the United States</i>

945
00:51:21,428 --> 00:51:25,264
<i>With its atomic monopoly,
not the soviet union,</i>

946
00:51:25,298 --> 00:51:28,751
<i>Which bears the lion's share
of responsibility</i>

947
00:51:28,785 --> 00:51:31,470
<i>For starting the cold war.</i>

948
00:51:31,504 --> 00:51:35,841
<i>The pacifist a.J. Muste
wrote in 1941,</i>

949
00:51:35,876 --> 00:51:39,511
<i>"the problem after a war
is with the victor.</i>

950
00:51:39,529 --> 00:51:43,399
<i>He thinks that
he has just proven
that war and violence pay.</i>

951
00:51:43,433 --> 00:51:46,452
<i>Who will now
teach him a lesson?"</i>

952
00:51:46,486 --> 00:51:49,088
<i>Beginning with truman's
first day in office,</i>

953
00:51:49,122 --> 00:51:52,825
<i>His receptiveness to the views
of hard-line anti-communists,</i>

954
00:51:52,859 --> 00:51:55,811
<i>His denial of roosevelt's
understanding with stalin,</i>

955
00:51:55,846 --> 00:51:59,999
<i>The provocative
and unnecessary dropping
of the atomic bombs,</i>

956
00:52:00,033 --> 00:52:03,385
<i>His spreading a network
of military bases
around the world,</i>

957
00:52:03,420 --> 00:52:05,538
<i>Churchill's speech
at fulton,</i>

958
00:52:05,572 --> 00:52:08,841
<i>Truman's call
for fighting communism
in greece,</i>

959
00:52:08,875 --> 00:52:13,195
<i>The division
and remilitarization
of germany,</i>

960
00:52:13,230 --> 00:52:17,883
<i>The continued testing
of bigger and bigger atomic
and hydrogen bombs</i>

961
00:52:17,901 --> 00:52:21,103
<i>Which he used to threaten
the soviet union,</i>

962
00:52:21,154 --> 00:52:25,174
<i>Truman's deliberate
exaggerations of the
communist threat</i>

963
00:52:25,208 --> 00:52:27,042
<i>Both overseas and at home,</i>

964
00:52:27,077 --> 00:52:29,228
<i>And his persecution
and silencing</i>

965
00:52:29,246 --> 00:52:31,931
<i>Of those who challenged
these distortions--</i>

966
00:52:31,965 --> 00:52:34,533
<i>In all of these matters,
with few exceptions,</i>

967
00:52:34,568 --> 00:52:37,803
<i>The United States,
after successfully
liberating western europe,</i>

968
00:52:37,837 --> 00:52:41,490
<i>Was now signaling fear
and aggression.</i>

969
00:52:41,525 --> 00:52:43,409
<i>Why this fear?</i>

970
00:52:43,443 --> 00:52:46,195
<i>It has been said,
that as americans we are</i>

971
00:52:46,229 --> 00:52:48,564
<i>An immigrant people
to a new country,</i>

972
00:52:48,598 --> 00:52:50,199
<i>People who
in one way or another</i>

973
00:52:50,233 --> 00:52:54,103
<i>Have escaped persecution
and poverty and fear,</i>

974
00:52:54,137 --> 00:52:57,239
<i>And though separated
by two enormous oceans,</i>

975
00:52:57,274 --> 00:53:00,976
<i>Are still subject
to that incessant fear--</i>

976
00:53:01,011 --> 00:53:03,762
<i>Even our sons
and grandsons.</i>

977
00:53:03,797 --> 00:53:06,715
<i>North americans have been
taught and enamored</i>

978
00:53:06,750 --> 00:53:10,603
<i>Of the myth
of starting over with
a new purity in a new land--</i>

979
00:53:10,637 --> 00:53:13,122
<i>The myth of american
exceptionalism</i>

980
00:53:13,156 --> 00:53:16,725
<i>In a new jerusalem,
a city on the hill.</i>

981
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:20,279
<i>Is it necessary then
to exaggerate the fear</i>

982
00:53:20,313 --> 00:53:22,281
<i>Of persecution from abroad,</i>

983
00:53:22,299 --> 00:53:27,185
<i>From the corrupt foreigner
who would always represent
the old and evil ways?</i>

984
00:53:27,204 --> 00:53:29,805
<i>Man over radio:
Hordes of grasping,
pushing foreigners</i>

985
00:53:29,839 --> 00:53:31,607
<i>Who are stealing jobs
from american workmen</i>

986
00:53:31,641 --> 00:53:33,292
<i>And bread
from american homes.</i>

987
00:53:33,326 --> 00:53:35,344
<i>It is to combat this peril</i>

988
00:53:35,378 --> 00:53:37,996
<i>That we, the challengers,
have raised our rallying cry</i>

989
00:53:38,014 --> 00:53:40,666
<i>"america for americans!"</i>

990
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:42,751
Are you willing
to protect your job?

991
00:53:42,786 --> 00:53:44,837
- Well, you bet, sir.
- I'm glad to hear that.

992
00:53:44,871 --> 00:53:47,206
Because we got
a pretty bad problem
here in this state--

993
00:53:47,240 --> 00:53:49,909
It's full of foreigners,
all trying to chisel jobs

994
00:53:49,943 --> 00:53:51,727
Out of americans
like you and me.

995
00:53:51,761 --> 00:53:55,531
Well, I certainly
am obliged to you
for telling me, mr. Taylor.

996
00:53:55,565 --> 00:53:58,117
The first one of them
foreigners that comes
messing around my job

997
00:53:58,151 --> 00:54:00,119
Is gonna find himself
in a heap of trouble.

998
00:54:00,153 --> 00:54:02,054
Oh, it ain't gonna
be one, metcalf.

999
00:54:02,088 --> 00:54:03,439
You gotta fight
all of them.

1000
00:54:03,473 --> 00:54:05,424
You see, they stick together,
these foreigners.

1001
00:54:05,458 --> 00:54:07,810
And they'll knife you
in the back before you even
know who they are.

1002
00:54:07,861 --> 00:54:10,262
An american alone
ain't got a chance.

1003
00:54:10,280 --> 00:54:12,331
<i>Stone:
In the early 21st century,</i>

1004
00:54:12,365 --> 00:54:16,936
<i>There would be
almost 300 million guns
in american homes.</i>

1005
00:54:16,970 --> 00:54:20,339
<i>We are the most heavily armed
nation in the world.</i>

1006
00:54:20,373 --> 00:54:22,458
<i>But when any nation goes</i>

1007
00:54:22,509 --> 00:54:25,561
<i>To an extreme degree
to protect itself,</i>

1008
00:54:25,595 --> 00:54:27,463
<i>It's inevitable that
that protection</i>

1009
00:54:27,497 --> 00:54:29,014
<i>Will never seem,</i>

1010
00:54:29,049 --> 00:54:31,483
<i>Psychologically,
to be enough.</i>

1011
00:54:31,517 --> 00:54:33,686
<i>It is also often true</i>

1012
00:54:33,720 --> 00:54:35,321
<i>That the image of the enemy</i>

1013
00:54:35,355 --> 00:54:39,275
<i>Will grow proportionate
to the size of the defense,</i>

1014
00:54:39,309 --> 00:54:43,846
<i>Resulting in
an overreaction and accelerated
spending of energies</i>

1015
00:54:43,880 --> 00:54:46,765
<i>In a futile attempt
to liquidate that fear</i>

1016
00:54:46,800 --> 00:54:49,668
<i>Which never seems to erode.</i>

1017
00:54:49,703 --> 00:54:53,539
<i>Fear and uncertainty are
two inescapable elements</i>

1018
00:54:53,573 --> 00:54:56,542
<i>In all human life
since the beginning of time.</i>

1019
00:54:56,576 --> 00:55:00,646
<i>They are to be accepted
as one accepts birth and death.</i>

1020
00:55:00,680 --> 00:55:04,383
<i>It was alexander the great
who reportedly addressed
the notion that</i>

1021
00:55:04,417 --> 00:55:08,320
<i>"if you can conquer your fear,
you can conquer death,"</i>

1022
00:55:08,355 --> 00:55:10,756
<i>And in co-enduring with</i>

1023
00:55:10,790 --> 00:55:13,859
<i>And containing
our fear and uncertainty,</i>

1024
00:55:13,893 --> 00:55:16,278
<i>We become
naturally stronger.</i>

1025
00:55:16,313 --> 00:55:18,981
<i>The irony of life--
personal and public--</i>

1026
00:55:19,015 --> 00:55:21,784
<i>Is that often
with the changing of time,</i>

1027
00:55:21,818 --> 00:55:25,354
<i>The object of fear,
the enemy, becomes,</i>

1028
00:55:25,388 --> 00:55:27,723
<i>To the surprise
of former enemies,</i>

1029
00:55:27,774 --> 00:55:31,994
<i>A friend,
often a best friend
or ally.</i>

1030
00:55:32,028 --> 00:55:35,764
<i>Clearly in hindsight,
U.S. Leaders had exaggerated</i>

1031
00:55:35,799 --> 00:55:38,167
<i>The threat from an enemy
they felt they needed,</i>

1032
00:55:38,201 --> 00:55:41,570
<i>Wanting to frame the world
as an existential clash</i>

1033
00:55:41,604 --> 00:55:44,840
<i>Between two antagonistic
social systems.</i>

1034
00:55:44,874 --> 00:55:47,509
<i>Henry wallace,
who warned that the source</i>

1035
00:55:47,544 --> 00:55:49,645
<i>Of all of our mistakes
is fear,</i>

1036
00:55:49,679 --> 00:55:53,882
<i>Had said it could be
a healthy competition
between those systems.</i>

1037
00:55:53,917 --> 00:55:56,735
<i>But the hardliners
of american society</i>

1038
00:55:56,770 --> 00:55:58,737
<i>Felt that this was impossible,</i>

1039
00:55:58,772 --> 00:56:02,408
<i>And henry wallace was
dismissed as naive.</i>

1040
00:56:02,442 --> 00:56:05,110
<i>James forrestal,
one of those hardliners,</i>

1041
00:56:05,145 --> 00:56:07,579
<i>The first secretary of defense,</i>

1042
00:56:07,614 --> 00:56:10,616
<i>Thus ended his life
in a violent fashion</i>

1043
00:56:10,650 --> 00:56:12,885
<i>That would become
a strange omen</i>

1044
00:56:12,919 --> 00:56:15,487
<i>For an american foreign policy</i>

1045
00:56:15,522 --> 00:56:19,241
<i>That was increasingly terrified
of its own shadow.</i>

1046
00:56:19,275 --> 00:56:21,827
<i>50 years into this century,</i>

1047
00:56:21,861 --> 00:56:24,580
<i>Halfway from 1900 to 2000,</i>

1048
00:56:24,631 --> 00:56:28,867
<i>The United States had
forged the foundation
of a new mindset.</i>

1049
00:56:28,885 --> 00:56:31,603
<i>It had developed
into a full-fledged</i>

1050
00:56:31,638 --> 00:56:33,655
<i>If unique kind of empire,</i>

1051
00:56:33,690 --> 00:56:36,241
<i>Economically supreme
and massively armed,</i>

1052
00:56:36,275 --> 00:56:40,462
<i>Policing the world
while professing liberty
and democracy.</i>

1053
00:56:40,497 --> 00:56:43,465
<i>For a policeman,
it's necessary to locate</i>

1054
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:46,018
<i>And arrest enemies
of its social system.</i>

1055
00:56:46,052 --> 00:56:50,672
<i>Thus the story of the next
60 years of american history</i>

1056
00:56:50,723 --> 00:56:54,059
<i>Will resemble a pattern
that has already occurred,</i>

1057
00:56:54,093 --> 00:56:56,845
<i>In the shape of increasing
covert activities</i>

1058
00:56:56,880 --> 00:56:59,465
<i>Unknown to the people
of the empire,</i>

1059
00:56:59,499 --> 00:57:01,517
<i>More and more regional wars,</i>

1060
00:57:01,551 --> 00:57:06,155
<i>And a form of control
that is imposed over
and over again.</i>

1061
00:57:06,189 --> 00:57:09,842
<i>George h.W. Bush:
If history teaches us anything,</i>

1062
00:57:09,876 --> 00:57:12,711
It is that
we must resist aggression

1063
00:57:12,745 --> 00:57:15,447
Or it will destroy
our freedoms.

1064
00:57:15,482 --> 00:57:18,717
<i>Announcer:
You are in the crosshairs
of the bomb sights</i>

1065
00:57:18,751 --> 00:57:20,752
<i>An enemy is
centering on you.</i>

1066
00:57:20,787 --> 00:57:24,256
<i>You are a citizen
of the free world,</i>

1067
00:57:24,290 --> 00:57:27,259
<i>A citizen
of the United States
of america.</i>

1068
00:57:27,293 --> 00:57:29,461
<i>You are the target.</i>

1069
00:57:29,496 --> 00:57:31,497
<i>( dramatic music playing )</i>