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We humans have come a long way.
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Travelling our world
in search of new lands.
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Spreading to every corner of the globe.
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But the time has come
to look to new destinations.
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To go, once more, into the unknown.
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This is the story
of our journey in space.
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We will fly to the stars
on a ship that sails on sunlight.
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We'll explore the most distant
edges of the cosmos
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by taking a roller-coaster ride
through the fabric of our universe.
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We'll discover the machine that has
charted the heavens as never before.
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It's the voyage of a lifetime,
a voyage to our future in space.
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We've always had the urge to explore.
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Our ancestors journeyed into
the unknown to discover new lands.
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And now it's time to do it again.
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And this time,
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it's not a voyage between continents.
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This time, it's a voyage to the stars.
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As our telescopes
get ever more powerful,
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they've shown us a universe
of unimaginable beauty and power.
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Vast clouds where new stars are born.
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Strange galaxies.
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Even tantalising hints of new worlds.
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But they have also shown dangers.
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Disasters so huge, they could
destroy the Earth in seconds.
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Space is full of terrors...
and wonders.
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But will we ever see them
for ourselves?
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(MISSION CONTROL) We have lift off!
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It's less than 50 years since we took
our first steps into space.
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Since then, thousands of rockets
carrying hundreds of people have made
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the ten-minute flight into orbit.
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Astronaut Story Musgrave is one
of a new breed of space adventurers.
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When you see a launch
from the outside,
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it's a rather glorious thing.
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Inside, it's the absolute
opposite of that.
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It's 137 decibels. It's shaking.
Everything is shaking.
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You have a solid block of boosters
that are really pounding the vehicle.
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You have atmospheric turbulence
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that adds another shake,
rattle and roll.
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You're basically in a small closet
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with belts and straps and helmets
and gloves and parachutes, survival gear.
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That's all over you and,
at the same time, you're being shook.
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And it can't help
but pass through your mind
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that you just want
the whole stack to hold together.
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You're along for the ride
and you want to survive.
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So, it's not a joyride for me.
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It's what I need to go through
to get into the serenity
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and the celestial dance
of zero gravity.
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(OVER RADIO )
Hello, Houston, we are inspired.
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We are ready.
Let's go and fix something.
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We are becoming space farers.
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It's a strange and unfamiliar world.
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But for the privileged few
who go there, it is an experience
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they can never forget.
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Space walking
is more like dance than anything.
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You choreograph every move.
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You choreograph every finger,
every toe, every body position
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and how you will do all of that.
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It's just as precise as a ballet.
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Going into space
is opening night at the ballet.
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During a space walk,
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I live to look at my feet.
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You see your boots
going 25,000 feet per second.
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You see them going down the road.
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If you ever want to play Superman,
that's where to do it.
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We stand on the edge of space.
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Our most ambitious project is
testament to what we have achieved:
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the international space station
Freedom.
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But it's surprisingly close to home.
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It is floating less than 400 kilometres
above our heads.
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The furthest we have travelled
into space is this.
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In 1969, we set foot on the moon.
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(NEIL ARMSTRONG) That's one small step
for man, one giant leap for mankind.
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For the first time ever,
we looked back at our home
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from the surface of another world.
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It's amazing to think that people
have actually walked up there.
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The trouble is, it may have been
a giant leap for us,
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but in the vastness of space,
it really was one small step.
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Although we humans haven't reached
any further than the moon,
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our robot ambassadors
are already reaching for the stars.
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Where we cannot go,
we have sent machines.
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This is the Voyager probe.
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Nothing we've created
has travelled so far.
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It's left our solar system
on its way to the stars.
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Look at how far it has gone.
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Voyager left Earth in 1976.
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It passed Jupiter, then Saturn.
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Now it has left all the planets
far behind.
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After decades in space,
it's 14 billion kilometres from Earth.
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It's an impressive journey
until you consider this.
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On this scale, the nearest star
to our solar system is way over there.
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In fact,
it's over 100 kilometres away.
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To reach it would take Voyager
another 25,000 years.
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At Voyager's speed,
even reaching the nearest star
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is an impossible journey.
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But perhaps there is hope.
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It's easy to forget that in one
lifetime we've gone from this...
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..to this.
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And in our quest to reach the stars,
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some scientists believe the answer
could be to go from this...
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..to this.
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Deep Space One.
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Its secret is a new kind of engine -
the ion drive.
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And it is the passion
of NASA scientist Marc Rayman.
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The idea for ion propulsion
was around from before I was born,
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but I first heard of it on Star Trek.
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They were using ion propulsion,
and Spock said,
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''Configuration unidentified.
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''Ion propulsion. High velocity.
Unique technology.''
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And I thought,
''Well, this is really amazing,
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''but I'll never see anything like that
in my lifetime.''
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But in 1998,
Marc's dream became reality.
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Deep Space One.
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But what is it that makes
the ion drive so different?
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Compare it
with a conventional rocket.
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The rocket fuel
burns with tremendous force.
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And, as it thrusts down,
it pushes the rocket up.
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In the lab, Marc Rayman watches
a prototype ion drive in action.
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Instead of tonnes of rocket fuel,
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the engine uses
a few grammes of a gas.
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It gives the gas an electric charge
and spits it out atom by atom
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at incredible speeds,
creating a seemingly gentle blue haze.
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The ion drive doesn't have
the raw power of a rocket.
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It has something better -
staying power.
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It's a bit like the hare...
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..and the tortoise.
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Conventional rocket engines create
huge thrust and awesome acceleration.
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But they burn through their entire
fuel supply in just a few minutes.
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After that...
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it's all over.
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The ion drive is nowhere near
as powerful.
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In fact, it would take Deep Space One
four days to get from nought to 60.
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But the reason Deep Space One
is the fastest spacecraft ever
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is because it has been accelerating
for almost two years.
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When we communicate with that craft
out so far in the solar system,
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to think that our baby is out there,
this little spacecraft that we built.
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I just...I think it's really amazing.
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Ion drive spacecraft will be fast
enough to chase down comets
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or travel round the planets
in our solar system in a few months.
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But even ion drives don't last forever.
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Eventually, they too
will run out of fuel.
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To travel further, to reach the stars,
we'll need something new.
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And it may be based on one
of the oldest technologies we know -
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the sail.
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Long ago, the limitless power
of the wind carried our ancestors
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to new worlds.
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In the future, we may use
the same idea to travel to the stars.
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On sails that catch
nothing more than sunlight.
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A solar sail,
using only the light from our sun.
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Many scientists are sure
that this is the future of space travel.
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One of them is Les Johnson.
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The sun puts out photons - light.
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Standing here on a sailboat,
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the photons that are falling on us
are pushing on us.
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But the push is so slight
that we don't feel it.
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The other forces around us are
so much higher that it's not noticeable.
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But in the vacuum of space, if you have
a large and light enough material,
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the pressure exerted by solar photons
can cause it to move.
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To see if sunlight
could drive a sail through space,
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Johnson and his team built this -
a man-made sun.
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In front of me,
we have a simulated sun,
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about three times wider
than the sun is at the Earth.
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That's the reason I'm wearing
these UV protecting sunglasses.
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It could damage my eyes if I was
to accidentally look into the beam.
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They are testing the ultra-thin,
ultra-light material they would need
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to make a real solar sail.
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It's mounted
in the full glare of their sun.
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As you look in there, you can see it
slowly rocking back and forth.
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What is causing that is the photon
pressure as it's pushing on the sail.
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Incredibly, it works.
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This piece of sail material is being
moved by nothing more than light.
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Based on work that's being performed
around the country,
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solar sail technology
is getting to the point
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where very soon,
we'll be flying it in space.
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To reach the immense speeds needed
to travel from star to star,
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the solar sail must start its voyage
with as big a push as possible.
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It must fly as close as it can
to the source of its power - the sun.
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It's a dangerous manoeuvre,
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but if it works,
the craft will whip around the sun
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and hurtle out into space...
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..at almost three quarters
of a million kilometres an hour.
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A solar sail could reach
the nearest stars in just decades.
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It's a truly impressive start,
but is it enough?
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Our galaxy is a very big place.
To get from one side to the other,
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even using a super-fast solar sail
travelling at incredible speeds
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would still take 2.5 million years.
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And our galaxy is only one
of billions that make up our universe.
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And this...is the final frontier.
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If we ever want to be
truly star travellers,
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we'll have to take
a completely different approach.
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We're going to have to learn
how to manipulate
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the very fabric of space itself.
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Some scientists believe there may be
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a quicker way
to get around the universe.
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One of them
is cosmologist Peter Coles.
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When early man first began
to explore his environment,
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he would run into fundamental barriers
when he got to mountains.
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Mountains are not easy to cross
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when you're faced with a wall
like these mountains around us.
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You've no choice but to go
around them or over the top.
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Now, these days, it's exactly
the same thing with space travel.
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If I'm going to explore the galaxy,
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then the distances I have to travel
are truly immense.
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When it comes to space travel,
we're still very much in the Stone Age.
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The answer could be to take a shortcut.
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Don't go round the obstacle,
go through it.
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If you travel through space,
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you are fundamentally limited
by the speed of light.
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00:20:42,447 --> 00:20:46,998
But the laws of physics might have
a kind of loophole in them
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which allows us to travel
slower than the speed of light,
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but still travel huge distances quickly.
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The way we can accomplish that
is through a wormhole.
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A wormhole is basically a tunnel
that takes a shortcut through space-time.
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00:21:10,727 --> 00:21:14,640
Here to the nearest star could
be connected by a short tunnel.
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00:21:16,527 --> 00:21:19,599
Wormholes may sound
like science fiction,
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but creating one may just be possible.
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First, we'd have to harness
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the incredible forces
of an exploding star
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and use them to punch a hole
through space.
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We'd need exotic forms of energy
to keep the tunnel open.
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But the science IS sound.
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At least in theory,
it IS possible to create a tunnel
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that reaches clear across the universe.
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Experiments have already begun to try
and build the first tiny wormholes.
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In theory, wormholes will take you
across the universe...
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00:22:25,007 --> 00:22:28,317
..in literally no time at all.
Instant travel...
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00:22:29,727 --> 00:22:31,399
..anywhere!
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A wormhole could just as easily have
taken me halfway across our galaxy.
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00:22:41,487 --> 00:22:47,005
But how do you decide where to go?
For that, you're going to need a map.
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Space, as we've discovered,
is very big.
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But Profesor Brian Boyle
and a team of Australian astronomers
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may have the beginnings of an answer.
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They are creating the biggest map
imaginable - a map of our universe.
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00:23:15,687 --> 00:23:19,760
Traditionally,
astronomers looked at the universe
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00:23:19,927 --> 00:23:23,124
as a flat map on the plane
of the night sky.
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You can think of it
like a map of the Earth.
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For a hiker,
a flat map is no use at all.
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A flat map wouldn't tell you
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if there was a mountain in the way,
or a huge ravine.
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In the same way,
the hikers of the future
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will need a three-dimensional map
to guide them around.
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To create a three-dimensional map,
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Boyle and his team had to develop
a unique piece of equipment.
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Ten years to make,
weighing over three tons,
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the device uses
over 600 fibre optic cameras.
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00:24:08,447 --> 00:24:12,520
The whole apparatus is delicately
manoeuvred into position
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00:24:12,687 --> 00:24:16,600
high up on one of the biggest
telescopes in the world.
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Everything's connected up.
We're ready. Fibres in position.
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We'll take the telescope
back up to the top
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and wait for the stars to come out.
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Every night, the telescope
looks at a new patch of night sky.
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And, for each point of light it sees,
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a robot places
a single fibre optic camera.
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The light from the object is measured
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00:24:55,927 --> 00:24:59,602
and its distance from the Earth
accurately calculated.
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00:25:03,207 --> 00:25:07,564
So far, the tireless robot has looked at
and logged the positions
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of tens of thousands
of stars and galaxies.
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Bit by bit, it has pieced together
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an unequalled picture of the universe.
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And this is the result.
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For the first time ever,
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we can see what our universe
looks like in three dimensions.
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When the map was first created,
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I was really filled with a sense
of a mixture of awe and excitement.
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Here I could see, almost developing
in front of my own eyes,
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the structure of the universe.
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Giant archipelagos of galaxies
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stretching hundreds of millions
of light years
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across intergalactic space.
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(STORY MUSGRAVE) The day before
I'm going to launch from right here,
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00:26:24,447 --> 00:26:28,599
I go to the beach right over there.
I go to the ocean.
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I'm down by the ocean and I'm looking
at the satellites crossing overhead.
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But I look at those satellites
just whizzing along
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and I think, ''Tomorrow, that's me!''
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I think that kind of thing where you
don't know if you're coming back,
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you don't know the final outcome
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and you don't really know
where you'll end up...
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You focus on a journey,
and that's what carries you forward.
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There's a lot out there to explore,
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and one day, humanity may be
lucky enough to do it.
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Our descendants
will reach for the stars.
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So, the next time
you look at the night sky,
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remember that space is stranger
and more beautiful
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than we can begin to imagine.
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And, above all, remember this...
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..out there in space is our future.