1 00:00:14,317 --> 00:00:20,267 WOOD: There are moments in history when civilisations aspire to greatness. 2 00:00:21,877 --> 00:00:24,471 India had done so in ancient times, 3 00:00:24,557 --> 00:00:28,630 and at the end of the Middle Ages it did so again. 4 00:00:28,717 --> 00:00:30,275 And it was the coming of Islam 5 00:00:30,357 --> 00:00:34,316 that inspired the next great phase of Indian history. 6 00:00:36,917 --> 00:00:41,229 Today the subcontinent is home to half of all the world's Muslims. 7 00:00:41,317 --> 00:00:43,706 The ebb and flow of its history has been shaped 8 00:00:43,797 --> 00:00:49,190 by the encounter of the two civilisations of India and Islam. 9 00:00:49,837 --> 00:00:53,591 And in all of history, there is no more dramatic tale. 10 00:00:55,117 --> 00:00:57,870 The next chapter in the story of India. 11 00:01:08,161 --> 00:01:12,161 - Untranslated subtitle - 12 00:01:12,474 --> 00:01:16,474 - Untranslated subtitle - 13 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:23,571 - Untranslated subtitle - 14 00:01:25,954 --> 00:01:31,346 - Untranslated subtitle - 15 00:01:34,317 --> 00:01:36,592 Muslim traders had settled in South India 16 00:01:36,677 --> 00:01:39,475 within memory of the Prophet's lifetime, 17 00:01:39,557 --> 00:01:42,594 but the coming of Islam only began to work profound change 18 00:01:42,677 --> 00:01:45,669 in the history of the subcontinent in the Middle Ages, 19 00:01:45,757 --> 00:01:49,830 with invasions and settlements here in the north. 20 00:01:50,837 --> 00:01:54,716 That story begins in the city of Multan, in what's now Pakistan, 21 00:01:54,797 --> 00:01:56,833 exactly 1,000 years ago. 22 00:01:57,997 --> 00:02:01,114 Here in Multan, a series of events began 23 00:02:01,197 --> 00:02:06,066 which would shift forever the balance of history in the subcontinent, 24 00:02:06,157 --> 00:02:10,355 and the key figure was Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. 25 00:02:11,677 --> 00:02:15,750 Few characters in history have aroused more violent disagreement. 26 00:02:16,677 --> 00:02:19,635 To some, he was a great prince, 27 00:02:19,717 --> 00:02:23,915 a builder of empires and a champion with a faith. 28 00:02:23,997 --> 00:02:28,866 To others, an oppressor, a fanatic and an iconoclast. 29 00:02:30,957 --> 00:02:33,915 The head of a great Muslim empire in Afghanistan, 30 00:02:33,997 --> 00:02:37,626 Mahmud occupied the then Hindu city of Multan 31 00:02:37,717 --> 00:02:41,107 and used it as a base for a series of raids into India. 32 00:02:41,197 --> 00:02:44,234 So your family were connected with Mahmud of Ghazni's family? 33 00:02:44,317 --> 00:02:45,511 With Mahmud, yes. 34 00:02:45,597 --> 00:02:47,508 And you've been here in this quarter of the city 35 00:02:47,597 --> 00:02:50,555 -for 900, nearly 1 ,000 years? -Nearly 1 ,000 years old. 36 00:02:50,637 --> 00:02:53,390 Living here all the time. When our ancestor came, you see, 37 00:02:53,477 --> 00:02:58,710 and when he camped here, you see, at the site where he is buried... 38 00:02:59,597 --> 00:03:03,988 The Gardezi's ancestor came with Mahmud's son in the 1 1 th century. 39 00:03:04,077 --> 00:03:05,829 ...through these doors where he came riding on a lion... 40 00:03:05,917 --> 00:03:08,112 -Oh, yeah. There you go. -...with a live snake as a whip 41 00:03:08,197 --> 00:03:12,031 in his hand and a pair of pigeons flocking over his head. 42 00:03:12,117 --> 00:03:14,995 But their ancestor wasn't a warrior but a holy man. 43 00:03:15,077 --> 00:03:18,194 One among many who came in the Middle Ages into India. 44 00:03:18,317 --> 00:03:20,990 So this is from the 1 2th century, then, is it? 45 00:03:21,957 --> 00:03:26,394 This is his tomb. He was a Sufi, an Islamic mystic, 46 00:03:26,477 --> 00:03:30,914 and the Sufi saints, who are still loved across Pakistan and North India, 47 00:03:30,997 --> 00:03:34,876 will be very important in this story, for it was the Sufi saints 48 00:03:34,957 --> 00:03:38,950 who first brought Islam and the people of India together. 49 00:03:39,517 --> 00:03:43,715 Amongst the saints of Multan, I think Shah Yousaf, our ancestor, 50 00:03:43,797 --> 00:03:46,311 is the first of the Muslim saints to arrive in Multan. 51 00:03:46,397 --> 00:03:49,787 I would call him the founder of Muslim Multan. 52 00:03:49,877 --> 00:03:52,516 So the age of Mahmud was a time of violence 53 00:03:52,597 --> 00:03:55,634 but also the beginning of a meeting of minds, 54 00:03:55,717 --> 00:03:59,630 for, like the Hindu holy men, the Sufis taught that people should strive 55 00:03:59,717 --> 00:04:02,277 to be with God without any attachment. 56 00:04:04,117 --> 00:04:08,668 And there lay the common ground between Islam and the religions of India. 57 00:04:11,197 --> 00:04:15,475 Ah, the old Gardezi library! I remember this place. 58 00:04:15,557 --> 00:04:18,515 This was founded by my great-great-great-grandfather. 59 00:04:18,597 --> 00:04:21,475 And even the dreaded Mahmud himself is remembered here 60 00:04:21,557 --> 00:04:23,548 as a prince of high culture. 61 00:04:23,637 --> 00:04:26,834 I'm an old-manuscript type, musty old books. 62 00:04:26,917 --> 00:04:29,226 -Some of them are 400, 500 years old. -Fantastic. 63 00:04:29,317 --> 00:04:33,708 He was the patron of the famous epic, Ferdowsi's Book of Kings. 64 00:04:33,797 --> 00:04:35,674 The one I'm interest in is the Ferdowsi. 65 00:04:35,757 --> 00:04:36,906 This is the Ferdowsi. 66 00:04:36,997 --> 00:04:39,352 Ferdowsi, as you know, was commissioned by Mahmud of Ghazni 67 00:04:39,437 --> 00:04:44,067 to write the history of Persia and this part of the world in poetry form, 68 00:04:44,157 --> 00:04:46,512 and Mahmud promised that he would give him 69 00:04:46,597 --> 00:04:49,316 one gold coin per couplet... 70 00:04:49,397 --> 00:04:51,672 -For a couplet. -For a couplet. 71 00:04:51,757 --> 00:04:55,272 -He wrote 40,000 couplets. -40,000 couplets? 72 00:04:55,357 --> 00:04:57,951 So Mahmud, I think, had a second thought, 73 00:04:58,037 --> 00:05:01,712 and he said, ''A gold coin is too much. I think I'll give you 74 00:05:01,797 --> 00:05:04,470 ''a silver coin per couplet.'' And he refused to accept, 75 00:05:04,557 --> 00:05:08,266 and he went back home, and he wrote a satire against Mahmud, 76 00:05:08,357 --> 00:05:12,589 which became so popular, in which he criticises Mahmud's ancestry 77 00:05:12,677 --> 00:05:15,589 and everything, especially his mother's side, 78 00:05:15,677 --> 00:05:19,113 even his mother's ancestry, and he says at one point... 79 00:05:24,797 --> 00:05:28,915 ''Oh, King Mahmud. Oh, conqueror of the countries, of nations. 80 00:05:28,997 --> 00:05:31,636 ''If you are not scared of anyone, at least be scared of God.'' 81 00:05:31,717 --> 00:05:34,868 -Wow! -And that become so popular 82 00:05:34,957 --> 00:05:39,633 that every child in Ghazni was reciting those couplets of the satire 83 00:05:39,717 --> 00:05:43,312 more than that of the Shahnama, of the original text. 84 00:05:43,397 --> 00:05:46,275 -So Mahmud deeply regretted that. -So Mahmud, he regretted that 85 00:05:46,357 --> 00:05:50,987 and he decided to honour his word and give a gold coin. 86 00:05:54,477 --> 00:05:57,549 Mahmud led a dozen great expeditions into India. 87 00:05:57,637 --> 00:06:02,552 The most famous left Multan in November, 1 025. 88 00:06:03,157 --> 00:06:06,752 It took them a month to get down from Multan to the sea. 89 00:06:06,837 --> 00:06:09,749 To survive through this kind of terrain, 90 00:06:09,837 --> 00:06:13,796 they took 20,000 camels to carry the water. 91 00:06:14,997 --> 00:06:19,115 In these earlier attacks on India, the goal wasn't conquest but plunder. 92 00:06:19,197 --> 00:06:23,554 Their target in 1 025, the famous Hindu temple town of Somnath, 93 00:06:23,637 --> 00:06:26,947 which was said to be incredibly rich in gold and silver. 94 00:06:27,877 --> 00:06:29,310 Though as can still happen, 95 00:06:29,397 --> 00:06:32,275 the invasion was given a different public justification 96 00:06:32,357 --> 00:06:34,427 as a war against the infidel. 97 00:06:35,237 --> 00:06:40,265 There are many stories about why Mahmud attacked Somnath. 98 00:06:41,237 --> 00:06:45,196 Long, long ago, in Arabia, there was a goddess called Manat. 99 00:06:47,197 --> 00:06:51,475 When Islam came, the shrines of the goddesses were destroyed, 100 00:06:52,277 --> 00:06:54,711 but according to one version of the story, 101 00:06:54,797 --> 00:06:59,188 the stone image of Manat was taken away from Arabia 102 00:06:59,277 --> 00:07:01,347 and brought here to India, 103 00:07:01,437 --> 00:07:05,669 and Somnath became her temple, Somanatha, 104 00:07:05,757 --> 00:07:08,146 and it was to fulfil the work of the Prophet 105 00:07:08,237 --> 00:07:11,673 that Mahmud led his expedition to the sea. 106 00:07:22,157 --> 00:07:24,512 That story no doubt made Mahmud look good 107 00:07:24,597 --> 00:07:27,828 with the Caliph in Baghdad as a defender of the faith, 108 00:07:27,917 --> 00:07:31,751 but it was fantasy. He'd come to loot the wealth of India, 109 00:07:31,837 --> 00:07:34,067 and these tales became part of the mythology 110 00:07:34,157 --> 00:07:37,274 of the people in the border land of Rajasthan. 111 00:07:37,357 --> 00:07:40,315 To them, Mahmud is still a bogeyman, 112 00:07:40,397 --> 00:07:44,072 and they still sing of their heroic battles in the Middle Ages 113 00:07:44,157 --> 00:07:46,751 against the Afghans and the Turks. 114 00:07:51,720 --> 00:07:53,800 - Untranslated subtitle - 115 00:07:53,901 --> 00:07:58,058 - Untranslated subtitle - 116 00:08:02,039 --> 00:08:04,838 - Untranslated subtitle - 117 00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:07,919 - Untranslated subtitle - 118 00:08:09,075 --> 00:08:12,987 - Untranslated subtitle - 119 00:08:35,877 --> 00:08:40,075 Ah, nothing like that old sound of grumpy camels 120 00:08:40,157 --> 00:08:43,308 clearing their throats and farting all night, is there? 121 00:08:43,997 --> 00:08:46,033 Well, there isn't. 122 00:08:52,677 --> 00:08:58,388 Mahmud's attack on Somnath led him 750 miles south from Multan 123 00:08:58,477 --> 00:09:00,945 across the great desert of Thar 124 00:09:01,037 --> 00:09:04,916 into Gujarat and down to the Arabian Sea. 125 00:09:12,357 --> 00:09:16,350 There on the seashore lay the rich pilgrim shrine of Somnath 126 00:09:16,437 --> 00:09:18,667 inside a fortified town. 127 00:09:20,037 --> 00:09:23,586 The Shiva temple here was destroyed and rebuilt several times 128 00:09:23,677 --> 00:09:27,147 before it was restored in the 1 950s after independence. 129 00:09:34,877 --> 00:09:37,949 Mahmud reached here in January, 1 026, 130 00:09:38,037 --> 00:09:43,953 sacked the city, destroyed the idol and plundered the temple's gold. 131 00:09:44,037 --> 00:09:47,950 In today's India, the tale is still remembered with bitterness. 132 00:09:54,215 --> 00:10:01,204 - Untranslated subtitle - 133 00:10:01,305 --> 00:10:08,614 - Untranslated subtitle - 134 00:10:13,517 --> 00:10:15,826 Mahmud's expedition to Somnath was written up 135 00:10:15,917 --> 00:10:18,351 by his Persian and Turkic court poets 136 00:10:18,437 --> 00:10:22,555 as an emblematic clash between Islam and Hindu idolatry. 137 00:10:24,357 --> 00:10:27,633 The great historian Al Biruni, who was no fan of Mahmud, 138 00:10:27,717 --> 00:10:29,435 went with him to India, 139 00:10:29,517 --> 00:10:34,193 says that the 1 2 great plundering expeditions engendered a hatred 140 00:10:34,277 --> 00:10:39,670 among Hindus for the Turks, by which he means the Muslims, 141 00:10:40,117 --> 00:10:41,596 but, as always in history, 142 00:10:41,677 --> 00:10:44,874 and especially in the history of India, there's another story, 143 00:10:44,957 --> 00:10:47,027 and what appears to begin here 144 00:10:47,117 --> 00:10:50,826 as a clash of civilisations will become over time 145 00:10:50,917 --> 00:10:53,909 one of the most remarkable cultural crossovers 146 00:10:53,997 --> 00:10:55,715 in the history of civilisation, 147 00:10:55,797 --> 00:10:59,676 what a great Indian Muslim prince will later call 148 00:10:59,757 --> 00:11:02,032 the meeting of two oceans. 149 00:11:05,517 --> 00:11:08,668 And it's Al Biruni, a Muslim scholar who learnt Sanskrit, 150 00:11:08,757 --> 00:11:11,032 who gives us the first signpost. 151 00:11:13,717 --> 00:11:15,469 ''You must bear in mind, ''he says, 152 00:11:15,557 --> 00:11:18,788 ''that the Hindus entirely differ from us in almost everything. 153 00:11:21,637 --> 00:11:23,548 ''And the barriers separating us are many, 154 00:11:23,637 --> 00:11:27,516 ''language, manners, customs, rules of purity. 155 00:11:27,597 --> 00:11:29,872 ''And India is such a diverse land, 156 00:11:29,957 --> 00:11:33,154 ''from Kashmir in the north, to the southern cultures, 157 00:11:33,237 --> 00:11:36,752 ''Telugu, Kannada and Tamil. 158 00:11:36,837 --> 00:11:39,397 ''In religion, the Indians totally differ from us 159 00:11:39,477 --> 00:11:43,265 ''as we believe in nothing in which they believe and vice versa. 160 00:11:43,357 --> 00:11:47,555 ''India's hard to understand, though I have a great liking for it, 161 00:11:48,037 --> 00:11:52,315 ''and our apparent differences would be perfectly transparent 162 00:11:52,397 --> 00:11:56,276 ''if there were more contact between us. '' 163 00:11:56,357 --> 00:12:00,111 But in 1 1 92 there came a new phase, 164 00:12:00,197 --> 00:12:03,186 military conquest by Afghans and Turks who became sultans of Delhi. 165 00:12:03,266 --> 00:12:05,874 + 166 00:12:05,957 --> 00:12:07,877 Here they built a giant minaret, which doubled as a tower of victory. 167 00:12:07,977 --> 00:12:10,633 + 168 00:12:11,837 --> 00:12:16,991 240 feet high, it's one of the wonders of the world, the Qutab Minar. 169 00:12:17,077 --> 00:12:20,911 -It's called the might of Islam. -WOOD: The might of Islam. 170 00:12:22,717 --> 00:12:24,673 So this is a statement of conquest? 171 00:12:24,757 --> 00:12:28,955 This is foreign conquerors coming in and creating their base here. 172 00:12:29,037 --> 00:12:31,870 This base was very important for taking the conquest 173 00:12:31,957 --> 00:12:34,346 into other parts of India, so you can very well imagine 174 00:12:34,437 --> 00:12:37,089 the Qutab complex was the place which established Muslim rule in India. 175 00:12:37,129 --> 00:12:38,794 + 176 00:12:41,197 --> 00:12:44,712 This was built around the end of the 1 2th century. 177 00:12:46,037 --> 00:12:50,394 There was a time when this Lal Kot area was taken over by the Afghans. 178 00:12:55,317 --> 00:13:00,266 The first Indo-Islamic mosque in India is this particular mosque. 179 00:13:00,357 --> 00:13:03,633 -This is the place? -This is the place, the first mosque. 180 00:13:03,717 --> 00:13:06,868 WOOD: And all around us, the remains of Hindu columns. 181 00:13:06,997 --> 00:13:10,353 BALASUBRAMANIAM: The inscription on the eastern gate says that 2 7 temples 182 00:13:10,437 --> 00:13:13,873 were actually dismantled to construct this Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. 183 00:13:16,677 --> 00:13:19,908 It was as much a political as a religious statement. 184 00:13:19,997 --> 00:13:22,636 Since its first spread in the 7th century, 185 00:13:22,717 --> 00:13:25,515 the Islamic world had encountered many other religions 186 00:13:25,597 --> 00:13:28,714 but nowhere as big and diverse as India. 187 00:13:28,797 --> 00:13:31,595 The fact was, as the Delhi Sultans soon realised, 188 00:13:31,677 --> 00:13:37,070 they couldn't possibly convert India, co-existence had to follow. 189 00:13:40,397 --> 00:13:44,868 The different dynasties of the Sultans of Delhi ruled here for 300 years, 190 00:13:44,957 --> 00:13:49,030 and you can still pick up their traces today in the back streets of Old Delhi. 191 00:13:50,277 --> 00:13:54,065 -WOOD: So where are we heading? -We are going to Mubarakul village, 192 00:13:54,157 --> 00:13:59,914 where a Syed king, who ruled sometime in 1 4 30, is buried, 193 00:13:59,997 --> 00:14:02,557 what was then just an obscure village, 194 00:14:02,637 --> 00:14:07,631 built this rather elaborate tomb that we're about to see, and that's it. 195 00:14:07,717 --> 00:14:09,753 Mubarak Shah's Tomb? 196 00:14:12,997 --> 00:14:15,716 We're looking for the tomb of one of the Delhi Sultans, 197 00:14:15,797 --> 00:14:20,029 which over the centuries has become a shrine for the local community. 198 00:14:20,117 --> 00:14:22,711 -That thing there? -Yeah. Yes. 199 00:14:24,157 --> 00:14:27,672 I don't believe this. Look at this. This is just amazing. 200 00:14:33,237 --> 00:14:36,035 Why has it been caged in, though? 201 00:14:36,117 --> 00:14:40,349 Because there's a very real fear history might reach out and bite you. 202 00:14:43,517 --> 00:14:47,954 And in a bizarre twist, the Sultan has become a local holy man. 203 00:14:48,037 --> 00:14:50,710 Our friend here tells us that soon after a marriage, 204 00:14:50,797 --> 00:14:53,311 the newlyweds would come here and pray. 205 00:14:54,357 --> 00:14:57,030 -Is not a holy man but a Sultan. -That's fantastic. 206 00:14:57,117 --> 00:15:00,871 But he has become holy through the years. Don't ask me how. 207 00:15:00,957 --> 00:15:04,472 In an age when all Hindus in the north were forced to pay a head tax 208 00:15:04,557 --> 00:15:06,832 to the Sultans to practise their faith, 209 00:15:06,917 --> 00:15:10,148 here's a clue as to how things can change on the ground. 210 00:15:10,237 --> 00:15:12,990 You won't die of hunger if you live in this vicinity 211 00:15:13,077 --> 00:15:16,149 because he will make sure that you have livelihood. 212 00:15:16,237 --> 00:15:18,228 You won't die of hunger? Yeah, yeah. 213 00:15:18,317 --> 00:15:21,753 So he still sort of protects the people who live around him? 214 00:15:21,837 --> 00:15:23,714 Yes, a fantastic idea, isn't it? 215 00:15:25,197 --> 00:15:29,429 But the biggest meeting of minds was brought about by the Sufi saints. 216 00:15:30,597 --> 00:15:32,633 And these are really, really basic, 217 00:15:32,717 --> 00:15:34,753 the idea being that the people who came to these... 218 00:15:34,837 --> 00:15:37,909 For through the Sufis, the devotees of both faiths 219 00:15:37,997 --> 00:15:40,033 found their common ground. 220 00:15:42,197 --> 00:15:45,587 Now you can see the pots in the trees really well from here, can't you? 221 00:15:45,677 --> 00:15:47,793 So these are all successful wishes? 222 00:15:47,877 --> 00:15:50,311 These are wishes that have come true, yes. 223 00:15:50,397 --> 00:15:53,912 And not just in folk beliefs but in an idea deeply rooted 224 00:15:53,997 --> 00:15:55,874 in Islam's mystical traditions, 225 00:15:55,957 --> 00:15:58,710 the unity of all being and of all religions. 226 00:16:04,757 --> 00:16:09,467 The person who lies buried here is Abu Bakar Sheik Haidery Tusi. 227 00:16:09,797 --> 00:16:15,667 He belonged to the Haidereya Qalanderya Silsala. 228 00:16:15,757 --> 00:16:18,908 This is a Sufi order that came from Iran or Iraq? 229 00:16:18,997 --> 00:16:20,271 MAN: Iran. WOOD: Yes. Iran? 230 00:16:20,357 --> 00:16:22,825 This is not just a conquest, is it? This is an intermingling? 231 00:16:22,917 --> 00:16:26,512 No, and a lot of people now increasingly see that, in India, 232 00:16:26,597 --> 00:16:29,669 at least in North India, Islam didn't spread through the sword, 233 00:16:29,757 --> 00:16:33,466 it was through men like the person who's buried here, these Sufis, 234 00:16:33,557 --> 00:16:37,835 and they sort of went on like a continuous stream, 235 00:16:37,917 --> 00:16:40,385 as it were, for 300 or 400 years. 236 00:16:43,317 --> 00:16:47,708 And perhaps real change in history has to happen at the grass roots. 237 00:16:48,237 --> 00:16:51,946 The poet Amir Khusro grew up here in the Delhi Sultanate. 238 00:16:52,037 --> 00:16:55,188 He's still a household name in old Muslim families. 239 00:16:55,277 --> 00:16:58,633 He's typical of the age, a Muslim whose parents were Turkic, 240 00:16:58,717 --> 00:17:01,834 who spoke Persian. And this is his voice. 241 00:17:02,957 --> 00:17:07,906 ''India is our beloved motherland, a paradise on Earth. 242 00:17:07,997 --> 00:17:11,433 ''Intelligence is the natural gift of its people. 243 00:17:11,517 --> 00:17:15,556 ''There can be no better guide to life than the wisdom of India. '' 244 00:17:18,237 --> 00:17:22,116 This cult is frowned on by the really orthodox kind of Islamic... 245 00:17:22,197 --> 00:17:25,633 Yes. Wahhabi Islam would find this sacrilege, 246 00:17:25,717 --> 00:17:28,629 almost all of it, or consider it completely un-Islamic actually. 247 00:17:30,397 --> 00:17:32,353 So in the Middle Ages, in the north, 248 00:17:32,437 --> 00:17:35,509 despite war and violence, forced conversion, 249 00:17:35,597 --> 00:17:39,067 discrimination against Hindus, the foundations were laid 250 00:17:39,157 --> 00:17:43,196 for the amazing events which would follow in the 1 6th century. 251 00:18:21,117 --> 00:18:23,631 This is one of the most wonderful viewpoints in history. 252 00:18:23,717 --> 00:18:25,753 This is the end of the Khyber Pass, 253 00:18:25,837 --> 00:18:28,988 the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. 254 00:18:29,077 --> 00:18:32,547 This is the route taken by many of the great invaders in history 255 00:18:32,637 --> 00:18:34,355 who came into the Indian subcontinent. 256 00:18:34,437 --> 00:18:37,713 Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan and Tamburlaine. 257 00:18:42,477 --> 00:18:45,787 In late 1 525, new invaders came down 258 00:18:45,877 --> 00:18:48,914 this corridor of history from Afghanistan. 259 00:18:48,997 --> 00:18:53,627 Originally from Central Asia, the Moghuls had made Kabul their base 260 00:18:53,717 --> 00:18:57,073 from which to mount an invasion of the plains of India. 261 00:18:57,157 --> 00:19:00,433 After four failures, this was the final throw 262 00:19:00,517 --> 00:19:03,748 on which their leader Babur had staked everything. 263 00:19:04,877 --> 00:19:06,947 It's April 1 526, 264 00:19:07,877 --> 00:19:10,835 the heat already clamping on the Delhi plain, 265 00:19:11,517 --> 00:19:14,475 temperature pushing up towards 40 degrees. 266 00:19:14,557 --> 00:19:17,230 The Moghul army, 1 2,000 men. 267 00:19:18,757 --> 00:19:23,194 Their leader, a grizzled veteran at 4 3 years old, 268 00:19:23,277 --> 00:19:25,472 inured to war since he was 1 0, 269 00:19:25,557 --> 00:19:28,788 descendent of Genghis Khan and Tamburlaine. 270 00:19:34,357 --> 00:19:36,507 And ahead of him, at Panipat, 271 00:19:38,277 --> 00:19:42,793 the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim, with an army of 1 00,000 men 272 00:19:42,877 --> 00:19:45,027 and 1 ,000 war elephants. 273 00:19:50,877 --> 00:19:54,426 Babur's place of destiny, Panipat,just north of Delhi, 274 00:19:54,517 --> 00:19:57,350 was the scene of several great battles in Indian history, 275 00:19:57,437 --> 00:20:01,828 going back to the legendary wars of the ancient epic of the Mahabharata, 276 00:20:06,037 --> 00:20:10,474 but now it was Muslim ruler against Muslim invader. 277 00:20:13,037 --> 00:20:15,267 Both sides had taken their positions a week before. 278 00:20:15,357 --> 00:20:17,154 Both sides were preparing. 279 00:20:17,237 --> 00:20:20,309 We know about Babur's preparation more than Ibrahim's 280 00:20:20,397 --> 00:20:25,471 because Babur has left a record behind. He was outnumbered by 1 to 5. 281 00:20:27,157 --> 00:20:29,876 He's commandeered, he says, about 700 carts 282 00:20:29,957 --> 00:20:32,915 and tied them together with fibre cables. 283 00:20:32,997 --> 00:20:35,875 What's he trying to do there, to protect himself? 284 00:20:35,957 --> 00:20:38,790 He's tied cannons in these carts, yes. 285 00:20:38,877 --> 00:20:42,950 There are about several hundred cannons tied like this right in front. 286 00:20:43,037 --> 00:20:46,473 He shoots the enemy with these cannons, 287 00:20:46,557 --> 00:20:48,912 which is for the first time happening in India. 288 00:20:48,997 --> 00:20:51,511 It's in the battle of Panipat that it's happening in India. 289 00:20:51,597 --> 00:20:54,316 -The use of artillery? -The use of artillery on that scale. 290 00:21:09,957 --> 00:21:14,985 MUKHIA: Behind that, his cavalry, and behind that, his infantry. 291 00:21:15,517 --> 00:21:17,269 -And how does he win? -Well... 292 00:21:17,357 --> 00:21:19,154 Is it the artillery that makes the difference? 293 00:21:19,237 --> 00:21:23,594 Partly, very largely, it does makes a difference because, you know, 294 00:21:23,677 --> 00:21:27,511 what do the elephants and the horses do against artillery? 295 00:21:42,477 --> 00:21:46,516 WOOD: So, like his contemporaries, Cortés and Pizarro in the New World, 296 00:21:46,597 --> 00:21:52,149 in one battle, the Moghul conquistador Babur had gained the heartland of India. 297 00:21:53,877 --> 00:21:55,788 In thanksgiving, he built a little mosque 298 00:21:55,877 --> 00:21:59,870 overlooking the battlefield, the first Moghul mosque in India, 299 00:22:00,437 --> 00:22:03,668 so this place marks the start of a new age 300 00:22:04,157 --> 00:22:08,992 and of a new style that we now think of as quintessentially Indian. 301 00:22:19,797 --> 00:22:23,233 This is a palace built by Babur for his queen. 302 00:22:23,317 --> 00:22:28,516 He's saying it's a mosque built by Babur for his army to say their prayers. 303 00:22:28,597 --> 00:22:31,714 They're giving me two different stories. 304 00:22:31,797 --> 00:22:38,145 In India, Babur is known as a warrior, as a conqueror, a great soldier. 305 00:22:39,957 --> 00:22:44,269 In his home, back home in Tashkand area, 306 00:22:45,117 --> 00:22:48,951 probably nobody even knows that he came to India and conquered, 307 00:22:49,037 --> 00:22:52,825 but they remember him as a great poet, a very, very great poet. 308 00:22:52,917 --> 00:22:59,231 He's a man of many, many parts and above all, a very honest sincere man, 309 00:22:59,317 --> 00:23:01,228 a very charming, loveable man. 310 00:23:01,317 --> 00:23:03,035 He was also a very devout Muslim, 311 00:23:03,117 --> 00:23:08,145 not a very, what shall I say, dogmatic Muslim, but a devout Muslim, 312 00:23:08,237 --> 00:23:10,831 who said his prayers very regularly, five times a day. 313 00:23:10,917 --> 00:23:15,468 After saying his prayers, he went and had a cup of wine, of course, but... 314 00:23:15,557 --> 00:23:19,709 -So it's a very human figure, you know. -Hmm. 315 00:23:19,797 --> 00:23:23,836 -It's a figure of a live man. -Yeah, yeah, yeah. 316 00:23:23,917 --> 00:23:27,068 -A regular guy, you said to me earlier. -A regular guy. 317 00:23:31,437 --> 00:23:33,997 And after the battle, what Babur does next 318 00:23:34,077 --> 00:23:36,591 is another clue to what will follow. 319 00:23:37,757 --> 00:23:40,794 He enters Delhi, but doesn't plunder the city. 320 00:23:41,557 --> 00:23:45,470 Instead, he comes here to the old Sufi shrine of Nizamuddin, 321 00:23:45,557 --> 00:23:49,072 still a favourite among Delhites of all communities, 322 00:23:49,157 --> 00:23:51,193 Hindu as well as Muslim. 323 00:23:55,077 --> 00:23:57,466 And here he offers a humble prayer 324 00:23:57,557 --> 00:24:01,630 before going back to camp to have a cup of wine and write poetry. 325 00:24:03,517 --> 00:24:04,870 Thank you very much. 326 00:24:04,957 --> 00:24:07,915 And that will set the tone of the next amazing phase 327 00:24:07,997 --> 00:24:09,874 of the story of India. 328 00:24:09,957 --> 00:24:13,632 Devotion to the Sufis will mark all of Babur's descendants. 329 00:24:13,997 --> 00:24:16,116 Just as respect for all religions marked his ancestors back to Tamburlaine. 330 00:24:16,216 --> 00:24:19,025 + 331 00:24:23,997 --> 00:24:25,715 WOOD: Beautiful place. 332 00:24:25,797 --> 00:24:29,267 Under the Moghuls, the story of Islam and India 333 00:24:29,357 --> 00:24:33,236 will move on to a different place, which still has lessons 334 00:24:33,317 --> 00:24:34,875 for the world today. 335 00:24:34,957 --> 00:24:37,755 Oh, that's very, very kind. Thank you. Thank you very much. 336 00:24:37,837 --> 00:24:40,670 This is the most important shrines of the saints in Delhi. 337 00:24:40,757 --> 00:24:43,032 Yes, this great Sufi saint. 338 00:24:43,117 --> 00:24:45,028 WOOD: Great Sufi saint. Yeah, yeah. 339 00:24:45,117 --> 00:24:48,393 The tale of the Moghuls is a family story. 340 00:24:49,197 --> 00:24:52,906 One of the most remarkable and gifted dynasties in history, 341 00:24:54,237 --> 00:24:58,594 they ruled India for 330 years before they were deposed by the British, 342 00:24:59,437 --> 00:25:04,875 but immediately after Babur's death, his son Humayun was driven into exile, 343 00:25:04,957 --> 00:25:07,869 where his wife gave birth to a son who would become 344 00:25:07,957 --> 00:25:11,267 one of the greatest of all Indian rulers, Akbar. 345 00:25:34,637 --> 00:25:38,232 The tale of Akbar, takes us first to Rajasthan, 346 00:25:39,317 --> 00:25:40,867 where the local Hindu Rajas had always resisted the Muslim conquerors. 347 00:25:40,967 --> 00:25:43,595 + 348 00:25:54,317 --> 00:25:57,389 In the 1 6th century, the majority of Indian people 349 00:25:57,477 --> 00:26:02,153 in the north were still Hindus, who followed the old religions of India, 350 00:26:02,237 --> 00:26:04,910 of Shiva, Vishnu and the Goddess. 351 00:26:06,277 --> 00:26:09,553 They had often endured intolerance and forced conversion 352 00:26:09,637 --> 00:26:11,628 under the medieval sultans. 353 00:26:11,717 --> 00:26:12,752 MAN: Kushbu. 354 00:26:12,837 --> 00:26:16,273 Kushbu, I'm Michael. My name is Michael. 355 00:26:16,357 --> 00:26:18,109 -And this is your brother? -Mohit. 356 00:26:18,197 --> 00:26:19,915 -Mohit. -Mohit. 357 00:26:20,917 --> 00:26:23,590 Thank you. This is best place in Jodhpur. 358 00:26:26,357 --> 00:26:31,147 Akbar would change the relations between Hindu and Muslim in India. 359 00:26:31,237 --> 00:26:33,353 When he was born, in the house of relatives 360 00:26:33,437 --> 00:26:35,348 of the royal family of Jodhpur, 361 00:26:35,437 --> 00:26:39,396 there were omens which foretold his future greatness, 362 00:26:39,477 --> 00:26:43,470 just as there were for other giants of history, like Alexander. 363 00:26:45,877 --> 00:26:50,473 So, back in 1 542, when the astrologers did his horoscope, 364 00:26:51,317 --> 00:26:54,309 what did they see in Akbar's line of life? 365 00:26:58,117 --> 00:27:02,508 I asked the present Maharaja's astrologer to redraw his chart. 366 00:27:02,637 --> 00:27:05,788 Mr Sharma, it's lovely to see you again. Hello, Abhisekh. 367 00:27:05,877 --> 00:27:07,390 -That's great. -It's a great pleasure. 368 00:27:07,477 --> 00:27:10,992 So? How did we do? What... 369 00:27:11,077 --> 00:27:15,434 First of all, the date, the 25th of October, 1 542. 370 00:27:15,517 --> 00:27:17,428 -Sunday morning. -SHARMA: This was Sunday morning, 371 00:27:17,517 --> 00:27:20,350 Saturday night and the Sunday morning. 2:00 am is the... 372 00:27:20,437 --> 00:27:21,836 -WOOD: 2:00 am? -Yeah. 373 00:27:21,917 --> 00:27:26,433 At the time of his birth, Sagittarius was in the Fifth House. 374 00:27:26,917 --> 00:27:28,350 That's astrologically. 375 00:27:28,437 --> 00:27:30,234 WOOD: So this is the Emperor Akbar's chart here? 376 00:27:30,317 --> 00:27:31,352 -Yes. -Fantastic. 377 00:27:31,437 --> 00:27:33,234 And this becomes computer-made chart. 378 00:27:33,317 --> 00:27:35,148 He born in the Leo Ascendant. 379 00:27:35,237 --> 00:27:39,071 -In a Leo Ascendant? -These people are 380 00:27:39,717 --> 00:27:42,754 very confident about what they are doing, 381 00:27:42,837 --> 00:27:47,592 and they are very keen, and they are focused about their goals. 382 00:27:47,677 --> 00:27:52,193 The aspect of sun and Saturn, it is the kingdom, 383 00:27:53,037 --> 00:27:57,553 Yog as we describe in the astrology, which is the Maharaj Yog. 384 00:27:57,637 --> 00:28:00,754 See, he was born when Scorpio was in the Fourth House, 385 00:28:00,837 --> 00:28:02,509 and that was the reason that he was bound 386 00:28:02,597 --> 00:28:04,872 to have lead a good and comfortable life, 387 00:28:04,957 --> 00:28:07,630 though born at a different strata, 388 00:28:07,717 --> 00:28:12,507 but the horoscope also indicates that he was not to get ancestral property, 389 00:28:12,597 --> 00:28:16,067 and this holds good because he later acquired kingdom. 390 00:28:17,557 --> 00:28:19,229 After the sixth day of his birth, 391 00:28:19,317 --> 00:28:22,832 the astrologer must have calculated his birth chart 392 00:28:22,917 --> 00:28:27,786 because we believe that on sixth day the Goddess of Fortune comes, 393 00:28:27,877 --> 00:28:30,311 and he writes the fortune of a child. 394 00:28:30,397 --> 00:28:32,592 -They saw the future fortune... -Yeah. 395 00:28:32,677 --> 00:28:35,066 Because the sun and Saturn. 396 00:28:35,157 --> 00:28:39,275 The Saturn is the main planet who gives the kingdom. 397 00:28:39,357 --> 00:28:41,552 If the Saturn is on the highest state, 398 00:28:41,637 --> 00:28:47,189 it must have given the kingdom. It will give at that time they have thought. 399 00:28:47,277 --> 00:28:50,587 WOOD: And they were right! I suppose, yes. 400 00:28:56,677 --> 00:29:00,670 Akbar became king in 1 556, when his father died 401 00:29:00,757 --> 00:29:03,794 after falling down his library steps in Delhi. 402 00:29:05,077 --> 00:29:08,114 At that moment, much of North India was controlled by their enemies, 403 00:29:08,197 --> 00:29:10,791 and the Moghuls might just have been an unlamented blip 404 00:29:10,877 --> 00:29:12,947 in the story of India. 405 00:29:13,037 --> 00:29:15,346 It's an unlikely place, isn't it? 406 00:29:15,437 --> 00:29:19,828 But there was a beautiful Moghul garden here in 1 556. 407 00:29:22,197 --> 00:29:25,269 Akbar was proclaimed king here at Kalanaur 408 00:29:25,357 --> 00:29:27,712 by generals loyal to his father. 409 00:29:28,277 --> 00:29:31,986 Thank you. So where is Takht-i-Akbari? 410 00:29:32,077 --> 00:29:33,396 -Just... -Here? 411 00:29:33,477 --> 00:29:35,513 -This is it? -That's it. 412 00:29:41,157 --> 00:29:43,387 Well, how about that? 413 00:29:52,637 --> 00:29:53,752 Isn't that extraordinary? 414 00:29:53,837 --> 00:29:56,112 It doesn't look as if there's any of the garden left, does it? 415 00:29:56,197 --> 00:29:58,791 It's a beautiful spot. Akbar came back several times 416 00:29:58,877 --> 00:30:03,109 in his later life. Gorgeous, isn't it, this evening? 417 00:30:03,197 --> 00:30:07,110 So this is the place where he was formally proclaimed king 418 00:30:07,197 --> 00:30:09,506 in February, 1 556. 419 00:30:09,597 --> 00:30:13,431 That was the throne platform there. He would have sat on that. 420 00:30:15,677 --> 00:30:19,386 You have to remember he's only a 1 3-year-old boy. 421 00:30:23,797 --> 00:30:27,506 He'd been brought up in exile among tough warriors in Afghanistan. 422 00:30:27,597 --> 00:30:30,111 You can imagine the sort, I'm sure. 423 00:30:31,997 --> 00:30:36,912 He played truant from school, preferred outdoor sports and games 424 00:30:36,997 --> 00:30:39,636 and remained illiterate all his life. 425 00:30:39,797 --> 00:30:41,116 What is your name? 426 00:30:41,197 --> 00:30:42,676 -Manpreet. -Manpreet. Yeah? 427 00:30:42,757 --> 00:30:44,509 And how old are you? 428 00:30:47,597 --> 00:30:48,916 -MAN: Twelve. -Twelve? 429 00:30:48,997 --> 00:30:50,146 -Twelve. -Twelve. 430 00:30:50,237 --> 00:30:54,469 So you are nearly the same age as Akbar. He was 1 3, and you are 1 2. 431 00:30:54,557 --> 00:30:55,910 It's an incredible thought, isn't it, 432 00:30:55,997 --> 00:30:58,989 that he was only this age when he became king? 433 00:31:00,357 --> 00:31:02,075 Maybe because the intellectuals 434 00:31:02,157 --> 00:31:04,068 and the scholars and the mullahs had never got 435 00:31:04,157 --> 00:31:06,625 their intellectual straightjacket on him, 436 00:31:06,717 --> 00:31:09,754 he retained a wonderful capacity 437 00:31:09,837 --> 00:31:14,228 to make unexpected, unconventional connections. 438 00:31:14,317 --> 00:31:17,354 As we would put it, to think outside the box. 439 00:31:22,717 --> 00:31:26,421 At this point, the Moghul Kingdom 440 00:31:26,521 --> 00:31:29,711 had shrunk to a few small pockets around Kandahar, Lahore and Delhi, 441 00:31:29,797 --> 00:31:34,427 but young Akbar acts fast, defeats his enemies and wins the kingdom. 442 00:31:35,117 --> 00:31:38,905 And then over the next 1 0 years, he expands it across to Bengal 443 00:31:38,997 --> 00:31:43,195 and down to the Deccan to become one of the world's great powers. 444 00:31:46,157 --> 00:31:50,389 And soon the illiterate, young tough guy was showing unexpected skills 445 00:31:50,477 --> 00:31:51,830 in rulership 446 00:31:51,917 --> 00:31:55,796 and an unsuspected interest in India's different philosophies. 447 00:31:57,517 --> 00:32:00,475 Akbar is not very religious. 448 00:32:01,957 --> 00:32:06,792 He has attachments to Sufis, superstitious attachments, let us say, 449 00:32:06,877 --> 00:32:09,152 to the Ajmer Shrine and so on. 450 00:32:11,197 --> 00:32:14,906 India was what he experienced. He liked its language. 451 00:32:14,997 --> 00:32:17,306 He liked mixing with the people. 452 00:32:18,317 --> 00:32:21,992 As you know, he was a bit of a loafer in the beginning, 453 00:32:22,077 --> 00:32:24,193 so he loafed with people, 454 00:32:24,797 --> 00:32:29,507 and often went to gatherings even when he had become a king, 455 00:32:29,597 --> 00:32:32,157 without courtiers, incognito. 456 00:32:33,997 --> 00:32:37,148 He was a different type of sovereign altogether. 457 00:32:42,357 --> 00:32:43,995 In January 1 575, 458 00:32:44,077 --> 00:32:47,831 Akbar came with his closest Hindu advisor, 459 00:32:47,917 --> 00:32:51,626 here to the junction of the Ganges and the Jamuna Rivers 460 00:32:51,717 --> 00:32:54,515 at the time of the great bathing festival. 461 00:32:57,797 --> 00:33:01,472 What Akbar saw here was one of those great Hindu melas, 462 00:33:03,237 --> 00:33:05,876 where millions of people come down to the junction of the rivers 463 00:33:05,957 --> 00:33:08,107 to take a holy bath. 464 00:33:13,037 --> 00:33:18,157 Akbar's advisor tells the story of a strange thing happens at that time. 465 00:33:18,237 --> 00:33:22,833 He says, when the planet Jupiter enters the constellation of Aquarius, 466 00:33:22,917 --> 00:33:28,037 and then a small mound, island, rises in the middle of the River Ganges, 467 00:33:28,117 --> 00:33:31,109 and all the people go out to it to do worship. 468 00:33:35,797 --> 00:33:38,834 Akbar was so touched by his experience 469 00:33:38,917 --> 00:33:42,353 that he named the Hindu sacred place of Prayag, 470 00:33:42,437 --> 00:33:46,715 Ilahabad, or today, Allahabad, the City of God. 471 00:33:50,917 --> 00:33:55,229 So, here, having already lifted the hated tax on Hindus, 472 00:33:55,317 --> 00:33:58,866 Akbar begins to embrace all India's religions. 473 00:34:12,357 --> 00:34:15,394 The Sikhs were one of the radical religious groups 474 00:34:15,477 --> 00:34:18,992 who'd sprung up out of the interaction of Hinduism and Islam 475 00:34:19,077 --> 00:34:20,829 in the 1 6th century. 476 00:34:23,677 --> 00:34:28,546 Their first guru, Nanak, who died in 1 539, asserted, 477 00:34:28,637 --> 00:34:31,105 ''There is no Hindu or Muslim, '' 478 00:34:31,197 --> 00:34:35,190 and laid stress on the worship of one god and works of charity. 479 00:34:42,317 --> 00:34:45,434 His legacy today is a world faith, 480 00:34:45,517 --> 00:34:48,364 singled out by the turban that all men must wear to enter their holy shrines. 481 00:34:48,464 --> 00:34:50,193 + 482 00:34:54,557 --> 00:34:57,674 And it was Akbar who gifted them land here in Amritsar 483 00:34:57,757 --> 00:34:59,827 to built the Golden Temple, 484 00:35:01,557 --> 00:35:04,355 the most famous landmark of Sikhism today. 485 00:35:05,557 --> 00:35:07,120 It would be under the later Moghuls that the Sikhs became a military sect, 486 00:35:07,155 --> 00:35:09,994 + 487 00:35:10,077 --> 00:35:13,353 bearing the symbol still carried by all Sikh men today, 488 00:35:13,437 --> 00:35:15,951 what they call the five K's. 489 00:35:16,037 --> 00:35:18,835 The first K is the Kesh, which is unshorn hair. 490 00:35:18,917 --> 00:35:20,430 -You don't cut your hair? -No. 491 00:35:20,517 --> 00:35:24,954 Hence, therefore the appearance, the beard. You don't cut your hair. 492 00:35:26,037 --> 00:35:28,710 And second one is Kanga, which is a wooden comb. 493 00:35:28,797 --> 00:35:30,867 -Comb? -Wooden comb, yes. 494 00:35:30,957 --> 00:35:35,826 -And you keep that with you? -We keep that in the hair here. 495 00:35:35,917 --> 00:35:41,913 And third one is bracelet, it is called Kara, starts with K. 496 00:35:42,917 --> 00:35:44,509 Fourth K is your Kaccha, 497 00:35:44,597 --> 00:35:47,748 -which is baggy shorts. -Briefs. 498 00:35:47,837 --> 00:35:51,193 Baggy briefs which you wear as undergarment. 499 00:35:51,277 --> 00:35:54,553 -Right. And the fifth one, finally? -Is Kirpan. 500 00:35:54,637 --> 00:35:59,665 Kirpan is actually... Now if I can take you through this. 501 00:35:59,757 --> 00:36:02,191 This is not a sword, and it's not a knife, either... 502 00:36:02,277 --> 00:36:04,029 -May I look? -Yes, sure. 503 00:36:04,837 --> 00:36:07,635 It is called Kirpan. It is to defend your respect, 504 00:36:07,717 --> 00:36:10,072 to stand against the tyranny of the time 505 00:36:10,157 --> 00:36:12,591 so that we could defend the faith. 506 00:36:15,557 --> 00:36:17,832 ''Now it has become clear to me, ''said Akbar, 507 00:36:17,917 --> 00:36:22,354 ''that it cannot be wisdom to assert the truth of one faith over another. 508 00:36:26,077 --> 00:36:28,875 ''In our troubled world, so full of contradictions, 509 00:36:28,957 --> 00:36:33,553 ''the wise person makes justice his guide and learns from all. 510 00:36:33,677 --> 00:36:38,193 ''Perhaps in this way the door may be opened again whose key has been lost. '' 511 00:36:41,917 --> 00:36:44,226 The new age demanded a new capital. 512 00:36:44,317 --> 00:36:48,356 Fatehpur Sikri was built in the 1 570s in the plain near Agra. 513 00:36:52,637 --> 00:36:56,266 Above the entrance is a quotation from the Christian saviour 514 00:36:56,357 --> 00:36:59,394 and Muslim prophet,Jesus. 515 00:37:02,837 --> 00:37:06,955 This is the great gate of Akbar's city at Fatehpur Sikri. 516 00:37:11,477 --> 00:37:13,752 The inscription reads this: 517 00:37:13,837 --> 00:37:17,796 ''Jesus, peace be upon him, said this, 518 00:37:17,877 --> 00:37:22,075 '''The world is a bridge, cross it but build no house upon it 519 00:37:22,157 --> 00:37:26,116 '''for the world endures but a moment, and the rest is unknown.''' 520 00:37:33,397 --> 00:37:36,833 The new city was built around the tiny shrine of a Sufi saint 521 00:37:36,917 --> 00:37:40,432 whose blessing Akbar had sought to get a son and heir, 522 00:37:44,077 --> 00:37:46,910 and the lavish celebrations when his son was born 523 00:37:46,997 --> 00:37:50,672 are still remembered by the ancient guardian of the shrine. 524 00:37:54,527 --> 00:37:58,792 - Untranslated subtitle - 525 00:37:59,097 --> 00:38:02,646 - Untranslated subtitle - 526 00:38:06,357 --> 00:38:08,313 While the new city was being built 527 00:38:08,397 --> 00:38:11,867 and Akbar was beginning his philosophical enquiries, 528 00:38:11,957 --> 00:38:15,836 he also oversaw a great reform of Moghul government. 529 00:38:23,437 --> 00:38:28,147 HABIB: The administrative structure of Moghul Empire is practically complete. 530 00:38:30,557 --> 00:38:33,867 Provinces are established in 1 580. 531 00:38:33,957 --> 00:38:37,267 The centralised administration is then already established. 532 00:38:37,357 --> 00:38:40,906 In 1 574, he establishes his military service. 533 00:38:40,997 --> 00:38:43,352 Bureaucracy and army are combined. 534 00:38:44,317 --> 00:38:47,150 HABIB: He has a new land revenue system. 535 00:38:48,477 --> 00:38:51,833 Conquests are going on, but now Akbar is not personally involved. 536 00:38:51,917 --> 00:38:53,908 WOOD: Okay. 537 00:38:55,157 --> 00:38:58,752 So actually this philosophy is, 538 00:38:58,837 --> 00:39:01,749 the philosophy of politically leisure hours, let us say. 539 00:39:03,357 --> 00:39:05,109 -Partly leisure hours. -Personal search. 540 00:39:05,197 --> 00:39:09,110 But, you see, he's seeking for a justification of sovereignty. 541 00:39:10,237 --> 00:39:12,592 WOOD: And how to justify sovereignty, 542 00:39:12,677 --> 00:39:17,910 to create an allegiance in a nation of such diversity? That was the question. 543 00:39:19,277 --> 00:39:21,666 Akbar's big idea was very simple. 544 00:39:22,397 --> 00:39:27,073 No one religion can claim absolute knowledge, absolute authority. 545 00:39:28,677 --> 00:39:33,387 He'd already had discussions with Muslim wise men, Sunni and Shia, 546 00:39:34,357 --> 00:39:38,873 but he'd been shocked by how quickly they'd come to blows with each other. 547 00:39:41,277 --> 00:39:46,476 Now he summoned leaders of all the religions of the world, 548 00:39:46,557 --> 00:39:51,392 Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Jews, Parsees, Jains 549 00:39:52,357 --> 00:39:55,554 to find the common ground of all religion. 550 00:39:57,277 --> 00:40:00,428 And in those weekly seminars here at Fatehpur, 551 00:40:00,517 --> 00:40:02,792 perhaps for the first time in human history, 552 00:40:02,877 --> 00:40:06,916 the absolute claims of religion itself were put under scrutiny. 553 00:40:26,917 --> 00:40:29,112 HABIB: Every religion is wrong, 554 00:40:29,197 --> 00:40:31,631 but all differences have to be tolerated. 555 00:40:32,597 --> 00:40:34,633 He says, in India, there are so many religions, 556 00:40:34,717 --> 00:40:37,675 and therefore the sovereign should not identify with one. 557 00:40:37,757 --> 00:40:42,911 He's the... Just as God can't identify himself with one religion, 558 00:40:42,997 --> 00:40:46,034 so the sovereign can't identify, as sovereign. 559 00:40:48,677 --> 00:40:51,191 WOOD: From Moghul India to Christian Europe, 560 00:40:51,277 --> 00:40:53,188 it was a Renaissance world, 561 00:40:53,277 --> 00:40:57,429 and Akbar even received a letter from his contemporary, Elizabeth I. 562 00:40:58,517 --> 00:41:00,314 In her letter to the Emperor Akbar, 563 00:41:00,397 --> 00:41:03,309 Queen Elizabeth of England says something very interesting. 564 00:41:03,917 --> 00:41:08,195 She says that the singular report of Your Majesty's humanity 565 00:41:08,277 --> 00:41:12,190 has reached even these most distant shores of the world. 566 00:41:12,277 --> 00:41:16,065 Humanity. Not power, glory, riches. 567 00:41:17,117 --> 00:41:20,393 But it's right to talk about Akbar's humanity still. 568 00:41:20,477 --> 00:41:22,672 It's what makes him one of the most engaging figures 569 00:41:22,757 --> 00:41:24,236 in the history of the world. 570 00:41:24,317 --> 00:41:28,469 But it's not the whole story. The other side is his rationality. 571 00:41:29,397 --> 00:41:34,107 Don't think for a moment that his dream of one religion was some New Age whim. 572 00:41:34,197 --> 00:41:38,031 It was conceived as rationally as all his other great policies. 573 00:41:38,117 --> 00:41:40,224 His drastic overhaul of the land revenue and taxation system of his great empire, 574 00:41:40,259 --> 00:41:43,191 + 575 00:41:43,277 --> 00:41:47,475 his overhaul of the Moghul civil service, 576 00:41:47,557 --> 00:41:51,436 his effort to make his Hindu subjects more equal under the law. 577 00:41:51,517 --> 00:41:55,715 These were all big ideas, the sort of big ideas that would become 578 00:41:55,797 --> 00:41:59,949 part of the mainstream in Europe in the 1 8th century Enlightenment, 579 00:42:00,037 --> 00:42:03,427 but in 1 6th century Europe, no Renaissance prince, 580 00:42:03,517 --> 00:42:10,195 not even the brilliant Elizabeth Tudor, tried so consistently as Akbar 581 00:42:10,277 --> 00:42:12,996 to bring in the Age of Reason. 582 00:42:15,797 --> 00:42:17,833 After a reign of nearly 50 years, 583 00:42:17,917 --> 00:42:22,274 Akbar died in 1 605, two years after Elizabeth I. 584 00:42:23,037 --> 00:42:26,074 He would be succeeded by his son,Jahangir, 585 00:42:26,157 --> 00:42:30,275 and his grandson Jahan, both men of high sensibility 586 00:42:30,357 --> 00:42:33,827 but with inner demons drawn to dissipation. 587 00:42:39,517 --> 00:42:44,272 Akbar had laid the foundations, administrative, fiscal and moral, 588 00:42:44,357 --> 00:42:46,917 for Moghul India's future greatness. 589 00:42:51,357 --> 00:42:55,669 At his death, India had the largest GDP in the world. 590 00:42:55,757 --> 00:43:00,751 Before it lay the possibility of an Indo-Islamic enlightenment. 591 00:43:06,877 --> 00:43:10,665 So what went wrong? Why did it fail after Akbar's death? 592 00:43:10,757 --> 00:43:13,351 Why did the Age of Reason not come? 593 00:43:13,437 --> 00:43:15,667 Well, it wouldn't be the first time in history, 594 00:43:15,757 --> 00:43:19,067 and it certainly wouldn't be the last, that an empire lost its way 595 00:43:19,157 --> 00:43:22,627 because of over-consumption, extravagance, 596 00:43:22,717 --> 00:43:25,914 bad leadership and unwise foreign wars. 597 00:43:27,957 --> 00:43:31,666 Through the 1 7th century the Moghuls pursued their futile dream 598 00:43:31,757 --> 00:43:35,147 of regaining their ancestral homeland in Central Asia. 599 00:43:36,597 --> 00:43:39,873 And at home, they engaged in vast building projects. 600 00:43:39,957 --> 00:43:42,596 The most famous was the Taj Mahal. 601 00:43:48,357 --> 00:43:50,917 Now you might have thought that the best-known building in the world 602 00:43:50,997 --> 00:43:53,192 had no more secrets. 603 00:43:53,837 --> 00:43:57,830 The Taj is told in all the tourist guides as a monument to love. 604 00:43:58,357 --> 00:44:03,306 The tomb of Shah Jahan's favourite wife, Mumtaz, and later of Jahan himself, 605 00:44:04,077 --> 00:44:07,114 a teardrop on the face of time. 606 00:44:09,117 --> 00:44:11,073 But new discoveries suggest 607 00:44:11,157 --> 00:44:15,833 the design may go back to the Moghuls' beloved Sufi saints, 608 00:44:15,917 --> 00:44:20,547 that the key to the Taj may be a mystic map of a Sufi's dream. 609 00:44:22,277 --> 00:44:28,034 It's a map of the Day of Judgement. The cosmos is seen as a rectangle. 610 00:44:28,117 --> 00:44:34,955 On one side, the fields of paradise, on the other side, the path, a serat, 611 00:44:35,037 --> 00:44:37,870 the way, the bridge over which the righteous must pass 612 00:44:37,957 --> 00:44:40,266 and be judged on Judgement Day. 613 00:44:46,477 --> 00:44:50,026 In the middle, a pool, and the congregation grounds 614 00:44:50,117 --> 00:44:52,950 for the faithful on that day of judgement. 615 00:44:54,557 --> 00:44:57,993 And in the centre, the throne of God himself. 616 00:45:01,277 --> 00:45:04,553 When you walk through the Taj, you come finally to the great platform 617 00:45:04,637 --> 00:45:06,753 on which the tomb chamber stands, 618 00:45:06,837 --> 00:45:11,035 underneath which Shah Jahan and Mumtaz are buried. 619 00:45:13,957 --> 00:45:17,552 But that's not the last point in the journey. 620 00:45:17,637 --> 00:45:21,915 To see the full plan unfold, we've got to cross the river 621 00:45:21,997 --> 00:45:24,431 and see what's on the other side. 622 00:45:28,917 --> 00:45:31,795 Now you begin to see what the architect of the Taj is doing. 623 00:45:31,877 --> 00:45:36,746 He's including the sacred river Jamuna, the Hindu sacred river, 624 00:45:36,837 --> 00:45:40,830 in the architecture of his own sacred space. 625 00:45:40,917 --> 00:45:43,670 Legend says that Jahan planned a black Taj 626 00:45:43,757 --> 00:45:46,066 as a mirror image on the other side, 627 00:45:46,157 --> 00:45:49,911 but archaeologists have found something more haunting still. 628 00:45:51,237 --> 00:45:54,547 Across the river was a walled paradise garden. 629 00:45:56,957 --> 00:46:03,192 In it were night scented trees and flowers, red cedars and magnolias. 630 00:46:03,277 --> 00:46:08,226 There were fruits and nuts, jujubes, mangoes, sugar palms, 631 00:46:08,317 --> 00:46:12,105 chiraunjis, whose sweet kernel tastes like pistachio. 632 00:46:12,477 --> 00:46:17,631 Here the great Moghul could sit in his pavilion in the moonlight 633 00:46:17,717 --> 00:46:19,753 and look at his creation. 634 00:46:29,117 --> 00:46:32,871 So the Taj is a product of the Hindu-Muslim synthesis 635 00:46:32,957 --> 00:46:36,427 that took place over much of India in the 1 7th century, 636 00:46:37,477 --> 00:46:41,152 but the world's richest economy had begun to decline. 637 00:46:41,237 --> 00:46:44,786 British visitors give graphic accounts of the shocking poverty 638 00:46:44,877 --> 00:46:48,028 of the rural workforce in Jahangir's day, 639 00:46:48,117 --> 00:46:50,233 even though the cities were still wealthy, 640 00:46:50,317 --> 00:46:53,150 Agra here, three times the size of London. 641 00:46:53,997 --> 00:46:59,151 But more than 20% of the national income was spent on the court elite, 642 00:46:59,237 --> 00:47:02,832 on an upper class who lived at a higher level of consumption 643 00:47:02,917 --> 00:47:05,147 than any European aristocracy. 644 00:47:21,197 --> 00:47:24,826 You can still glimpse the incredible richness of Moghul art 645 00:47:24,917 --> 00:47:27,556 in the jewellers workshops in Jaipur. 646 00:47:28,677 --> 00:47:33,114 The Kasliwal family were jewellers to the Moghul court in the 1 7th century. 647 00:47:34,917 --> 00:47:39,354 Jewellery was always considered to be a symbol of power. 648 00:47:40,077 --> 00:47:41,635 And what stone is this? 649 00:47:41,717 --> 00:47:43,469 -A ruby. -Ruby. 650 00:47:43,557 --> 00:47:48,870 And also with the Moghuls what was quite treasured were the spinels, 651 00:47:48,957 --> 00:47:52,586 -you know, which are quite rare stones. -What is a spinel? 652 00:47:52,677 --> 00:47:57,068 Spinels. For a long time, spinels were confused to be rubies. 653 00:47:57,157 --> 00:48:00,069 So when we see those pictures of the Moghul emperors 654 00:48:00,157 --> 00:48:06,266 often with what look like rubies, it's probably these. God, how amazing. 655 00:48:07,197 --> 00:48:11,031 These exquisite Moghul arts went from the scale of the Taj 656 00:48:11,117 --> 00:48:13,233 to the smallest turban pin. 657 00:48:13,957 --> 00:48:18,428 If you see, that's the base of the box, and then you open it inside. 658 00:48:19,157 --> 00:48:23,389 -See, there are various... -Oh, yeah. Gosh, now look. 659 00:48:23,477 --> 00:48:27,311 So you can see through it. It's so... It's just like a filigree. 660 00:48:27,397 --> 00:48:31,072 KASLIWAL: It's all cut work. It's almost like lacework in gold, 661 00:48:33,437 --> 00:48:35,667 so it's perfect from each angle. 662 00:48:35,757 --> 00:48:38,271 It was your ancestors that actually made these things. 663 00:48:38,357 --> 00:48:42,714 KASLIWAL: I like this one here, like an opium box. 664 00:48:42,797 --> 00:48:45,630 All these are rubies which have been calibrated 665 00:48:45,717 --> 00:48:47,787 to fit into this shape. 666 00:48:47,877 --> 00:48:51,711 So the great Moghul would have kept his opium in something like this 667 00:48:51,797 --> 00:48:54,470 and, what, laced his wine with it or... 668 00:48:54,557 --> 00:48:57,071 Did they smoke it or put it in their wine? 669 00:48:57,157 --> 00:49:00,433 No, opium was... You know, we used to have opium ceremonies 670 00:49:00,517 --> 00:49:04,874 where you would offer opium to your guests. 671 00:49:09,917 --> 00:49:12,909 The Moghuls had come to India as conquerors, 672 00:49:12,997 --> 00:49:15,386 but bearing the tolerant views of their ancestors, 673 00:49:15,477 --> 00:49:18,753 they ruled North India for more than 300 years. 674 00:49:20,117 --> 00:49:24,156 At their best, creating an extraordinary Hindu-Muslim synthesis, 675 00:49:25,037 --> 00:49:27,597 almost healing the wound of history. 676 00:49:28,677 --> 00:49:31,032 And now, with hindsight, after the British 677 00:49:31,117 --> 00:49:34,427 and the partition of India in 1 94 7, 678 00:49:34,517 --> 00:49:39,068 their wonderful buildings and creations have become memory rooms 679 00:49:39,157 --> 00:49:41,113 for the story of India 680 00:49:41,757 --> 00:49:45,113 and also, perhaps, symbols of what might have been. 681 00:50:01,317 --> 00:50:04,593 But go to great cities like Lahore in Pakistan today, 682 00:50:04,677 --> 00:50:09,193 the most romantic of Moghul cities, and you still feel the living presence 683 00:50:09,277 --> 00:50:11,029 of that lost world, 684 00:50:12,717 --> 00:50:15,675 its poignant beauty and its refinement. 685 00:50:53,397 --> 00:50:55,433 But in the mid 1 650s, 686 00:50:55,517 --> 00:50:59,590 behind the extravagance of the court, discord was looming. 687 00:50:59,677 --> 00:51:03,636 The ailing Jahan, now incompetent, was imprisoned, 688 00:51:03,717 --> 00:51:06,789 and his sons prepared to fight for the kingdom. 689 00:51:15,917 --> 00:51:18,272 Very good. Very, very good. Thank you. Beautiful. 690 00:51:21,237 --> 00:51:24,593 The civil war was as much about faith as about empire. 691 00:51:24,677 --> 00:51:29,228 The younger son, Aurangzeb, wanted to return to orthodox Islam. 692 00:51:29,317 --> 00:51:32,707 The elder, Dara, following in Akbar's footsteps 693 00:51:32,797 --> 00:51:35,231 had translated Hindu sacred texts. 694 00:51:36,437 --> 00:51:38,473 It's gorgeous, isn't it? When was this written? 695 00:51:38,557 --> 00:51:42,186 This was written in 1 655. 696 00:51:42,277 --> 00:51:47,749 He explains in the introduction that, having become a Sufi, 697 00:51:47,837 --> 00:51:52,592 he wanted to find out about the wisdom of the Indian religions, 698 00:51:52,677 --> 00:51:56,226 and he also mentions that he's written this work for his family only, 699 00:51:56,317 --> 00:51:58,433 not for the general public. 700 00:52:00,037 --> 00:52:02,597 Dara even tells how the Hindu God Rama 701 00:52:02,677 --> 00:52:05,475 had met him in a dream and embraced him. 702 00:52:09,397 --> 00:52:11,706 Dara's project was bold in his own time, 703 00:52:11,797 --> 00:52:15,870 but now, in the age of wars on terror, almost inconceivable. 704 00:52:16,557 --> 00:52:19,629 He took his lead from the Sufi idea of the unity of being 705 00:52:19,717 --> 00:52:24,108 and the Koran's revelation that God had sent messengers to Earth 706 00:52:24,197 --> 00:52:28,952 before the Prophet Mohammed, and he argued for the unity of religion. 707 00:52:31,397 --> 00:52:35,754 Islam and Hinduism were twins, he said, hairs of the same head. 708 00:52:36,117 --> 00:52:40,235 He tells us, ''I talked to the Hindu holy men, 709 00:52:40,317 --> 00:52:41,830 ''people who had attained 710 00:52:41,917 --> 00:52:44,351 ''the highest level of spiritual enlightenment 711 00:52:44,437 --> 00:52:47,235 ''and in our conversations that were free and open, 712 00:52:47,317 --> 00:52:49,911 ''I detected, although there were verbal differences, 713 00:52:49,997 --> 00:52:53,956 ''no essential disagreement on our understanding of God, 714 00:52:54,037 --> 00:52:56,835 ''and so I decided to write a book about that, 715 00:52:56,917 --> 00:52:59,715 ''about the religions of the two communities, 716 00:52:59,797 --> 00:53:04,188 ''and I called it The Meeting Place of the Two Oceans. '' 717 00:53:06,357 --> 00:53:10,953 It was a project that was heroic, quixotic even, 718 00:53:11,037 --> 00:53:13,995 and it would cost him his life and his crown. 719 00:53:17,477 --> 00:53:19,911 The decisive battle between Dara and Aurangzeb 720 00:53:19,997 --> 00:53:22,875 was fought outside Ajmer in 1 658. 721 00:53:26,437 --> 00:53:28,746 Now the story unfolds with all the momentum 722 00:53:28,837 --> 00:53:32,273 and awful sense of destiny of a Shakespearian tragedy. 723 00:53:34,517 --> 00:53:37,190 The battle was fought here in this wide valley 724 00:53:37,277 --> 00:53:41,111 just outside Ajmer, on the railway line to Rajasthan. 725 00:53:41,197 --> 00:53:44,906 Dara and his European artillery officers had chosen a good position 726 00:53:44,997 --> 00:53:49,036 with their wings anchored on the hills on either side of us, 727 00:53:49,117 --> 00:53:51,073 but there was one weakness to the position. 728 00:53:51,157 --> 00:53:53,876 A secret path led over the mountains and round to the back of Dara's army, 729 00:53:53,976 --> 00:53:56,436 + 730 00:53:56,517 --> 00:53:58,906 and he was betrayed to Aurangzeb. 731 00:54:04,477 --> 00:54:08,106 The issue now was what should be done with Dara. 732 00:54:08,197 --> 00:54:12,190 To gauge the public mood, Aurangzeb decided to humiliate him, 733 00:54:13,557 --> 00:54:15,309 strip him of all marks of office 734 00:54:15,397 --> 00:54:18,309 and mount him on a clapped-out old female elephant 735 00:54:18,397 --> 00:54:20,353 driven by a slave in rags, 736 00:54:20,437 --> 00:54:24,953 parade him here down the great market street of Delhi. 737 00:54:26,677 --> 00:54:30,386 But the onlookers were all horrified by Dara's fall. 738 00:54:30,477 --> 00:54:32,752 Many of them burst into tears. 739 00:54:33,717 --> 00:54:37,187 With that, Aurangzeb decided that Dara should die. 740 00:54:50,477 --> 00:54:54,709 The killers came that night to his prison by Humayun's tomb. 741 00:54:55,397 --> 00:54:59,834 There they found Dara cooking lentils with his little boy, Prince Salim. 742 00:55:00,597 --> 00:55:03,065 His son clung desperately to his father's legs 743 00:55:03,157 --> 00:55:04,749 but was dragged away. 744 00:55:04,837 --> 00:55:08,193 Dara was overpowered, and they cut his head off 745 00:55:08,277 --> 00:55:10,393 and sent it to his brother. 746 00:55:11,437 --> 00:55:14,554 ''Ugh,'' said Aurangzeb, ''I wouldn't look the kaffir in the face 747 00:55:14,637 --> 00:55:17,515 ''while he was still alive, and I won't now.'' 748 00:55:18,157 --> 00:55:21,229 And he sent his head in a box to their father, Shah Jahan, 749 00:55:21,317 --> 00:55:23,467 in his prison in the palace in Agra. 750 00:55:23,557 --> 00:55:26,276 Jahan opened it at table while he was eating, 751 00:55:26,357 --> 00:55:29,827 collapsed, fainting, broke his front teeth. 752 00:55:31,357 --> 00:55:36,750 As for Dara's little boy, he was given a draft of opium and then strangled. 753 00:55:37,797 --> 00:55:42,075 The father and the son were buried here, in the tomb of Humayun. 754 00:55:45,517 --> 00:55:48,714 Dara's death marks the end of that story. 755 00:55:52,637 --> 00:55:55,834 But for all the ebb and flow of India's history since then, 756 00:55:55,917 --> 00:56:00,195 the quest for Hindu-Muslim unity has never been abandoned. 757 00:56:02,517 --> 00:56:06,226 Religions still, from that time till today... 758 00:56:06,317 --> 00:56:09,673 Religions are the same, the teachings are the same. 759 00:56:10,117 --> 00:56:13,905 And it is the misinterpretation which takes 760 00:56:15,757 --> 00:56:19,955 the brotherhood apart. 761 00:56:25,157 --> 00:56:27,990 Whether it is Hindu or Muslim or Sikh or Christian, 762 00:56:28,077 --> 00:56:32,355 if that person follows his religion correctly, 763 00:56:32,437 --> 00:56:34,507 so I don't think there will be any problem 764 00:56:34,597 --> 00:56:39,193 because you will do correct, each and every thing correct. 765 00:56:45,357 --> 00:56:49,236 We are talking about specially India, and in India, 766 00:56:49,317 --> 00:56:53,629 it is so diversified as far as religions are concerned, 767 00:56:53,717 --> 00:56:56,595 I think the most diversified country in the world. 768 00:56:56,677 --> 00:56:59,237 -I think so. -As far as religions are concerned, 769 00:56:59,317 --> 00:57:02,468 as far as the cultures are concerned, as far as the languages are concerned. 770 00:57:08,877 --> 00:57:12,916 Can we judge the past by the standards of the 2 1 st century? 771 00:57:12,997 --> 00:57:16,069 Should we judge our time by theirs? 772 00:57:16,157 --> 00:57:19,069 The Moghul Empire began and ended with war. 773 00:57:20,957 --> 00:57:23,517 In a few decades, they created 774 00:57:23,597 --> 00:57:26,669 a civilisational wonderland here in India, 775 00:57:26,757 --> 00:57:29,829 a kind of Indo-Islamic synthesis. 776 00:57:32,957 --> 00:57:37,314 Their rulers were not only practical men but visionaries, 777 00:57:37,397 --> 00:57:41,993 Babur's imperial dreams, Akbar's utopian visions, 778 00:57:42,077 --> 00:57:45,990 but waiting in the wings with ominous patience 779 00:57:46,077 --> 00:57:50,070 were the British, who had a very different idea 780 00:57:50,157 --> 00:57:54,116 of what bringing in the Age of Reason could mean. 781 00:57:56,837 --> 00:57:58,621 Next in the Story of India, the last invaders, the British. 782 00:57:59,894 --> 00:58:02,309 + 783 00:58:03,637 --> 00:58:05,707 The first war of freedom... 784 00:58:05,797 --> 00:58:07,196 So your family were committed 785 00:58:07,277 --> 00:58:08,710 -to fighting against the British? -MAN: Yes. 786 00:58:08,797 --> 00:58:10,992 ...and the horrors of the great mutiny. 787 00:58:11,077 --> 00:58:14,592 -WOOD: And what happened here? -The British destroyed it, 788 00:58:15,677 --> 00:58:18,191 with a 1 6 pound gun. 789 00:58:18,317 --> 00:58:21,548 WOOD: The balance sheet of the British Raj... 790 00:58:21,757 --> 00:58:25,193 It was the Britishers who gave us a complete map of India. 791 00:58:25,277 --> 00:58:27,711 ...and the coming of freedom. 792 00:58:27,797 --> 00:58:32,587 You know, bondage, nobody likes. Everybody likes to be free. 793 00:58:33,406 --> 00:58:37,388 - Untranslated subtitle - 794 00:58:37,589 --> 00:58:41,589 - Untranslated subtitle -