1
00:00:23,800 --> 00:00:25,640
'Are you British?

2
00:00:27,080 --> 00:00:29,040
'Are you Welsh?

3
00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:33,200
'Are you a bit of both?

4
00:00:35,440 --> 00:00:39,440
'Since WWII, the pace of life here
has been hotting up.

5
00:00:41,520 --> 00:00:44,120
'And our sense of belonging
has been shifting.'

6
00:00:44,120 --> 00:00:48,200
The modern story of Wales
is all about these two flags.

7
00:00:48,200 --> 00:00:52,200
The Red Dragon and the Union Jack,
fighting for prominence.

8
00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:54,280
But the positions are changing.

9
00:00:54,280 --> 00:00:57,720
And that makes the final chapter
of our story much more exciting.

10
00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:36,280
'In this series,
we've traced the story

11
00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:39,200
'of life in Wales
across 30,000 years.

12
00:01:43,880 --> 00:01:49,360
'We've followed humanity's journey
from cave dweller to modern citizen.

13
00:01:53,600 --> 00:01:56,720
'Since the dawn of history,
people have been fascinated

14
00:01:56,720 --> 00:01:58,720
'by the passage of time itself.

15
00:02:03,320 --> 00:02:04,560
'But in the last 70 years,

16
00:02:04,560 --> 00:02:07,800
'Wales has changed more rapidly
than ever before.

17
00:02:10,880 --> 00:02:13,120
'In this final part of our series,

18
00:02:13,120 --> 00:02:16,640
'we'll see Wales
fight for a British victory.

19
00:02:16,640 --> 00:02:18,160
'A Welshman battles

20
00:02:18,160 --> 00:02:21,920
'to set up Britain's
most cherished institution.

21
00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:26,120
'The British Parliament
votes to drown a Welsh valley,

22
00:02:26,120 --> 00:02:29,960
'sparking a debate about democracy
and language.

23
00:02:32,600 --> 00:02:36,880
'A new generation of sporting heroes
sets the flags waving.

24
00:02:38,080 --> 00:02:42,040
'And television itself becomes
part of the story of Wales.

25
00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,360
'As our nationalised
industries decline,

26
00:02:47,360 --> 00:02:49,240
'our sense of nationhood changes.

27
00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:54,680
'We become a society of commuters
and consumers,

28
00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:57,160
'much like the rest of Britain.

29
00:02:58,320 --> 00:03:01,440
'But our sense of identity
and of our own history

30
00:03:01,440 --> 00:03:03,680
'revives and strengthens.

31
00:03:06,120 --> 00:03:08,440
'Wales and Britain...

32
00:03:08,440 --> 00:03:10,800
'nation and state...

33
00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:15,280
'we'll hear that it's not
quite as simple as a race.

34
00:03:15,280 --> 00:03:18,760
'This story of Wales has all
the tension and drama of a dance.

35
00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:27,400
'The Second World War.

36
00:03:29,680 --> 00:03:33,200
'Wales suffers and fights shoulder
to shoulder with the rest of Britain

37
00:03:33,200 --> 00:03:36,200
'under the leadership
of Winston Churchill

38
00:03:36,200 --> 00:03:39,720
'and, of course,
under the Union Flag.'

39
00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:41,480
SIREN WAILS

40
00:03:41,480 --> 00:03:44,320
'And the war comes to Wales.

41
00:03:44,320 --> 00:03:47,960
'German bombs set Pembroke Dock
ablaze for three weeks.

42
00:03:49,160 --> 00:03:53,120
'And there are devastating raids
on our major towns and cities.'

43
00:03:57,560 --> 00:04:01,400
For three terrifying nights
in February of 1941,

44
00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:05,440
the port of Swansea
is hammered by German bombers.

45
00:04:05,440 --> 00:04:09,880
The firestorm can be seen in the sky
for miles around.

46
00:04:09,880 --> 00:04:12,120
It's clear that
when the fighting is over,

47
00:04:12,120 --> 00:04:14,520
this town will have to be rebuilt.

48
00:04:14,520 --> 00:04:16,600
Lives will have to be rebuilt.

49
00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,800
There are thousands of Welsh people
in the armed forces.

50
00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:23,200
Their lives
will never be the same again.

51
00:04:30,560 --> 00:04:32,840
'In every Welsh town,
you'll find a memorial,

52
00:04:32,840 --> 00:04:36,800
'like this one in Tredegar, to those
who make the ultimate sacrifice.

53
00:04:40,480 --> 00:04:43,040
'The whole of Britain
united against fascism.

54
00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:45,640
'It seems obvious now,
but it isn't something

55
00:04:45,640 --> 00:04:49,320
'the authorities in 1939
take for granted.

56
00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:52,560
'They take deliberate steps
to bolster patriotism,

57
00:04:52,560 --> 00:04:57,040
'as an expert in the period,
Doctor Sian Nicholas, reminds me.'

58
00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:00,080
Sian, I'm interested
in this concept of Britishness.

59
00:05:00,080 --> 00:05:03,240
The idea of Britishness
is obviously fundamental

60
00:05:03,240 --> 00:05:06,320
to the idea of getting everybody
together for the war effort.

61
00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:08,600
The idea of it being a people's war.

62
00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:11,720
So, on the radio, for instance,
accents become very important.

63
00:05:11,720 --> 00:05:14,640
You want a Welsh accent,
you want a Scottish accent,

64
00:05:14,640 --> 00:05:18,840
you want a rural accent
to balance an urban accent.

65
00:05:18,840 --> 00:05:21,560
In the BBC, in
the Ministry of Information even,

66
00:05:21,560 --> 00:05:23,840
do not use English
where you mean British.

67
00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:27,120
You see the memos. Do not
use English where you mean British.

68
00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,320
It upsets people
in other constituent nations
of Great Britain.

69
00:05:30,320 --> 00:05:32,360
I don't think they get it perfect.

70
00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:35,840
A famous example is JB Priestley
in his Dunkirk postscript,

71
00:05:35,840 --> 00:05:40,160
where he's talking about
what an English epic it is and says,

72
00:05:40,160 --> 00:05:42,440
"When I say English,
I really mean British."

73
00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:44,760
But that's a problem
through the whole war.

74
00:05:44,760 --> 00:05:48,960
A lot of people in England,
when they say English,
they really meant British.

75
00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:50,640
They still do today.
They still do today.

76
00:05:50,640 --> 00:05:52,760
It's something relatively new.

77
00:05:52,760 --> 00:05:55,960
The idea that you do recognise
every part of the country

78
00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:58,120
within the idea of being British.

79
00:05:58,120 --> 00:06:02,440
TELEVISION: "This is the BBC..."
'The BBC, the British
Broadcasting Corporation,

80
00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,240
'stopped its regional
services during the war.'

81
00:06:05,240 --> 00:06:07,360
"Here is the news. Two Germans..."

82
00:06:07,360 --> 00:06:10,720
'But its single, unified,
UK-wide station

83
00:06:10,720 --> 00:06:13,000
'is careful to reach out to Wales.

84
00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:16,120
'And not just
in English-language programmes.'

85
00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,040
What actually you find
is from February 1940,

86
00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,640
at 5:00pm every night on the Home
Service, you have the news in Welsh.

87
00:06:22,640 --> 00:06:26,200
And that goes right through the war.
For everyone? For everybody.

88
00:06:26,200 --> 00:06:29,640
Welsh, which would have been
compartmentalised
on the Welsh region,

89
00:06:29,640 --> 00:06:34,200
becomes a national language
for the duration of the war.

90
00:06:34,200 --> 00:06:38,360
I wonder what they made of that in,
I don't know, Scunthorpe or Hull,

91
00:06:38,360 --> 00:06:41,640
or even Essex, or somewhere
like that. I can't imagine.

92
00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:43,960
And on Tuesdays,
after the news in Welsh,

93
00:06:43,960 --> 00:06:47,200
you had 20 minutes of Awr y Plant -
Children's Hour.

94
00:06:53,160 --> 00:06:56,160
'When victory comes, Wales,
like the rest of Britain,

95
00:06:56,160 --> 00:06:58,800
'rejoices and waves the flag.

96
00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:01,760
'And there's no doubt
about which flag it is.

97
00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:09,920
'Our returning troops are determined
to make a new world, a new society.

98
00:07:09,920 --> 00:07:11,880
'And no wonder.'

99
00:07:11,880 --> 00:07:15,840
In 1945, people who live
in places like Tredegar

100
00:07:15,840 --> 00:07:19,080
have to put up with
some rather basic conditions.

101
00:07:19,080 --> 00:07:21,840
They don't have any inside toilet,
no central heating,

102
00:07:21,840 --> 00:07:24,800
certainly no televisions
or telephones.

103
00:07:24,800 --> 00:07:27,800
What's needed is a new Wales.

104
00:07:27,800 --> 00:07:31,200
But any strategic decision
to build that new Wales

105
00:07:31,200 --> 00:07:35,040
will have to be taken
at a British level.

106
00:07:35,040 --> 00:07:39,720
Wales is fully plugged in
to British institutions.

107
00:07:39,720 --> 00:07:42,640
We don't have many institutions
of our own in any case,

108
00:07:42,640 --> 00:07:45,760
apart from the University
or the Eisteddfod.

109
00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:49,840
We don't even have an
officially-recognised capital city.

110
00:07:51,520 --> 00:07:54,160
'Wales is looking for
British answers.

111
00:07:54,160 --> 00:07:58,840
'And it's to Westminster that Welsh
eyes turn in the 1945 election.

112
00:07:58,840 --> 00:08:03,320
'Despite winning the war, Winston
Churchill is thrown out of office.'

113
00:08:03,320 --> 00:08:05,560
CHANTING

114
00:08:08,680 --> 00:08:10,920
'The voters want Clement Attlee,

115
00:08:10,920 --> 00:08:13,640
'and the decisive reason
is the Labour Party's promise

116
00:08:13,640 --> 00:08:15,840
'to create the Welfare State,

117
00:08:15,840 --> 00:08:20,000
'which the Beveridge report
of 1942 had proposed.'

118
00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:27,760
Labour wins because
it talks about better housing.

119
00:08:27,760 --> 00:08:29,680
Of support for the unemployed.

120
00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:32,280
Of heavy industry
owned by the people

121
00:08:32,280 --> 00:08:35,200
and not driven
by the kind of private profit

122
00:08:35,200 --> 00:08:38,880
that built this impressive building,
Bedwellty House.

123
00:08:38,880 --> 00:08:42,920
In a way, it's a victory for old
Welsh working-class traditions.

124
00:08:42,920 --> 00:08:46,840
The solidarity of the pit,
the co-op and the choir.

125
00:08:46,840 --> 00:08:50,120
All of it linked
to a big agenda for change.

126
00:08:50,120 --> 00:08:54,480
We have to be resolute about it
and clear about it

127
00:08:54,480 --> 00:08:58,160
and say we can only safeguard
employment for British workers

128
00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:00,520
by socialist planning
in Great Britain

129
00:09:00,520 --> 00:09:03,000
and socialist planning
in other parts of the world.

130
00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:05,040
APPLAUSE

131
00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:08,120
'Labour's leaders want change
that embraces all of Britain.

132
00:09:08,120 --> 00:09:11,760
'One of them is Aneurin Bevan.

133
00:09:11,760 --> 00:09:15,800
'He was born into a mining family
in Tredegar in 1897.

134
00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:19,040
'He left school at the age of 13,
he worked down the pit.

135
00:09:19,040 --> 00:09:20,880
'At 21, he was running a club

136
00:09:20,880 --> 00:09:23,520
'that provided medical care
for the local community

137
00:09:23,520 --> 00:09:27,560
'based on contributions
made by the miners themselves.'

138
00:09:31,640 --> 00:09:34,400
This isn't an orthodox government.

139
00:09:34,400 --> 00:09:37,800
And I'm not an orthodox
Minister of Health.

140
00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:39,760
'Unorthodox, he certainly is.

141
00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:43,240
'As Minister for Health
in the 1945 Labour cabinet,

142
00:09:43,240 --> 00:09:47,400
'he's getting the chance to put into
action on a much grander scale

143
00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:51,720
'what he'd been doing in Tredegar
during the 1920s.

144
00:09:52,760 --> 00:09:56,360
'Bevan is going to Tredegar-ise
the rest of Britain.'

145
00:10:08,400 --> 00:10:09,760
'On July 5th, the new

146
00:10:09,760 --> 00:10:12,160
'National Health Service starts...'

147
00:10:12,160 --> 00:10:13,880
'Bevan is a firebrand.

148
00:10:13,880 --> 00:10:15,960
'Though for some, his tongue
is a little too sharp.'

149
00:10:15,960 --> 00:10:21,200
If you, if you're as quick on the job
as you are on the questions,
you're pretty quick.

150
00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:22,320
LAUGHTER

151
00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:24,960
'Maybe it's because he's a Welshman.

152
00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,720
'But he's much more than
a rabble-rouser.

153
00:10:28,720 --> 00:10:32,360
'You don't force through the most
far-reaching change in healthcare

154
00:10:32,360 --> 00:10:36,760
'in the teeth of fierce opposition
from senior doctors

155
00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:39,280
'unless you're on top of your brief

156
00:10:39,280 --> 00:10:42,960
'and you're a specialist
at the negotiating table.'

157
00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:48,240
How could anyone deny Aneurin Bevan

158
00:10:48,240 --> 00:10:52,080
his place among the political greats
of the 20th Century?

159
00:10:52,080 --> 00:10:56,960
For the scale of his ambition
and his monumental determination.

160
00:10:56,960 --> 00:10:59,880
The scheme he devises,
the National Health Service,

161
00:10:59,880 --> 00:11:03,920
enriches the life of just about
every family in the country.

162
00:11:03,920 --> 00:11:07,080
It is still cherished
and fought over today.

163
00:11:07,080 --> 00:11:11,160
It's a great example of an idea
pioneered here in Wales

164
00:11:11,160 --> 00:11:14,320
which benefits the rest of Britain.

165
00:11:18,920 --> 00:11:21,760
'Like many other parts of Britain,
work in Wales

166
00:11:21,760 --> 00:11:25,800
'is still dominated
by the old heavy industries.

167
00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:28,880
'Attlee's government
nationalises the mines

168
00:11:28,880 --> 00:11:32,720
'and the post-war boom gives
fresh impetus to coal and steel.

169
00:11:44,080 --> 00:11:48,760
'In the late '40s, the Steel Company
of Wales begins to drain lakes

170
00:11:48,760 --> 00:11:51,000
'and marshland
near the beach in Aberavon.

171
00:11:52,720 --> 00:11:55,280
'They shift the sand dunes

172
00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:59,040
'and raise the level
of the whole site by three metres.

173
00:12:01,160 --> 00:12:05,240
'And all to build the most modern
steelworks in the world.

174
00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:12,600
'Down the road,
the Baglan Bay petrochemical complex

175
00:12:12,600 --> 00:12:14,920
'and the Llandarcy oil refinery.

176
00:12:16,480 --> 00:12:20,400
'This is about to become
a modern, industrial boomtown.'

177
00:12:28,480 --> 00:12:31,600
It doesn't look like
Treasure Island, does it?

178
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:33,080
Certainly not in this weather.

179
00:12:33,080 --> 00:12:35,040
But that's what they call
this place.

180
00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:38,920
This is the massive Sandfields
estate in Port Talbot.

181
00:12:38,920 --> 00:12:42,640
Built to house thousands of workers
and their families.

182
00:12:42,640 --> 00:12:47,320
Because Port Talbot, after the war,
is all about heavy industry.

183
00:12:47,320 --> 00:12:48,880
Good money to be earned.

184
00:12:48,880 --> 00:12:53,000
And the housing conditions
are far better than in the valleys,

185
00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,080
where most of these people
come from.

186
00:12:55,080 --> 00:13:00,240
So, yes, in many ways,
it is Treasure Island.

187
00:13:02,760 --> 00:13:06,520
'There is a flipside to how rapidly
our world is changing these days.

188
00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:13,240
'It's how different even the most
recent past must have been.

189
00:13:13,240 --> 00:13:18,720
'Today's world moves at a pace our
grandparents would find dizzying.

190
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:24,080
'And they're excited by tastes
that seem...

191
00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:27,120
'well, rather vanilla to us.'

192
00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:32,160
This is a very Welsh experience,
isn't it? For me, at any rate.

193
00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,400
Coming to the seaside
without the sunshine.

194
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,360
The annual Sunday school trip
comes to mind.

195
00:13:38,360 --> 00:13:41,840
I think it's fair to say
that people in Wales in the 1950s

196
00:13:41,840 --> 00:13:47,040
and early '60s have a rather
limited notion of leisure.

197
00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:49,600
But as living standards
start to rise,

198
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:51,840
so do people's expectations.

199
00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:54,480
And they start to look
beyond the horizon

200
00:13:54,480 --> 00:13:56,720
for more exciting possibilities.

201
00:14:01,600 --> 00:14:05,040
'All the conveniences that American
housewives are enjoying

202
00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:07,880
'are becoming available
to Welsh women.'

203
00:14:07,880 --> 00:14:11,560
TELEVISION: "A woman who proudly
owns a new Hoover..."

204
00:14:11,560 --> 00:14:15,000
'We're even making labour-saving
white goods here in Wales,

205
00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,280
'as Hoover's factory
at Merthyr Tydfil keeps on growing.

206
00:14:18,280 --> 00:14:21,680
'Welsh women have never had it
so good.

207
00:14:23,360 --> 00:14:26,400
'But the vacuum cleaner
is not the only noise

208
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:28,800
'to reach Wales
from across the Atlantic.'

209
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,080
ROCK AND ROLL MUSIC

210
00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:35,720
'It's easy to forget how shocking
the first blast of rock and roll is

211
00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,480
'for Welsh ears
more at tune to hymns and arias.

212
00:14:38,480 --> 00:14:41,200
'But actually, industrialised Wales

213
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:45,840
'has been fully part of the modern
world for three generations by now.

214
00:14:47,720 --> 00:14:51,760
'By 1955, our newly-designated
official capital city

215
00:14:51,760 --> 00:14:54,200
'is full of dancehalls and cinemas

216
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:58,640
'and clubs with all kinds of modern
sins, if that's what they are.

217
00:14:58,640 --> 00:15:01,800
'They can easily cope with pop music

218
00:15:01,800 --> 00:15:03,800
'and enjoy it and adapt it

219
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:08,000
'and produce its own stars
in the new modern idiom.

220
00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:11,560
'Shirley Bassey emerges
from a community

221
00:15:11,560 --> 00:15:13,680
'which has always been ready
to rock -

222
00:15:13,680 --> 00:15:16,520
'Butetown, or Tiger Bay.'

223
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,600
# It was St David's Day

224
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,560
# When we docked in Tiger Bay

225
00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:29,320
# Tiger Bay... #

226
00:15:29,320 --> 00:15:33,200
Butetown was
a profoundly intercultural,

227
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,080
multicultural community
with a huge amount of talent.

228
00:15:38,800 --> 00:15:41,840
I knew a black woman in Butetown
who spoke good Norwegian.

229
00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:44,960
She was not Norwegian,
she was a cosmopolitan.

230
00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:47,600
I'll tell you a story.

231
00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:51,120
Um...Sheikh Zayed,
who I knew rather well,

232
00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:53,920
who recently died,
who was a local imam,

233
00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:58,600
um, I was talking to him once
about a photograph that I'd seen

234
00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:02,240
of a Muslim procession that went
on annually on Muhammad's birthday.

235
00:16:02,240 --> 00:16:04,880
CHANTING

236
00:16:04,880 --> 00:16:06,720
And so I asked him,

237
00:16:06,720 --> 00:16:09,960
was this a traditional celebration
that came from the Yemen?

238
00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,520
And he sort of laughed,
and he said, "No".

239
00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:16,720
"We saw the Catholics at Corpus
Christi had a nice little procession

240
00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:18,720
"and we thought it was
a pretty good idea

241
00:16:18,720 --> 00:16:20,320
"and so we decided to have our own."

242
00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:24,200
'Butetown's special racial mix

243
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:28,440
'comes from its history
as the world's busiest coal port,

244
00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:30,760
'attracting sailors
from all around the world.'

245
00:16:30,760 --> 00:16:35,760
Crucial to this story is that almost
all the immigrants were male.

246
00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:40,240
Males who then married or had
relationships with local women.

247
00:16:40,240 --> 00:16:43,920
Many of whom might have been from
the South Wales valleys or Cardiff.

248
00:16:43,920 --> 00:16:47,960
And so you get a community of males
who are from different countries,

249
00:16:47,960 --> 00:16:49,560
but of women who are local.

250
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,640
'Butetown poses questions
about Welshness

251
00:16:54,640 --> 00:16:56,280
'in a post-war nation

252
00:16:56,280 --> 00:16:59,720
'which is still
overwhelmingly white.'

253
00:16:59,720 --> 00:17:03,320
I think that being black and Welsh

254
00:17:03,320 --> 00:17:07,440
is less problematic in some ways
than being black and English.

255
00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:11,680
Welsh identity includes a kind
of notion of being anti-colonial.

256
00:17:11,680 --> 00:17:13,760
Of being an oppressed people.

257
00:17:13,760 --> 00:17:17,600
So when people say, "We were slaves,"
they say, "And we were coalminers."

258
00:17:17,600 --> 00:17:21,680
You know? Then, "Kids went down the
mines and it was awful," and so on.

259
00:17:21,680 --> 00:17:25,760
And, er...you know,
even occasionally, the joke that

260
00:17:25,760 --> 00:17:29,600
everybody's black under the ground
and so on because of the coal dust.

261
00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:34,200
So there is a sense in Wales,
quite a deep one,

262
00:17:34,200 --> 00:17:36,200
that we are an oppressed people

263
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,720
who have some kind of identity
with other oppressed people.

264
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:44,440
That's different than, say,
economic integration.

265
00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:49,120
So if you asked a question
about employment, job opportunities
and so on, it's different.

266
00:17:49,120 --> 00:17:52,960
And I think that very often, because
people feel fairly comfortable,

267
00:17:52,960 --> 00:17:55,800
that it's very rare that someone
insults you in the street.

268
00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:59,480
That people are mostly nice to you.
So you can live in that place.

269
00:17:59,480 --> 00:18:02,280
It doesn't necessarily mean
it's a land of opportunity.

270
00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,560
'Butetown is about to be
redeveloped.

271
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:12,640
'The housing stock here
and elsewhere

272
00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:15,280
'desperately needs modernising.

273
00:18:17,240 --> 00:18:19,320
'All over the country.

274
00:18:19,320 --> 00:18:22,800
'In Wrexham, Caernarfon,
the valleys,

275
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:25,400
'new council houses are going up...

276
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:28,400
'and up...and up.'

277
00:18:29,800 --> 00:18:32,000
CHORAL SINGING

278
00:18:38,640 --> 00:18:42,680
'Change is coming, even to Wales'
most settled communities.'

279
00:18:44,960 --> 00:18:47,800
In the heart of rural Wales
in the 1950s,

280
00:18:47,800 --> 00:18:51,760
the traditional Welsh way of life
is still strong.

281
00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:54,640
The people of these communities
have grown up together.

282
00:18:54,640 --> 00:18:57,160
They know each other.
They tend to be Welsh speaking.

283
00:18:57,160 --> 00:19:00,840
They tend to be loyal members
of church and chapel.

284
00:19:00,840 --> 00:19:04,040
And they're bound together
by those values of community

285
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:07,320
and Christianity
and Welsh-speaking culture.

286
00:19:07,320 --> 00:19:10,760
And suddenly, all of that
seems to be under threat.

287
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:19,040
'Television is an alien intruder.'

288
00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:21,840
'TV can be awkward.

289
00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:23,760
'It's the mountains, see.

290
00:19:23,760 --> 00:19:26,400
'But extra transmitters
are coming along.'

291
00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:31,320
'In homes where Welsh
has always held sway,

292
00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:34,760
'the English language
is now advertising all the delights
of modernity.'

293
00:19:37,360 --> 00:19:41,760
Life here isn't all Bible black.
It's very pleasant.

294
00:19:41,760 --> 00:19:43,400
Lots of nice village pubs around.

295
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:45,240
Someone's got to be
drinking in them.

296
00:19:45,240 --> 00:19:48,560
But the fact is,
in rural Wales in the 1950s,

297
00:19:48,560 --> 00:19:52,800
if you enter licensed premises,
it does say something about you.

298
00:19:52,800 --> 00:19:56,040
And it is the kind of thing your
neighbours are going to notice.

299
00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:58,080
Though there is one day of the week

300
00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:00,280
when they don't need
to be on the lookout.

301
00:20:11,520 --> 00:20:14,920
That day is Sunday,
when the doors of the chapels

302
00:20:14,920 --> 00:20:19,640
and churches are open
and the pubs are firmly shut.

303
00:20:19,640 --> 00:20:24,080
'But now that tradition
is put to a referendum.

304
00:20:24,080 --> 00:20:29,760
'Eastern Wales votes for Sunday
service of the alcoholic kind.

305
00:20:29,760 --> 00:20:31,440
'Dividing the country in two.'

306
00:20:34,360 --> 00:20:38,960
That dividing line passes right
here, across the Loughor Bridge.

307
00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:42,760
I'm not talking about
the new bridge, I'm talking about
the old bridge.

308
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:45,800
You can see the approach to it
here today.

309
00:20:45,800 --> 00:20:47,840
This is the dividing line

310
00:20:47,840 --> 00:20:51,320
between Glamorgan
and Carmarthenshire.

311
00:20:51,320 --> 00:20:54,480
Still a very important
dividing line today, believe me,

312
00:20:54,480 --> 00:20:56,880
between Swansea and Llanelli.

313
00:20:56,880 --> 00:20:59,200
In 1961, after the vote,

314
00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:02,080
this was the prime dividing line

315
00:21:02,080 --> 00:21:05,480
between two different versions
of Wales.

316
00:21:05,480 --> 00:21:08,560
This side, Glamorganshire, wet.

317
00:21:08,560 --> 00:21:12,640
That side, Carmarthenshire,
very dry.

318
00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:21,760
'The symbolic importance of Sunday
closing may be hard to appreciate

319
00:21:21,760 --> 00:21:26,680
'now that we've all experienced
21st-Century licensing laws.

320
00:21:26,680 --> 00:21:31,400
'But it shows how many people feel
their traditional way of life

321
00:21:31,400 --> 00:21:34,720
'has to be defended as we move
into the swinging '60s.

322
00:21:36,560 --> 00:21:39,120
'If you want a more graphic
sense of the threat,

323
00:21:39,120 --> 00:21:41,800
'come to this peaceful reservoir
near Bala.'

324
00:21:44,520 --> 00:21:49,320
'In 1961,
despite massive popular opposition,

325
00:21:49,320 --> 00:21:51,840
'this dam wall is under
construction.

326
00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:56,680
'And there's nothing anyone in Wales
can do to stop it.

327
00:22:02,840 --> 00:22:07,240
'The bill to dam the Tryweryn River
to provide water for Liverpool

328
00:22:07,240 --> 00:22:08,920
'has been up before Parliament.

329
00:22:08,920 --> 00:22:12,240
'It means drowning
the village of Capel Celyn.

330
00:22:16,240 --> 00:22:21,480
'When the vote is called,
one of the 36 Welsh MPs abstains,

331
00:22:21,480 --> 00:22:24,520
'the other 35 all vote against it.

332
00:22:27,160 --> 00:22:30,640
'The bill is passed, just the same.'

333
00:22:30,640 --> 00:22:33,080
You know, it's one thing
to contemplate

334
00:22:33,080 --> 00:22:37,320
the vast expanse of Llyn Celyn
from the shore,

335
00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:40,600
but to take on
the scale of events here,

336
00:22:40,600 --> 00:22:43,480
you need to come onto
the lake itself.

337
00:22:43,480 --> 00:22:47,760
And to be immersed in the silence
in the early morning like this,

338
00:22:47,760 --> 00:22:52,280
I have to say,
is a profound experience.

339
00:22:53,560 --> 00:22:56,760
It's a silence that speaks of loss.

340
00:22:56,760 --> 00:23:00,000
The loss of a precious
Welsh-speaking community

341
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:02,000
in the heart of Wales.

342
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,280
And yes, we can argue about
the political waves

343
00:23:06,280 --> 00:23:08,720
that Tryweryn produces,

344
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,320
but there is an irony here too.

345
00:23:11,320 --> 00:23:13,680
Because the village of Capel Celyn,

346
00:23:13,680 --> 00:23:17,360
which lies submerged
deep beneath these waters,

347
00:23:17,360 --> 00:23:20,560
plays a bigger part
in our national life

348
00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,520
than it ever would've done

349
00:23:23,520 --> 00:23:26,440
had it been left in peace.

350
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,840
Is it any surprise that this becomes

351
00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:55,880
the most famous piece of graffiti
in the Story of Wales?

352
00:23:55,880 --> 00:23:57,720
Cofiwch Dryweryn.

353
00:23:57,720 --> 00:23:59,760
Remember Tryweryn.

354
00:23:59,760 --> 00:24:02,600
Well, Tryweryn is remembered.

355
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:07,280
Because it kick-starts the two big
engines of change in Welsh life

356
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:09,960
for the rest of the 20th Century.

357
00:24:09,960 --> 00:24:13,800
I'm talking about devolution
and the language movement.

358
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:18,720
RADIO: Bydd terfyn ar y Gymraeg
tua dechrau...

359
00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:20,720
'In a radio lecture in 1962,

360
00:24:20,720 --> 00:24:23,720
'the writer and prominent
nationalist Saunders Lewis

361
00:24:23,720 --> 00:24:25,960
'predicts that the Welsh language

362
00:24:25,960 --> 00:24:28,280
'will be dead
by the end of the century.'

363
00:24:28,280 --> 00:24:32,760
RADIO: Trwy ddulliau chwyldro
yn unig y mae llwyddo.

364
00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:34,960
'Revolutionary means
are needed to save it.

365
00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:42,680
'The lecture sparks the formation
of the Welsh Language Society.

366
00:24:42,680 --> 00:24:45,920
'Its protests capture
the spirit of the time,

367
00:24:45,920 --> 00:24:47,920
'but divide English
and Welsh speakers.

368
00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:53,280
'To address the democratic deficit,

369
00:24:53,280 --> 00:24:56,360
'the Council for Wales
and Monmouthshire.

370
00:24:56,360 --> 00:24:59,520
'An advisory body
with no elected mandate,

371
00:24:59,520 --> 00:25:01,760
'but the only national forum
Wales has,

372
00:25:01,760 --> 00:25:04,160
'recommends the creation
of a Welsh Office.

373
00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:10,120
'When Labour wins
the 1964 general election,

374
00:25:10,120 --> 00:25:13,560
'the former collier and veteran
MP for Llanelli, Jim Griffiths,

375
00:25:13,560 --> 00:25:17,400
'becomes the first
Secretary of State for Wales.

376
00:25:19,800 --> 00:25:21,440
'But for nationalists,

377
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:25,720
'a Welsh Office reporting to the
British government is not enough.

378
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:27,000
'They want more.

379
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:29,960
'And they seem to have
a following wind.

380
00:25:35,760 --> 00:25:38,520
'The historian John Davies

381
00:25:38,520 --> 00:25:43,080
'was an eyewitness to the election
of Plaid Cymru's first MP.'

382
00:25:43,080 --> 00:25:46,840
John, you were here. I was here,
and it was a very remarkable night.

383
00:25:46,840 --> 00:25:49,200
I mean, for anybody who had been

384
00:25:49,200 --> 00:25:52,160
associated with politics in Wales,

385
00:25:52,160 --> 00:25:55,840
it was, I felt, a turning point.
There were people crying.

386
00:25:55,840 --> 00:25:58,520
There were people
yelling with delight.

387
00:25:58,520 --> 00:26:03,200
Gwynfor Richard Evans, 16,179.

388
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:04,880
APPLAUSE

389
00:26:04,880 --> 00:26:07,960
And then they came out
to the windows there to announce.

390
00:26:07,960 --> 00:26:11,840
There were rumours coming through,
but nobody quite believed it.

391
00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:16,000
And when they heard that it was true
and that it was
quite a decent majority, in fact,

392
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,320
people were absolutely dazed.

393
00:26:19,320 --> 00:26:21,000
And people couldn't believe it.

394
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:24,000
I mean, the idea that Plaid Cymru
could win a seat.

395
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:27,040
It was generally lagging
around 5%-10%,

396
00:26:27,040 --> 00:26:29,720
even in the most promising seats.

397
00:26:29,720 --> 00:26:33,960
That it could jump to 38%, which
is a huge jump in electoral terms,

398
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:36,400
seemed, to many people, impossible.

399
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:39,440
This election has made history.

400
00:26:39,440 --> 00:26:43,680
So many people have declared,
through their vote,

401
00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:45,320
that Wales is a nation

402
00:26:45,320 --> 00:26:49,520
and that they intend securing for
this nation a full national future.

403
00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:54,280
'The result also highlights a debate
within the nationalist movement

404
00:26:54,280 --> 00:26:57,120
'between supporters
of civil disobedience

405
00:26:57,120 --> 00:27:01,400
'and those like Gwynfor Evans, who
back more conventional politics.'

406
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:07,040
He had been a very strong advocate
of constitutional action.

407
00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:11,320
People said, "The constitutional
path isn't taking us anywhere."

408
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:14,200
And that was the kind of tension
you had in the early '60s.

409
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:17,920
When he won here in Carmarthen
in 1966,

410
00:27:17,920 --> 00:27:21,680
it put paid to that sort of protest,
to a very great extent.

411
00:27:21,680 --> 00:27:23,320
It stilled the whole thing.

412
00:27:23,320 --> 00:27:26,040
The Cymdeithas carried on
with its own protests,

413
00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:28,480
but on the broader political front,

414
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,360
the notion that action
through elections,

415
00:27:31,360 --> 00:27:34,960
through constitutional means,
was the only path forward

416
00:27:34,960 --> 00:27:39,360
was one of the most important
results of the election
here in Carmarthen.

417
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:45,360
'So the Carmarthen by-election
is a victory for those nationalists

418
00:27:45,360 --> 00:27:49,320
'who believe that home rule can be
secured through the ballot box.

419
00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:53,160
'From now on, nationalism
isn't just about protest,

420
00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:55,840
'civil disobedience and revolution.'

421
00:27:55,840 --> 00:27:58,680
The political landscape is changing.

422
00:27:58,680 --> 00:28:02,320
And for a while, it looks as if the
nationalist pitch of Plaid Cymru

423
00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:06,160
will bring seats here,
in the South Wales valleys.

424
00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:08,840
Not just in Welsh-speaking Wales.

425
00:28:08,840 --> 00:28:12,720
But it doesn't happen.
That momentum stalls.

426
00:28:12,720 --> 00:28:16,760
And it's difficult to avoid
the conclusion that here
in Ebbw Vale, for example,

427
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:22,240
what motivates people isn't
nationalism, it is nationalisation.

428
00:28:22,240 --> 00:28:27,120
Their big local industry is being
taken into public ownership.

429
00:28:27,120 --> 00:28:30,280
There's a sense of confidence,
a sense of pride.

430
00:28:30,280 --> 00:28:34,040
That industry is steel.
British Steel.

431
00:28:35,600 --> 00:28:38,680
'The British Steel Corporation

432
00:28:38,680 --> 00:28:43,000
'brings together the UK's
14 main steel-producing companies.

433
00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:46,800
'After years of underinvestment,

434
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:48,920
'steelworkers can see
a bright new future.

435
00:28:51,240 --> 00:28:53,840
'And they're helping to forge
that future themselves

436
00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:57,160
'through the powerful works council.

437
00:29:02,480 --> 00:29:05,040
'But if South Wales
reckons it's got a grip

438
00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,600
'on a thriving future
in steel and coal,

439
00:29:07,600 --> 00:29:09,760
'one terrible Friday morning

440
00:29:09,760 --> 00:29:12,600
'reminds the valleys
and the whole world

441
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,480
'of the price that heavy industry
can exact.'

442
00:29:16,720 --> 00:29:20,080
Pantglas Junior School
Memorial Garden.

443
00:29:20,080 --> 00:29:22,760
Dedicated to 116 children

444
00:29:22,760 --> 00:29:24,560
and 28 adults

445
00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:26,360
who lost their lives,

446
00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:29,840
October 21st, 1966.

447
00:29:35,280 --> 00:29:39,520
'A massive heap of spoil
from Merthyr Vale colliery

448
00:29:39,520 --> 00:29:41,680
'collapses onto the village
of Aberfan.

449
00:29:49,560 --> 00:29:54,200
'20 houses and the Pantglas
junior school are buried.

450
00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:25,320
'Despite the enormity
of the disaster that day,

451
00:30:25,320 --> 00:30:29,400
'the chair of the National
Coal Board, Lord Robens,

452
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:31,840
'goes ahead with his plans
to be installed as

453
00:30:31,840 --> 00:30:34,880
'Chancellor
of the University of Surrey.

454
00:30:34,880 --> 00:30:38,560
'He doesn't arrive in Aberfan
until the following evening.

455
00:30:38,560 --> 00:30:41,160
'At first, Robens claims
the disaster was caused

456
00:30:41,160 --> 00:30:45,440
'by natural unknown springs
beneath the tip.

457
00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:49,720
'The existence of these springs
was common knowledge.'

458
00:30:49,720 --> 00:30:52,560
Did you give an explanation
of your interview

459
00:30:52,560 --> 00:30:54,800
when you said that
no-one could have known

460
00:30:54,800 --> 00:30:58,640
the centre of the mountain
was turning into slush
because of a stream?

461
00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:01,920
Well, I answered all the questions
that were put to me

462
00:31:01,920 --> 00:31:05,440
and I hope that the answers
did convey such explanations

463
00:31:05,440 --> 00:31:08,600
as were required by the tribunal.

464
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,040
'In the final
stage of the disaster tribunal,

465
00:31:12,040 --> 00:31:15,240
'Robens concedes
that the NCB is at fault.

466
00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:17,520
'An admission which would have made

467
00:31:17,520 --> 00:31:20,160
'much of the 76-day
enquiry unnecessary

468
00:31:20,160 --> 00:31:22,640
'had it been made at the outset.

469
00:31:23,960 --> 00:31:27,440
'But Robens doggedly refuses
to fund the removal

470
00:31:27,440 --> 00:31:30,360
'of the remaining tips from Aberfan.

471
00:31:30,360 --> 00:31:34,400
'The work is eventually paid for
by raiding the disaster relief fund

472
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:38,440
'that had been raised by a public
appeal for the bereaved families.

473
00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:44,680
'The tragedy of Aberfan

474
00:31:44,680 --> 00:31:47,600
'is the tragedy of Wales'
most terrible accident.

475
00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:48,800
'But it is also a story

476
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,840
'of the distance between
ordinary people in Wales

477
00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:54,640
'and the bosses
of a nationalised industry

478
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:57,360
'organised on a British basis.

479
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:19,360
'Wales and Britain.
So intimately linked,

480
00:32:19,360 --> 00:32:23,760
'but sometimes
pulling in different directions.'

481
00:32:25,720 --> 00:32:27,680
By the end of the decade,

482
00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:30,600
those underlying tensions

483
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:34,720
come to a head right here
at Caernarfon Castle.

484
00:32:34,720 --> 00:32:38,360
The occasion is the investiture
of the Prince of Wales.

485
00:32:38,360 --> 00:32:42,640
It is one of the biggest royal
pageants of the 20th Century.

486
00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:46,080
Despite a vigorous campaign
by some nationalists

487
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:50,360
and a failed bomb plot,
the event goes ahead,

488
00:32:50,360 --> 00:32:54,920
watched worldwide by a television
audience of many millions of people.

489
00:32:54,920 --> 00:32:58,520
But what is the dominant
Welsh attitude to this event?

490
00:32:58,520 --> 00:33:01,440
An opinion poll
published on the day itself

491
00:33:01,440 --> 00:33:04,160
suggests that three quarters
of Welsh people

492
00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:09,240
are delighted with the choice
of Charles as Prince of Wales.

493
00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:12,240
But how do we square that
with poll after poll

494
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:17,040
that suggests Welsh people
want self-government as well?

495
00:33:17,040 --> 00:33:19,040
FANFARE

496
00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:23,880
I, Charles, Prince of Wales,

497
00:33:23,880 --> 00:33:27,400
do become your liege man
of life and limb.

498
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:30,040
FANFARE

499
00:33:30,040 --> 00:33:32,480
It is indeed my firm intention

500
00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:36,600
to associate myself in word and deed

501
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:41,120
with as much of the life
of the Principality as possible.

502
00:33:41,120 --> 00:33:42,960
And what a Principality!

503
00:33:44,280 --> 00:33:47,560
'After all,
he is joining a winning team.'

504
00:33:47,560 --> 00:33:49,880
COMMENTATOR:
A lovely run by Gravell.

505
00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,920
A chance for Fenwick.
JJ Williams is bound to score.

506
00:33:52,920 --> 00:33:55,160
What a try!

507
00:33:55,160 --> 00:33:57,400
'Wales and rugby.

508
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:02,040
'Broadly speaking, in the 1970s,
football is just as popular.

509
00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:03,840
'Female fans are in the minority

510
00:34:03,840 --> 00:34:07,040
'and North Wales
hasn't even caught the bug yet,

511
00:34:07,040 --> 00:34:11,200
'and yet, it's rugby and Wales
that seem to go together.'

512
00:34:11,200 --> 00:34:15,280
# Ei gwrol ryfelwyr
gwladgarwyr tra mad... #

513
00:34:15,280 --> 00:34:19,480
'To find out why, I've come
to a British Legion club

514
00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:23,200
'to meet an historian of modern
Wales, Doctor Martin Johnes.'

515
00:34:23,200 --> 00:34:27,640
Martin, let's talk about
emblems of Welshness.

516
00:34:27,640 --> 00:34:31,320
The biggest emblem of all
for lots of people, rugby.

517
00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:34,440
Rugby is very important
as an expression of Welshness

518
00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:37,080
because it was one of the few
popular areas of life

519
00:34:37,080 --> 00:34:39,640
where Wales could say,
we are a nation,

520
00:34:39,640 --> 00:34:41,880
we are distinct
from the rest of Britain.

521
00:34:41,880 --> 00:34:45,120
Rugby had helped keep alive
a popular sense of Welshness.

522
00:34:45,120 --> 00:34:48,400
It was able to do that because
it didn't involve any questions

523
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:50,440
about what Welshness actually meant.

524
00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:53,680
You didn't have to speak Welsh
to follow the Welsh rugby team.

525
00:34:53,680 --> 00:34:56,680
It didn't really matter
what part of Wales you were from,

526
00:34:56,680 --> 00:34:57,920
what class you were from.

527
00:34:57,920 --> 00:35:01,000
COMMENTATOR: ..Gareth Edwards.
Edwards over...

528
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:05,200
Rugby brought Wales together without
raising any awkward questions.

529
00:35:05,200 --> 00:35:08,240
..Can he score?
It would be a miracle if he could!

530
00:35:08,240 --> 00:35:11,280
He may well get there! And he has!

531
00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:14,960
'No awkward questions, maybe,
but some awkward moments.'

532
00:35:14,960 --> 00:35:18,040
Wales played Japan. They played
the Japanese national anthem,

533
00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:20,080
then started playing
God Save The Queen.

534
00:35:20,080 --> 00:35:23,920
And really unexpectedly, the crowd
started booing God Save The Queen.

535
00:35:23,920 --> 00:35:26,760
And you can't hear the band,
according to the press reports.

536
00:35:26,760 --> 00:35:29,560
From that moment, the Welsh
Rugby Union started to say,

537
00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:31,640
when England are playing,
or even Scotland,

538
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,520
because that's the anthem
they wanted, it's fair enough.

539
00:35:34,520 --> 00:35:38,560
But when other countries are playing
Wales, should we be playing
God Save The Queen?

540
00:35:38,560 --> 00:35:42,480
And in 1974, Wales dropped God Save
The Queen for the visit of France.

541
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:44,640
And that's a really symbolic moment.

542
00:35:44,640 --> 00:35:47,680
'According to The Times,
it's through rugby

543
00:35:47,680 --> 00:35:52,920
'that the Welsh express their tribal
loyalty and surface nationalism.

544
00:35:52,920 --> 00:35:55,120
'But is it a symbol
of anything deeper?'

545
00:35:57,720 --> 00:36:01,320
Being Welsh really mattered
to people in the 1970s.

546
00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:03,480
And rugby is a great expression
of that.

547
00:36:03,480 --> 00:36:06,280
But it only mattered so far.

548
00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:10,040
Nobody imagined Wales could survive
on its own economically.

549
00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:13,520
Most people didn't feel tension
between being Welsh
and being British.

550
00:36:13,520 --> 00:36:17,840
Back in the '70s,
clubs like this were full of men.

551
00:36:17,840 --> 00:36:20,600
Does the role of women change
as the '70s progresses?

552
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,400
The 1970s sees the number
of working-class women

553
00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,080
who are working rise hugely.

554
00:36:26,080 --> 00:36:28,800
They might not have been
getting paid the same as men

555
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:30,960
or working the same amount of hours.

556
00:36:30,960 --> 00:36:35,120
They were relatively limited
in the kind of jobs they could do,
but they were working.

557
00:36:35,120 --> 00:36:37,480
And that made a big
economic difference to Wales.

558
00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:41,920
They were also starting to question
some of the bastions of life.

559
00:36:41,920 --> 00:36:45,200
Women, before the '70s, were often
barred in clubs like this.

560
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,640
In the 1970s, they are literally
banging on the door,
asking to be let in.

561
00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:51,480
When they are being let in,
they're asking to be served.

562
00:36:51,480 --> 00:36:53,800
Even asking to be
served in a pint glass.

563
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:57,360
There was a case in Newport where
a woman made an official complaint

564
00:36:57,360 --> 00:37:00,360
to the government in London
that she'd been refused a pint.

565
00:37:01,480 --> 00:37:03,680
'And Newport is one of those places

566
00:37:03,680 --> 00:37:07,680
'which is much better connected
in the 1970s.

567
00:37:07,680 --> 00:37:08,520
'The extension of the M4,

568
00:37:08,520 --> 00:37:12,560
'like the later upgrading of the A55
in the North,

569
00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:17,120
'eases the path from Wales to
the centre of the British economy.

570
00:37:17,120 --> 00:37:20,320
'But that economy is in trouble.

571
00:37:20,320 --> 00:37:23,760
'The price of oil soars
and British industry can't compete.

572
00:37:25,640 --> 00:37:30,640
'In 1975, the Ebbw Vale steelworks
partially closes.

573
00:37:30,640 --> 00:37:34,120
'Nationalisation
has turned into rationalisation.'

574
00:37:34,120 --> 00:37:37,760
..Something that might be popular
in Ebbw Vale tomorrow, but fatal...

575
00:37:40,200 --> 00:37:47,120
'Between 1976 and 1979,
60,000 jobs are lost in Wales.

576
00:37:47,120 --> 00:37:49,280
'Interest rates are 28%.

577
00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:51,600
'The International Monetary Fund

578
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:55,040
'has to bail out
the British economy.'

579
00:37:55,040 --> 00:37:57,000
In the middle of all
of this turmoil,

580
00:37:57,000 --> 00:37:58,840
the people of Wales experience

581
00:37:58,840 --> 00:38:04,000
one of the most explosive political
campaigns of the 20th Century.

582
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,400
We are really going...
If we want extra resources...

583
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:12,080
It affects these rural
Welsh-speaking parts

584
00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:13,320
just as much as it does

585
00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:16,240
the industrialised
English-speaking ones.

586
00:38:16,240 --> 00:38:19,240
On St David's Day 1979,

587
00:38:19,240 --> 00:38:22,640
the Welsh people
take part in a referendum.

588
00:38:23,720 --> 00:38:28,720
The Labour government is offering
them a Welsh Assembly in Cardiff.

589
00:38:28,720 --> 00:38:34,040
And by a crushing majority of 4-1,
they say, "No, thanks".

590
00:38:34,040 --> 00:38:37,480
And the impact of that result
is still being debated today.

591
00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:39,240
Some people see it

592
00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:44,800
as one of the most shameful and
demeaning episodes in Welsh history.

593
00:38:44,800 --> 00:38:47,440
There is another perspective.

594
00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:49,880
Given the economic mess of the time,

595
00:38:49,880 --> 00:38:54,160
it can be seen as a simple
expression of priorities.

596
00:38:54,160 --> 00:38:57,200
People were more concerned
about jobs

597
00:38:57,200 --> 00:39:00,120
and livelihoods
than about anything else.

598
00:39:00,120 --> 00:39:02,040
APPLAUSE

599
00:39:02,040 --> 00:39:03,720
'Labour is in disarray

600
00:39:03,720 --> 00:39:07,000
'and Margaret Thatcher
sweeps to power in 1979

601
00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:10,760
'with a mandate to sort out
Britain's problems.

602
00:39:12,040 --> 00:39:15,040
'But when the Conservatives
go back on a promise to set up

603
00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:19,360
'a Welsh-language television
channel, nationalists make a stand.

604
00:39:19,360 --> 00:39:21,920
'For Gwynfor Evans,
it might be his last stand.

605
00:39:21,920 --> 00:39:24,800
'He threatens to fast to death.

606
00:39:24,800 --> 00:39:26,840
'But he wins the argument.'

607
00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:31,800
The government has been humiliated.
The government has been defeated.

608
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:34,600
And that by
a comparatively small people.

609
00:39:36,400 --> 00:39:40,000
'The Tories are for turning
after all,

610
00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:42,520
'and S4C hits the airwaves.

611
00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:51,440
'British living standards start
to rise again in the 1980s.

612
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:53,680
'Wales becomes a summer playground

613
00:39:53,680 --> 00:39:56,680
'for those who can afford
to splash the cash.'

614
00:40:00,680 --> 00:40:04,640
It's not difficult to see
why the hardworkers of Manchester

615
00:40:04,640 --> 00:40:07,280
and Merseyside invest so much
of their leisure time

616
00:40:07,280 --> 00:40:10,720
and their money
here on the North Wales coast.

617
00:40:10,720 --> 00:40:14,600
But they're just a small fraction
of the great influx of people

618
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:18,040
who come in from England
to Wales over the years.

619
00:40:18,040 --> 00:40:22,280
They come here to live and to retire
and to work, of course.

620
00:40:22,280 --> 00:40:25,160
But in the 1980s,
that trend increases.

621
00:40:25,160 --> 00:40:29,200
There's more disposable income.
They start to buy property.

622
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:31,720
Permanent homes and holiday homes.

623
00:40:31,720 --> 00:40:34,920
And they buy them
not just in areas like Llandudno,

624
00:40:34,920 --> 00:40:38,240
but further inland, in the heart
of Welsh-speaking Wales.

625
00:40:38,240 --> 00:40:41,800
Often outbidding
some of the locals in the process.

626
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:44,480
And some of the people
who care for the language

627
00:40:44,480 --> 00:40:48,520
are now concerned that a television
channel won't be enough.

628
00:40:50,720 --> 00:40:52,960
'Violence is back in the news.

629
00:40:52,960 --> 00:40:56,440
'Across the decade,
there are more than 200 attacks

630
00:40:56,440 --> 00:40:59,360
'on holiday homes
in Welsh-speaking areas.

631
00:40:59,360 --> 00:41:03,280
'Though there are some arrests,
the identity of those

632
00:41:03,280 --> 00:41:07,360
'behind Meibion Glyndwr, the Sons
of Glyndwr, remains a mystery.

633
00:41:08,640 --> 00:41:11,200
'The support they seem to have
in some communities

634
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:13,480
'is seen as a sign
the Conservative government

635
00:41:13,480 --> 00:41:16,720
'isn't doing enough
to protect the language.

636
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:23,240
'1980.

637
00:41:23,240 --> 00:41:25,680
'Government-owned British Steel

638
00:41:25,680 --> 00:41:29,000
'makes 6,500 Shotton steelworkers
redundant.

639
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,520
'For north-east Wales,
it is a body blow.'

640
00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:36,240
But it's worth reminding ourselves

641
00:41:36,240 --> 00:41:40,320
that Wales does embrace
Thatcherism to quite an extent.

642
00:41:40,320 --> 00:41:42,040
Things are changing.

643
00:41:42,040 --> 00:41:44,760
The old heavy
industries are weakening.

644
00:41:44,760 --> 00:41:48,400
The emphasis on the individual
is strengthening.

645
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,280
And radical policies,

646
00:41:50,280 --> 00:41:54,760
like allowing council house tenants
to buy their homes,
are very popular.

647
00:41:54,760 --> 00:41:59,200
And after the 1979 election,
it's possible for the Conservatives
to say

648
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:03,600
that you can travel
from the fields of Monmouthshire
at this end of Wales

649
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,920
and, without one sleeve
in Conservative-held territory,

650
00:42:06,920 --> 00:42:09,640
you can walk all the way
to Ynys Mon,

651
00:42:09,640 --> 00:42:12,800
the Isle of Anglesey,
here in the north.

652
00:42:12,800 --> 00:42:16,880
'At the next
general election in 1983,

653
00:42:16,880 --> 00:42:21,680
'Wales elects even more Conservative
MPs to join Mrs Thatcher's crew.

654
00:42:21,680 --> 00:42:25,040
'14. A record number
in modern times.'

655
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:26,760
And here's the significant part.

656
00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:29,760
Even those voters who are not
backing Mrs Thatcher

657
00:42:29,760 --> 00:42:31,480
are still looking to Westminster

658
00:42:31,480 --> 00:42:34,040
for the answer to their
political problems.

659
00:42:34,040 --> 00:42:36,880
It is still very much
a British agenda.

660
00:42:38,560 --> 00:42:41,000
'But that may be about to change.

661
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:49,800
'The year-long strike
by the National Union of Miners

662
00:42:49,800 --> 00:42:53,520
'is a watershed
for industrial Wales.

663
00:42:53,520 --> 00:42:56,840
'The solidarity of whole communities
is put to the test.

664
00:42:56,840 --> 00:42:59,120
'They pass with flying colours.

665
00:43:03,440 --> 00:43:06,560
'But they do end up
on the losing side.'

666
00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:11,240
What I would say about that strike
is that it wasn't about Wales at all.

667
00:43:11,240 --> 00:43:15,160
It was about a class struggle.
It was about wage struggles.

668
00:43:15,160 --> 00:43:19,640
And yet when it was ended,
and when the NUM was defeated,

669
00:43:19,640 --> 00:43:21,880
there came a sense very slowly,
I think,

670
00:43:21,880 --> 00:43:25,320
to the people of this world that
what they had been experiencing

671
00:43:25,320 --> 00:43:30,360
from the 1960s through the 1970s
had in fact come to a dramatic end.

672
00:43:34,280 --> 00:43:37,760
That strike ended the particular kind
of industrial,

673
00:43:37,760 --> 00:43:40,320
male, working-class world

674
00:43:40,320 --> 00:43:43,360
that Wales had predominantly
been about in the 20th Century.

675
00:43:43,360 --> 00:43:48,880
And I think that Wales
dematerialised. It sort of vanished.

676
00:43:48,880 --> 00:43:52,960
You could certainly taste
a sense of despair in Wales

677
00:43:52,960 --> 00:43:55,760
at the end of the '80s
and into the 1990s.

678
00:43:55,760 --> 00:43:58,520
The institutions that it had
created to defend it,

679
00:43:58,520 --> 00:44:02,080
including the unions
and the Labour party, were powerless.

680
00:44:02,080 --> 00:44:05,520
So, what were they now going to do?

681
00:44:05,520 --> 00:44:09,760
'The choices for the industrial
valleys are narrowing.

682
00:44:09,760 --> 00:44:12,360
'Deep mining disappears.

683
00:44:12,360 --> 00:44:14,680
'A rich history seems redundant.'

684
00:44:14,680 --> 00:44:18,960
The Welsh people had to find a new
way of expressing their sense
of society.

685
00:44:18,960 --> 00:44:23,400
Their sense of grievances
and perhaps their sense
of a national identity.

686
00:44:23,400 --> 00:44:28,400
That sense of nationhood
isn't something
that can be taken for granted.

687
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:31,320
Look, Wales is an entity.
It's a geographical entity.

688
00:44:31,320 --> 00:44:34,000
But it's a fragmented one.
It always has been.

689
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:36,880
Wales is united
because of the language.

690
00:44:36,880 --> 00:44:39,680
But it's also divided
because of the language.

691
00:44:39,680 --> 00:44:42,440
Wales comes together
because of its history.

692
00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:44,320
But there are many histories of Wales

693
00:44:44,320 --> 00:44:46,960
and many different ways
of expressing that identity.

694
00:44:46,960 --> 00:44:51,560
So, how did we find
a new form of unity?

695
00:44:51,560 --> 00:44:54,080
We certainly decided as a people

696
00:44:54,080 --> 00:44:56,520
to invest in those civic institutions

697
00:44:56,520 --> 00:44:58,920
that would give us
a sense of citizenship.

698
00:45:00,560 --> 00:45:04,440
We became citizens of Wales
as never before.

699
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:10,960
'But a citizens' Wales can't
shield its industrial communities

700
00:45:10,960 --> 00:45:14,360
'from the effects
of losing so many jobs.

701
00:45:17,040 --> 00:45:19,600
'Young people suffer most of all.

702
00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:28,000
'Poverty and unemployment leave scars
on a whole generation.

703
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:29,520
'Drug and alcohol abuse soar.

704
00:45:33,640 --> 00:45:37,640
'And the government's determination
to restructure the Labour market

705
00:45:37,640 --> 00:45:39,120
'becomes a divisive issue.'

706
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:45,200
'But there is a plan.

707
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:50,000
'Butetown is about to be redeveloped
all over again.

708
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,840
'The Cardiff Bay Barrage is meant
to regenerate business life,

709
00:45:53,840 --> 00:45:55,920
'and not just in the capital.

710
00:46:00,320 --> 00:46:03,960
'Big projects and inward investment
pulling in manufacturers

711
00:46:03,960 --> 00:46:07,600
'from abroad are intended to get
the whole economy moving.

712
00:46:12,080 --> 00:46:15,920
'And the momentum towards
a citizens' Wales gathers pace.'

713
00:46:18,560 --> 00:46:22,000
When we think of national
institutions in Wales,

714
00:46:22,000 --> 00:46:23,680
we think of places like this.

715
00:46:23,680 --> 00:46:26,920
The University of Wales
here in Aberystwyth.

716
00:46:26,920 --> 00:46:29,560
Or the National Eisteddfod
or the National Museum.

717
00:46:29,560 --> 00:46:31,320
They're the obvious ones.

718
00:46:31,320 --> 00:46:32,960
But in the middle of the 1980s,

719
00:46:32,960 --> 00:46:37,360
someone decides to draw up
a list of these national bodies.

720
00:46:37,360 --> 00:46:41,480
And they come up with 466 of them.

721
00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:45,000
It's a kind of devolution process
by committee.

722
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:48,680
As the Welsh Office
creates more and more quangos,

723
00:46:48,680 --> 00:46:52,080
you have unions and charities
and other bodies

724
00:46:52,080 --> 00:46:54,720
all wanting to have
a presence in Wales.

725
00:46:55,960 --> 00:47:00,640
And the fact is, under
the Conservative and Unionist party,

726
00:47:00,640 --> 00:47:03,360
Wales is quietly organising itself

727
00:47:03,360 --> 00:47:05,680
in ways that are notably different

728
00:47:05,680 --> 00:47:07,920
to the rest of the United Kingdom.

729
00:47:09,360 --> 00:47:13,840
'And you can't move anywhere
in Wales without spotting that.'

730
00:47:13,840 --> 00:47:17,520
There was a time when our roadsigns
had no Welsh on them.

731
00:47:17,520 --> 00:47:21,560
I remember the shock of seeing
a bilingual roadsign
for the first time.

732
00:47:21,560 --> 00:47:25,200
And I'll be honest,
I was very pleased.

733
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:27,600
But under the Conservatives,
in the 1980s,

734
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:29,600
with Margaret Thatcher in charge,

735
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:32,160
funding for the language multiplies.

736
00:47:32,160 --> 00:47:35,560
And that trend continues under
John Major's government

737
00:47:35,560 --> 00:47:40,240
with a Welsh language act cementing
the place of the language in society

738
00:47:40,240 --> 00:47:43,040
and in schools as well.

739
00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:45,520
No-one can be in any doubt

740
00:47:45,520 --> 00:47:49,160
that Wales is a nation
of two languages.

741
00:47:49,160 --> 00:47:53,360
Even if one of those languages
is missing the letter X.

742
00:47:53,360 --> 00:47:55,720
Ni'n mynd i ganol y dref, plis.
Diolch yn fawr.

743
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,640
'In communities which turned to
English two generations before,

744
00:48:04,640 --> 00:48:08,080
'Welsh-medium schools
are now full to bursting.

745
00:48:10,760 --> 00:48:14,720
'Migration from England to coast
and countryside is still on the up,

746
00:48:14,720 --> 00:48:18,200
'but industrial Wales
is rediscovering its Welshness.

747
00:48:20,360 --> 00:48:24,240
'The language has ceased to be
such a divisive issue.

748
00:48:25,960 --> 00:48:29,600
'People who say they're Welsh
rather than British...

749
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:33,680
'well, most of them, are now to be
found in the former coalfield.

750
00:48:36,320 --> 00:48:37,720
'But does this mean

751
00:48:37,720 --> 00:48:40,000
'a majority is ready
for devolution?'

752
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:41,760
For the second time in 18 years,

753
00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:43,800
the Welsh are being offered

754
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:47,480
a modest measure of self-government,
but will they take it?

755
00:48:47,480 --> 00:48:52,520
26,000.
So I think that's a yes all round.

756
00:48:53,960 --> 00:48:55,440
Well, look at that!

757
00:48:58,040 --> 00:49:00,200
'Incredibly emotional
pictures, really.

758
00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:02,680
'People crying and
dancing and laughing.

759
00:49:02,680 --> 00:49:04,960
'To go from depression to elation'

760
00:49:04,960 --> 00:49:07,160
in a matter of moments
is an incredible feeling.

761
00:49:07,160 --> 00:49:08,800
Good morning.

762
00:49:11,040 --> 00:49:14,520
And it is a very good morning
in Wales.

763
00:49:14,520 --> 00:49:18,240
The shift from 1979,
when the Welsh people voted 4-1

764
00:49:18,240 --> 00:49:21,000
against a Welsh assembly,

765
00:49:21,000 --> 00:49:24,600
to 1997, where there was
that wafer-thin

766
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:26,680
6,721 votes difference

767
00:49:26,680 --> 00:49:28,840
between the yes and no votes

768
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:32,040
is really substantial, by any
stretch of the imagination.

769
00:49:32,040 --> 00:49:36,720
The objective was to get the
majority, and we got the majority.

770
00:49:36,720 --> 00:49:41,280
The biggest changes happened
in areas which were traditional
Labour-supporting areas.

771
00:49:41,280 --> 00:49:43,320
If you look across
the South Wales valleys,

772
00:49:43,320 --> 00:49:45,080
areas like Neath Port Talbot,

773
00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:48,800
all the way really across that
mining or former-mining belt.

774
00:49:51,720 --> 00:49:55,760
But the slim majority becomes
an issue for the new assembly.

775
00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:59,880
It wasn't a great foundation
for the new politicians
when they took office.

776
00:49:59,880 --> 00:50:01,840
They were up against it
from the start.

777
00:50:01,840 --> 00:50:05,680
Justifying their existence,
the existence of the institution,

778
00:50:05,680 --> 00:50:07,960
the location
of the National Assembly.

779
00:50:09,120 --> 00:50:13,680
Every country anywhere in the world
has some resentment expressed

780
00:50:13,680 --> 00:50:16,560
towards its capital
by those areas most remote.

781
00:50:18,680 --> 00:50:22,080
'The Assembly struggles to make
an impact across the country.

782
00:50:24,160 --> 00:50:28,520
'In its first decade, it has no more
success in lifting Wales
out of poverty

783
00:50:28,520 --> 00:50:32,840
'than the British government
has achieved over the centuries.

784
00:50:34,120 --> 00:50:39,960
'Much of Wales still receives
funding intended for Europe's
poorest regions.

785
00:50:39,960 --> 00:50:42,680
'Educational performance is weak.

786
00:50:42,680 --> 00:50:45,680
'Health and social problems
trouble us.

787
00:50:46,720 --> 00:50:49,760
'But the Assembly
does have its successes.

788
00:50:49,760 --> 00:50:52,880
'Working effectively
when farms are affected

789
00:50:52,880 --> 00:50:55,240
'by foot-and-mouth disease in 2001.

790
00:50:55,240 --> 00:50:59,320
'And the principle that Welsh
issues should be tackled

791
00:50:59,320 --> 00:51:02,760
'here in Wales begins to gain
wider acceptance.'

792
00:51:02,760 --> 00:51:04,600
All of the opinion polling,

793
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:07,880
all of the shift in
national identity indicators

794
00:51:07,880 --> 00:51:10,800
shows that Welsh people
are very pragmatic.

795
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:13,520
They recognise that it is
appropriate and right

796
00:51:13,520 --> 00:51:16,920
for decisions about Wales
to be made at a Welsh level.

797
00:51:16,920 --> 00:51:19,760
But then, on the other hand,
they're very clear

798
00:51:19,760 --> 00:51:21,960
that there is still real integrity

799
00:51:21,960 --> 00:51:24,440
within the union
of the United Kingdom.

800
00:51:24,440 --> 00:51:26,720
They want to be part of
that Britishness as well.

801
00:51:26,720 --> 00:51:31,000
'As our traditional
industries have disappeared,

802
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:34,560
'we've become a nation of commuters,
like so many others.

803
00:51:36,400 --> 00:51:39,520
'Wales is much more diverse
these days.

804
00:51:39,520 --> 00:51:42,760
'Home to people from many
parts of the world.

805
00:51:42,760 --> 00:51:46,040
'Multiculturalism no longer starts
and ends in Butetown.

806
00:51:49,280 --> 00:51:51,720
'And yet miraculously
in a globalised world,

807
00:51:51,720 --> 00:51:54,480
'Wales has kept a sense of itself.

808
00:51:55,560 --> 00:51:59,360
'A referendum in 2011,
albeit with a low turnout,

809
00:51:59,360 --> 00:52:02,960
'backs law-making powers
for the Assembly.'

810
00:52:02,960 --> 00:52:05,880
Wales has said yes!
CHEERING

811
00:52:05,880 --> 00:52:10,600
Today, an old nation came of age.

812
00:52:12,160 --> 00:52:15,880
'Support for Wales these days
seems genuinely deeper

813
00:52:15,880 --> 00:52:17,840
'than surface nationalism.

814
00:52:17,840 --> 00:52:21,120
'We are a people with roots,

815
00:52:21,120 --> 00:52:23,360
'with a real sense
of where we come from.'

816
00:52:31,080 --> 00:52:35,240
'Hundreds of schoolchildren
march through Tonypandy,

817
00:52:35,240 --> 00:52:37,760
'remembering the miners' riots
100 years ago.'

818
00:52:37,760 --> 00:52:40,760
This is living history.
This is history in the making.

819
00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:45,240
'History matters to us.

820
00:52:45,240 --> 00:52:48,240
'It's what has shaped
the spaces we live in.'

821
00:52:48,240 --> 00:52:51,880
That's why it's so important
to have these beautiful buildings

822
00:52:51,880 --> 00:52:54,880
like the Senedd
and the Wales Millennium Centre,

823
00:52:54,880 --> 00:52:58,320
because they give us frameworks
in which to dream of futures,

824
00:52:58,320 --> 00:53:00,160
to be critical of ourselves,

825
00:53:00,160 --> 00:53:02,200
but also, to project outwards.

826
00:53:03,280 --> 00:53:05,240
'Gwyneth Lewis is the poet

827
00:53:05,240 --> 00:53:08,240
'whose words sing out
from the Millennium Centre.'

828
00:53:08,240 --> 00:53:12,160
One of the big payoffs of devolution

829
00:53:12,160 --> 00:53:16,280
has been the way in which
the definition of Welshness

830
00:53:16,280 --> 00:53:19,040
has expanded, grown more complex,

831
00:53:19,040 --> 00:53:22,360
has become more hospitable, I think,

832
00:53:22,360 --> 00:53:25,320
in a way that I think
is very creative.

833
00:53:26,560 --> 00:53:30,640
It's given us a freedom
to play with our sense of identiy

834
00:53:30,640 --> 00:53:35,120
and it's broadened the base of people
who are excited about being in Wales,

835
00:53:35,120 --> 00:53:38,320
about living in Wales and getting
some serious work done here.

836
00:53:39,520 --> 00:53:42,000
'Gwyneth Lewis believes
this excitement

837
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,600
'is beginning to change
our sense of belonging.'

838
00:53:45,880 --> 00:53:49,920
The two terms
Welshness and Britishness

839
00:53:49,920 --> 00:53:53,520
have been dancing a tango
for a long time.

840
00:53:53,520 --> 00:53:55,160
INSTRUMENTAL

841
00:54:00,680 --> 00:54:06,160
And there are periods when we're
dancing very close, cheek-to-cheek.

842
00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:12,880
Other times, we're pulling apart,
we're angry with each other.

843
00:54:14,320 --> 00:54:18,640
There's tension. And that's
actually what creates the dance.

844
00:54:22,640 --> 00:54:27,600
These are not small shifts
in our sense of ourselves.

845
00:54:29,760 --> 00:54:34,000
The time since the beginning
of devolution has been
quite a painful one.

846
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,160
We've been looking at the new
assembly, learning to crawl,

847
00:54:37,160 --> 00:54:40,080
walk, stumble,
and there have been failures.

848
00:54:40,080 --> 00:54:43,320
And these have been painful to watch.

849
00:54:43,320 --> 00:54:46,160
Welshness and Britishness,

850
00:54:46,160 --> 00:54:49,040
I think it's actually
a dynamic relationship.

851
00:54:50,040 --> 00:54:53,800
The more we're able to tolerate
that change in that development,

852
00:54:53,800 --> 00:54:58,600
the more it changes into something
very creative for citizens.

853
00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:01,760
We're freed from worrying
about things,

854
00:55:01,760 --> 00:55:03,880
we're just enjoying the dance.

855
00:55:05,080 --> 00:55:09,560
We're at the stage now
that the story is to be continued.

856
00:55:09,560 --> 00:55:14,000
But I think we're developing
a far more sophisticated view

857
00:55:14,000 --> 00:55:17,480
of what it is to be Welsh
and what's required

858
00:55:17,480 --> 00:55:21,440
to make the best of those resources
that we do have.

859
00:55:21,440 --> 00:55:25,560
So I'll be very, very interested
to see what happens next.

860
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:42,640
In this series, I've tried to
step back from the turmoil

861
00:55:42,640 --> 00:55:44,880
and the immediacy of today's news

862
00:55:44,880 --> 00:55:47,760
to tell the story
of an entire country

863
00:55:47,760 --> 00:55:51,200
over the course of 30,000 years.

864
00:55:51,200 --> 00:55:54,800
'The story of Wales,
like the story of any nation,

865
00:55:54,800 --> 00:55:57,880
'has seen dark days
and troubled times.

866
00:55:59,320 --> 00:56:03,160
'But it has never been a story
of people turned in on themselves.'

867
00:56:03,160 --> 00:56:07,680
You're saying we should think
of Wales in a much bigger world.

868
00:56:07,680 --> 00:56:10,680
'And all through its history,
there have been times

869
00:56:10,680 --> 00:56:12,720
'when it has lead the way.'

870
00:56:12,720 --> 00:56:16,560
Llandudno copper was being
exported 4,000 years ago.

871
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:21,880
'In the Dark Ages, Welsh saints
carried the light of Christianity

872
00:56:21,880 --> 00:56:25,920
'to Scotland and Ireland,
Cornwall, Brittany and Spain.

873
00:56:27,360 --> 00:56:29,640
'Welsh laws based on
putting things right,

874
00:56:29,640 --> 00:56:31,800
'rather than an eye for an eye,

875
00:56:31,800 --> 00:56:35,480
'were the most progressive
of the Middle Ages.

876
00:56:36,880 --> 00:56:39,720
'In the 1700s, the Welsh became

877
00:56:39,720 --> 00:56:42,800
'one of the most literate nations
on Earth.'

878
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:47,640
Half the population of Wales learns
to read in these travelling schools.

879
00:56:47,640 --> 00:56:51,440
'And in a modern world
which Wales helped to power,

880
00:56:51,440 --> 00:56:55,400
'we've been leaders in technology,
in education,

881
00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:58,640
'in the struggle for workers'
rights...and decent health care.

882
00:56:58,640 --> 00:57:02,720
'Are we Welsh? Are we British?

883
00:57:02,720 --> 00:57:06,360
'In the last 70 years,
the balance has shifted.

884
00:57:06,360 --> 00:57:10,360
'We've always been a people
who love our square mile.

885
00:57:10,360 --> 00:57:13,040
'Our own little bit of Wales.

886
00:57:13,040 --> 00:57:15,440
'But now we also have
a national frame

887
00:57:15,440 --> 00:57:17,920
'in which to address our problems.

888
00:57:17,920 --> 00:57:21,160
'A politics and a set of institutions
all of our own.

889
00:57:22,240 --> 00:57:26,440
'And above all,
we are a people with a story.

890
00:57:26,440 --> 00:57:29,320
'And that story gives us power.'

891
00:57:29,320 --> 00:57:32,120
The story of Wales
is being rewritten.

892
00:57:32,120 --> 00:57:34,800
And not before time.

893
00:57:34,800 --> 00:57:37,400
It's the story of a people
who embrace the big world

894
00:57:37,400 --> 00:57:40,000
beyond that horizon.

895
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:42,320
Not insular and inward-looking,

896
00:57:42,320 --> 00:57:46,320
but imaginative and dynamic
and creative.

897
00:57:46,320 --> 00:57:49,640
We're an ancient people
more certain of our identity

898
00:57:49,640 --> 00:57:53,040
than at any point
in the past 1,000 years.

899
00:57:54,560 --> 00:57:59,560
And in that sense, the story
of Wales has only just begun.

900
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:16,480
The Open University has produced
a free booklet

901
00:58:16,480 --> 00:58:19,680
for you to learn more about
the history of the people of Wales.

902
00:58:19,680 --> 00:58:24,240
You can call 0845 366 0253

903
00:58:24,240 --> 00:58:28,400
or go to bbc.co.uk/storyofwales

904
00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:30,200
and follow the links

905
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:32,280
to the Open University.

906
00:58:32,280 --> 00:58:34,880
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