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MUSIC: "Our Day Will Come"
by Patti Page

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# Our day will come

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# And we'll have everything

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# We'll share the joy... #

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It's easy to forget that for
five of the last eight decades,

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Britain was at war.

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# No-one can tell me that
I'm too young to know... #

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It was a war that
framed all our lives.

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# And you love me... #

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Welcome to Cold War Britain.

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This was a war between us,
the democratic, capitalist West,

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and them, the Communist,
totalitarian East.

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It was a war of
high-stakes diplomacy...

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..secrets and paranoia...

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..in which we lived every
day in the shadow of Armageddon.

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And yet it was also so much more.

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The Cold War was also
fought in our families,

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in our shopping centres,

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in our culture

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and in our heads.

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UPBEAT JAZZ MUSIC

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On 13th November 1945,

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here in West London,

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thousands of fans were
gathering to watch

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a simply extraordinary
game of football.

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By the time the gates at
Chelsea Football Club clanged shut,

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more than 75,000 tickets
had changed hands.

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Locked out here were 15,000 people,

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determined that,
by hook or by crook,

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they were going to see the game.

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All up and down the Fulham Road
was a biblical tide of humanity.

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People even tried to
ram their way through

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the gates of Stamford Bridge.

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And the reason for all
this frenzied excitement?

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The Russians were coming.

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That summer, British and Soviet
soldiers had come together

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to celebrate the end of their long
struggle against Nazi Germany.

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The Red Army had lost
almost 10 million men,

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but they'd broken the back
of Hitler's forces.

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NEWSREEL: The first Soviet
football team ever to visit Britain

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lands at Croydon from Moscow.

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Russia's crack 11, the Dynamos,
brought several hundredweight

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of special diet with them in their
two red-starred Dakota aircraft.

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To celebrate the triumphant
unity of East and West,

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Britain's football authorities
invited Russia's top team,

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Moscow Dynamo, on a national tour.

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The Russians' courage had
won them plenty of admirers

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and waves of goodwill rolled
down through the excited crowds.

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Chelsea's fans crowded
the goalmouths,

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they perched on the stands

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and they even waved red flags.

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And as the two teams lined up
before kick-off, Dynamo's players

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presented their counterparts
with bunches of flowers.

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The Chelsea players
didn't know where to look.

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But the Russians did
things differently.

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For one thing,
they warmed up on the pitch,

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which was something
no British team ever did.

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CROWD ROARS AND RATTLE CLICKS

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When the match kicked off,
it was show time.

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MUSIC: "Kalinka"

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The Russian game was fast and fluid,
with short passes.

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They called it "passovochka"
and the crowd loved it.

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For an encounter between
old wartime allies,

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the match ended in a suitably
diplomatic three-all draw.

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And the British press
seemed delighted.

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"Dynamo", said one paper,

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"are the greatest club to
have visited these islands."

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NEWSREEL: The inspired singing
of Land Of Our Fathers

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was the prelude to football's...

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The rest of the Dynamos' tour
included thrilling football,

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dense fog and even the odd punch-up.

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And here are the
classified results.

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Cardiff City 1-10 Dynamo.

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Arsenal 3-4 Dynamo.

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Glasgow Rangers 2-2 Dynamo.

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The tour looked like a goal-packed,
crowd-pleasing success.

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But off the pitch,
there were growing tensions.

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The Russians seemed secretive,
surly and suspicious.

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They were, after all, the team
of the Soviet secret police.

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The papers were getting suspicious

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of these silent,
mysterious Russians

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and there was growing criticism
of their supposedly rough tactics.

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The Daily Express even
ran an open letter

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to Dynamo's captain,
Mikhail Semichastny,

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explaining why the British fans
had started booing him.

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"Shirt-pulling and pushing",
it said, "are not English customs."

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At the end of the tour,
Semichastny got his own back.

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"The British teams' tactics",
he said, "were stuck in the past."

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They were merely "elementary."

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But there was more to this
than handbags at ten paces.

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There was a growing sense of discord
between the Russian officials

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and their British counterparts,

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a sense that this "goodwill tour"

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was turning into
a political minefield.

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Almost a month after
they had landed,

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the Russian invasion was over.

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MUSIC: "They Can't Take That
Away from Me" by Fred Astaire

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You helped us to write another
page in the history of football.

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We're glad you came. Sorry we
didn't see you play more matches,

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but it won't be long, we hope,
before we play another.

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But the fond farewells told
only part of the story.

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The Dynamos hadn't come
to make friends.

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They'd come to make a point.

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"We are the new superpower,

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"on the pitch and in the world."

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And one writer in particular
put his finger on it.

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"Now that the brief visit of the
Dynamos has come to an end",

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he said, "it is possible to say
publicly what many thinking people

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"were saying privately before
the Dynamos even arrived

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"and that is that sport is
an unfailing cause of ill will,

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"and that if such a visit as this

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"had any effect at all
on Anglo-Soviet relations,

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"it could only be to make them
slightly worse than before."

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His name was George Orwell.

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For years, Orwell had been warning

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about the ruthless ambitions
of the Soviet Union.

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And in the months following the war,

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his prophecies seemed
to be coming true.

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Across Eastern Europe, Soviet-backed
communists were seizing power

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and strangling their
fledgling democracies.

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Millions of people were now falling
under the shadow of Stalinism.

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Many people assumed that with
victory won against the Germans

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and the Japanese, we could all
settle down to a lifetime of peace.

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But Orwell knew that we were already
facing a new kind of conflict,

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an armed standoff

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against the totalitarian
empire of the Soviet Union

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and in October 1945, in the pages
of the left-wing magazine Tribune,

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he gave this conflict its name -

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not the Third World War,

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but the Cold War.

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CHEERING

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Orwell wasn't alone in his
horror of Soviet communism.

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There was one politician more
than any other who had been trying

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for decades to alert the British
people to the threat of Bolshevism,

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what he called
"The poisoned peril from the East."

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That man was Winston Churchill.

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BLUES MUSIC

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In the spring of 1946,
Winston Churchill took a holiday.

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He'd been having
a bit of a rough time.

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Despite his wartime heroism,
the voters had kicked him out

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of Downing Street
and for the past few months,

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Churchill had been
in a deep depression,

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so he decided to come somewhere
where people still loved him -

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America.

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And as his train rattled through
the night,

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he and his travelling companion
cracked open the cards

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and started knocking back
the bourbon.

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But Churchill's drinking partner
wasn't just anybody.

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It was a man called Harry S Truman,

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President of the United States.

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And there was more to Churchill's
holiday than met the eye,

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because when his train met
its destination, he was planning

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to deliver a very particular
message to the American people.

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MUSIC: "Don't Fence Me In"
by Roy Rogers

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Churchill had been invited to speak

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at a small liberal arts college
in Fulton, Missouri,

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the home state of President Truman.

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It was meant to be
an off-duty speech,

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but as Churchill
admitted to Truman,

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he wanted his words
to be heard across the world.

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"Under your auspices",
Churchill said,

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"anything I say will
command attention."

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While Churchill was travelling
across America, he wrote home

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to Britain's new Labour
Prime Minister, Mr Clement Attlee

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and casually mentioned
he might be giving a speech

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very similar to the one he'd already
given at Harvard two years before.

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But that wasn't entirely true. This
was going to be something different.

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In fact, in Washington,
Churchill had asked Harry Truman

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to help him write it.

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"It's your speech", Truman said,
"you write it yourself."

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He even refused to read a draft.

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But that night on the train,
a few stiff drinks down the line,

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Truman changed his mind,

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and when he put the speech down,
he said it was "admirable".

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"It will do nothing but good",
he added,

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"although it would make a stir."

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That was putting it mildly.

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For Joseph Stalin and for many
others, this was the moment

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when the Cold War began.

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Churchill and Truman were shown

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into Westminster College's
spruced-up gym,

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the only place large enough
to cram everyone in.

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And it's one of the great
privileges of my lifetime

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to be able to present to you
that great world citizen,

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Winston Churchill.

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APPLAUSE

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From Stettin in the Baltic

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to Trieste in the Adriatic

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an iron curtain has descended
across the continent.

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Behind that line lie all the
capitals of the ancient states

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of Central and Eastern Europe

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and all are subjects,
in one form or another,

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not only to Soviet influence,

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but to a very high

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and in some cases increasing
measure of control from Moscow.

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An iron curtain that
dropped around Poland,

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Hungary,

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Yugoslavia,

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Bulgaria...

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In this Iron Curtain speech,

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Churchill was the first
Western statesman to single out

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the Soviet Union as the
greatest threat to world peace.

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And he also gave us
a three-word phrase

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that we're still arguing
about to this day.

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A special relationship between the
British Commonwealth and Empire

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and the United States of America.

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APPLAUSE

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Churchill himself was half-American

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and he passionately believed
that Britain's security

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and prosperity depended on closer
ties with our American cousins.

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Britain's finances were in ruins.

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The empire was in trouble
and in Asia and the Middle East,

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00:14:00,480 --> 00:14:05,640
our age-old rival, the Russian bear,
was flexing its muscles.

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So in this gym in the
Missouri heartland,

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he set out to woo his listeners,
to persuade them

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00:14:11,720 --> 00:14:13,800
to stick with the Western alliance

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00:14:13,800 --> 00:14:18,240
and to stand by Britain in the
face of a new and terrible enemy.

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MUSIC: "A Taste Of Honey"
by Julie London

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Back at home, many ordinary
people were already enjoying

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a special relationship
with all things American.

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00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:43,640
In the late 1940s, the United States

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seemed the land of
jitterbugs and jazz,

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fresh fashions and Coca-Cola,

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a paradise of high living,
popular culture

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and mass consumerism.

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BOYS' CHOIR

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But not everybody was so
enthused by the American dream.

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Some idealists still preferred
the stark rigours of Soviet realism.

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Canterbury Cathedral,

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for centuries the magnificent
heart of the Church of England.

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It hardly looks like a hotbed
of communism, but from 1931 to 1963,

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that's exactly what it was, thanks
to the activities of just one man,

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the Very Reverend Hewlett Johnson,

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the Red Dean of Canterbury.

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Cordial and warm welcome
to our cathedral church.

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00:15:48,840 --> 00:15:51,640
Like Winston Churchill,
Johnson was a Victorian.

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They were even born
in the same year, 1874,

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but while Churchill looked at the
Soviet Union

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and saw the work of the Devil,

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00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:04,200
Hewlett Johnson thought he
saw the kingdom of heaven.

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00:16:08,560 --> 00:16:13,040
I read as widely as I could
and communism struck me

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00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,800
at once as both Christian
and practicable.

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00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:20,480
MUSIC: "Trouble Of The World"
by Mahalia Jackson

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00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:28,240
As a young man,

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Johnson had campaigned for
the rights of poor workers

246
00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:36,160
and when he became Dean of
Canterbury, he visited China

247
00:16:36,160 --> 00:16:40,120
and Russia, where he fell in love
with communism in action.

248
00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:44,640
You know, the thing about
Hewlett Johnson is that he was

249
00:16:44,640 --> 00:16:47,920
absolutely typical of a whole
generation of high-minded,

250
00:16:47,920 --> 00:16:49,760
well-meaning intellectuals,

251
00:16:49,760 --> 00:16:54,240
who in the 1930s had convinced
themselves that Soviet communism

252
00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:58,480
represented not just economic
but spiritual salvation.

253
00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:05,600
And these are his sermon notes,

254
00:17:05,600 --> 00:17:10,480
in which he tried to reconcile
Christianity and communism

255
00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:14,000
to show, I suppose, that
Jesus and Lenin and Stalin

256
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:17,120
are basically
just saying the same thing.

257
00:17:17,120 --> 00:17:20,880
"Jesus called for universal
brotherhood and meant it.

258
00:17:20,880 --> 00:17:25,080
"Communism calls for a world
brotherhood and means it.

259
00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:27,960
"Jesus challenged class as class.

260
00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:32,240
"Communism builds
the classless society."

261
00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:36,200
And all of that made him probably
the single best-known mouthpiece

262
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:39,120
for Soviet communism
in the whole Western world.

263
00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:47,880
Johnson's promotional efforts did
not go unnoticed in the Kremlin.

264
00:17:47,880 --> 00:17:52,000
MUSIC: "Mad About The Boy"
by Patti Page

265
00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:03,000
In 1945, Hewlett Johnson
came here to Moscow

266
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:07,320
for an extraordinary meeting
with Joseph Stalin himself.

267
00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:10,560
Now, Johnson was something
of a Stalin fan.

268
00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:15,520
There was no cruelty,
he thought, in Stalin's face,

269
00:18:15,520 --> 00:18:19,880
just a steady purpose
and a kindly geniality.

270
00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:24,640
Nothing could have been more unlike
the faces of Mussolini or Hitler.

271
00:18:24,640 --> 00:18:28,280
Now, for his part, Stalin
wanted to use the meeting

272
00:18:28,280 --> 00:18:31,520
as a way of sending
two messages to the West.

273
00:18:31,520 --> 00:18:35,640
First of all, it was a capitalist
lie that he was anti-religion,

274
00:18:35,640 --> 00:18:37,440
because people here
in Moscow, he said,

275
00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:41,240
had complete freedom of worship
and freedom of conscience,

276
00:18:41,240 --> 00:18:45,360
and secondly, it was also
a lie that he was anti-Western

277
00:18:45,360 --> 00:18:49,600
or anti-British, because all
he wanted was world peace.

278
00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:53,080
CHEERING

279
00:18:53,080 --> 00:18:55,800
Not even the tensions
of the Cold War

280
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,520
could shake the strange romance

281
00:18:58,520 --> 00:19:02,280
between the Soviet tyrant
and the Anglican priest.

282
00:19:05,520 --> 00:19:10,080
In 1951, Hewlett Johnson won
perhaps the ultimate accolade -

283
00:19:10,080 --> 00:19:13,120
this splendidly embossed prize.

284
00:19:13,120 --> 00:19:15,400
He was only the second person
to win it, you know.

285
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,080
The first was Pablo Picasso.

286
00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:19,280
And what was it?

287
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:25,160
It was the
International Stalin Peace Prize!

288
00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:28,600
Even illustrated with a lovely
picture of the man himself.

289
00:19:35,040 --> 00:19:39,360
The honour that has been
given to me today...

290
00:19:40,560 --> 00:19:43,000
..is the greatest honour

291
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,680
that any country could give...

292
00:19:47,880 --> 00:19:49,720
..to any man.

293
00:19:49,720 --> 00:19:51,640
This peace award...

294
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,200
..the portrait,

295
00:19:55,200 --> 00:19:57,840
that greatest fighter for peace...

296
00:19:59,040 --> 00:20:00,280
..Stalin.

297
00:20:02,640 --> 00:20:06,600
As the Red Dean fondly
gazed at his Soviet bauble,

298
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:11,240
the truth about life in Stalin's
Russia was already emerging.

299
00:20:11,240 --> 00:20:13,720
Far from being a workers' paradise,

300
00:20:13,720 --> 00:20:20,200
the Soviet Union was in many ways
just as cruel as Hitler's Germany.

301
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,440
But the terrible revelations
of Stalin's show trials

302
00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:27,320
and labour camps never shook
Hewlett Johnson's faith

303
00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:30,960
in the Soviet Union
or the communist ideal

304
00:20:30,960 --> 00:20:33,720
and although MI5 kept
a vague eye on him,

305
00:20:33,720 --> 00:20:36,400
Johnson stayed in his
Canterbury post,

306
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:40,280
tolerated and even cherished
by the Anglican hierarchy.

307
00:20:41,520 --> 00:20:45,920
Perhaps the best tribute
I can pay to him is to say

308
00:20:45,920 --> 00:20:51,640
that he is loved and respected by
many people who detest his politics.

309
00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:56,960
So, was Hewlett Johnson a bad man?

310
00:20:56,960 --> 00:20:58,600
Well, let's be generous.

311
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,440
Let's just say that maybe
like so many fellow travellers

312
00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:05,520
he was just naive and
stubborn, self-deluded.

313
00:21:05,520 --> 00:21:09,320
The great irony, though, is that
while MI5 were keeping tabs

314
00:21:09,320 --> 00:21:14,800
on the Red Dean, the real traitors
were right under their noses.

315
00:21:16,840 --> 00:21:19,880
MUSIC: "Too Young"
by Nat King Cole

316
00:21:23,520 --> 00:21:29,040
One evening in May 1951, at a house
on the edge of the North Downs,

317
00:21:29,040 --> 00:21:32,680
a young pregnant woman was
cooking a slap-up dinner

318
00:21:32,680 --> 00:21:36,480
to celebrate her
husband's 38th birthday.

319
00:21:36,480 --> 00:21:38,640
But as they were
sitting down to eat,

320
00:21:38,640 --> 00:21:41,440
they were interrupted
by a knock at the door.

321
00:21:45,960 --> 00:21:49,360
The man on the doorstep
was called Roger Styles.

322
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,680
They invited him in.
He stayed for dinner

323
00:21:56,680 --> 00:22:00,560
and then the birthday boy said
that he and the mysterious Mr Styles

324
00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:03,040
had to leave for
a pressing engagement,

325
00:22:03,040 --> 00:22:05,440
but they wouldn't be long.

326
00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:07,640
He never came back.

327
00:22:07,640 --> 00:22:09,680
NEWSREADER: This is the BBC
Home Service

328
00:22:09,680 --> 00:22:11,120
and here is the news.

329
00:22:11,120 --> 00:22:14,200
Mr Morrison has made a statement
in the House Of Commons

330
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:18,240
about the disappearance
of the two Foreign Office officials.

331
00:22:18,240 --> 00:22:22,080
He said there had been no confirmed
news of their whereabouts

332
00:22:22,080 --> 00:22:24,440
since they landed in France
on 26th May...

333
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:33,880
The runaway husband's name
was Donald Maclean

334
00:22:33,880 --> 00:22:35,840
and he was the head
of the American department

335
00:22:35,840 --> 00:22:37,320
at the Foreign Office.

336
00:22:37,320 --> 00:22:41,600
As for the mysterious Roger Styles,
he too was a diplomat,

337
00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,320
and his real name was Guy Burgess.

338
00:22:44,320 --> 00:22:46,080
He'd put together his alias

339
00:22:46,080 --> 00:22:48,680
from the titles of two
Agatha Christie books.

340
00:22:48,680 --> 00:22:51,560
Burgess and Maclean were two members

341
00:22:51,560 --> 00:22:54,920
of the soon-to-be notorious
Cambridge spy ring.

342
00:22:54,920 --> 00:22:57,440
They had been playing a long game,

343
00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:00,280
but by 1951, their luck had run out.

344
00:23:00,280 --> 00:23:03,080
Fearing exposure,
they had fled to the continent,

345
00:23:03,080 --> 00:23:05,680
bound eventually for Moscow,

346
00:23:05,680 --> 00:23:08,680
And they had left behind
not just Maclean's pregnant wife,

347
00:23:08,680 --> 00:23:10,760
but a host of unanswered questions.

348
00:23:15,680 --> 00:23:17,920
To the bewildered British public,

349
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:20,360
the defections of Burgess
and Maclean

350
00:23:20,360 --> 00:23:21,760
came as a terrible shock.

351
00:23:25,760 --> 00:23:29,360
50s Britain was a land
of deference and decorum.

352
00:23:29,360 --> 00:23:32,560
These men were pillars
of the establishment -

353
00:23:32,560 --> 00:23:34,360
upper class and well-educated.

354
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:41,160
Yet now they of all people
stood exposed as communist traitors.

355
00:23:41,160 --> 00:23:45,200
In the Cold War, it seemed,
nobody could be trusted.

356
00:23:46,360 --> 00:23:49,440
But the roots of Burgess
and Maclean's betrayals

357
00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:52,560
went all the way back
to their student days together,

358
00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:56,080
at Cambridge University
in the 1930s.

359
00:23:57,760 --> 00:23:59,840
It is in this atmosphere

360
00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:03,320
that an undergraduate lives
his three years at Cambridge.

361
00:24:03,320 --> 00:24:07,080
It is a life with opportunities
for friendship and comradeship,

362
00:24:07,080 --> 00:24:09,840
where one meets all types of men,

363
00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:11,560
where new ideas are formed

364
00:24:11,560 --> 00:24:13,560
and olds ones discarded
or strengthened.

365
00:24:16,240 --> 00:24:20,320
While these young Cambridge men
were sitting up late into the night,

366
00:24:20,320 --> 00:24:22,760
putting the world to rights,

367
00:24:22,760 --> 00:24:26,760
Britain was gripped
by the Great Depression.

368
00:24:26,760 --> 00:24:28,840
They saw capitalism in ruins

369
00:24:28,840 --> 00:24:31,280
and millions of ordinary
British families,

370
00:24:31,280 --> 00:24:34,680
poor and starving,
paying the heavy price.

371
00:24:37,360 --> 00:24:41,840
They saw fascism on the march,
not just in continental Europe,

372
00:24:41,840 --> 00:24:43,600
but in Britain itself.

373
00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,920
And for some of these
undergraduate idealists,

374
00:24:49,920 --> 00:24:51,360
there was only one answer.

375
00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:54,800
Marxism.

376
00:24:58,240 --> 00:25:01,520
It may sound odd to us now,

377
00:25:01,520 --> 00:25:05,080
but to these young, well-educated,
privileged students,

378
00:25:05,080 --> 00:25:07,320
Britain's democratic parties,

379
00:25:07,320 --> 00:25:10,080
the old men of their parents'
generation,

380
00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:13,280
had palpably failed to deal
with the economic trauma

381
00:25:13,280 --> 00:25:15,200
of the Great Depression.

382
00:25:15,200 --> 00:25:17,080
Here in Cambridge in the 1930s,

383
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:19,680
the red flag looked
like a beacon of hope

384
00:25:19,680 --> 00:25:22,160
and the Soviet Union,
a promised land,

385
00:25:22,160 --> 00:25:26,280
where poverty and inequality
would become things of the past.

386
00:25:26,280 --> 00:25:28,560
As another Cambridge student put it,

387
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:30,960
Russia looked like
"terra incognita" -

388
00:25:30,960 --> 00:25:33,920
a land of mystery, and for some,
infinite promise,

389
00:25:33,920 --> 00:25:36,040
where dreams would come true

390
00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:40,000
and the evils of contemporary
society be corrected.

391
00:25:47,840 --> 00:25:50,360
But it wasn't just Marxism

392
00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:52,680
that occupied
the Cambridge students.

393
00:25:54,560 --> 00:25:58,320
Guy Burgess was openly
and flamboyantly gay

394
00:25:58,320 --> 00:26:00,840
and rumours of homosexual activities

395
00:26:00,840 --> 00:26:04,080
swirled around the entire
Cambridge spy ring.

396
00:26:05,320 --> 00:26:08,920
This was an age when homosexuality
was still illegal.

397
00:26:08,920 --> 00:26:10,520
Sleeping with another man

398
00:26:10,520 --> 00:26:14,880
involved a level of discretion,
deception, even subterfuge.

399
00:26:14,880 --> 00:26:18,720
That was no bad preparation
for a life in the shadows.

400
00:26:18,720 --> 00:26:21,520
When the Cambridge spies
were finally exposed,

401
00:26:21,520 --> 00:26:25,440
their sexuality became
a central part of the story.

402
00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:29,040
Many people assumed that treachery
and homosexuality

403
00:26:29,040 --> 00:26:31,520
were just two sides
of the same coin.

404
00:26:31,520 --> 00:26:35,360
Perhaps they thought sexual deviancy
and political deviancy

405
00:26:35,360 --> 00:26:37,200
went hand in hand.

406
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:41,640
Perhaps all homosexuals
were potential traitors.

407
00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:48,480
In 50s Britain,
to be different was to be suspect.

408
00:26:48,480 --> 00:26:51,200
This was a deeply
conformist society,

409
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:53,760
both politically and socially.

410
00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:56,840
To many people, rich and poor,
young and old,

411
00:26:56,840 --> 00:27:02,000
homosexuality seemed frightening,
dangerous, even subversive.

412
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:04,840
And after the flight
of Burgess and Maclean,

413
00:27:04,840 --> 00:27:08,480
the Tory politician Lord Hailsham
spoke for many

414
00:27:08,480 --> 00:27:13,160
when he described homosexuality
as "a proselytising religion,

415
00:27:13,160 --> 00:27:18,640
"contagious, incurable
and self-perpetuating."

416
00:27:18,640 --> 00:27:22,920
It's surely no accident
that between 1950 and 1954,

417
00:27:22,920 --> 00:27:29,200
the annual prosecution rate
of gay men rose by 50%

418
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:32,440
All of this only added
to the climate of suspicion.

419
00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:36,600
In this unsettling new
Cold War Britain,

420
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:42,760
nothing was as it seemed,
and perhaps nobody could be trusted.

421
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:50,120
At a time of intense public anxiety
about national security,

422
00:27:50,120 --> 00:27:54,000
Britain's homosexuals
made very convenient scapegoats.

423
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:58,840
Find the homosexual, find the spy -
so went the reasoning.

424
00:27:58,840 --> 00:28:03,040
"There has, for years",
said the Sunday Pictorial in 1955,

425
00:28:03,040 --> 00:28:05,800
"existed within
the Foreign Office service

426
00:28:05,800 --> 00:28:09,360
"a chain or clique
of perverted men."

427
00:28:09,360 --> 00:28:12,040
The Civil Service even drew up
official guidelines

428
00:28:12,040 --> 00:28:15,320
for identifying
suspected homosexuals

429
00:28:15,320 --> 00:28:17,000
as security risks.

430
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,720
But, you know,
I don't think Burgess and Maclean

431
00:28:19,720 --> 00:28:22,120
betrayed Britain
because they were gay.

432
00:28:22,120 --> 00:28:24,880
I think they did it
because they were true believers -

433
00:28:24,880 --> 00:28:28,400
they genuinely thought
that Moscow was right

434
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:31,280
and that communism was the future.

435
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:40,480
Many people were deeply disturbed
to see how intellectual idealism

436
00:28:40,480 --> 00:28:42,880
could turn into spying
and subterfuge.

437
00:28:44,720 --> 00:28:47,400
And with the British way of life
apparently under threat,

438
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:51,880
some ardent democrats felt driven
to desperate measures.

439
00:28:54,280 --> 00:28:57,000
March, 1949.

440
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:00,200
A dying man lies
in a sanatorium bed,

441
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:03,200
desperately scribbling
a list of names.

442
00:29:03,200 --> 00:29:04,800
And when he's finished,

443
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,680
he hands the list to a friend
who works for the government.

444
00:29:08,680 --> 00:29:10,560
On the list were the names of people

445
00:29:10,560 --> 00:29:12,600
he believed were a danger
to the country,

446
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,200
potential agents
of the Soviet Union.

447
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:16,520
The friend worked

448
00:29:16,520 --> 00:29:20,480
for the Foreign Office's new
Covert Political Warfare department,

449
00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:22,960
the Information Research division.

450
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:27,200
And the man in the bed
was George Orwell.

451
00:29:27,200 --> 00:29:28,960
A year later, in this building,

452
00:29:28,960 --> 00:29:32,240
Orwell finally lost
his long battle with TB.

453
00:29:32,240 --> 00:29:33,680
He was just 46.

454
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:41,080
Just as the Civil Service later
identified suspected homosexuals

455
00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:43,080
as security risks,

456
00:29:43,080 --> 00:29:48,120
so Orwell's list named the people
he thought untrustworthy -

457
00:29:48,120 --> 00:29:50,600
fellow travellers who might betray

458
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:54,640
their native land
to the Soviet Union.

459
00:29:54,640 --> 00:29:58,440
Here was one of democracy's
greatest modern champions.

460
00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:01,520
So terrified of the threat
of totalitarianism

461
00:30:01,520 --> 00:30:06,640
that in his final months,
he was prepared to turn informer.

462
00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:12,160
It might have been a scene
from his greatest novel, 1984.

463
00:30:22,320 --> 00:30:26,720
This, in 1984, is London.

464
00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:28,760
Chief city of Airstrip One,

465
00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:31,880
a province of the state of Oceania.

466
00:30:44,480 --> 00:30:46,800
The Ministry of Truth was
startlingly different

467
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:49,280
from any other object in sight.

468
00:30:49,280 --> 00:30:51,480
It was an enormous pyramidal
structure

469
00:30:51,480 --> 00:30:53,480
of glittering white concrete

470
00:30:53,480 --> 00:30:58,480
soaring up terrace after terrace
300 metres into the air.

471
00:30:58,480 --> 00:31:01,040
From where Winston stood,
it was just possible to read,

472
00:31:01,040 --> 00:31:04,680
picked out on its white face
in elegant lettering,

473
00:31:04,680 --> 00:31:06,840
the three slogans of the party.

474
00:31:06,840 --> 00:31:11,000
War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery,

475
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,440
Ignorance is Strength.

476
00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:20,680
And here it is, the University
of London's Senate House,

477
00:31:20,680 --> 00:31:23,280
Britain's Ministry of information
during WWII

478
00:31:23,280 --> 00:31:27,840
and the model for George Orwell's
Ministry of Truth.

479
00:31:30,240 --> 00:31:34,360
It's here that we meet 1984's hero,
Winston Smith.

480
00:31:34,360 --> 00:31:39,680
His job, to rewrite history
in the name of a one-party state

481
00:31:39,680 --> 00:31:44,520
dedicated to controlling every
aspect of human existence.

482
00:31:44,520 --> 00:31:48,360
Mind, body and soul.

483
00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:53,360
Are you guilty?

484
00:31:53,360 --> 00:31:55,160
Of course I am.

485
00:31:55,160 --> 00:31:58,080
You don't think the party would
arrest an innocent man, do you?

486
00:31:58,080 --> 00:31:59,960
Thoughtcrime's a dreadful thing.

487
00:31:59,960 --> 00:32:03,160
It gets a hold of you without you
even knowing it!

488
00:32:03,160 --> 00:32:06,440
I talked in my sleep.
Do you know what they heard me say?

489
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:09,800
"Down with Big Brother,"
over and over and over again!

490
00:32:09,800 --> 00:32:12,520
Oh, I'm glad they've got me.

491
00:32:12,520 --> 00:32:14,400
Saved me.

492
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:15,800
For British readers,

493
00:32:15,800 --> 00:32:20,920
1984 was a terrifying vision
of a totalitarian future.

494
00:32:20,920 --> 00:32:24,240
In an age of perpetual war between
rival power blocks,

495
00:32:24,240 --> 00:32:26,960
even individual dreams have been
sacrificed

496
00:32:26,960 --> 00:32:28,960
to the demands of the party.

497
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,160
The thought police
watch your every movement

498
00:32:33,160 --> 00:32:35,360
and they listen to your every word.

499
00:32:35,360 --> 00:32:38,880
This is a world of total state
control.

500
00:32:38,880 --> 00:32:41,920
A world of total terror.

501
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,320
At the heart of Orwell's
chilling vision

502
00:32:49,320 --> 00:32:53,600
was a very British horror
of ideological extremism.

503
00:32:53,600 --> 00:32:56,040
Now, Orwell himself
was an old Etonian

504
00:32:56,040 --> 00:33:00,080
who had chosen to spend his life
fighting for the poorest

505
00:33:00,080 --> 00:33:02,920
and most downtrodden
people in the country.

506
00:33:02,920 --> 00:33:05,480
But like the great
majority of his fellow Britons,

507
00:33:05,480 --> 00:33:07,960
he had a deep, even visceral
distaste

508
00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:12,680
for grand ideological projects that
claimed to be improving humanity,

509
00:33:12,680 --> 00:33:16,120
but cared nothing
for the common man.

510
00:33:16,120 --> 00:33:21,200
Now, in 1984, Orwell's chief target
is Stalin's Russia.

511
00:33:21,200 --> 00:33:25,440
A regime that preached a gospel
of peace, but had murdered millions.

512
00:33:28,360 --> 00:33:31,000
And for a generation
of British readers,

513
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:35,840
1984 became their image
of the Soviet Union.

514
00:33:41,960 --> 00:33:43,960
But there's a bit more
to it than that.

515
00:33:43,960 --> 00:33:49,040
1984 is, after all, a portrait
of a totalitarian Britain.

516
00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:51,480
A vision of what could
happen right here,

517
00:33:51,480 --> 00:33:54,480
in the heart of Britain's
green and pleasant land.

518
00:33:54,480 --> 00:33:57,160
As a result, many readers assumed

519
00:33:57,160 --> 00:34:00,840
that Orwell's real target
lay closer to home.

520
00:34:00,840 --> 00:34:04,680
So in June 1949,
six months before he died,

521
00:34:04,680 --> 00:34:07,800
Orwell issued a statement
through his publisher.

522
00:34:07,800 --> 00:34:12,520
"My recent novel..." he said,
"..is not intended as an attack on
socialism.

523
00:34:12,520 --> 00:34:14,640
"Labour's older men..." he thought,

524
00:34:14,640 --> 00:34:18,240
"..were safe, but the younger
generation is suspect

525
00:34:18,240 --> 00:34:21,240
"and the seeds of
totalitarian thought

526
00:34:21,240 --> 00:34:23,600
"are probably widespread
among them."

527
00:34:23,600 --> 00:34:26,600
For Orwell, that made it all
the more urgent

528
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:28,920
that Labour tackle what he called

529
00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:31,160
the hard problems
of post-war Britain.

530
00:34:31,160 --> 00:34:33,640
We got one little bit of steak
on Friday

531
00:34:33,640 --> 00:34:36,160
and blimey, we've had it
for the rest of the week then.

532
00:34:36,160 --> 00:34:38,080
What does a man live on?

533
00:34:38,080 --> 00:34:40,000
11 pence of meat? Disgusting!

534
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:44,080
This was an age of grim austerity.

535
00:34:44,080 --> 00:34:48,520
Despite the end of the war,
rationing was tighter than ever.

536
00:34:50,200 --> 00:34:53,040
No cigarettes. No matches.
Not today.

537
00:34:53,040 --> 00:34:55,640
I'm afraid not. No eggs. No!

538
00:34:55,640 --> 00:34:59,520
# Don't know why

539
00:34:59,520 --> 00:35:02,720
# There's no sun up in the sky

540
00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:05,800
# Stormy weather. #

541
00:35:05,800 --> 00:35:08,160
Ordinary life was bleak and pinched.

542
00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:12,320
The perfect breeding ground,
some feared, for communism.

543
00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:17,000
# Can't go on

544
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,440
# Everything I had is gone... #

545
00:35:20,440 --> 00:35:24,520
In the aftermath of the Second World
War, Clement Attlee's Labour Party

546
00:35:24,520 --> 00:35:27,720
had won a stunning landslide
victory.

547
00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:30,600
Now, Attlee himself was
an eminently practical man.

548
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:33,400
"People..." he once said,
"..are converted more

549
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:35,520
"by what they see socialists are

550
00:35:35,520 --> 00:35:38,120
"than by what they hear them say."

551
00:35:38,120 --> 00:35:41,360
And he was determined to deliver
not just better schools

552
00:35:41,360 --> 00:35:44,400
and more jobs
and rising living standards,

553
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:48,680
but what he called security for all
against a rainy day.

554
00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:51,160
What we know as the Welfare State.

555
00:35:51,160 --> 00:35:53,960
You'll be getting a booklet
like this.

556
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:56,200
Although it's quite small,
it affects one and all.

557
00:35:56,200 --> 00:35:58,560
Every Master and Mrs and Miss.

558
00:35:58,560 --> 00:36:01,840
Put it safely away.
You may need it one day.

559
00:36:01,840 --> 00:36:06,160
Then you can read what to do.
Right? Ha-Ha! You lucky people!

560
00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:10,120
As Attlee saw it, the Welfare State

561
00:36:10,120 --> 00:36:13,840
would be a crucial weapon in the war
against international extremism.

562
00:36:13,840 --> 00:36:16,280
Give people a safety net.

563
00:36:16,280 --> 00:36:17,600
Give them faith in the system

564
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:19,920
and there'll be no need for them
to look elsewhere.

565
00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:24,000
"Communists find opportunity..."
Attlee said in 1950,

566
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:26,480
"..wherever poverty prevails.

567
00:36:26,480 --> 00:36:30,080
"We are trying to remove
such conditions."

568
00:36:30,080 --> 00:36:33,760
Attlee confronted one of the
greatest challenges

569
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:36,440
any British government
has ever faced.

570
00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:40,000
How to harness the power
of democratic capitalism

571
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,160
to rebuild a shattered society.

572
00:36:43,160 --> 00:36:46,960
# Blue skies smiling at me... #

573
00:36:46,960 --> 00:36:48,400
And for millions of people,

574
00:36:48,400 --> 00:36:52,360
his Welfare State offered a glimpse
of a better world.

575
00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:59,160
By 1950, new homes for 9,000 people

576
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:04,040
were being built on a bomb-damaged
area in east London.

577
00:37:04,040 --> 00:37:07,280
A couple of royal labourers
even lent a hand.

578
00:37:09,520 --> 00:37:14,160
This building site was effectively
a front in the Cold War.

579
00:37:14,160 --> 00:37:16,800
A showcase for Western capitalism.

580
00:37:18,680 --> 00:37:20,360
The new Lansbury neighbourhood,

581
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:22,720
which will be a complete little town
when ready,

582
00:37:22,720 --> 00:37:24,960
welcomes the first tenant,
Mr Albert Snoddy,

583
00:37:24,960 --> 00:37:27,000
to its first completed
block of flats.

584
00:37:30,840 --> 00:37:33,480
With developments like
the Lansbury estate

585
00:37:33,480 --> 00:37:35,800
came a renewed sense of optimism.

586
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:42,720
And all the time, the Government's
public information films

587
00:37:42,720 --> 00:37:46,000
tried to explain to people
what they could now expect

588
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:48,160
from Britain's Welfare State.

589
00:37:48,160 --> 00:37:50,600
How old are you?

590
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:51,880
If you're as old as him,

591
00:37:51,880 --> 00:37:54,840
you'll have found a big increase
in your old-age pension.

592
00:37:54,840 --> 00:37:58,520
Now 26 shillings for a single person,
42 shillings for a married couple.

593
00:37:58,520 --> 00:38:01,120
The scheme is comprehensive.

594
00:38:01,120 --> 00:38:03,040
It's not only to help you when
you're ill,

595
00:38:03,040 --> 00:38:05,960
but to help keep you
when you're well.

596
00:38:05,960 --> 00:38:07,080
And, of course,

597
00:38:07,080 --> 00:38:10,040
the younger generation will stand to
gain the biggest benefits of all.

598
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:14,720
These reforms weren't just
meeting real human needs,

599
00:38:14,720 --> 00:38:19,760
they were sending a very clear
message - you don't need communism.

600
00:38:19,760 --> 00:38:23,440
Because with social democracy,
you get all of the benefits

601
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:24,640
and none of the terror.

602
00:38:26,480 --> 00:38:29,320
CANNON BOOMS

603
00:38:29,320 --> 00:38:30,760
In the summer of 1950,

604
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:35,840
the battle of ideas escalated into
a genuine battleground.

605
00:38:38,360 --> 00:38:41,960
When communist North Korea
invaded its southern neighbour,

606
00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:46,360
British troops were sent to hold
the line against the red menace.

607
00:38:50,680 --> 00:38:53,920
And in a tight-lipped radio address
to the nation,

608
00:38:53,920 --> 00:38:56,760
Attlee warned that the
fighting in Korea

609
00:38:56,760 --> 00:39:00,160
could have
devastating consequences at home.

610
00:39:00,160 --> 00:39:03,760
ON RADIO: The fire that's been
started in distant Korea.

611
00:39:03,760 --> 00:39:05,280
may burn down your house.

612
00:39:06,520 --> 00:39:12,280
I would ask you all to be on your
guard against the enemy within.

613
00:39:12,280 --> 00:39:16,480
There are those who would
stop at nothing to injure our economy

614
00:39:16,480 --> 00:39:17,880
and our defence.

615
00:39:18,920 --> 00:39:22,920
The price of liberty is still
eternal vigilance.

616
00:39:25,200 --> 00:39:27,360
Fire!

617
00:39:27,360 --> 00:39:28,920
BOOM

618
00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:37,040
Exchange? Hello, exchange?

619
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,240
Exchange...?

620
00:39:40,240 --> 00:39:44,120
Every fire engine and ambulance
you can get to pier 47.

621
00:39:44,120 --> 00:39:48,800
The battle lines in the Cold War
were now unmistakably drawn.

622
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:52,280
Western democracy versus
Soviet communism.

623
00:39:52,280 --> 00:39:57,880
It seemed clear cut - you were
either one of us or one of them.

624
00:39:57,880 --> 00:40:03,200
Beneath the surface, seditious
forces were plotting our downfall.

625
00:40:03,200 --> 00:40:07,920
In High Treason, British film-goers
saw a shadowy network planning

626
00:40:07,920 --> 00:40:13,360
a sabotage campaign, in preparation
for an Eastern European-style coup.

627
00:40:14,560 --> 00:40:17,200
Many of the plotters
in High Treason are precisely

628
00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:21,000
the kind of people you'd expect -
foreigners, pacifists,

629
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:23,320
intellectuals, schoolteachers -

630
00:40:23,320 --> 00:40:26,480
all the traditional
villains of the British imagination.

631
00:40:26,480 --> 00:40:30,800
But some members of their sinister
little cell seem perfectly normal.

632
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:35,000
There are local government officers,
civil servants, even shopkeepers.

633
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,680
The hidden menace at the heart
of the high street.

634
00:40:41,600 --> 00:40:43,920
If further action in Europe is
to take place,

635
00:40:43,920 --> 00:40:46,280
plan X23 has got to be a success.

636
00:40:46,280 --> 00:40:48,680
We intend to destroy the eight
great power producing

637
00:40:48,680 --> 00:40:50,480
centres in this country.

638
00:40:50,480 --> 00:40:52,160
Three of them are in London,

639
00:40:52,160 --> 00:40:55,600
of which Battersea here
is our own particular concern.

640
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:58,840
When High Treason went on general
release in 1952,

641
00:40:58,840 --> 00:41:02,240
the critics hailed it as a tense
and topical thriller.

642
00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:04,640
But it was by no means the only
British picture to be

643
00:41:04,640 --> 00:41:06,920
steeped in the anxieties
of the Cold War.

644
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:09,720
May I have the pleasure?

645
00:41:11,160 --> 00:41:14,320
Melinda, I'd like you to meet...
Yes, thank you.

646
00:41:14,320 --> 00:41:15,520
..Major Curragh.

647
00:41:15,520 --> 00:41:18,560
Major Curragh, I don't believe you
know Miss Greyton.

648
00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:19,960
'As early as 1949,

649
00:41:19,960 --> 00:41:23,800
'one 17-year-old starlet got her
first big adult role'

650
00:41:23,800 --> 00:41:27,280
in a film called Conspirator,
in which she played the gullible

651
00:41:27,280 --> 00:41:31,720
young bride of a British officer,
who turns out to be a Soviet agent.

652
00:41:33,160 --> 00:41:34,960
I'm glad you found out about this.

653
00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:39,080
I've been too
alone - you don't know how alone.

654
00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:42,680
You don't know what it is to keep
a constant watch over yourself
because of a belief.

655
00:41:42,680 --> 00:41:45,080
You're a traitor!

656
00:41:45,080 --> 00:41:46,560
You're a traitor and a spy.

657
00:41:46,560 --> 00:41:48,760
Those are just unpleasant words.

658
00:41:48,760 --> 00:41:51,880
I'm a loyal supporter of the
greatest social experiment in the
world.

659
00:41:51,880 --> 00:41:54,520
What Conspirator
and High Treason have in common

660
00:41:54,520 --> 00:41:59,160
is the idea of communism
as a secretive, insidious threat.

661
00:41:59,160 --> 00:42:02,600
A kind of alien virus,
seeping into British life

662
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:05,080
and polluting everything it touches.

663
00:42:05,080 --> 00:42:08,280
And that view was even more
pronounced across the Atlantic,

664
00:42:08,280 --> 00:42:10,960
where many Americans already
believed that some of the most

665
00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:15,440
famous men in the world had fallen
victim to the Marxist plague.

666
00:42:15,440 --> 00:42:18,240
# When the moon hits your eye

667
00:42:18,240 --> 00:42:25,360
# Like a big pizza pie, that's amore

668
00:42:25,360 --> 00:42:27,800
# When the world seems to shine

669
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:31,680
# Like you've had too much wine,
that's amore... #

670
00:42:31,680 --> 00:42:36,560
September, 1952,
and on board the Queen Elizabeth is

671
00:42:36,560 --> 00:42:39,880
one of the most famous
men in the world.

672
00:42:39,880 --> 00:42:42,200
For the first time in more
than 20 years,

673
00:42:42,200 --> 00:42:44,840
Charlie Chaplin is heading
back to Britain.

674
00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:51,000
Chaplin was enjoying a typically
convivial lunch

675
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:53,000
when one of has friends handed him
a note.

676
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:56,240
It was a telegram,
and as Chaplin read it,

677
00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:58,840
the colour drained from his face.

678
00:42:58,840 --> 00:43:00,320
In Washington DC,

679
00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:03,280
the Attorney General had just
announced that Charlie Chaplin

680
00:43:03,280 --> 00:43:06,600
was barred from returning to
American shores -

681
00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:10,680
unless he appeared before an
immigration board of enquiry

682
00:43:10,680 --> 00:43:16,280
to answer charges of a political
nature and/or moral turpitude.

683
00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:19,600
Chaplin's now en route to England.
He is a British subject.

684
00:43:19,600 --> 00:43:21,640
Although he lived here for years
and grew rich,

685
00:43:21,640 --> 00:43:23,240
he never became a citizen.

686
00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:30,880
As one of the greatest
performers in the world,

687
00:43:30,880 --> 00:43:34,680
Chaplin had the ultimate
rags-to-riches story.

688
00:43:34,680 --> 00:43:37,600
From grinding poverty in a London
workhouse,

689
00:43:37,600 --> 00:43:40,640
to fame and fortune in
the Hollywood sunshine,

690
00:43:40,640 --> 00:43:44,040
Chaplin seemed the very
embodiment of the American dream.

691
00:43:45,560 --> 00:43:47,240
But for the American authorities,

692
00:43:47,240 --> 00:43:50,960
he had dangerously
unconventional views.

693
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:53,520
And this was no time to be
a non-conformist.

694
00:43:54,960 --> 00:43:58,840
Are you a member of the Communist
Party? Have you ever been a member of
the Communist Party?

695
00:43:58,840 --> 00:44:00,640
Are you a member
of the Communist Party?

696
00:44:00,640 --> 00:44:05,320
# Children, have you ever met
the Bogeyman before? #

697
00:44:05,320 --> 00:44:09,960
Since the late 1930s, the House
Un-American Activities Committee,

698
00:44:09,960 --> 00:44:14,320
or HUAC, had been investigating
allegations of communist subversion.

699
00:44:16,080 --> 00:44:19,720
But in the starkly polarized
climate of the Cold War,

700
00:44:19,720 --> 00:44:24,200
American suspicion and paranoia had
reached extraordinary heights.

701
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:32,120
They are lying, dirty, shrewd,
Godless, murderous,

702
00:44:32,120 --> 00:44:38,160
determined and it is not an American
political party like any other.

703
00:44:38,160 --> 00:44:41,960
It's an international criminal
conspiracy.

704
00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:47,320
'Nobody was above suspicion.

705
00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:53,040
'And by 1947, HUAC's attentions had
moved to Hollywood.'

706
00:44:53,040 --> 00:44:57,120
My name is Gary Cooper.
I live in Los Angeles, California.

707
00:44:57,120 --> 00:45:03,360
Ronald Reagan,
9137 Cordell Drive, Los Angeles 46.

708
00:45:04,640 --> 00:45:08,160
'The committee's members had become
convinced that Hollywood -

709
00:45:08,160 --> 00:45:13,320
the great American dream factory -
had become a hotbed of communism.

710
00:45:13,320 --> 00:45:14,600
The reds, they thought,

711
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:18,840
were brainwashing the masses
through the silver screen.

712
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:22,280
But HUAC's answer - show trials
and blacklists,

713
00:45:22,280 --> 00:45:25,240
looked like something
from Orwell's 1984.

714
00:45:26,560 --> 00:45:31,320
Chaplin was appalled by the very
idea of a committee to investigate

715
00:45:31,320 --> 00:45:33,680
un-American activities.

716
00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:36,920
"It was a dishonest phrase to begin
with," he said later,

717
00:45:36,920 --> 00:45:41,240
"Elastic enough to wrap around the
throat and strangle the voice

718
00:45:41,240 --> 00:45:46,360
"of any American citizen whose
honest opinion is a minority one."

719
00:45:46,360 --> 00:45:49,640
All his life, Chaplin had been
the great champion of the underdog,

720
00:45:49,640 --> 00:45:52,760
but now he found himself
part of a left wing,

721
00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:55,600
unorthodox and vulnerable minority.

722
00:45:57,240 --> 00:46:01,080
For decades there had been rumours
that Chaplin was a communist.

723
00:46:01,080 --> 00:46:05,320
He first came to the
attention of the FBI in 1922.

724
00:46:05,320 --> 00:46:11,200
And in 1941, an FBI report described
Chaplin's closing speech in his film

725
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:17,280
The Great Dictator, as nothing more
than subtle communist propaganda.

726
00:46:17,280 --> 00:46:20,680
You, the people, have the power to
make this life free and beautiful,

727
00:46:20,680 --> 00:46:23,040
to make this life a wonderful
adventure.

728
00:46:23,040 --> 00:46:27,960
In the name of democracy, let us
use that power, let us all unite!

729
00:46:27,960 --> 00:46:32,760
# You are my sunshine,
my only sunshine... #

730
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:38,880
The FBI collected
a staggering 2,000 files on Chaplin,

731
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:41,480
some of which hint at what
he really thought.

732
00:46:43,960 --> 00:46:48,200
# Please, don't take my sunshine
away... #

733
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:50,440
So, was Charlie Chaplin a communist?

734
00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:52,080
Well, I'm not so sure.

735
00:46:52,080 --> 00:46:54,120
In the early 1940s he did say
he thought there was

736
00:46:54,120 --> 00:46:55,960
a lot of good in communism.

737
00:46:55,960 --> 00:46:59,400
But when he was interviewed
by immigration officials in 1948,

738
00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:01,840
he gave a slightly more
qualified answer.

739
00:47:01,840 --> 00:47:04,280
"I'm a liberal..." he said, "..and
I'm interested in peace,

740
00:47:04,280 --> 00:47:07,920
"but by no means am
I interested in communism."

741
00:47:07,920 --> 00:47:10,320
What about,
was he a communist sympathiser?

742
00:47:10,320 --> 00:47:13,760
"During the war, everybody was
a communist sympathiser.

743
00:47:13,760 --> 00:47:16,440
"By that I mean
the communists of Russia.

744
00:47:16,440 --> 00:47:19,320
"I naturally felt..." and he's
talking about the war again,

745
00:47:19,320 --> 00:47:21,360
"I naturally felt they put up
a very good cause.

746
00:47:21,360 --> 00:47:23,960
"I've always felt grateful
because they helped us get ready

747
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:27,040
"and to prepare our own way of
life."

748
00:47:27,040 --> 00:47:29,880
The tragedy for Chaplin,
is that those words alone,

749
00:47:29,880 --> 00:47:32,080
for many people,
were enough to damn him.

750
00:47:36,520 --> 00:47:40,280
As the Queen Elizabeth approached
Southampton in 1952,

751
00:47:40,280 --> 00:47:44,080
Chaplin was still in shock
at the news of his American ban.

752
00:47:48,360 --> 00:47:52,600
But in London, the crowds
greeted him as a returning hero.

753
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:57,320
In the end, he decided not to fight
the ban, but to stay in Europe.

754
00:47:57,320 --> 00:48:01,560
He settled quietly in Switzerland
and for the next five years,

755
00:48:01,560 --> 00:48:04,120
he didn't make a single film.

756
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:09,080
When he did return to the cinema,
it was with a British picture,

757
00:48:09,080 --> 00:48:12,920
that mocks the excesses
of the red scares.

758
00:48:14,760 --> 00:48:18,000
The committee cites this
witness for contempt of Congress!

759
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:20,200
That's very
unsporting-like on your part.

760
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:23,560
SCREAMING

761
00:48:34,320 --> 00:48:36,880
Charlie Chaplin's fame couldn't
protect him

762
00:48:36,880 --> 00:48:39,640
from the creeping
paranoia of the Cold War.

763
00:48:40,880 --> 00:48:46,440
This climate of suspicion threw up
new and disturbing moral dilemmas.

764
00:48:46,440 --> 00:48:50,720
What and whom would
we sacrifice to protect democracy?

765
00:48:50,720 --> 00:48:54,680
And just how far would we go just to
preserve our own liberties?

766
00:48:56,600 --> 00:49:00,440
But preserving our own liberties
meant confronting the biggest

767
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:05,120
moral dilemma of the modern age -
to bomb, or not to bomb?

768
00:49:17,320 --> 00:49:22,600
June 1942, the aircraft carrier
HMS Campania set sail from this

769
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:27,440
jetty, to accompany a ship called
HMS Plym for thousands of miles

770
00:49:27,440 --> 00:49:29,440
across the world.

771
00:49:29,440 --> 00:49:33,520
For the men on board, this would be
a voyage like no other.

772
00:49:33,520 --> 00:49:35,640
As one of Britain's military
chiefs put it,

773
00:49:35,640 --> 00:49:39,800
"Any right-minded man could look
forward to a grand experience,

774
00:49:39,800 --> 00:49:42,280
"combined with all
the fun of a picnic."

775
00:49:44,520 --> 00:49:46,320
BOOM

776
00:50:08,920 --> 00:50:13,400
So why had Britain decided to
build its own nuclear weapons?

777
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:16,720
Well, on the surface, it looks
a purely defensive decision -

778
00:50:16,720 --> 00:50:21,160
the bomb as the ultimate
safeguard against Soviet attack.

779
00:50:21,160 --> 00:50:23,560
I think there was rather more
to it than that.

780
00:50:23,560 --> 00:50:26,320
This wasn't just a question
of keeping the Russians at bay,

781
00:50:26,320 --> 00:50:29,840
it was also a question of Britain's
position in the world and,

782
00:50:29,840 --> 00:50:33,000
once again, of our relationship
with the Americans.

783
00:50:34,320 --> 00:50:38,360
# You never know how much I loved
you... #

784
00:50:38,360 --> 00:50:41,600
The Americans had had the bomb
since 1945.

785
00:50:41,600 --> 00:50:47,280
And if we wanted them to take us
seriously, we'd have to go nuclear.

786
00:50:47,280 --> 00:50:49,960
# You give me fever... #

787
00:50:49,960 --> 00:50:53,640
Not all of Attlee's ministers were
convinced that we needed our own

788
00:50:53,640 --> 00:50:55,040
atomic bomb.

789
00:50:55,040 --> 00:51:00,000
And at a crucial meeting in 1946,
they lined up to question the costs.

790
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:04,360
But then, Attlee's foreign secretary
Ernest Bevin burst in late.

791
00:51:04,360 --> 00:51:09,160
"We've got to have this thing over
here, whatever it costs," he said.

792
00:51:09,160 --> 00:51:12,600
"And we've got to have the bloody
Union Jack on top of it."

793
00:51:13,680 --> 00:51:16,360
BOOM

794
00:51:16,360 --> 00:51:19,520
In an evermore insecure,
frightening world,

795
00:51:19,520 --> 00:51:23,800
the bomb looked like Britain's
ticket to a place at the top table.

796
00:51:27,880 --> 00:51:30,200
When the news of the British
bomb got back home,

797
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:32,840
many people were absolutely
delighted.

798
00:51:32,840 --> 00:51:37,480
"Today..." said the Daily Mirror,
"..Britain is Great Britain again."

799
00:51:37,480 --> 00:51:39,920
And it wasn't just Fleet Street's
finest who thought so.

800
00:51:39,920 --> 00:51:43,960
A few days later, one Mr Robins
of Edmonton wrote into the paper

801
00:51:43,960 --> 00:51:47,680
to say that Britain's bomb was
a wonderful thing.

802
00:51:47,680 --> 00:51:49,280
"It has exploded at last..."

803
00:51:49,280 --> 00:51:53,880
he said, "..the inferiority complex
from which we were suffering."

804
00:51:53,880 --> 00:51:56,120
You see, for most ordinary people,

805
00:51:56,120 --> 00:51:59,840
the British bomb was
all about our national virility.

806
00:51:59,840 --> 00:52:03,920
It was a kind of atomic Viagra,
restoring our political manhood,

807
00:52:03,920 --> 00:52:07,400
and it sent a very clear
message to the rest of the world -

808
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:12,520
to Moscow and to Washington -
don't mess with Britain.

809
00:52:12,520 --> 00:52:18,040
# Don't they know,
it's the end of the world? #

810
00:52:19,720 --> 00:52:22,160
At a time of unprecedented
austerity,

811
00:52:22,160 --> 00:52:25,240
nuclear weapons were
extraordinarily expensive.

812
00:52:28,440 --> 00:52:32,560
When Churchill returned to
power in 1951, he discovered that

813
00:52:32,560 --> 00:52:37,640
Attlee had secretly spent £100
million on atomic hardware.

814
00:52:39,640 --> 00:52:42,280
To its critics,
the real problem with Britain's bomb

815
00:52:42,280 --> 00:52:46,120
wasn't that it was expensive,
it was that it was wrong.

816
00:52:46,120 --> 00:52:51,000
Even Churchill himself, in his last
great Commons speech in 1955,

817
00:52:51,000 --> 00:52:54,400
acknowledged the moral
dilemmas of the nuclear age.

818
00:52:56,120 --> 00:53:00,120
"By a process of sublime irony..."
he said, "..we have reached

819
00:53:00,120 --> 00:53:05,160
"a stage where safety will be
the sturdy child of terror,

820
00:53:05,160 --> 00:53:09,280
"and survival,
the twin brother of annihilation."

821
00:53:12,120 --> 00:53:15,320
By the mid-'50s, Britain was
promising its children longer

822
00:53:15,320 --> 00:53:18,040
and healthier lives than ever.

823
00:53:18,040 --> 00:53:20,640
And yet, it was also
preparing for Armageddon.

824
00:53:26,760 --> 00:53:30,400
Here was the central
paradox of Cold War Britain.

825
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:32,400
High hopes of a better
future,

826
00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:36,120
beside a terrible dread that we
might all be doomed anyway.

827
00:53:38,320 --> 00:53:43,040
But while the world still turned,
one thing seemed certain -

828
00:53:43,040 --> 00:53:46,440
the bomb had put Britain back in the
top rank

829
00:53:46,440 --> 00:53:48,760
of the world's great powers.

830
00:53:52,920 --> 00:53:58,200
# Wonderful, it's marvellous

831
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:02,920
# You should care for me... #

832
00:54:02,920 --> 00:54:08,400
October 1956, and here outside
Covent Garden's Royal Opera House,

833
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:10,840
people had been queuing for three
days

834
00:54:10,840 --> 00:54:13,040
for the hottest tickets in town.

835
00:54:15,120 --> 00:54:18,720
It's amazing. We've been doing this
for about ten years at Covent
Gardens,

836
00:54:18,720 --> 00:54:20,200
so we're quite used to it.

837
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:22,400
But we've never had
a three-day queue.

838
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:26,600
For London's culture vultures, this
was an evening not to be missed.

839
00:54:26,600 --> 00:54:30,760
A rare British
appearance by the Bolshoi Ballet.

840
00:54:30,760 --> 00:54:34,800
Well, I think it's the only
way of getting to see the Russians.

841
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:37,840
As I've said before, if they're going
to come all the way from Moscow,

842
00:54:37,840 --> 00:54:40,400
the least I can do is make
an effort to see them.

843
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:42,480
I should never like to go there to
do it.

844
00:54:43,960 --> 00:54:47,320
The performance even had the royal
seal of approval.

845
00:54:50,840 --> 00:54:54,480
The Bolshoi was Russian
culture at its most glorious -

846
00:54:54,480 --> 00:54:56,560
glittering and exotic.

847
00:54:56,560 --> 00:55:00,360
It was also a shiny
example of Soviet soft power -

848
00:55:00,360 --> 00:55:02,600
art in the service of communism.

849
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:08,120
But even as the dancers were
gliding across the London stage,

850
00:55:08,120 --> 00:55:11,520
another European capital was
experiencing another

851
00:55:11,520 --> 00:55:13,560
different kind of Russian visit.

852
00:55:18,040 --> 00:55:19,720
DRAMATIC CLASSICAL MUSIC

853
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:24,680
The night the Bolshoi
captivated London has

854
00:55:24,680 --> 00:55:27,960
gone down in history
as Bloody Thursday.

855
00:55:27,960 --> 00:55:29,720
Because hundreds of miles

856
00:55:29,720 --> 00:55:33,920
away on the Great Hungarian Plain,
Soviet tanks were rumbling

857
00:55:33,920 --> 00:55:40,160
towards Budapest in a raw display
of old-fashioned hard power.

858
00:55:43,960 --> 00:55:47,560
In 1956 the people of Hungary
had risen

859
00:55:47,560 --> 00:55:50,360
up against their communist masters.

860
00:55:50,360 --> 00:55:54,360
The Kremlin promptly sent in the
tanks, and even as the Bolshoi

861
00:55:54,360 --> 00:55:58,160
lit up London, the Red Army opened
fire on the Budapest crowds.

862
00:56:02,960 --> 00:56:05,800
NEWSREEL: Hungarians began a heroic
bid for freedom with

863
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:08,840
a fight for life against red
oppression.

864
00:56:08,840 --> 00:56:10,480
By the end of the uprising,

865
00:56:10,480 --> 00:56:14,720
thousands of Hungarians had
lost their lives.

866
00:56:14,720 --> 00:56:18,200
Never had there been a more brutal
or a more spectacular

867
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:22,880
demonstration of the Soviet Union's
determination to crush all

868
00:56:22,880 --> 00:56:26,080
dissent behind the Iron Curtain.

869
00:56:26,080 --> 00:56:29,080
But here in London, Hungary
wasn't even the first

870
00:56:29,080 --> 00:56:33,360
item on the agenda for Sir Anthony
Eden's Conservative government.

871
00:56:33,360 --> 00:56:35,440
Because,
at the every moment the Red Army was

872
00:56:35,440 --> 00:56:38,840
rumbling into Budapest, British
tanks were taking

873
00:56:38,840 --> 00:56:42,200
part in an equally controversial
military adventure.

874
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:47,840
# Please, please, please, please... #

875
00:56:47,840 --> 00:56:50,840
Months before, the Egyptian
Government had nationalised

876
00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:52,600
the Suez Canal -

877
00:56:52,600 --> 00:56:57,320
long thought vital to Britain's
imperial interests.

878
00:56:57,320 --> 00:57:00,280
Now, Eden was trying to
snatch it back.

879
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:06,480
But his timing couldn't
have been worse.

880
00:57:06,480 --> 00:57:11,400
As the crises of Suez
and Hungary unfolded side-by-side,

881
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:15,040
the limits of British power were
painfully exposed.

882
00:57:16,880 --> 00:57:21,160
In Hungary, The Kremlin ignored
the West's hand-wringing protests

883
00:57:21,160 --> 00:57:25,800
and mercilessly throttled
a popular revolution.

884
00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:29,760
But at Suez, the Americans refused
to back our little show

885
00:57:29,760 --> 00:57:34,640
of military strength and Britain was
forced into a red-faced withdrawal.

886
00:57:37,240 --> 00:57:41,480
For the British people, the events
of 1956 were a humiliating

887
00:57:41,480 --> 00:57:46,360
lesson in the harsh new
realities of the Cold War world.

888
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:54,840
Out of the ashes of the Second World
War, Britain found itself in

889
00:57:54,840 --> 00:57:57,480
a new and deadly global struggle.

890
00:57:58,800 --> 00:58:03,120
We dreamed that our children would
inhabit a better world.

891
00:58:03,120 --> 00:58:06,880
Richer, cleaner and safer than ever.

892
00:58:06,880 --> 00:58:10,840
But Cold War Britain was
a land of nightmares.

893
00:58:10,840 --> 00:58:11,960
And in the future,

894
00:58:11,960 --> 00:58:15,760
we would live every
day on the brink of apocalypse.

895
00:58:15,760 --> 00:58:18,000
BOOM

896
00:58:25,720 --> 00:58:27,000
Next time...

897
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:31,240
Britain gets more prosperous,
the world gets more dangerous

898
00:58:31,240 --> 00:58:34,840
and the Cold War becomes
a morally murky business.

899
00:58:39,320 --> 00:58:42,160
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