1 00:00:08,100 --> 00:00:11,780 On the 22nd December 1715, 2 00:00:11,780 --> 00:00:15,420 a ship anchored off the north-east coast of Scotland. 3 00:00:17,860 --> 00:00:21,380 Ashore stumbled a sick, bedraggled man. 4 00:00:21,380 --> 00:00:24,380 Behind him, servants hauled a chest of gold. 5 00:00:25,900 --> 00:00:29,900 The gold was to finance a rebellion, and the man 6 00:00:29,900 --> 00:00:32,940 was a king back to claim his kingdoms. 7 00:00:35,460 --> 00:00:39,060 For this was James Francis Stuart, rightful heir 8 00:00:39,060 --> 00:00:42,500 to the thrones of Scotland, England and Ireland. 9 00:00:44,340 --> 00:00:49,420 But there was no coronation party to greet James, no trumpet fanfare 10 00:00:49,420 --> 00:00:53,940 no bonnets in the air, just a cold, empty beach 11 00:00:53,940 --> 00:00:56,780 and a secretive dash into the dunes. 12 00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:01,740 For this young king's return was a momentous one. 13 00:01:03,820 --> 00:01:07,220 James and his family had been banished from these islands 14 00:01:07,220 --> 00:01:09,260 nearly 30 years before. 15 00:01:11,940 --> 00:01:15,780 But now he was back to retake his throne by force. 16 00:01:18,820 --> 00:01:21,020 It was a pivotal moment in our history 17 00:01:21,020 --> 00:01:23,460 and one that divided Britain. 18 00:01:26,100 --> 00:01:27,580 To some, the Stuarts 19 00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:32,140 and their Jacobite supporters were discredited relics of a bygone era. 20 00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:39,020 Traitors intent on breaking apart a united, protestant Britain. 21 00:01:41,020 --> 00:01:46,060 While, to others, the Stuarts were the solution to a broken Britain. 22 00:01:46,060 --> 00:01:49,300 One ruled by corrupt governments, that had fought 23 00:01:49,300 --> 00:01:54,380 illegitimate and unpopular wars, and crippled the country with debt. 24 00:01:56,100 --> 00:02:01,180 But was the return of an outlawed royal dynasty really the answer? 25 00:02:01,180 --> 00:02:05,540 By 1715, it was time to choose. 26 00:02:05,540 --> 00:02:08,900 Are you for the Stuarts, or against them? 27 00:02:08,900 --> 00:02:12,060 The answer would prove one of the greatest turning points 28 00:02:12,060 --> 00:02:13,540 in European history. 29 00:02:29,020 --> 00:02:32,540 TRUMPET FANFARE 30 00:02:42,300 --> 00:02:45,900 At the 2015 state opening of Parliament, 31 00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:50,460 Scottish Nationalist politicians could be seen wearing white roses, 32 00:02:50,460 --> 00:02:54,300 in a modern poetic allusion to Scottish nationhood. 33 00:02:54,300 --> 00:02:57,940 My government will also bring forward legislation to secure 34 00:02:57,940 --> 00:03:01,180 a strong and lasting constitutional settlement, 35 00:03:01,180 --> 00:03:05,860 devolving wide-ranging powers to Scotland and Wales. 36 00:03:05,860 --> 00:03:10,940 But, for over 300 years, a white rose signified, emblematically, 37 00:03:10,940 --> 00:03:12,820 a very special day. 38 00:03:15,100 --> 00:03:17,820 The birthday of James Francis Stuart, 39 00:03:17,820 --> 00:03:21,700 the man who arrived on that Scottish beach in 1715. 40 00:03:23,980 --> 00:03:27,700 For his birth had transformed both the history of Britain 41 00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:29,820 and the Stuart dynasty forever. 42 00:03:38,580 --> 00:03:42,820 In 1688, James Francis Stuart was born as son 43 00:03:42,820 --> 00:03:45,860 and heir to the king of these islands. 44 00:03:45,860 --> 00:03:49,780 James VII of Scotland and II of England and Ireland. 45 00:03:52,380 --> 00:03:56,380 James was the latest in a line of Stuart monarchs who had ruled 46 00:03:56,380 --> 00:04:00,700 Scotland for centuries, and England and Ireland since 1603. 47 00:04:04,380 --> 00:04:08,140 But, in 1688, James' reign was in crisis. 48 00:04:10,460 --> 00:04:13,060 A devoutly Catholic King, 49 00:04:13,060 --> 00:04:15,980 his actions had convinced many he was trying to return 50 00:04:15,980 --> 00:04:18,660 his Protestant kingdoms to the Catholic Church. 51 00:04:20,220 --> 00:04:22,300 From town boroughs to the army, 52 00:04:22,300 --> 00:04:24,940 James was handing out high ranking jobs 53 00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:27,980 to Catholics and Protestant nonconformists. 54 00:04:33,060 --> 00:04:37,260 And when James' queen gave birth to a son and heir in 1688, 55 00:04:37,260 --> 00:04:41,540 the concrete prospect of a permanent Catholic succession 56 00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,300 brought James' kingdoms to the brink of civil war. 57 00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:57,100 The solution was simple. He had to be stopped in his tracks. 58 00:04:57,100 --> 00:05:00,500 It was time to find a more flexible ruler. 59 00:05:00,500 --> 00:05:03,060 And, as luck would have it, one was available. 60 00:05:05,340 --> 00:05:08,140 William of Orange, a Protestant prince. 61 00:05:09,220 --> 00:05:13,580 William had married King James' protestant daughter, Mary, 62 00:05:13,580 --> 00:05:17,100 and theirs was a union that enabled a new royal succession 63 00:05:17,100 --> 00:05:19,660 without breaking the Stuart bloodline. 64 00:05:24,180 --> 00:05:27,540 At the invitation of a small group of prominent politicians 65 00:05:27,540 --> 00:05:33,340 opposed to James, William daringly sailed to England in November 1688 66 00:05:33,340 --> 00:05:36,340 with a 15,000 strong invasion force. 67 00:05:39,660 --> 00:05:44,180 And, here on Salisbury Plain, James planned to confront William 68 00:05:44,180 --> 00:05:46,540 with an even bigger army of his own. 69 00:05:48,060 --> 00:05:52,420 By James' side was a man whose job it was to stop 70 00:05:52,420 --> 00:05:54,260 William in his tracks. 71 00:05:56,340 --> 00:05:59,220 John Churchill, a loyal follower of King James 72 00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:02,180 and one of his key military commanders. 73 00:06:03,980 --> 00:06:07,140 But then something happened that changed everything. 74 00:06:14,420 --> 00:06:18,020 John Churchill had, like many others, grown privately 75 00:06:18,020 --> 00:06:21,260 disillusioned with James' brand of Catholic rule. 76 00:06:21,260 --> 00:06:23,900 He was a canny political operator, 77 00:06:23,900 --> 00:06:28,060 and was well aware that public opinion was turning against his king. 78 00:06:28,060 --> 00:06:32,340 Churchill sensed the change in the wind and one thing was certain - 79 00:06:32,340 --> 00:06:35,540 he had no intention of being on the losing side. 80 00:06:38,940 --> 00:06:43,940 And, so, in the early hours of the 24th November 1688, 81 00:06:43,940 --> 00:06:46,460 Churchill took a momentous decision. 82 00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:50,540 Along with 400 other officers, 83 00:06:50,540 --> 00:06:55,420 he deserted the royal camp and rode to join William instead. 84 00:06:59,140 --> 00:07:01,500 Churchill had abandoned his king. 85 00:07:03,860 --> 00:07:07,260 While James, rather than fighting for his crown, 86 00:07:07,260 --> 00:07:10,460 fled the country with his infant son and wife. 87 00:07:14,500 --> 00:07:18,660 Meanwhile, John Churchill was handsomely rewarded for his change 88 00:07:18,660 --> 00:07:21,260 of sides by the new King William... 89 00:07:22,700 --> 00:07:26,060 ..as explained by Churchill archivist John Forster. 90 00:07:30,740 --> 00:07:34,620 So, John, what are we looking at here? Well, this dramatic 91 00:07:34,620 --> 00:07:38,940 and powerful document has massive historical importance. 92 00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:41,020 It very much is at a key point, 93 00:07:41,020 --> 00:07:43,620 a turning point in the whole history 94 00:07:43,620 --> 00:07:45,580 of the house of Stuart, really, 95 00:07:45,580 --> 00:07:46,980 where John Churchill 96 00:07:46,980 --> 00:07:50,620 has supported the incoming William, deserted James, 97 00:07:50,620 --> 00:07:53,700 and so he's given his reward, he's given the earldom of Marlborough. 98 00:07:53,700 --> 00:07:56,420 And this is the significant part of the document here where you 99 00:07:56,420 --> 00:07:59,980 see the actual first appearance in the history of this family, 100 00:07:59,980 --> 00:08:01,580 later Dukes of Marlborough, 101 00:08:01,580 --> 00:08:03,980 but here the first appearance of Marlborough. 102 00:08:03,980 --> 00:08:07,100 And how significant was the creation of an earldom? 103 00:08:07,100 --> 00:08:09,420 Well, it's absolutely critical, really, 104 00:08:09,420 --> 00:08:12,460 because it indicates a massive change of commitment 105 00:08:12,460 --> 00:08:14,980 from one political affiliation to another, 106 00:08:14,980 --> 00:08:16,700 the winning side, if you like. 107 00:08:16,700 --> 00:08:20,500 It was his reward, really, I mean earldom is really the first 108 00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:23,540 significant step to high status in the peerage. 109 00:08:23,540 --> 00:08:26,340 There are only two ranks above from there. There's Marquess 110 00:08:26,340 --> 00:08:30,100 and, from there, there's Duke, both of which he later became. 111 00:08:30,100 --> 00:08:33,500 So, Churchill very physically becomes Marlborough in this document. 112 00:08:33,500 --> 00:08:34,540 Exactly that, yes. 113 00:08:38,900 --> 00:08:44,140 The transformation from Churchill to Marlborough was a key moment. 114 00:08:44,140 --> 00:08:47,700 It not only marked the birth of one of British history's most 115 00:08:47,700 --> 00:08:51,620 iconic names, but, for the new King William, 116 00:08:51,620 --> 00:08:56,060 it also signified the beginning of a crucial relationship. 117 00:08:56,060 --> 00:08:58,500 Marlborough was a gifted military strategist 118 00:08:58,500 --> 00:09:01,140 and William wanted him by his side. 119 00:09:03,540 --> 00:09:06,740 But, whilst the new king admired Marlborough as a soldier, 120 00:09:06,740 --> 00:09:09,060 he still doubted his loyalty. 121 00:09:10,660 --> 00:09:11,900 And with good reason. 122 00:09:15,140 --> 00:09:17,340 "Will I always, with the hazard of my life 123 00:09:17,340 --> 00:09:21,660 "and fortune, endeavour to preserve your royal person and lawful rights, 124 00:09:21,660 --> 00:09:25,420 "with all the tender concern and dutiful respect that becomes 125 00:09:25,420 --> 00:09:30,380 "Your Majesty's most dutiful and most obliged subject and servant?" 126 00:09:30,380 --> 00:09:33,500 This is from a letter that Marlborough wrote to James 127 00:09:33,500 --> 00:09:36,460 within days of deserting him in Salisbury. 128 00:09:36,460 --> 00:09:39,460 In the letter he apologises to the exiled king 129 00:09:39,460 --> 00:09:42,820 and confirms his commitment to the Stuart cause. 130 00:09:42,820 --> 00:09:46,020 Not exactly the sentiments you'd expect from someone who was 131 00:09:46,020 --> 00:09:48,300 now clearly on the other side. 132 00:09:48,300 --> 00:09:50,060 But this was the problem. 133 00:09:50,060 --> 00:09:52,740 This letter was just the first of serial flirtations 134 00:09:52,740 --> 00:09:55,140 between Marlborough and the exiled Stuart court 135 00:09:55,140 --> 00:09:57,860 that lasted for the rest of Marlborough's life 136 00:09:57,860 --> 00:10:02,140 and constantly casts doubt as to where his true loyalties lay. 137 00:10:02,140 --> 00:10:06,100 Was he really still with the Stuarts, or was he against them? 138 00:10:08,300 --> 00:10:12,140 It was a question that haunted James for many years. 139 00:10:12,140 --> 00:10:15,860 But, in 1688, this was the least of his problems. 140 00:10:17,300 --> 00:10:20,980 For James and his family were now homeless royal exiles, 141 00:10:20,980 --> 00:10:25,620 destined to be guests to whatever foreign power would host them. 142 00:10:38,820 --> 00:10:41,740 Luckily, there was one king who would. 143 00:10:41,740 --> 00:10:43,700 Louis XIV of France. 144 00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:47,580 Phenomenally powerful, Catholic, 145 00:10:47,580 --> 00:10:50,420 and a valuable friend to the exiled Stuarts. 146 00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,620 In Louis' eyes, James was no fugitive, 147 00:10:55,620 --> 00:11:00,980 but was still the rightful ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland. 148 00:11:00,980 --> 00:11:04,820 And the French king vowed to help him reclaim his thrones. 149 00:11:11,980 --> 00:11:15,460 He accommodated James and his court in the grand opulence 150 00:11:15,460 --> 00:11:19,420 of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, a royal palace just outside Paris. 151 00:11:29,460 --> 00:11:32,620 But Saint-Germain was something of a mirage. 152 00:11:33,660 --> 00:11:36,500 Behind the magnificence of this palace's facade, 153 00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:38,660 lay a different reality. 154 00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:47,780 Saint-Germain had seen better days. 155 00:11:47,780 --> 00:11:51,180 The palace was unpopulated and sparsely furnished. 156 00:11:59,020 --> 00:12:03,140 But, strange as it may seem, this dilapidated French palace 157 00:12:03,140 --> 00:12:07,340 which has been described as a labyrinth of misery, became 158 00:12:07,340 --> 00:12:12,220 the command centre for Jacobite resistance over the next 20 years. 159 00:12:12,220 --> 00:12:16,900 James surrounded himself with a motley crew of political advisors, 160 00:12:16,900 --> 00:12:21,060 some totally committed, others cynically duplicitous. 161 00:12:21,060 --> 00:12:24,660 But James Stuart's quest to regain his rightful thrones 162 00:12:24,660 --> 00:12:26,700 would start from here. 163 00:12:28,500 --> 00:12:31,860 And the first step in achieving that goal was for James to win 164 00:12:31,860 --> 00:12:34,380 the support of his former British subjects. 165 00:12:36,940 --> 00:12:42,420 From Saint-Germain, a remarkable propaganda machine was created, 166 00:12:42,420 --> 00:12:46,140 churning out powerful stuff. 167 00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:49,420 A battery of poetry and verse was commissioned, 168 00:12:49,420 --> 00:12:54,860 aimed at reviving nostalgic memories of James' father, Charles I, 169 00:12:54,860 --> 00:12:58,900 the martyr king who had been tried and executed years earlier 170 00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:00,420 by the English parliament. 171 00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:08,500 Adieu, false Brittains. My royalties I have trampled on.... 172 00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:11,420 My glory... 173 00:13:11,420 --> 00:13:13,900 ..be the stars which did ordain the Whigs... 174 00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,660 ..who by their damned rebellions brood 175 00:13:16,660 --> 00:13:20,020 laid the three kingdoms all in blood. 176 00:13:22,420 --> 00:13:24,780 This kind of rabble-rousing propaganda 177 00:13:24,780 --> 00:13:27,340 was powerful and effective. 178 00:13:27,340 --> 00:13:31,020 It instilled the idea that a great wrong had been committed, 179 00:13:31,020 --> 00:13:32,660 that what would become known as 180 00:13:32,660 --> 00:13:36,260 the Glorious Revolution had in fact been an illegal 181 00:13:36,260 --> 00:13:38,420 and treacherous coup d'etat. 182 00:13:38,420 --> 00:13:41,620 And it wasn't just poetry that was used to spread the message. 183 00:13:41,620 --> 00:13:43,700 This was a multi-media blitz. 184 00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:47,420 # Beware in bed, sir, every man When the English horse...# 185 00:13:47,420 --> 00:13:51,380 Popular music of the day, cleverly infused with seditious 186 00:13:51,380 --> 00:13:53,220 messages are now sung aloud 187 00:13:53,220 --> 00:13:56,100 on the streets of Britain's towns and cities. 188 00:13:57,220 --> 00:14:00,060 While pro-Jacobite newspapers and pamphlets were distributed 189 00:14:00,060 --> 00:14:03,500 in their thousands and read in public houses and inns, 190 00:14:03,500 --> 00:14:06,460 the hotbeds of Jacobite dissenters became known 191 00:14:06,460 --> 00:14:08,340 as the Coffee House Militias. 192 00:14:12,300 --> 00:14:16,140 Private clubs and societies also started to meet and discuss 193 00:14:16,140 --> 00:14:17,940 the exiled king and his cause. 194 00:14:19,380 --> 00:14:23,740 Clandestine rituals and symbols sustained Jacobite hopes. 195 00:14:23,740 --> 00:14:27,380 Such as wearing the white rose of James and raising a glass 196 00:14:27,380 --> 00:14:32,140 above a bowl of water to toast their exiled King across the sea. 197 00:14:36,500 --> 00:14:38,420 And then there was the visual propaganda. 198 00:14:40,140 --> 00:14:42,660 Images like this were reproduced en masse 199 00:14:42,660 --> 00:14:45,580 and circulated throughout James' former kingdoms 200 00:14:45,580 --> 00:14:47,460 so that, come the day of his return, 201 00:14:47,460 --> 00:14:51,900 everyone would know exactly what their king looked like. 202 00:14:51,900 --> 00:14:55,580 An artist's brush became the camera shutter of the day. 203 00:14:57,700 --> 00:15:01,140 It all helped to sustain a powerful information network that 204 00:15:01,140 --> 00:15:05,500 reminded subjects throughout Britain of the king they had lost and ensured 205 00:15:05,500 --> 00:15:09,140 that his voice was still heard loud and clear from across the Channel. 206 00:15:09,140 --> 00:15:12,940 It was persuasive stuff and propaganda remained by far 207 00:15:12,940 --> 00:15:16,660 James' most effective weapon in his early years in exile. 208 00:15:18,220 --> 00:15:22,220 But the Jacobite court knew it would need more than pictures 209 00:15:22,220 --> 00:15:27,100 and words and claims of past injustices to reclaim the thrones. 210 00:15:28,740 --> 00:15:30,100 For, in James' absence, 211 00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:33,940 William's kingdoms were changing fast in ways that 212 00:15:33,940 --> 00:15:37,860 threatened to eradicate any residual attachment to the Stuarts. 213 00:15:42,340 --> 00:15:45,940 And much of this change was the work, not of the new king, 214 00:15:45,940 --> 00:15:48,740 but a powerful new faction on the rise. 215 00:15:59,220 --> 00:16:03,220 Hello, good morning, I'm standing for parliament in this constituency. 216 00:16:03,220 --> 00:16:06,060 This is Alistair Henderson... 217 00:16:06,060 --> 00:16:09,700 I'm standing for the oldest and the newest political party in Britain. 218 00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:14,500 ..hoping to represent the Whig Party, launched in 2014. 219 00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:17,500 We're trying to offer a genuinely values based 220 00:16:17,500 --> 00:16:21,140 and principled vision of what a good society would look like. 221 00:16:21,140 --> 00:16:26,300 The emblem of a fox is a historical clue to the type of new Whig politics 222 00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:28,420 that Alistair is promoting. 223 00:16:28,420 --> 00:16:30,780 So, what is the new Whig party? 224 00:16:30,780 --> 00:16:33,940 Well, we are a bunch of people who have been feeling 225 00:16:33,940 --> 00:16:36,740 kind of disillusioned with the current political scene 226 00:16:36,740 --> 00:16:39,420 and in particular feel that Britain needs once again 227 00:16:39,420 --> 00:16:43,300 a party that's unashamedly idealistic, that's optimistic and 228 00:16:43,300 --> 00:16:47,340 excited about the future, excited about change, open to the world and 229 00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:48,740 really keen on getting 230 00:16:48,740 --> 00:16:51,580 as many people as involved in democracy as possible. 231 00:16:51,580 --> 00:16:53,780 We just think it needs revitalising. 232 00:16:57,460 --> 00:17:02,780 But Alistair's progressive 21st century politics is directly 233 00:17:02,780 --> 00:17:07,500 inspired by the Whig agenda that became dominant the 1690s. 234 00:17:14,340 --> 00:17:17,780 Late 17th century Whigs had been determined to ensure 235 00:17:17,780 --> 00:17:21,940 a permanent transfer of power from monarch to parliament. 236 00:17:24,380 --> 00:17:29,420 And that ambition had made them the real architects of change in 1688. 237 00:17:33,420 --> 00:17:37,220 To safeguard that change, the Whig leaders retained the initiative 238 00:17:37,220 --> 00:17:38,900 and drew up a Bill of Rights. 239 00:17:42,940 --> 00:17:47,580 From then onwards, Parliament became a permanent constitutional fixture. 240 00:17:52,140 --> 00:17:55,420 Since that date, it's only been with MPs' consent 241 00:17:55,420 --> 00:17:59,020 that taxes have been raised and foreign wars have been fought. 242 00:18:02,740 --> 00:18:06,700 Never again would a monarch rule without parliament. 243 00:18:09,580 --> 00:18:12,020 And King William gladly agreed. 244 00:18:13,180 --> 00:18:17,900 What he most wanted was military might to fight his greatest enemy, 245 00:18:17,900 --> 00:18:19,740 Louis XIV. 246 00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:25,620 And now that the English Parliament had control of the country's 247 00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:28,660 purse strings, MPs were willing to pay. 248 00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:34,180 And the man who would help to fight William's French wars was 249 00:18:34,180 --> 00:18:36,940 none other than the Earl of Marlborough. 250 00:18:39,500 --> 00:18:42,500 Keen to prove his outward loyalty to the new king, 251 00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:46,340 Marlborough set about helping William weaken the French. 252 00:18:48,060 --> 00:18:51,860 While the exiled king that he'd betrayed could only sit back 253 00:18:51,860 --> 00:18:56,260 and watch as William went to war against his only ally. 254 00:18:56,260 --> 00:18:57,460 Louis. 255 00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:08,660 Although James had worked hard to keep the Stuart claim alive 256 00:19:08,660 --> 00:19:13,460 during the 1690s, the future looked bleak. 257 00:19:17,740 --> 00:19:23,620 The exiled Catholic king was frail, ill and consumed by self-pity. 258 00:19:24,820 --> 00:19:28,380 But consoled by dreams of possible sainthood. 259 00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:37,700 In September 1701, James died at Saint-Germain. 260 00:19:41,300 --> 00:19:45,020 But hopes for a Jacobite restoration remained alive. 261 00:19:50,380 --> 00:19:54,300 They were now pinned to James' 12-year-old son and heir. 262 00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:56,100 James Francis Stuart. 263 00:20:01,100 --> 00:20:03,740 And, within months of his father's death, 264 00:20:03,740 --> 00:20:06,100 Jacobite hopes gained ground 265 00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:08,580 as fate stepped in to lend a hand. 266 00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:16,460 While out riding in Hampton Court, 267 00:20:16,460 --> 00:20:19,460 King William had an unfortunate encounter. 268 00:20:23,180 --> 00:20:25,540 His horse stepped on a molehill 269 00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:27,820 and threw him to the ground. 270 00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:33,380 William later died from his injuries. 271 00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:37,540 As Jacobites made a toast 272 00:20:37,540 --> 00:20:40,340 to their little friend in the velvet waistcoat, 273 00:20:40,340 --> 00:20:45,300 William was succeeded by his ageing and childless sister-in-law 274 00:20:45,300 --> 00:20:46,780 Queen Anne. 275 00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:51,060 Recognised as the next in line by the kings of France and Spain 276 00:20:51,060 --> 00:20:52,900 and by the Pope himself, 277 00:20:52,900 --> 00:20:56,940 the young James Francis Stuart had reason to be confident 278 00:20:56,940 --> 00:20:59,300 he might yet be King 279 00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,260 but a major obstacle lay in his way. 280 00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:07,780 English MPs remained determined 281 00:21:07,780 --> 00:21:10,980 to exclude the Catholic Stuarts from power. 282 00:21:13,060 --> 00:21:15,740 And, to make sure, 283 00:21:15,740 --> 00:21:17,820 they had passed a new law... 284 00:21:24,180 --> 00:21:25,980 ..the Act of Settlement, 285 00:21:25,980 --> 00:21:29,100 which stated that only a Protestant claimant 286 00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:32,020 could succeed Queen Anne on her death. 287 00:21:35,940 --> 00:21:39,940 But, in their haste to shut the door on Jacobite claims, 288 00:21:39,940 --> 00:21:42,740 English MPs had not paused to consider 289 00:21:42,740 --> 00:21:44,740 another of the Stuarts' kingdoms... 290 00:21:49,020 --> 00:21:50,980 ..Scotland, 291 00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:54,420 the ancient homeland of the Stuart dynasty. 292 00:21:58,660 --> 00:22:01,140 As subjects of an independent kingdom 293 00:22:01,140 --> 00:22:03,380 with its own separate parliament, 294 00:22:03,380 --> 00:22:06,180 Scots did not relish the English assumption 295 00:22:06,180 --> 00:22:08,460 that succession to the Scottish Crown 296 00:22:08,460 --> 00:22:11,900 simply followed the dictates of English legislation. 297 00:22:13,940 --> 00:22:16,900 But the English couldn't risk the possibility 298 00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:19,460 of a Jacobite restoration in Scotland 299 00:22:19,460 --> 00:22:23,660 followed by a French-backed invasion to reclaim the English throne. 300 00:22:27,940 --> 00:22:31,300 And the way to ensure that both countries chose the same monarch 301 00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:33,780 was to have the same parliament. 302 00:22:36,460 --> 00:22:37,860 And, in 1707, 303 00:22:37,860 --> 00:22:39,900 that's exactly what happened... 304 00:22:43,340 --> 00:22:45,060 ..by the Act of Union, 305 00:22:45,060 --> 00:22:48,580 a constitutional marriage between Scotland and England 306 00:22:48,580 --> 00:22:50,620 that lasts to this day. 307 00:22:54,420 --> 00:22:56,420 Great Britain was born 308 00:22:56,420 --> 00:23:01,060 and the union was meant to kill off Jacobite hopes permanently 309 00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:04,140 but, ironically, the resentments it provoked, 310 00:23:04,140 --> 00:23:05,940 especially in Scotland, 311 00:23:05,940 --> 00:23:07,500 only strengthened them. 312 00:23:12,220 --> 00:23:17,180 James was just 18 when the Act of Union was passed in 1707. 313 00:23:17,180 --> 00:23:19,340 His entire life had been spent 314 00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:22,540 pacing the corridors of the palace here at Saint-Germain, 315 00:23:22,540 --> 00:23:26,020 carefully groomed to reclaim his blood right. 316 00:23:26,020 --> 00:23:27,980 By the time he reached adulthood, 317 00:23:27,980 --> 00:23:30,780 James was imbued with a single purpose - 318 00:23:30,780 --> 00:23:32,220 to become King. 319 00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:38,860 The Act of Union was yet another attempt to extinguish those ambitions 320 00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:43,580 but, instead, the Jacobite court saw it as an opportunity. 321 00:23:43,580 --> 00:23:46,540 The game of crowns that had, for almost 20 years, 322 00:23:46,540 --> 00:23:49,100 been a furious propaganda war of words 323 00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:51,780 was about to get a lot more serious. 324 00:23:56,620 --> 00:24:01,100 James eagerly sent one of his agents, Nathaniel Hooke, to Scotland 325 00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:04,980 to sound out likely levels of support for a Jacobite rising. 326 00:24:04,980 --> 00:24:06,860 It was all enticing stuff, 327 00:24:06,860 --> 00:24:08,980 and when Hooke returned to France 328 00:24:08,980 --> 00:24:12,580 brandishing a document signed by ten Scottish nobles 329 00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,180 and promising that the whole nation 330 00:24:14,180 --> 00:24:16,620 will rise upon the return of its king, 331 00:24:16,620 --> 00:24:20,060 the young and ambitious James was itching to act 332 00:24:20,060 --> 00:24:22,500 and, in March 1708, he did. 333 00:24:31,860 --> 00:24:36,580 James and his entourage, with 30 vessels and 6,000 French troops, 334 00:24:36,580 --> 00:24:38,420 set sail from Dunkirk 335 00:24:38,420 --> 00:24:40,580 en route to the east coast of Scotland. 336 00:24:51,740 --> 00:24:53,340 As James saw it, 337 00:24:53,340 --> 00:24:56,900 he was at last returning to the British shores he'd left as a baby 338 00:24:56,900 --> 00:25:01,140 and it was time to reclaim his family's honour. 339 00:25:01,140 --> 00:25:04,780 Except that it didn't prove to be quite that straightforward. 340 00:25:09,220 --> 00:25:11,460 In an incident that would set the tone 341 00:25:11,460 --> 00:25:14,500 for ensuing years of Jacobite rebellion, 342 00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:18,260 young James' uprising didn't quite go to plan. 343 00:25:21,620 --> 00:25:26,300 First, James had been struck down with measles before leaving France 344 00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:28,060 delaying his departure. 345 00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:34,820 Alerted to the suspicious massing of thousands of troops 346 00:25:34,820 --> 00:25:36,340 on the French coast, 347 00:25:36,340 --> 00:25:39,020 a twitchy English government was quick to act. 348 00:25:41,860 --> 00:25:45,340 While Marlborough was ordered to strengthen England's borders, 349 00:25:45,340 --> 00:25:49,860 the Scottish coastline was left undefended and ripe for attack. 350 00:25:55,140 --> 00:25:59,580 James and his French armada were further hampered by winter storms 351 00:25:59,580 --> 00:26:01,140 that blew them off course 352 00:26:01,140 --> 00:26:04,820 and away from the planned invasion point in the Firth of Forth. 353 00:26:08,940 --> 00:26:11,260 By the time they finally arrived, 354 00:26:11,260 --> 00:26:13,180 government forces were waiting. 355 00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:15,820 The game was up. 356 00:26:17,860 --> 00:26:22,220 And James' French armada commander, Claude de Forbin, knew it. 357 00:26:25,020 --> 00:26:28,860 Forbin had been given strict instructions by Louis himself 358 00:26:28,860 --> 00:26:32,820 either to deliver James safely or not at all. 359 00:26:32,820 --> 00:26:35,980 The French king needed a living Catholic monarch, 360 00:26:35,980 --> 00:26:38,380 not a dead royal martyr, 361 00:26:38,380 --> 00:26:41,980 and, with the prospect of an English fleet bearing down on him, 362 00:26:41,980 --> 00:26:44,020 and with only a handful of Jacobite soldiers 363 00:26:44,020 --> 00:26:46,940 having actually materialised on the mainland, 364 00:26:46,940 --> 00:26:49,380 Forbin knew it was all over. 365 00:26:53,860 --> 00:26:57,300 He upped anchor and dashed back to France. 366 00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:00,620 The 1708 Jacobite uprising had failed. 367 00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:10,100 But, while Queen Anne mocked James with a new nickname, 368 00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:12,940 Old Mr Misfortunate, 369 00:27:12,940 --> 00:27:17,300 in truth, the Jacobites had caught her government by surprise. 370 00:27:23,820 --> 00:27:25,700 And, to make matters worse, 371 00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:30,620 the very man who had contributed to Stuart misfortunes in 1688 372 00:27:30,620 --> 00:27:32,900 now went from strength to strength. 373 00:27:36,860 --> 00:27:39,940 Marlborough was by now not only a Duke 374 00:27:39,940 --> 00:27:42,620 but also a British national hero. 375 00:27:45,660 --> 00:27:47,740 A brilliant military strategist, 376 00:27:47,740 --> 00:27:50,740 he'd won stunning victories on the Continent 377 00:27:50,740 --> 00:27:52,860 from Blenheim to Ramillies. 378 00:27:56,580 --> 00:27:59,380 He'd been made Captain General of the army, 379 00:27:59,380 --> 00:28:03,580 while building work began on his most lasting physical legacy... 380 00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:14,020 ..Blenheim Palace, 381 00:28:14,020 --> 00:28:15,500 Marlborough's prize 382 00:28:15,500 --> 00:28:18,540 and a gift from a grateful Westminster Parliament, 383 00:28:18,540 --> 00:28:21,620 which had started to fund its construction. 384 00:28:28,100 --> 00:28:31,340 Hi, Peter. I'm Clare. Hi. Welcome to Blenheim Palace. 385 00:28:31,340 --> 00:28:33,980 Thank you. Wow. Certainly got the wow factor. 386 00:28:36,020 --> 00:28:40,300 Well, as you can see here, we have a 24-carat gold-leaf ceiling. 387 00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:43,140 Well, it makes a statement, doesn't it? It makes a big statement. 388 00:28:43,140 --> 00:28:44,540 That's what this is all about. 389 00:28:44,540 --> 00:28:47,780 It's really a statement about how powerful he was. 390 00:28:47,780 --> 00:28:50,140 He was a very popular hero at that time. 391 00:28:52,420 --> 00:28:56,700 Blenheim was the clear embodiment of Marlborough's success. 392 00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,900 An opulent palace full of the trappings of fame and wealth. 393 00:29:03,380 --> 00:29:06,620 But, as he basked in his military glory, 394 00:29:06,620 --> 00:29:10,380 Marlborough's very reputation was about to haunt him 395 00:29:10,380 --> 00:29:12,700 as 18th-century British politics 396 00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:14,620 took an unexpected turn. 397 00:29:19,260 --> 00:29:22,140 Britain's aggressive warmongering on the Continent 398 00:29:22,140 --> 00:29:24,140 might have benefited Marlborough 399 00:29:24,140 --> 00:29:28,020 but, to his enemies, his victories were only distractions 400 00:29:28,020 --> 00:29:31,500 from foreign wars that had been ruinously expensive 401 00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:34,380 and of limited strategic gain, 402 00:29:34,380 --> 00:29:38,340 and, as the Whigs' conquering hero, Marlborough was seized upon 403 00:29:38,340 --> 00:29:42,900 as symbolising everything associated with Whig misgovernment. 404 00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:44,620 To the Tory opposition, 405 00:29:44,620 --> 00:29:46,940 Marlborough had primarily benefited himself 406 00:29:46,940 --> 00:29:48,900 during the years of Whig dominance. 407 00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:50,820 He'd amassed a great fortune, 408 00:29:50,820 --> 00:29:52,940 was building this grand palace, 409 00:29:52,940 --> 00:29:55,660 was demanding his military position be made permanent 410 00:29:55,660 --> 00:29:58,100 and was behaving as though he were King. 411 00:29:58,100 --> 00:29:59,940 Marlborough had to go 412 00:29:59,940 --> 00:30:02,220 and so too did his Whig backers. 413 00:30:06,220 --> 00:30:09,220 The Tory opposition was gathering strength 414 00:30:09,220 --> 00:30:11,180 and, as a political party, 415 00:30:11,180 --> 00:30:14,140 they couldn't have been more different to the Whigs. 416 00:30:17,060 --> 00:30:21,940 The Tories now promoted themselves as the party of peace, 417 00:30:21,940 --> 00:30:24,300 the prudent, country party, 418 00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:27,540 and the champions of old English values. 419 00:30:27,540 --> 00:30:30,660 In short, the attractive alternative 420 00:30:30,660 --> 00:30:32,700 to an unpopular Whig government. 421 00:30:34,460 --> 00:30:37,500 But the Tories were also something else. 422 00:30:38,580 --> 00:30:40,660 They were staunch royalists 423 00:30:40,660 --> 00:30:43,500 and their party contained a significant number 424 00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:45,620 of Jacobite supporters, 425 00:30:45,620 --> 00:30:48,540 which made them a powerful ally for James. 426 00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:54,740 And, in 1710, they won a landslide parliamentary election. 427 00:30:54,740 --> 00:30:57,380 For Marlborough, this was a disaster. 428 00:30:57,380 --> 00:31:01,820 With the Whigs out of office, he, too, was out in the cold - 429 00:31:01,820 --> 00:31:03,220 public enemy number one 430 00:31:03,220 --> 00:31:05,940 and now the focus of a vindictive Tory witch hunt. 431 00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:12,020 The new Tory administration accused Marlborough of corruption 432 00:31:12,020 --> 00:31:14,740 and embezzling military funds. 433 00:31:14,740 --> 00:31:17,060 Moves were made to impeach him 434 00:31:17,060 --> 00:31:20,820 and, by late 1712, public vilification had become 435 00:31:20,820 --> 00:31:26,580 so intense that Marlborough himself was forced to flee into exile. 436 00:31:26,580 --> 00:31:29,460 It was all music to James' ears. 437 00:31:29,460 --> 00:31:32,940 The very party that had masterminded his family's downfall had 438 00:31:32,940 --> 00:31:36,060 been wiped out at the polls, while many of the Tories 439 00:31:36,060 --> 00:31:40,060 now in power actively favoured a Jacobite restoration. 440 00:31:40,060 --> 00:31:41,700 And, with Anne's health failing, 441 00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:45,620 the end of the Protestant Stuart line was drawing near. 442 00:31:45,620 --> 00:31:49,380 The timing felt right and James smelt another opportunity. 443 00:31:51,620 --> 00:31:53,100 And he wasn't the only one. 444 00:31:55,580 --> 00:31:57,140 Marlborough, it seemed, 445 00:31:57,140 --> 00:32:00,900 was also sensing a possible change in Jacobite fortunes. 446 00:32:03,780 --> 00:32:09,220 I'm meeting historian Daniel Szechi here at Blenheim to find out more. 447 00:32:09,220 --> 00:32:12,700 Can you talk us through the exact nature of Marlborough's 448 00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:16,140 correspondence with the Jacobite court in exile? 449 00:32:16,140 --> 00:32:20,180 He'd always been in correspondence with the exiled courts 450 00:32:20,180 --> 00:32:22,100 since the 1690s. 451 00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:26,700 But there'd been a lapse, and then in 1713, through an intermediary, 452 00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:30,300 he asks for somebody he can speak to. 453 00:32:30,300 --> 00:32:33,220 What do we actually know about the content of the exchanges 454 00:32:33,220 --> 00:32:36,220 that took place between Marlborough and the exiled court? 455 00:32:36,220 --> 00:32:39,700 What Marlborough wanted at that point was to be 456 00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:44,420 protected from impeachment and he said he would like permission from 457 00:32:44,420 --> 00:32:51,860 Louis XIV to be allowed to settle in southern France for his health and 458 00:32:51,860 --> 00:32:59,020 he asked specifically that James III contact Louis XIV and arrange this. 459 00:32:59,020 --> 00:33:01,220 What was the significance of Marlborough 460 00:33:01,220 --> 00:33:03,740 getting in touch for James? 461 00:33:03,740 --> 00:33:07,380 For James, it was always possible 462 00:33:07,380 --> 00:33:11,300 that if Marlborough had genuinely 463 00:33:11,300 --> 00:33:15,460 at last turned to Jacobitism, 464 00:33:15,460 --> 00:33:21,100 then he could be an ace card. 465 00:33:21,100 --> 00:33:25,060 Marlborough was one of the best generals in Europe. 466 00:33:25,060 --> 00:33:27,700 If he was on the Jacobite side, 467 00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,700 it would have been an enormous gain in military terms 468 00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:37,580 but, for Marlborough, it's all about reinsurance. 469 00:33:37,580 --> 00:33:40,980 In the event that James returns, 470 00:33:40,980 --> 00:33:43,220 he wants to be able to say, 471 00:33:43,220 --> 00:33:45,460 "Well, I was always your secret friend". 472 00:33:49,340 --> 00:33:54,300 Marlborough was clearly a powerful ally for the Stuarts. 473 00:33:54,300 --> 00:33:58,100 But James also had good reason to doubt the loyalties of a man 474 00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:01,420 who had not only betrayed his father in 1688, 475 00:34:01,420 --> 00:34:04,900 but had also pledged empty promises before. 476 00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:07,260 And James was right to be cautious. 477 00:34:09,140 --> 00:34:13,420 # Hallelujah, hallelujah 478 00:34:13,420 --> 00:34:16,820 # Hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah... # 479 00:34:16,820 --> 00:34:21,740 300 miles away, amid the ornate gardens and palace of Herrenhausen 480 00:34:21,740 --> 00:34:23,540 lived George Ludwig of Hanover... 481 00:34:25,980 --> 00:34:29,340 ..whose family had been named as the next Protestant successors 482 00:34:29,340 --> 00:34:34,260 to Queen Anne in the English Act of Settlement. 483 00:34:34,260 --> 00:34:39,020 # Hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah 484 00:34:39,020 --> 00:34:42,700 # For the Lord God... # 485 00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:45,700 When he wasn't in contact with James, Marlborough spent 486 00:34:45,700 --> 00:34:48,940 much of his time in exile currying favour with the Hanoverians 487 00:34:48,940 --> 00:34:51,420 and paving the way for a peaceful succession. 488 00:34:51,420 --> 00:34:53,700 Once again, he was hedging his bets 489 00:34:53,700 --> 00:34:57,020 and trying to keep in with both claimants to the throne. 490 00:34:57,020 --> 00:35:02,500 # Hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah... # 491 00:35:02,500 --> 00:35:05,740 And it would be the signing of an international peace treaty 492 00:35:05,740 --> 00:35:09,060 that finally helped Marlborough to make up his mind. 493 00:35:15,380 --> 00:35:20,780 In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht ended a lengthy war between much 494 00:35:20,780 --> 00:35:24,500 of Catholic Europe and Protestant Britain and her allies. 495 00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:29,180 But Queen Anne's signing of the treaty included one key condition. 496 00:35:29,180 --> 00:35:31,780 James had to be expelled from France. 497 00:35:35,980 --> 00:35:42,860 Louis XIV was war-weary, physically unwell and desperate for peace. 498 00:35:42,860 --> 00:35:43,860 He agreed. 499 00:35:46,980 --> 00:35:50,700 For Marlborough, Louis XIV's expulsion of James 500 00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:53,140 crystallised his own loyalties. 501 00:35:53,140 --> 00:35:58,060 He now pinned his colours to the Hanoverians' mast. 502 00:35:58,060 --> 00:36:01,700 But, for James, it was a major setback. 503 00:36:01,700 --> 00:36:04,300 He now had to find another foreign home. 504 00:36:07,300 --> 00:36:11,300 He finally settled in the town of Bar-le-Duc, in Lorraine - 505 00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:17,300 now a region of north-east France but then an independent Duchy. 506 00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:19,740 But James was isolated here 507 00:36:19,740 --> 00:36:24,620 and more cut-off from his Jacobite supporters than ever before. 508 00:36:24,620 --> 00:36:27,940 And while Marlborough secretly helped to pave the way 509 00:36:27,940 --> 00:36:30,500 for a smooth Hanoverian succession, 510 00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:34,500 back in London, the Tory administration was fatally split. 511 00:36:36,860 --> 00:36:40,620 With the Tories bitterly divided between one faction 512 00:36:40,620 --> 00:36:44,540 keen to persuade Queen Anne to support James' return as king 513 00:36:44,540 --> 00:36:48,580 when she died and the other just as firmly opposed, the Whigs could 514 00:36:48,580 --> 00:36:52,860 focus on the succession of their new king without anyone really noticing. 515 00:36:52,860 --> 00:36:54,700 Frustrating for James, 516 00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:57,860 Britain seemed on course to have a foreign prince with a very 517 00:36:57,860 --> 00:36:59,860 distant claim as its new king, 518 00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:04,500 while the next in line could only watch from afar here in Lorraine. 519 00:37:07,420 --> 00:37:11,460 And, in October 1714, that's exactly what happened. 520 00:37:13,660 --> 00:37:16,100 The Queen was dead - long live the King! 521 00:37:19,220 --> 00:37:21,220 George I. 522 00:37:21,220 --> 00:37:27,260 A new British king and the first in a lineage that continues to this day. 523 00:37:27,260 --> 00:37:32,260 Marlborough was once again rewarded for his loyalty. 524 00:37:32,260 --> 00:37:37,220 He was reinstated as Captain General of the British Army. 525 00:37:37,220 --> 00:37:40,820 He got his Palatial Blenheim back and returned to London 526 00:37:40,820 --> 00:37:43,660 to a hero's welcome. 527 00:37:43,660 --> 00:37:48,700 But the birth of this new Hanoverian era proved divisive among 528 00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,180 the people of these islands. 529 00:37:55,820 --> 00:38:02,140 On 8th May 1715, just months after George I's coronation, 530 00:38:02,140 --> 00:38:05,340 the Royal Standard was raised outside 531 00:38:05,340 --> 00:38:09,500 St James' Palace in London to mark the King's birthday. 532 00:38:09,500 --> 00:38:13,060 But the signal was not met by cheers of celebration, 533 00:38:13,060 --> 00:38:16,140 but shouts of angry resentment. 534 00:38:16,140 --> 00:38:20,860 For not everyone warmly welcomed the Hanoverian foreigner that now 535 00:38:20,860 --> 00:38:24,060 sat on the British throne. 536 00:38:24,060 --> 00:38:28,660 The Hanoverian succession had been constantly discussed in sermons, 537 00:38:28,660 --> 00:38:32,780 newspapers and coffee houses throughout the country for months. 538 00:38:32,780 --> 00:38:36,540 But when the new king set about exercising his will, 539 00:38:36,540 --> 00:38:40,140 the popular mood began to change. 540 00:38:40,140 --> 00:38:42,500 George was keen to reward those Whigs who had helped to 541 00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:45,420 secure his succession with government posts. 542 00:38:45,420 --> 00:38:48,660 But he was equally keen to punish Tory opponents. 543 00:38:48,660 --> 00:38:51,980 Some were arrested and charged with fabricated offences, 544 00:38:51,980 --> 00:38:54,940 and all Tories, however unjustifiably, 545 00:38:54,940 --> 00:38:59,500 found themselves branded as basically disloyal to the Hanoverian cause. 546 00:38:59,500 --> 00:39:04,700 Ostracized, regarded with suspicion, and excluded from power, 547 00:39:04,700 --> 00:39:08,500 many Tories simply ran into the arms of committed Jacobites 548 00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:12,020 and Tory anger fanned the flames of unrest. 549 00:39:12,020 --> 00:39:15,740 The ugly mood in London quickly spread throughout England 550 00:39:15,740 --> 00:39:19,060 and Scotland, highlighting just how polarized Britain 551 00:39:19,060 --> 00:39:23,340 was at the time its new German monarch arrived. 552 00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:27,540 The people of these islands faced a stark choice. 553 00:39:27,540 --> 00:39:31,820 Did they want a united, Protestant Britain, ruled by a foreign 554 00:39:31,820 --> 00:39:35,780 Hanoverian monarch, and a centralized Westminster parliament, 555 00:39:35,780 --> 00:39:38,620 or the Catholic James Stuart, 556 00:39:38,620 --> 00:39:41,660 a monarch who promised to dissolve the Anglo-Scottish union 557 00:39:41,660 --> 00:39:45,180 and restore England and Scotland as independent nations, with 558 00:39:45,180 --> 00:39:49,580 separate parliaments and toleration of different religious practices? 559 00:39:49,580 --> 00:39:55,580 In short, were you for the Stuarts or were you for the Hanoverians? 560 00:39:55,580 --> 00:39:57,940 The choice was a simple one 561 00:39:57,940 --> 00:40:00,940 and, for the exiled James, it was the incentive to act. 562 00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:07,060 It was time to draw the battle lines of rebellion once again. 563 00:40:13,620 --> 00:40:18,140 Morning, Colin. Hi. I'm Clare. Good morning. Welcome to Lyon & Turnbull. 564 00:40:18,140 --> 00:40:19,780 This is the largest hoard 565 00:40:19,780 --> 00:40:22,580 of Jacobite memorabilia ever to be auctioned. 566 00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:30,180 Well, a man who needs no introduction, the old pretender, 567 00:40:30,180 --> 00:40:33,460 James, sitting here in armour, a very, very strong portrait. 568 00:40:33,460 --> 00:40:37,300 It's part of a sale commemorating the 300th anniversary 569 00:40:37,300 --> 00:40:41,980 of the often overlooked 1715 Jacobite rebellion. 570 00:40:41,980 --> 00:40:45,180 They're lovely small objects that really tell many, many stories 571 00:40:45,180 --> 00:40:46,900 and, as you can see, a great variety. 572 00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:51,300 It was dubbed The '15 573 00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:54,100 and it was one of the most significant flashpoints 574 00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:58,780 in the Stuarts' century-long quest to regain their thrones. 575 00:40:58,780 --> 00:41:02,500 But it's a story that's often neglected in Jacobite history - 576 00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:04,740 a complex, yet fascinating affair, 577 00:41:04,740 --> 00:41:07,020 far removed from the polished trinkets 578 00:41:07,020 --> 00:41:09,540 and relics up for sale today. 579 00:41:09,540 --> 00:41:12,460 First lot in the sale, ladies and gentlemen and bidding on this opens 580 00:41:12,460 --> 00:41:16,460 at £1,200. 1,300, 1,400, 1,500, 581 00:41:16,460 --> 00:41:19,460 1,600, 1,900, 2,000. Start me at 2,000. 582 00:41:19,460 --> 00:41:21,260 Two-six is the telephone bidder. 583 00:41:21,260 --> 00:41:23,300 Selling at £2,600. 584 00:41:30,900 --> 00:41:34,180 By the summer of 1715, while the exiled Jacobites 585 00:41:34,180 --> 00:41:39,180 set about planning James' future restoration, with the help of 586 00:41:39,180 --> 00:41:43,380 French military backing, rebellion continued to brew across Britain. 587 00:41:48,820 --> 00:41:51,660 Support for the Jacobites was particularly strong 588 00:41:51,660 --> 00:41:55,700 in southern England, and was led by the Duke of Ormonde, 589 00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:57,340 a committed supporter of the Stuarts, 590 00:41:57,340 --> 00:42:02,420 an experienced soldier and a former Captain General of the British Army. 591 00:42:02,420 --> 00:42:05,460 Along with other Jacobite supporters, Ormonde started 592 00:42:05,460 --> 00:42:09,340 to orchestrate risings across the towns and cities of the south-west. 593 00:42:13,180 --> 00:42:15,900 But the sudden raising of Jacobite forces instantly raised 594 00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:20,780 the alarm within a twitchy and constantly alert Whig government. 595 00:42:25,300 --> 00:42:29,300 In July 1715, the King addressed parliament, confirming that 596 00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:33,060 the Pretenders' invasion plans were already well known. 597 00:42:33,060 --> 00:42:37,180 A reward of £100,000 was offered to anyone who captured James 598 00:42:37,180 --> 00:42:40,380 should he arrive on British soil, and there were mass arrests 599 00:42:40,380 --> 00:42:44,460 of anyone suspected of Jacobite plotting. 600 00:42:44,460 --> 00:42:47,260 It was the first important flashpoint of the rebellion. 601 00:42:47,260 --> 00:42:50,620 Would the English Jacobites rise up en masse as required? 602 00:42:54,180 --> 00:42:57,420 No, they would not. 603 00:42:57,420 --> 00:43:00,540 With a hefty bounty now placed on his head, 604 00:43:00,540 --> 00:43:04,620 Ormonde abandoned the south-west offensive and fled to France. 605 00:43:07,180 --> 00:43:09,780 Panicked by the loss of their leader, 606 00:43:09,780 --> 00:43:12,980 the English Jacobites gave up the fight and went into hiding. 607 00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,180 And it was into this vacuum that one of the key players 608 00:43:20,180 --> 00:43:23,860 of the 1715 rebellion emerged. 609 00:43:23,860 --> 00:43:27,460 The Earl of Mar was a prominent Tory politician 610 00:43:27,460 --> 00:43:31,060 and a man deliberately ostracized by the new Hanoverian regime. 611 00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:41,700 Mar had enthusiastically joined the Jacobite ranks. 612 00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:45,380 but, after the rapid collapse of the south-west offensive, 613 00:43:45,380 --> 00:43:48,580 Mar realised he needed to take the initiative. 614 00:43:48,580 --> 00:43:51,420 Government forces were on high alert 615 00:43:51,420 --> 00:43:54,380 and hunting down suspected Jacobite ringleaders. 616 00:43:54,380 --> 00:43:56,180 Mar needed to act quickly. 617 00:43:59,700 --> 00:44:02,900 He left London in early August 1715, 618 00:44:02,900 --> 00:44:04,740 and headed north to the one place 619 00:44:04,740 --> 00:44:07,140 he knew Jacobite support remained strong. 620 00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:15,020 Mar's plan was to invite influential nobles and clan chiefs 621 00:44:15,020 --> 00:44:19,220 from across Scotland to join him in a major Jacobite uprising. 622 00:44:22,180 --> 00:44:25,060 Here in the Highland town of Braemar, 623 00:44:25,060 --> 00:44:28,060 the Jacobite standard was raised on the 6th September. 624 00:44:28,060 --> 00:44:31,340 Mar then delivered a stirring speech to the gathered crowd 625 00:44:31,340 --> 00:44:34,740 in which he claimed that his eyes had now been opened to the 626 00:44:34,740 --> 00:44:38,220 cursed union and the negative impact of Hanoverian rule. 627 00:44:38,220 --> 00:44:41,820 It was powerful rhetoric, and together with assurances that 628 00:44:41,820 --> 00:44:44,940 King James himself was now en route to Scotland with French 629 00:44:44,940 --> 00:44:49,140 reinforcements, it was an enticing prospect for those listening. 630 00:44:52,180 --> 00:44:55,980 But, as Mar waved James Stuart's declaration of war, 631 00:44:55,980 --> 00:44:59,340 he made a fatal strategic error. 632 00:44:59,340 --> 00:45:01,020 He had declared too early. 633 00:45:03,780 --> 00:45:08,460 For, in France, Old Mr Misfortunate had been hit by yet another setback. 634 00:45:11,540 --> 00:45:16,220 Louis XIV had died just days before Mar's speech in Braemar 635 00:45:16,220 --> 00:45:21,500 and had been succeeded by his sickly five-year-old great grandson. 636 00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:25,340 Control of French policy passed to Louis's nephew, 637 00:45:25,340 --> 00:45:27,180 who did not favour the Stuarts. 638 00:45:27,180 --> 00:45:30,340 So, French support for Jacobite rebellion went cold 639 00:45:30,340 --> 00:45:33,100 and James' invasion plans had stalled. 640 00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:38,580 Louis' death was bad news for the rebellion's chances. 641 00:45:38,580 --> 00:45:41,220 And it was fatal for Mar. 642 00:45:41,220 --> 00:45:44,900 Oblivious to events back in France, Mar had already started 643 00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:47,700 the Scottish Jacobite uprising in earnest. 644 00:45:47,700 --> 00:45:52,460 Supported by many Scottish clansmen and lowlanders, Mar had rallied 645 00:45:52,460 --> 00:45:56,220 a sizeable army and started marching south into central Scotland. 646 00:45:58,620 --> 00:46:02,900 At the beginning of October 1715, most of Scotland 647 00:46:02,900 --> 00:46:04,780 was in fact controlled by the Jacobites. 648 00:46:04,780 --> 00:46:07,220 The nation was theirs for the taking. 649 00:46:07,220 --> 00:46:09,380 And things were looking up elsewhere. 650 00:46:14,140 --> 00:46:16,540 Support for the Stuarts had always been strong 651 00:46:16,540 --> 00:46:19,460 in the north-east of England. 652 00:46:19,460 --> 00:46:23,660 And, as Mar's Scottish rebellion gathered momentum, Jacobites 653 00:46:23,660 --> 00:46:27,580 here in the north-east also began to think about making a move. 654 00:46:27,580 --> 00:46:32,540 The ringleaders were local Tory MP Thomas Forster 655 00:46:32,540 --> 00:46:35,220 and a young nobleman, the Earl Of Derwentwater. 656 00:46:36,860 --> 00:46:41,060 On 5th October, they gathered here at this farmhouse 657 00:46:41,060 --> 00:46:46,820 in the Northumberland village of Bamburgh to plot their uprising. 658 00:46:46,820 --> 00:46:51,700 They agreed that seizing Newcastle was their first priority. 659 00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:55,380 They would then rendezvous with the southern Scots clans who 660 00:46:55,380 --> 00:46:58,620 controlled the border region, and then meet up with Mar's larger army. 661 00:46:58,620 --> 00:47:02,340 It was a sound plan and they easily recruited a small 662 00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,700 and willing force of around 1,000, and headed for Newcastle. 663 00:47:10,980 --> 00:47:13,020 They travelled full of hope, 664 00:47:13,020 --> 00:47:18,260 but arrived to find no cheering crowds, and the city gates locked. 665 00:47:21,780 --> 00:47:25,060 Unnerved by the lack of support, Derwentwater 666 00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:29,100 and Forster then headed north towards the Scottish border 667 00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:35,340 to meet the Jacobites there, and somehow combine their two forces. 668 00:47:35,340 --> 00:47:39,060 But what followed only served to increase the confusion. 669 00:47:41,860 --> 00:47:44,900 Both armies gathered here in the Scottish borders 670 00:47:44,900 --> 00:47:48,140 but neither side could decide what to do next. 671 00:47:48,140 --> 00:47:51,620 While Forster, Derwentwater and the English Jacobites wanted 672 00:47:51,620 --> 00:47:55,220 the Scots to join their march into England, the Scots preferred 673 00:47:55,220 --> 00:48:00,340 the idea of retreating north to rendezvous with Mar in Perth. 674 00:48:00,340 --> 00:48:04,820 It was a bizarre deadlock and one that would prove costly. 675 00:48:08,540 --> 00:48:11,420 As they argued over where to go next, 676 00:48:11,420 --> 00:48:13,340 government troops closed in. 677 00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:27,700 Meanwhile, in France, James had finally secured French support. 678 00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:29,580 He set sail for Scotland, 679 00:48:29,580 --> 00:48:33,300 intending to join Mar's by now huge Jacobite army. 680 00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:41,820 During October 1715, Mar stationed 10,000 of his troops in Perth 681 00:48:41,820 --> 00:48:43,660 and, from here, co-ordinated 682 00:48:43,660 --> 00:48:46,660 a number of small-scale local uprisings and raids. 683 00:48:51,180 --> 00:48:55,380 But the Hanoverian administration was quick to react. 684 00:48:55,380 --> 00:48:58,060 Led by the highly experienced Duke of Argyll, 685 00:48:58,060 --> 00:49:01,260 government forces were garrisoned at Stirling Castle. 686 00:49:03,940 --> 00:49:06,140 As winter approached, 687 00:49:06,140 --> 00:49:10,020 Mar decided it was time to push his Jacobite offensive south. 688 00:49:10,020 --> 00:49:11,300 By early November, 689 00:49:11,300 --> 00:49:14,860 his army was marching across the Sheriffmuir Hills, 690 00:49:14,860 --> 00:49:19,260 around eight miles from Argyll's forces in Stirling 691 00:49:19,260 --> 00:49:22,660 and it wouldn't be long before the two sides came face-to-face. 692 00:49:24,540 --> 00:49:27,860 His army might only have been one third of the size of Mar's, 693 00:49:27,860 --> 00:49:30,740 but Argyll was a seasoned campaigner. 694 00:49:30,740 --> 00:49:34,180 He tactically placed his troops in the favourable position 695 00:49:34,180 --> 00:49:36,860 on raised ground, looking down on the Jacobites. 696 00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:46,300 Between them lay two miles of rolling moorland and, as the sun set, 697 00:49:46,300 --> 00:49:50,060 this stark physical landscape became the stage for the great 698 00:49:50,060 --> 00:49:52,300 Scottish battle of the '15 rebellion. 699 00:49:55,660 --> 00:49:57,980 As trouble brewed in Scotland, 700 00:49:57,980 --> 00:50:01,260 the English Jacobites had abandoned their standoff with the Scots 701 00:50:01,260 --> 00:50:05,060 and headed south, eventually reaching the town of Preston. 702 00:50:14,380 --> 00:50:17,700 But the Hanoverian forces were closing in quickly. 703 00:50:17,700 --> 00:50:21,460 When the first government troops arrived outside Preston 704 00:50:21,460 --> 00:50:23,260 on the 12th November 1715, 705 00:50:23,260 --> 00:50:26,780 they found the town's streets and houses barricaded. 706 00:50:26,780 --> 00:50:30,180 From heavily defended positions, the Jacobites opened fire 707 00:50:30,180 --> 00:50:33,460 and the Hanoverians were forced to retreat. 708 00:50:33,460 --> 00:50:38,180 Derwentwater and his men were in fact in a strong position at this point. 709 00:50:38,180 --> 00:50:41,260 Preston, it seemed, was theirs for the taking. 710 00:50:41,260 --> 00:50:43,820 But when government reinforcements arrived, 711 00:50:43,820 --> 00:50:47,100 the Jacobites were quickly surrounded and outnumbered. 712 00:50:49,140 --> 00:50:52,580 As night fell, the Hanoverian commander started setting fire 713 00:50:52,580 --> 00:50:55,460 to parts of the town. 714 00:50:55,460 --> 00:50:59,060 And while many English Jacobites retaliated, others deserted 715 00:50:59,060 --> 00:51:00,060 and drifted away. 716 00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:18,300 And, as morning broke on the 13th November, Mar and Argyll 717 00:51:18,300 --> 00:51:21,780 eyeballed one another across the desolate Sheriffmuir. 718 00:51:28,420 --> 00:51:32,900 While, in England, the battle of Preston was about to play itself out. 719 00:51:36,580 --> 00:51:40,580 In Scotland, Argyll was the first to make his move. 720 00:51:42,980 --> 00:51:46,020 He formed his government army into two attack lines, 721 00:51:46,020 --> 00:51:47,740 facing the Jacobites. 722 00:51:50,820 --> 00:51:54,940 After some hesitation, Mar then gave the order to attack. 723 00:51:54,940 --> 00:51:56,620 And the Highlanders charged. 724 00:51:59,020 --> 00:52:01,420 But Argyll had anticipated this, 725 00:52:01,420 --> 00:52:04,580 and sent a flanking force to ambush them on the right wing. 726 00:52:09,580 --> 00:52:13,620 Taken by surprise, the Jacobite charge was stopped in its tracks. 727 00:52:17,340 --> 00:52:19,060 Meanwhile, in Preston, 728 00:52:19,060 --> 00:52:24,020 the English Jacobites were now completely surrounded. 729 00:52:24,020 --> 00:52:27,860 Despite successfully defending their positions the previous day, 730 00:52:27,860 --> 00:52:31,700 Derwentwater and Forster now took cover in a graveyard 731 00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:35,060 where they decided what to do next. 732 00:52:35,060 --> 00:52:37,700 Forster summoned a war council 733 00:52:37,700 --> 00:52:40,020 and immediately suggested they surrender. 734 00:52:40,020 --> 00:52:41,300 While some agreed, 735 00:52:41,300 --> 00:52:45,140 Derwentwater and many of the Scottish Jacobites refused. 736 00:52:45,140 --> 00:52:49,060 A farcical brawl ensued with half the Jacobite army 737 00:52:49,060 --> 00:52:54,220 threatening to lynch Forster if he did not fight to the death. 738 00:52:54,220 --> 00:52:57,500 But Forster was not a soldier - he was a politician 739 00:52:57,500 --> 00:53:01,460 and he had no appetite for a sustained fight. 740 00:53:01,460 --> 00:53:03,660 Surrender was inevitable. 741 00:53:07,180 --> 00:53:08,900 In Sheriffmuir, 742 00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:13,900 the other great battle of the 1715 rebellion was in full flow. 743 00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:16,620 Having easily overwhelmed the first Jacobite attack, 744 00:53:16,620 --> 00:53:20,500 Argyll was now ready to move in for the kill. 745 00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:25,180 But his attempt to finish things off proved less decisive. 746 00:53:25,180 --> 00:53:28,580 Thanks to the uneven rolling ground of this battlefield, 747 00:53:28,580 --> 00:53:31,860 Argyll's other flanking force, coming from the left, 748 00:53:31,860 --> 00:53:34,260 couldn't see the enemy as they approached. 749 00:53:34,260 --> 00:53:36,740 The men became scattered into small groups 750 00:53:36,740 --> 00:53:40,460 and were easily overwhelmed by Mar's much larger army. 751 00:53:40,460 --> 00:53:44,020 But, as the day drew on, exhaustion set in 752 00:53:44,020 --> 00:53:47,420 and both sides slowly began to retreat from the battlefield. 753 00:53:53,580 --> 00:53:57,060 In Preston, white flags of surrender were being raised 754 00:53:57,060 --> 00:54:01,300 by the English Jacobites by 8pm that evening. 755 00:54:01,300 --> 00:54:05,500 Derwentwater surrendered himself first, but, amid the mayhem, 756 00:54:05,500 --> 00:54:09,260 failed to inform his troops, who were surprised when he then appeared 757 00:54:09,260 --> 00:54:13,100 in the churchyard with government soldiers at his side. 758 00:54:14,540 --> 00:54:16,940 Around 200 men were dead 759 00:54:16,940 --> 00:54:22,780 and the last battle to be fought on English soil was over. 760 00:54:22,780 --> 00:54:27,620 The Jacobite rising in England had failed. 761 00:54:27,620 --> 00:54:29,540 And in Sheriffmuir, 762 00:54:29,540 --> 00:54:34,500 the fight for Scotland was also drawing to a curious end. 763 00:54:34,500 --> 00:54:37,460 After effectively abandoning the battlefield, 764 00:54:37,460 --> 00:54:40,740 both armies eventually returned. 765 00:54:40,740 --> 00:54:44,340 Mar simply watched as Argyll regrouped his forces 766 00:54:44,340 --> 00:54:48,020 on the other side and a prolonged face-off ensued. 767 00:54:48,020 --> 00:54:51,980 Neither side, it seemed, had the appetite to carry on. 768 00:54:51,980 --> 00:54:56,300 Sheriffmuir had degenerated into a farcical stalemate 769 00:54:56,300 --> 00:55:00,460 and the battle to take Scotland had resulted in a no-score draw. 770 00:55:03,380 --> 00:55:06,700 As Mar and Argyll marched their armies away in opposite 771 00:55:06,700 --> 00:55:11,180 directions and Jacobite prisoners were rounded up in Preston, 772 00:55:11,180 --> 00:55:15,860 both uprisings did have one concrete outcome. 773 00:55:15,860 --> 00:55:18,860 They had broken the heart of the Jacobite rebellion. 774 00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:26,540 And amid an air of despondency and defeat, the man for whom 775 00:55:26,540 --> 00:55:30,660 the entire 1715 rebellion had been staged finally appeared. 776 00:55:33,540 --> 00:55:38,100 James had set sail from France just as the battle lines at Preston 777 00:55:38,100 --> 00:55:40,500 and Sheriffmuir were being drawn up. 778 00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,460 But he was not accompanied by a mass French army 779 00:55:43,460 --> 00:55:47,420 and his hopes of royal restoration were pinned on victory having 780 00:55:47,420 --> 00:55:49,540 already been secured in Britain. 781 00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:58,060 But, like the unlucky chief guest at a banquet that would never take 782 00:55:58,060 --> 00:56:04,180 place, Old Mr Misfortunate instead arrived on an empty Scottish beach. 783 00:56:04,180 --> 00:56:09,100 He was met by a demoralized Mar who was obliged to break the bad news. 784 00:56:11,100 --> 00:56:14,180 The rebellion was already over. 785 00:56:14,180 --> 00:56:16,260 James had failed to reclaim his crown. 786 00:56:18,460 --> 00:56:22,460 Any advance on £32,000? 787 00:56:25,940 --> 00:56:31,260 1715 was, in our history, a moment of genuine potential. 788 00:56:31,260 --> 00:56:33,780 But overambition killed it - 789 00:56:33,780 --> 00:56:37,740 a fatal blend of rash impatience, chronic indecision 790 00:56:37,740 --> 00:56:40,420 and a lack of strategic coordination. 791 00:56:40,420 --> 00:56:44,620 There were serious discontents ripe for Jacobite exploitation, 792 00:56:44,620 --> 00:56:48,860 but, across Britain, the rebellion on the ground was bungled. 793 00:56:51,620 --> 00:56:57,180 And, throughout all this activity, floated James Francis Stuart, 794 00:56:57,180 --> 00:57:01,020 seemingly drifting through the 1715 rebellion, 795 00:57:01,020 --> 00:57:05,100 chasing the empty promises of his various supporters. 796 00:57:05,100 --> 00:57:08,260 And the man whose support he had hoped for most 797 00:57:08,260 --> 00:57:10,260 never even came to the party. 798 00:57:14,580 --> 00:57:18,300 Marlborough remained at Blenheim Palace, orchestrating 799 00:57:18,300 --> 00:57:22,220 the Hanoverian armies that engineered the Jacobites' defeat. 800 00:57:24,740 --> 00:57:29,140 By this time, Blenheim was nearly complete and soon came to 801 00:57:29,140 --> 00:57:33,900 symbolize the new order - a huge Georgian palace that would play 802 00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:40,820 host to the great and the good of Continental Europe for generations. 803 00:57:40,820 --> 00:57:46,500 James, on the other hand, would never recover from the failure of 1715. 804 00:57:49,380 --> 00:57:52,060 He spent barely a month on British soil 805 00:57:52,060 --> 00:57:57,100 before once again fleeing back to the Continent. 806 00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,260 But the story of the Stuarts in exile was far from over. 807 00:58:04,780 --> 00:58:07,660 Like a sore that constantly itched, 808 00:58:07,660 --> 00:58:10,700 the Jacobite threat refused to go away. 809 00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:14,900 James eventually found refuge in another Catholic haven, 810 00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:19,220 among the piazzas of Rome, and soon made himself at home. 811 00:58:19,220 --> 00:58:22,500 And amid the disappointments of his attempts to play this 812 00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:26,460 game of crowns, James Francis had achieved one victory - 813 00:58:26,460 --> 00:58:28,540 a son and heir, 814 00:58:28,540 --> 00:58:31,980 a new beacon of hope that would signal the next chapter 815 00:58:31,980 --> 00:58:34,060 in the Jacobite story. 816 00:58:34,060 --> 00:58:38,500 Charles Edward Stuart, the Bonnie Prince who would keep 817 00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:40,900 the family's dreams alive. 818 00:58:40,900 --> 00:58:44,660 The man who would again try to take the Stuarts out of exile, 819 00:58:44,660 --> 00:58:47,100 and place them back on the British throne.