1 00:00:04,900 --> 00:00:08,900 It was the last day of December, 1720, 2 00:00:08,900 --> 00:00:13,780 and there was one place that everyone in Rome wanted to be. 3 00:00:13,780 --> 00:00:15,660 It was the hottest ticket in town. 4 00:00:23,740 --> 00:00:26,020 Cardinals, ambassadors and dignitaries 5 00:00:26,020 --> 00:00:28,980 assembled in a gilded private chapel... 6 00:00:30,700 --> 00:00:33,900 ..to pay their tributes to the new-born heir 7 00:00:33,900 --> 00:00:35,420 of an ancient dynasty. 8 00:00:39,300 --> 00:00:41,900 Son of James, Pretender to the British throne, 9 00:00:41,900 --> 00:00:46,100 and Clementina, the daughter of a Polish prince. 10 00:00:46,100 --> 00:00:52,380 A child baptised on the day of his birth as Charles Edward Stuart. 11 00:00:53,700 --> 00:00:58,100 A boy that would come to be known by many different names... 12 00:00:59,580 --> 00:01:01,500 .."The Young Pretender"... 13 00:01:02,820 --> 00:01:04,580 .."The Prince Over The Water"... 14 00:01:06,460 --> 00:01:09,300 ..and, of course, "Bonnie Prince Charlie". 15 00:01:11,260 --> 00:01:16,380 The man who, at the age of 24, raised a legendary Highland army... 16 00:01:16,380 --> 00:01:19,580 And God defend Scotland! 17 00:01:19,580 --> 00:01:21,140 CHEERING 18 00:01:21,140 --> 00:01:25,620 ..an army that captured Carlisle, Preston and Manchester, 19 00:01:25,620 --> 00:01:27,340 and terrified London. 20 00:01:29,740 --> 00:01:33,220 And the legacy of Charles, "The Young Chevalier", 21 00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:34,460 is still with us. 22 00:01:34,460 --> 00:01:37,500 270 years afterwards, 23 00:01:37,500 --> 00:01:39,500 people are still laying wreaths... 24 00:01:40,620 --> 00:01:42,580 ..in loving memory. 25 00:01:42,580 --> 00:01:44,860 But of his 67 years, 26 00:01:44,860 --> 00:01:49,260 Charles spent only 11 months in Scotland. 27 00:01:53,260 --> 00:01:55,220 So, this is not a Scottish story, 28 00:01:55,220 --> 00:01:57,140 not a British story, 29 00:01:57,140 --> 00:01:58,980 but a European story... 30 00:02:00,220 --> 00:02:02,900 ..of kings, popes and princes, 31 00:02:02,900 --> 00:02:06,940 of great military and diplomatic alliances. 32 00:02:09,580 --> 00:02:11,620 How the exiled Stuarts used, 33 00:02:11,620 --> 00:02:15,420 and were used, by the most powerful European dynasties. 34 00:02:27,740 --> 00:02:32,780 In the 1720s, the Stuarts were among the most illustrious 35 00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:34,860 and notorious families in Rome. 36 00:02:36,180 --> 00:02:41,140 They were, if nothing else, something of an upmarket tourist attraction. 37 00:02:41,140 --> 00:02:45,180 James and his wife Clementina would be driven through this, 38 00:02:45,180 --> 00:02:46,740 the Piazza Navona, 39 00:02:46,740 --> 00:02:48,380 in an open carriage. 40 00:02:52,460 --> 00:02:55,660 Visitors from Britain were fascinated at the chance to see 41 00:02:55,660 --> 00:02:57,540 their exiled royal family. 42 00:02:58,620 --> 00:03:02,420 One account describes their child, the infant Charles, 43 00:03:02,420 --> 00:03:07,100 being carried aloft and shooting at onlookers with his toy crossbow. 44 00:03:10,300 --> 00:03:13,500 The fascination with weaponry - well, it was not hard to fathom. 45 00:03:16,020 --> 00:03:18,260 Stuart history had been bloody. 46 00:03:18,260 --> 00:03:21,460 The boy's grandfather, King James VII of Scotland 47 00:03:21,460 --> 00:03:23,340 and II of England and Ireland, 48 00:03:23,340 --> 00:03:26,460 had been driven from power and into exile, 49 00:03:26,460 --> 00:03:30,420 seen as too aggressively Catholic and too close to the French. 50 00:03:31,980 --> 00:03:35,900 His son, also James, had attempted to reclaim his crowns 51 00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:40,180 in the failed Jacobite Uprisings of 1708, 1715 52 00:03:40,180 --> 00:03:43,460 and, finally, in 1719. 53 00:03:43,460 --> 00:03:47,060 That same year, James escaped to the Continent 54 00:03:47,060 --> 00:03:49,380 and married Clementina. 55 00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:52,820 They settled here, in Rome. 56 00:03:54,100 --> 00:03:56,020 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 57 00:03:58,460 --> 00:04:00,700 The Pope, Clement XI, 58 00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:04,940 recognised the Catholic James as the rightful king of England, Scotland 59 00:04:04,940 --> 00:04:08,780 and Ireland. He gave the young couple two palaces, an allowance 60 00:04:08,780 --> 00:04:10,620 and a papal guard. 61 00:04:12,300 --> 00:04:15,700 Five years later, James and Clementina brought their 62 00:04:15,700 --> 00:04:18,140 four-year-old son Charles to the Papal Palace. 63 00:04:19,180 --> 00:04:22,980 As was the custom, both parents kissed the Pope's feet. 64 00:04:22,980 --> 00:04:25,420 Charles did not fancy the idea, 65 00:04:25,420 --> 00:04:26,900 and refused, point blank. 66 00:04:28,020 --> 00:04:31,060 You can make too much of one childish moment, 67 00:04:31,060 --> 00:04:34,340 but this seems to have been a young boy confident in his own skin 68 00:04:34,340 --> 00:04:36,700 and no shrinking violet. 69 00:04:43,340 --> 00:04:45,620 The life of the exiled Stuarts 70 00:04:45,620 --> 00:04:48,940 is hidden deep within the workings of this city. 71 00:04:50,660 --> 00:04:55,900 These are the Rome headquarters of a multinational construction company. 72 00:04:55,900 --> 00:04:59,380 On the surface, there is absolutely nothing remarkable 73 00:04:59,380 --> 00:05:01,100 about these offices. Nothing special... 74 00:05:03,420 --> 00:05:05,180 ..until you look up. 75 00:05:05,180 --> 00:05:07,820 The ceilings are very special indeed. 76 00:05:13,540 --> 00:05:17,660 These interiors have never been filmed before. 77 00:05:17,660 --> 00:05:21,740 The oldest examples were commissioned by Pope Clement XI, 78 00:05:21,740 --> 00:05:25,540 to decorate the home he had chosen for King James. 79 00:05:26,980 --> 00:05:31,660 Clement renamed the building the Palazzo del Re - 80 00:05:31,660 --> 00:05:32,940 The King's Palace. 81 00:05:34,740 --> 00:05:37,620 The furnishings were extremely lavish and expensive. 82 00:05:37,620 --> 00:05:39,980 We have the accounts. An awful lot of money was spent 83 00:05:39,980 --> 00:05:43,300 producing a sequence of state apartments, building up to 84 00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:46,220 the King's apartment, and then into this gallery, 85 00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:48,940 which is just beyond the King's bedchamber. 86 00:05:48,940 --> 00:05:52,820 Do we have any sense of how these buildings and these new decorations 87 00:05:52,820 --> 00:05:54,460 were received at the time? 88 00:05:54,460 --> 00:05:56,220 Oh, they were well received. 89 00:05:56,220 --> 00:05:58,980 I mean, this became an important social centre in Rome. 90 00:05:58,980 --> 00:06:01,940 You have to remember that, because the Pope did, 91 00:06:01,940 --> 00:06:05,620 Roman society recognised James as King. 92 00:06:07,460 --> 00:06:11,300 Therefore, the princes and the cardinals of Rome came always to 93 00:06:11,300 --> 00:06:13,940 this building to pay their court to James. 94 00:06:15,380 --> 00:06:19,900 Living amid such opulence did not come cheap. 95 00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:24,100 The Stuart Palace employed upwards of 100 servants, 96 00:06:24,100 --> 00:06:27,620 paid for by the pension James received annually from the Pope - 97 00:06:27,620 --> 00:06:30,860 today worth around £750,000. 98 00:06:32,220 --> 00:06:35,780 James's rooms were here, on the first floor. 99 00:06:35,780 --> 00:06:39,500 His wife Clementina occupied the floor above. 100 00:06:39,500 --> 00:06:43,180 Her household took charge of baby Charles 101 00:06:43,180 --> 00:06:45,020 and, four years later, 102 00:06:45,020 --> 00:06:46,780 his younger brother Henry. 103 00:06:52,460 --> 00:06:55,100 Outside the palace would have been a very visible sign 104 00:06:55,100 --> 00:06:57,540 that this was an exiled court? Yes, indeed. 105 00:06:57,540 --> 00:06:59,460 Up there, above the doorway, 106 00:06:59,460 --> 00:07:02,260 there would have been the English royal coat of arms, 107 00:07:02,260 --> 00:07:05,220 placed there at the request of the Pope, to recognise 108 00:07:05,220 --> 00:07:09,060 that this was the palace of the legitimate King of England. 109 00:07:10,500 --> 00:07:13,460 He is the only king in Rome and, consequently, 110 00:07:13,460 --> 00:07:17,140 his status is second only to that of the Pope. 111 00:07:17,140 --> 00:07:20,380 Queen Clementina is, of course, the First Lady of Rome. 112 00:07:20,380 --> 00:07:24,220 And so this gives them immense social status among the cardinals 113 00:07:24,220 --> 00:07:28,380 and princes and people of Rome. This can be particularly interestingly 114 00:07:28,380 --> 00:07:32,340 seen when they go to the opera, because they have certain privileges 115 00:07:32,340 --> 00:07:35,380 when they go to the opera. The most interesting of all 116 00:07:35,380 --> 00:07:38,500 is that James is given three boxes, because he is the king 117 00:07:38,500 --> 00:07:40,300 of three kingdoms. 118 00:07:41,580 --> 00:07:44,140 And you have one box for your kingdom. 119 00:07:44,140 --> 00:07:47,540 The Holy Roman Emperor had two, because he claimed to be 120 00:07:47,540 --> 00:07:49,860 the King of Spain, but James had three. 121 00:07:54,340 --> 00:07:57,740 Directly across the square from the Palazzo del Re 122 00:07:57,740 --> 00:08:02,620 is the magnificent church of Santi Apostili. 123 00:08:02,620 --> 00:08:08,740 From their arrival in 1719, the Stuarts would come here to worship. 124 00:08:08,740 --> 00:08:14,780 The exiled king, James, commissioned the singing of a special mass 125 00:08:14,780 --> 00:08:18,740 for his son every year, on January 31. 126 00:08:24,780 --> 00:08:29,500 While most of his British subjects were Protestant, James was Catholic, 127 00:08:29,500 --> 00:08:32,340 but he did not want his Catholicism to stand in the way 128 00:08:32,340 --> 00:08:34,380 of his restoration to the throne. 129 00:08:36,940 --> 00:08:41,100 James had said many times that he would respect the different 130 00:08:41,100 --> 00:08:45,340 religious beliefs of his people. James's vision was also 131 00:08:45,340 --> 00:08:48,660 a Britain of three kingdoms - England, Scotland and Ireland. 132 00:08:51,340 --> 00:08:55,900 That vision was seen as a grave threat to the new British state 133 00:08:55,900 --> 00:09:00,140 that was determined to exclude his family from power. 134 00:09:00,140 --> 00:09:04,260 James and his Jacobite supporters were continually monitored. 135 00:09:04,260 --> 00:09:08,700 My trick, I think. Yes, my son. No-one is to approach 136 00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:10,820 within earshot. Your Majesty, not a black beetle 137 00:09:10,820 --> 00:09:13,620 shall show its nose, though faith, they might be English spies, 138 00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:15,420 the way they encroach on us. 139 00:09:17,540 --> 00:09:22,140 Into the story comes a gentleman called Philipp von Stosch... 140 00:09:23,940 --> 00:09:27,580 ..who arrived in Rome in January 1722. 141 00:09:29,820 --> 00:09:32,380 Outwardly, he was known as a dealer in antiques. 142 00:09:34,580 --> 00:09:36,700 But Stosch had another job. 143 00:09:36,700 --> 00:09:40,900 He was a spy, operating under the pen-name 144 00:09:40,900 --> 00:09:42,300 of Mr Walton. 145 00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:47,180 Every week, he would write back to England with intelligence 146 00:09:47,180 --> 00:09:49,860 gleaned from a mole within the Stuart court. 147 00:09:50,860 --> 00:09:52,780 Those letters, written in coded French, 148 00:09:52,780 --> 00:09:55,620 revealed that the exiled Stuart king and queen 149 00:09:55,620 --> 00:09:58,300 were having major marital difficulties. 150 00:10:00,700 --> 00:10:04,660 Walton described how, in November 1725, 151 00:10:04,660 --> 00:10:07,540 James gave voice to what Walton described as 152 00:10:07,540 --> 00:10:11,380 "paroles fortes" - very angry words against his wife. 153 00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:14,860 Controversially, James had decided to remove infant Charles 154 00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:18,180 from the queen's household and place him in the hands 155 00:10:18,180 --> 00:10:19,740 of six male appointees. 156 00:10:23,100 --> 00:10:29,020 Walton described how Clementina wrote to the abbess of a Rome convent, 157 00:10:29,020 --> 00:10:34,740 asking for the main door to be left open at a pre-determined time. 158 00:10:34,740 --> 00:10:41,340 And on November 15 1725, Clementina slipped through the door 159 00:10:41,340 --> 00:10:42,420 and into sanctuary. 160 00:10:44,660 --> 00:10:48,660 Walton recorded her saying, "I would rather suffer death 161 00:10:48,660 --> 00:10:53,700 "than live in the king's palace with persons who have no religion, 162 00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:55,700 "honour nor conscience." 163 00:11:00,620 --> 00:11:04,620 The separation of the Stuart king and queen shocked Europe. 164 00:11:04,620 --> 00:11:07,660 What hope for the dynasty returning to Britain 165 00:11:07,660 --> 00:11:10,900 if they genuinely despised each other? 166 00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:15,700 James and Clementina would remain separated for two years. 167 00:11:18,620 --> 00:11:22,500 It would take almost a decade for the Stuarts to get their reputation 168 00:11:22,500 --> 00:11:24,460 back on track. 169 00:11:24,460 --> 00:11:28,220 And it would not be James or Clementina who would achieve this. 170 00:11:28,220 --> 00:11:31,380 It would be their eldest son, Charles. 171 00:11:33,460 --> 00:11:36,500 What we now call Italy was, 172 00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:40,660 in the 18th century, a collection of independent kingdoms 173 00:11:40,660 --> 00:11:41,980 and city states. 174 00:11:43,820 --> 00:11:49,180 In 1734, the 14-year-old Charles was given permission by the Pope 175 00:11:49,180 --> 00:11:50,620 to leave the city of Rome... 176 00:11:52,380 --> 00:11:56,100 ..to accompany his cousin, the Duke of Berwick, 177 00:11:56,100 --> 00:11:59,860 serving with the Spanish army, then at war with the Austrian-occupied 178 00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:01,740 Kingdom of Naples. 179 00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:05,140 100 miles south of Rome, 180 00:12:05,140 --> 00:12:07,740 the Spanish army began to lay siege here, 181 00:12:07,740 --> 00:12:10,860 in the fortified harbour town of Gaeta. 182 00:12:14,020 --> 00:12:17,340 Close to the city walls, the fighting was ferocious. 183 00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:22,740 The Spanish were anxious to keep the young prince at a safe distance 184 00:12:22,740 --> 00:12:24,020 from the front line, 185 00:12:24,020 --> 00:12:27,900 but Charles wanted to witness the battle first-hand. 186 00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,220 He impressed his older soldier cousin, who reported, 187 00:12:33,220 --> 00:12:36,460 "Neither the noise of cannon, nor the hiss of bullet 188 00:12:36,460 --> 00:12:38,940 "could produce any sign of fear in him." 189 00:12:38,940 --> 00:12:44,940 Despite his years, Charles was every inch the noble warrior prince. 190 00:12:46,380 --> 00:12:48,100 After a four-month siege, 191 00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:54,060 the town of Gaeta surrendered and the young prince basked 192 00:12:54,060 --> 00:12:55,500 in reflected glory. 193 00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:59,980 Charles departed Gaeta bedecked in jewellery, 194 00:12:59,980 --> 00:13:03,420 with two fine horses - all gifts from the Spanish. 195 00:13:03,420 --> 00:13:08,180 Back in Rome, the Pope himself provided Charles with an honour guard 196 00:13:08,180 --> 00:13:09,340 of 50 men. 197 00:13:11,740 --> 00:13:14,740 The physical actions of the young prince 198 00:13:14,740 --> 00:13:17,860 eclipsed the domestic melodramas of his parents. 199 00:13:17,860 --> 00:13:22,820 The Stuarts were back, in the handsome, glamorous form 200 00:13:22,820 --> 00:13:26,060 of this most plausible young prince. 201 00:13:26,060 --> 00:13:29,860 The spy Walton warned that the Stuarts had re-emerged 202 00:13:29,860 --> 00:13:31,980 as "a dangerous enemy". 203 00:13:31,980 --> 00:13:34,300 But dangerous to whom? 204 00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,340 Standing in the way of a Stuart restoration 205 00:13:47,340 --> 00:13:51,460 to the British throne was a family with its roots here, 206 00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:54,860 in the tiny German state of Hanover. 207 00:13:57,260 --> 00:14:01,420 The dynasty that would become known as the Hanoverians 208 00:14:01,420 --> 00:14:04,740 came to prominence in 1714. 209 00:14:04,740 --> 00:14:08,100 Back then, the elector, or prince, of Hanover, 210 00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:11,900 was 52nd in line to the British throne. 211 00:14:11,900 --> 00:14:13,700 His name was George 212 00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:16,420 and he was the king at the very bottom of the pack. 213 00:14:16,420 --> 00:14:21,660 But there was a problem with the 51 above him - they were Catholic. 214 00:14:21,660 --> 00:14:25,860 The English Act of Settlement had ruled against a Catholic monarch. 215 00:14:28,220 --> 00:14:33,300 So, aged 54, and unable to speak a word of English, 216 00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:36,060 the Protestant George came up trumps 217 00:14:36,060 --> 00:14:39,460 and became King George I of Great Britain. 218 00:14:41,540 --> 00:14:46,300 George took the crown the Stuarts claimed as their own. 219 00:14:47,660 --> 00:14:50,260 But just a year after his coronation, 220 00:14:50,260 --> 00:14:53,340 he faced a 10,000-strong Jacobite rising. 221 00:14:55,180 --> 00:15:01,420 George needed to advertise the power and potential of his new dynasty 222 00:15:01,420 --> 00:15:04,300 and with the help of two English engineers, 223 00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:08,580 he shaped the royal gardens here at Herrenhausen 224 00:15:08,580 --> 00:15:12,380 into a potent symbol of Hanoverian ambitions. 225 00:15:12,380 --> 00:15:14,020 "I want to show the world 226 00:15:14,020 --> 00:15:15,500 "what we can do." 227 00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:18,300 And so he started to lay out the waterworks. 228 00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:19,940 And it took another six years 229 00:15:19,940 --> 00:15:23,260 until the Great Fountain started, at up to 35 metres, 230 00:15:23,260 --> 00:15:25,940 and was, in those days, the highest fountain in Europe. 231 00:15:25,940 --> 00:15:30,100 And there were some British... English engineers, 232 00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:33,060 Burns and Holland. They had a very complicated technique, 233 00:15:33,060 --> 00:15:34,140 but it works, 234 00:15:34,140 --> 00:15:39,500 with five waterwheels and pumps, and they just manage to do it 235 00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:40,660 for up to 35 metres. 236 00:15:45,180 --> 00:15:48,980 And this was amazing. He could show his power. 237 00:15:59,820 --> 00:16:02,340 And what do you think that was aiming to say? 238 00:16:02,340 --> 00:16:05,220 What do you think George's vision was? 239 00:16:05,220 --> 00:16:09,100 I think it was saying, "We do not have the biggest garden, 240 00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:11,740 "we don't have the biggest country or the biggest state, 241 00:16:11,740 --> 00:16:14,980 "but we can have the highest fountain. 242 00:16:14,980 --> 00:16:16,860 "So, I am worthy of being king of England." 243 00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:20,820 Yet behind the hydraulic wizardry, 244 00:16:20,820 --> 00:16:25,540 behind the horticultural splendour, the Hanoverians, like the Stuarts, 245 00:16:25,540 --> 00:16:27,860 were not a happy family. 246 00:16:28,940 --> 00:16:33,660 In London, King George faced sexual and financial scandals 247 00:16:33,660 --> 00:16:37,740 and was frequently accused of diverting money and armies 248 00:16:37,740 --> 00:16:39,100 from Britain to Hanover. 249 00:16:44,020 --> 00:16:46,300 George died in 1727 250 00:16:46,300 --> 00:16:50,780 and his son, also called George, took the British throne. 251 00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:56,420 He and his supporters would portray their Stuart rivals 252 00:16:56,420 --> 00:17:00,060 as dangerous Catholics and backward-looking relics - 253 00:17:00,060 --> 00:17:03,820 the very opposite of his progressive, Protestant monarchy. 254 00:17:07,020 --> 00:17:09,340 The Hanoverians were a dynasty on the make. 255 00:17:09,340 --> 00:17:12,900 They were now major players on the European stage - 256 00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:15,700 ambitious, keen to make their mark. 257 00:17:25,340 --> 00:17:29,740 18th-century politics were bitterly partisan. 258 00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:30,940 On the one hand, 259 00:17:30,940 --> 00:17:32,540 there were the Tories. 260 00:17:32,540 --> 00:17:35,500 They had opposed the Hanoverians. 261 00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:38,460 They were said to be riddled with covert Jacobites, 262 00:17:38,460 --> 00:17:43,540 so, unsurprisingly, King George banished them from government... 263 00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:47,820 ..leaving power in the hands of the Whig Party, 264 00:17:47,820 --> 00:17:50,660 who had secured the Hanoverian succession. 265 00:17:52,940 --> 00:17:54,460 In charge of the Whigs, 266 00:17:54,460 --> 00:17:56,500 and Britain's first Prime Minister, 267 00:17:56,500 --> 00:17:58,180 was Robert Walpole. 268 00:18:00,380 --> 00:18:04,700 Walpole had spent much time and effort cultivating the Hanoverians, 269 00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:07,500 so he protected them - sometimes from themselves, 270 00:18:07,500 --> 00:18:10,260 but mostly from the Jacobites. 271 00:18:10,260 --> 00:18:13,300 And Walpole saw Jacobites everywhere. 272 00:18:18,380 --> 00:18:20,260 To counter that threat, 273 00:18:20,260 --> 00:18:25,500 Walpole established Britain's first state-sponsored intelligence agency. 274 00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:31,500 He saw the Jacobites as the reds under the bed - 275 00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:36,100 the 18th-century equivalent of Philby, Burgess and Maclean, 276 00:18:36,100 --> 00:18:39,380 the notorious Cambridge spy ring. 277 00:18:39,380 --> 00:18:43,220 I think it is very accurate to think of the whole situation between the 278 00:18:43,220 --> 00:18:45,100 Jacobites and the British government 279 00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:47,460 as a kind of long-running Cold War. 280 00:18:47,460 --> 00:18:54,100 It involved agents and a vast amount of interception of communications, 281 00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:58,940 which the British government did shamelessly, on a vast scale, 282 00:18:58,940 --> 00:19:01,220 regularly opening the correspondence, 283 00:19:01,220 --> 00:19:04,020 not just of suspected Jacobites, 284 00:19:04,020 --> 00:19:07,540 but of everyone who was sending mail overseas. 285 00:19:07,540 --> 00:19:13,060 They would stop the mail in London or at the Channel ports and then 286 00:19:13,060 --> 00:19:19,740 send hastily made copies of letters to deciphering teams 287 00:19:19,740 --> 00:19:25,540 back in London or nearby. How worthwhile was this huge investment 288 00:19:25,540 --> 00:19:29,580 in surveillance, code-breaking, reporting, vigilance? 289 00:19:29,580 --> 00:19:33,860 I mean, it is rather like the CIA operation to spy on 290 00:19:33,860 --> 00:19:35,940 the Soviet Union during the Cold War. 291 00:19:35,940 --> 00:19:37,900 Um... 292 00:19:37,900 --> 00:19:43,020 they invested billions in it, erm, over decades, 293 00:19:43,020 --> 00:19:45,020 and yet at the end of it, 294 00:19:45,020 --> 00:19:49,540 despite having acquired a huge amount of information, a huge amount 295 00:19:49,540 --> 00:19:52,900 of data, they couldn't predict the fall of the Soviet Union. 296 00:19:56,340 --> 00:20:00,740 Walpole spent fortunes hunting Jacobites all across Europe. 297 00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:06,060 But there was a very real threat much closer to home. 298 00:20:06,060 --> 00:20:08,540 The Tories. 299 00:20:08,540 --> 00:20:12,220 Exclusion from power had fuelled their resentment 300 00:20:12,220 --> 00:20:16,700 and their hatred of George and his devoted servant, Robert Walpole. 301 00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:22,220 Often when we think of Jacobites the word itself conjures up 302 00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:26,500 Hollywood images of swashbuckling, fearless Scottish Highlanders. 303 00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:32,380 But the man who lived on this fine country estate 304 00:20:32,380 --> 00:20:37,660 just west of Cambridge was a Jacobite of a very different stamp. 305 00:20:38,860 --> 00:20:42,300 A man called Sir John Hynde Cotton, 306 00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:48,180 an old-school English Tory who'd lost his lucrative government job. 307 00:20:48,180 --> 00:20:51,060 By the early 1740s he was broke 308 00:20:51,060 --> 00:20:55,260 and his estate here at Madingley was heavily mortgaged. 309 00:20:56,540 --> 00:21:00,980 And the flamboyant Hynde Cotton was no great friend of the Hanoverians. 310 00:21:02,820 --> 00:21:06,540 He's an extremely charismatic, even rather bombastic figure. 311 00:21:06,540 --> 00:21:10,540 He's a famously brilliant parliamentary speaker, 312 00:21:10,540 --> 00:21:13,580 patron of poets and playwrights. 313 00:21:13,580 --> 00:21:16,300 He's extremely proud of his, erm, 314 00:21:16,300 --> 00:21:19,900 boasted ability to get through six bottles of claret in an evening 315 00:21:19,900 --> 00:21:22,700 while remaining, as he claimed, perfectly sober. 316 00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:25,980 He makes an unsuccessful attempt to introduce 317 00:21:25,980 --> 00:21:29,100 the kilt as an English fashion accessory. 318 00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:30,700 So a very colourful figure. 319 00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:32,860 And what makes English Jacobitism 320 00:21:32,860 --> 00:21:36,540 different from Scottish Jacobitism or Irish Jacobitism? 321 00:21:36,540 --> 00:21:41,460 They want to bring back the glory of England under Queen Elizabeth I, 322 00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:43,860 under Charles II, 323 00:21:43,860 --> 00:21:46,900 and so it's partly about recovering an England that's been lost 324 00:21:46,900 --> 00:21:50,940 but it's partly also about making England a great power in the world. 325 00:21:50,940 --> 00:21:53,580 So how did someone like John Hynde Cotton 326 00:21:53,580 --> 00:21:57,260 set about making his support for the exiled Stuarts known? 327 00:21:57,260 --> 00:22:01,140 A lot of that is really centred here, at Madingley Hall. 328 00:22:01,140 --> 00:22:06,540 He brings paid agents of the exiled Jacobite court 329 00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:10,780 into his residence, he wines and dines them, he promises his support, 330 00:22:10,780 --> 00:22:16,380 he sends messages via these agents back to the exiled court in Rome. 331 00:22:16,380 --> 00:22:18,780 For much of the 1720s and '30s, 332 00:22:18,780 --> 00:22:23,020 the English Jacobites had posed little real threat. 333 00:22:24,260 --> 00:22:29,060 But that all changed in 1740, when Britain went to war with France 334 00:22:29,060 --> 00:22:31,780 in the War of the Austrian Succession. 335 00:22:33,220 --> 00:22:35,700 And from his rooms here in Madingley 336 00:22:35,700 --> 00:22:40,660 Hynde Cotton passed British state secrets to the French government, 337 00:22:40,660 --> 00:22:46,580 offering support for a French invasion scheduled for 1744. 338 00:22:46,580 --> 00:22:52,620 An invasion that was intended to lead not only to a Stuart restoration 339 00:22:52,620 --> 00:22:55,540 but to a Tory one as well. 340 00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:06,740 On 8 February, 1744, 341 00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:11,500 a young man on horseback arrived on this Paris street. 342 00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:14,140 He was beyond exhaustion. 343 00:23:14,140 --> 00:23:20,140 Travelling in disguise, his journey from Rome had taken an entire month. 344 00:23:20,140 --> 00:23:22,980 That man was Charles Stuart. 345 00:23:22,980 --> 00:23:26,820 Now 23, he had grown into a true warrior prince. 346 00:23:28,260 --> 00:23:33,380 He was handsome, strong and a brilliant marksman. 347 00:23:33,380 --> 00:23:37,780 News that the French were secretly planning to invade Southern England 348 00:23:37,780 --> 00:23:39,700 had brought him here. 349 00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:43,700 A force of 15,000 was to capture London to reinstall 350 00:23:43,700 --> 00:23:48,820 the Stuarts on the throne, but all had not gone according to plan. 351 00:23:48,820 --> 00:23:53,460 From England, Hynde Cotton had written to the French king, Louis XV, 352 00:23:53,460 --> 00:23:56,900 demanding a delay to the invasion. 353 00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:02,140 His letter had been intercepted and Cotton was placed under surveillance. 354 00:24:02,140 --> 00:24:03,620 And worse followed. 355 00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:07,580 A month after Charles arrived in Paris, 356 00:24:07,580 --> 00:24:12,340 the French invasion fleet was blown apart by a Channel storm. 357 00:24:16,740 --> 00:24:20,100 Charles crossly damned the storm as a Protestant wind, 358 00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:22,460 but he wasn't about to give up. 359 00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:27,540 Charles remained in Paris and appealed to the French king 360 00:24:27,540 --> 00:24:30,140 to put together plans for a new invasion. 361 00:24:31,260 --> 00:24:35,700 But the notoriously indecisive King Louis made no promises 362 00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:38,740 and fell short of backing the Stuart cause. 363 00:24:42,340 --> 00:24:44,500 55 years before, 364 00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:48,900 Louis's great-grandfather had given the exiled Stuarts sanctuary 365 00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,500 in the magnificent palace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 366 00:24:54,780 --> 00:24:57,740 Now, in the summer of 1744, 367 00:24:57,740 --> 00:25:01,460 Charles found more humble Parisian lodgings here, 368 00:25:01,460 --> 00:25:05,820 in what's now the artists' quarter of Montmartre. 369 00:25:05,820 --> 00:25:10,020 Charles had been ordered by Louis to remain incognito, 370 00:25:10,020 --> 00:25:13,900 to keep his head down and stay out of the public eye. 371 00:25:13,900 --> 00:25:16,140 But he refused, point blank. 372 00:25:17,300 --> 00:25:22,580 In fact, the glamorous young prince traded on his celebrity, 373 00:25:22,580 --> 00:25:27,140 seeking popular support for a French-backed Stuart restoration. 374 00:25:28,220 --> 00:25:31,540 And portraits of James and Charles were widely circulated 375 00:25:31,540 --> 00:25:35,260 as part of a propaganda campaign to remind the French public that 376 00:25:35,260 --> 00:25:39,700 the Stuarts were the legitimate kings of England, Scotland and Ireland, 377 00:25:39,700 --> 00:25:43,140 and that they would be a staunch ally to the French. 378 00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:53,900 Voila! Bravo! 379 00:25:55,540 --> 00:25:57,340 Voila! 380 00:25:57,340 --> 00:26:00,140 Merci beaucoup. Merci, ah? Et bonne journee. Merci beaucoup. 381 00:26:00,140 --> 00:26:01,940 Voila, bonne chance. Au revoir. 382 00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:08,140 By the spring of 1745, and still in Paris, 383 00:26:08,140 --> 00:26:12,180 Charles offered King Louis a new plan. 384 00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:16,140 Instead of invading England, Charles proposed that the French 385 00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:19,380 give military support to a rising of the Scottish clans. 386 00:26:22,140 --> 00:26:27,860 Scottish clans that had supported his father in the 1715 rebellion. 387 00:26:27,860 --> 00:26:33,300 The Scottish chiefs had a high reputation in Europe. 388 00:26:33,300 --> 00:26:37,700 And they are considered as remarkable warriors. 389 00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:42,860 Such an enterprise did not need much money. 390 00:26:42,860 --> 00:26:46,100 Did not need much soldiers. 391 00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:51,180 Such an enterprise needed a charismatic man, 392 00:26:51,180 --> 00:26:54,820 and Charles was a right man in such a struggle, in fact, 393 00:26:54,820 --> 00:26:59,100 for he was a young man, he was an impressive man, he was... 394 00:26:59,100 --> 00:27:02,780 he had a great courage and... 395 00:27:04,420 --> 00:27:09,620 ..he had already the behaviour of a hero. 396 00:27:11,140 --> 00:27:14,420 But in the end, King Louis wasn't persuaded. 397 00:27:14,420 --> 00:27:19,620 He refused Charles's request for a 3,000-strong French army. 398 00:27:21,540 --> 00:27:23,700 And Charles left Paris. 399 00:27:26,780 --> 00:27:31,340 In late June, 1745, he headed southwest, 400 00:27:31,340 --> 00:27:35,740 towards the city of Nantes, and then on to the mouth of the River Loire. 401 00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:40,940 He'd assembled a secret arsenal of 20 cannons, 402 00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:45,460 11,000 guns and 2,000 broadswords. 403 00:27:45,460 --> 00:27:49,380 He'd also put together a war chest of 4,000 gold coins. 404 00:27:52,540 --> 00:27:54,740 Charles was heavily in debt. 405 00:27:54,740 --> 00:27:58,140 He needed funds not just to finance his invasion 406 00:27:58,140 --> 00:28:00,740 but also to pay off his loans. 407 00:28:03,340 --> 00:28:07,100 Back in Rome, his father pawned the family silver 408 00:28:07,100 --> 00:28:12,500 as security on a loan of 120,000 crowns. 409 00:28:12,500 --> 00:28:15,660 With no foreign power offering support, the Stuarts were 410 00:28:15,660 --> 00:28:18,540 acting alone and at great speed, 411 00:28:18,540 --> 00:28:20,980 but with very good reason. 412 00:28:22,380 --> 00:28:25,580 The English Jacobites had advised Charles 413 00:28:25,580 --> 00:28:28,100 that this was a good time to invade. 414 00:28:28,100 --> 00:28:31,420 King George II was out of the country. 415 00:28:31,420 --> 00:28:34,380 So too was the Duke of Cumberland's army. 416 00:28:34,380 --> 00:28:38,020 The door to London wasn't exactly wide open, 417 00:28:38,020 --> 00:28:40,780 but it had been left a little ajar. 418 00:28:42,340 --> 00:28:48,060 Charles assembled a tiny invasion force of 700 Irish mercenaries 419 00:28:48,060 --> 00:28:53,020 here on Belle Ile, a small island 15 miles off the Brittany coast. 420 00:28:54,940 --> 00:28:58,780 He chartered two ships, both privateers, 421 00:28:58,780 --> 00:29:01,180 operated by French-backed pirates. 422 00:29:02,620 --> 00:29:07,900 They set sail on 16 July, 1745, 423 00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:10,220 bound for Scotland. 424 00:29:11,540 --> 00:29:13,740 Things did not begin well. 425 00:29:13,740 --> 00:29:15,620 CANNON FIRE 426 00:29:15,620 --> 00:29:19,220 Four days out, his larger ship, the Elisabeth, 427 00:29:19,220 --> 00:29:23,620 was gravely damaged by a British warship and limped back to port. 428 00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:29,540 Charles lost his small mercenary army. He lost his cannons. 429 00:29:30,820 --> 00:29:35,060 He and his seven officers pressed on in the smaller ship, the Doutelle. 430 00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:44,580 Two weeks after leaving Belle Ile, 431 00:29:44,580 --> 00:29:50,340 on 3 August, 1745, she anchored off the Hebridean island of Eriskay. 432 00:29:50,340 --> 00:29:52,380 Look! Look over there! 433 00:29:53,540 --> 00:29:55,180 Scotland! 434 00:29:55,180 --> 00:29:58,060 His great Scottish adventure had begun. 435 00:30:02,540 --> 00:30:06,100 The reaction of the clan chiefs was mixed. 436 00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:09,140 What have you brought us here for if you cannot honour your promises? 437 00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:11,060 Where's your 10,000 French troops? 438 00:30:11,060 --> 00:30:14,020 But on the afternoon of Monday 19 August 439 00:30:14,020 --> 00:30:19,340 the 24-year-old Charles raised the Stuart colours at Glenfinnan. 440 00:30:21,980 --> 00:30:26,580 1,000 clansmen, Macdonalds and Camerons, looked on. 441 00:30:26,580 --> 00:30:31,740 And two days later the Jacobite rebels set out for Edinburgh. 442 00:30:34,940 --> 00:30:37,860 They avoided General Cope's government army. 443 00:30:39,460 --> 00:30:42,220 And attracted hundreds of new recruits. 444 00:30:44,300 --> 00:30:48,860 Six weeks after landing on Eriskay, Charles arrived, unchallenged, 445 00:30:48,860 --> 00:30:50,580 in Scotland's capital. 446 00:30:54,220 --> 00:30:56,620 His appearance divided opinion. 447 00:30:56,620 --> 00:30:59,660 The city's political leaders hedged their bets, 448 00:30:59,660 --> 00:31:04,380 but Edinburgh's women were said to be captivated by the young prince. 449 00:31:06,100 --> 00:31:09,180 But Charles's focus was unwavering. 450 00:31:10,220 --> 00:31:12,220 And 400 miles to the south, 451 00:31:12,220 --> 00:31:16,140 the Hanoverian government was becoming increasingly anxious. 452 00:31:17,380 --> 00:31:20,140 The army commanded by George II's youngest son, 453 00:31:20,140 --> 00:31:23,660 the Duke of Cumberland, was recalled from Flanders. 454 00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:28,300 General Wade's army was ordered to Newcastle. 455 00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:33,540 And finally, General Cope's 2,500-man army 456 00:31:33,540 --> 00:31:39,060 sailed from Aberdeen to the east of Edinburgh and camped at Prestonpans. 457 00:31:40,260 --> 00:31:43,940 And early on the morning of 21 September, Cope's men 458 00:31:43,940 --> 00:31:48,780 were surprised by an almost equal number of Jacobite soldiers. 459 00:31:50,780 --> 00:31:53,060 300 government troops were killed 460 00:31:53,060 --> 00:31:56,740 in less than ten minutes of ferocious fighting. 461 00:31:58,180 --> 00:32:02,580 Here was proof that Charles Stuart and his Jacobite followers 462 00:32:02,580 --> 00:32:06,700 were a serious and deadly threat to the British government. 463 00:32:15,140 --> 00:32:18,940 Six weeks after their victory at Prestonpans, 464 00:32:18,940 --> 00:32:24,380 the Jacobite troops headed south, into England. 465 00:32:24,380 --> 00:32:29,580 They arrived on the outskirts of Derby on 4 December, 1745. 466 00:32:30,900 --> 00:32:33,860 They had made spectacular progress. 467 00:32:33,860 --> 00:32:37,300 They'd left Edinburgh just over a month before. 468 00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:39,460 They'd captured Carlisle, 469 00:32:39,460 --> 00:32:44,020 which Charles had entered on a white horse flanked by bagpipers. 470 00:32:45,460 --> 00:32:49,300 Next they travelled on to Preston and Manchester. 471 00:32:50,460 --> 00:32:54,380 A government spy, a man named Eliezer Birch, 472 00:32:54,380 --> 00:32:57,620 was waiting for them as they approached Derby. 473 00:32:59,460 --> 00:33:03,340 Birch had the rather clever idea of using peas to count 474 00:33:03,340 --> 00:33:05,620 the size of the Jacobite force. 475 00:33:05,620 --> 00:33:10,180 For every hundred men he placed a single pea in his pouch. 476 00:33:10,180 --> 00:33:13,980 He watched as the Jacobite cavalry approached first, 477 00:33:13,980 --> 00:33:18,460 then the foot soldiers, six or eight abreast, with bagpipes 478 00:33:18,460 --> 00:33:22,500 and men carrying the cross of St George to attract English followers. 479 00:33:25,260 --> 00:33:27,860 Birch would have needed 55 peas 480 00:33:27,860 --> 00:33:31,900 to count a force of 500 cavalry and 5,000 infantry. 481 00:33:33,820 --> 00:33:37,820 An army almost entirely composed of well-drilled 482 00:33:37,820 --> 00:33:39,980 and ferocious Highlanders. 483 00:33:41,740 --> 00:33:44,660 Charles's men had encountered little resistance, 484 00:33:44,660 --> 00:33:49,580 but had attracted almost no English recruits, and as they arrived 485 00:33:49,580 --> 00:33:52,700 in Derby on the evening of 4 December 486 00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:56,340 they were closing in on England's capital. 487 00:33:58,660 --> 00:34:00,900 This was their southern outpost, 488 00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:04,660 Swarkestone Bridge on the River Trent, 489 00:34:04,660 --> 00:34:08,180 just four or five days' march from Westminster. 490 00:34:08,180 --> 00:34:12,100 SAT-NAV: Distance to London, 110 miles. 491 00:34:13,660 --> 00:34:18,140 In Cambridge, Hynde Cotton buried three portraits of the Stuarts 492 00:34:18,140 --> 00:34:20,820 in case they fell into the wrong hands. 493 00:34:20,820 --> 00:34:25,140 In London there was rioting, a run on the Bank of England. 494 00:34:25,140 --> 00:34:28,700 The Hanoverian regime was in genuine danger. 495 00:34:31,540 --> 00:34:33,140 The next morning, 496 00:34:33,140 --> 00:34:37,700 Charles attended church at what's now Derby Cathedral. 497 00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:41,820 Immediately after, he and his generals held a council of war. 498 00:34:43,260 --> 00:34:47,300 Time and again, Charles was asked for evidence that English 499 00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:49,820 or French armies were on their way. 500 00:34:49,820 --> 00:34:51,580 There was none. 501 00:34:51,580 --> 00:34:57,260 Charles's military commander, Lord George Murray, was pessimistic. 502 00:34:57,260 --> 00:35:00,700 Protecting the capital, a force of 4,000 men, 503 00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:04,580 including the Grenadier Guards, was stationed at Finchley. 504 00:35:06,020 --> 00:35:08,260 80 miles north of Charles's army, 505 00:35:08,260 --> 00:35:11,460 General Wade had 6,000 men in Wetherby. 506 00:35:14,300 --> 00:35:18,860 Closer still, the Duke of Cumberland had 9,000 men in Lichfield, 507 00:35:18,860 --> 00:35:21,020 just 25 miles to the southwest. 508 00:35:22,460 --> 00:35:27,780 In total, Charles's army was outnumbered by almost four to one. 509 00:35:34,860 --> 00:35:38,700 That afternoon, Charles rode out of Derby. 510 00:35:38,700 --> 00:35:42,500 His aim was to persuade local landowners 511 00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:46,180 to pledge support, soldiers or weapons. 512 00:35:47,420 --> 00:35:50,700 The man who wanted to be Britain's king 513 00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:54,740 was reduced to cold-calling the local nobility. 514 00:35:56,380 --> 00:35:59,860 He visited the Burdetts of Foremarke Hall. 515 00:35:59,860 --> 00:36:02,060 Nothing. 516 00:36:02,060 --> 00:36:05,100 Next, the Poles of Radbourne Hall. 517 00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:07,340 Again, nothing. 518 00:36:09,860 --> 00:36:13,180 And finally the Harpurs of Calke Abbey. 519 00:36:13,180 --> 00:36:14,460 Nothing. 520 00:36:16,060 --> 00:36:18,900 Everywhere Charles was treated politely, 521 00:36:18,900 --> 00:36:22,980 but nowhere did he attract any sign of support. 522 00:36:24,260 --> 00:36:28,820 And it begs the question, what help could the landowners have given? 523 00:36:28,820 --> 00:36:34,380 100 years before, the families might have dispatched the local yeomanry, 524 00:36:34,380 --> 00:36:39,020 but now, what use gardeners, footmen, stable boys, 525 00:36:39,020 --> 00:36:41,620 against a standing professional army? 526 00:36:43,380 --> 00:36:46,260 That night, Charles returned to Derby. 527 00:36:46,260 --> 00:36:49,540 He met again with his military advisers 528 00:36:49,540 --> 00:36:53,660 and Lord George Murray spoke plainly. 529 00:36:53,660 --> 00:36:56,940 Sir, it is your council's recommendation, 530 00:36:56,940 --> 00:37:00,020 endorsed by me, that the army should retreat. 531 00:37:01,420 --> 00:37:02,580 Retreat? 532 00:37:04,020 --> 00:37:05,180 Clan Ranald. 533 00:37:08,540 --> 00:37:10,740 MacLeod. 534 00:37:10,740 --> 00:37:13,980 Will not one of you march with me on London? 535 00:37:15,580 --> 00:37:18,300 Things could have been very different. 536 00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:22,820 Charles and the clan chiefs didn't know that the French King Louis 537 00:37:22,820 --> 00:37:27,300 was planning his own 15,000-strong invasion of England 538 00:37:27,300 --> 00:37:29,940 in support of the Jacobites. 539 00:37:31,780 --> 00:37:34,940 But when Charles and his army turned back to the north, 540 00:37:34,940 --> 00:37:37,580 Louis abandoned his plans. 541 00:37:39,780 --> 00:37:43,540 The Jacobites returned the way they had come, through Manchester 542 00:37:43,540 --> 00:37:46,660 and Preston and back into Scotland, 543 00:37:46,660 --> 00:37:51,140 pursued all the way by the Duke of Cumberland's army. 544 00:37:51,140 --> 00:37:55,740 With Edinburgh now in government hands, Charles made for Glasgow. 545 00:37:58,260 --> 00:38:02,620 His army arrived on Boxing Day 1745. 546 00:38:04,020 --> 00:38:07,780 The city gates were left open and he reviewed his troops here, 547 00:38:07,780 --> 00:38:10,020 on Glasgow Green. 548 00:38:11,820 --> 00:38:15,860 When we tell the story of the Jacobites, there are certain places 549 00:38:15,860 --> 00:38:18,900 that seem woven into the fabric of that narrative. 550 00:38:18,900 --> 00:38:22,100 There's Glenfinnan, where Charles raised his standard, 551 00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:25,860 marching into Edinburgh, capturing Carlisle. 552 00:38:25,860 --> 00:38:30,260 Glasgow doesn't normally get much of a look-in. But it's important, 553 00:38:30,260 --> 00:38:33,900 because Glasgow frankly didn't care much for the Jacobites. 554 00:38:36,460 --> 00:38:41,260 The Presbyterians of 18th-century Glasgow had no religious affinity 555 00:38:41,260 --> 00:38:44,900 with the largely Episcopalian or Catholic Scottish Jacobites. 556 00:38:46,460 --> 00:38:49,980 And Glasgow wasn't looking back to a Stuart past 557 00:38:49,980 --> 00:38:53,100 when the city's tobacco lords and ship owners 558 00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:57,300 were busy making their fortunes in the Hanoverian present. 559 00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:01,740 One of the biggest misconceptions about the Jacobites in 1745 560 00:39:01,740 --> 00:39:04,540 is the extreme popularity with which they were met. 561 00:39:04,540 --> 00:39:06,500 They were not. 562 00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:10,260 In fact, there was great resistance throughout all towns, 563 00:39:10,260 --> 00:39:15,420 and especially those with... something to lose. 564 00:39:15,420 --> 00:39:18,100 Economy was booming in Glasgow. 565 00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:22,220 And the Jacobite threat was something that would unseat 566 00:39:22,220 --> 00:39:23,900 everything that they had built. 567 00:39:25,580 --> 00:39:28,060 Most people didn't want to be bothered. 568 00:39:28,060 --> 00:39:30,460 They were settling into the Union, 569 00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,580 they were happier than they had been in many, many years. 570 00:39:35,140 --> 00:39:39,340 Charles left Glasgow on 3rd January 1746. 571 00:39:39,340 --> 00:39:43,140 Two weeks later, his troops defeated a Hanoverian army at Falkirk, 572 00:39:43,140 --> 00:39:45,020 and then withdrew further north. 573 00:39:48,020 --> 00:39:51,300 The Duke of Cumberland continued the pursuit. 574 00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:56,820 His British government army contained three Scottish infantry regiments. 575 00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,500 And on 16th April, at Culloden, 576 00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:06,420 Cumberland's troops put the exhausted Jacobite army to the sword. 577 00:40:06,420 --> 00:40:11,500 1,500 of Charles's 5,000 men were killed or wounded. 578 00:40:13,740 --> 00:40:18,060 The bells of Glasgow Cathedral rang out in celebration. 579 00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:20,540 The Jacobites had been defeated. 580 00:40:20,540 --> 00:40:24,140 Contemporary accounts talked of the general drinking of health 581 00:40:24,140 --> 00:40:26,420 and bonfires in every street. 582 00:40:26,420 --> 00:40:29,820 BELLS TOLL 583 00:40:29,820 --> 00:40:33,860 Reaction to the battle divided Scotland. 584 00:40:33,860 --> 00:40:38,260 The Highlanders paid a heavy price for Charles's rebellion. 585 00:40:38,260 --> 00:40:43,340 Their language, their culture, even their kilts were outlawed. 586 00:40:43,340 --> 00:40:47,460 As for Charles, he disappeared into the heather. 587 00:40:47,460 --> 00:40:51,540 He spent five months in the wilds of northwest Scotland, 588 00:40:51,540 --> 00:40:56,460 hunted by government forces, then rescued by a French warship. 589 00:41:00,460 --> 00:41:04,140 Charles arrived back in France as quite possibly the most famous man 590 00:41:04,140 --> 00:41:10,140 in Europe. He had tried to regain the Stuarts' crown, and he'd failed. 591 00:41:10,140 --> 00:41:13,260 But he was only 25 - he could always try again. 592 00:41:14,780 --> 00:41:18,900 In Paris, Charles was reunited with 593 00:41:18,900 --> 00:41:21,580 his younger, deeply religious brother - Henry. 594 00:41:25,580 --> 00:41:29,340 The pair were lavishly entertained by King Louis, 595 00:41:29,340 --> 00:41:33,460 who proposed that they should live here, at the Chateau de Vincennes. 596 00:41:33,460 --> 00:41:35,260 And straight away, 597 00:41:35,260 --> 00:41:41,260 Charles wrote to Louis asking for military support. 18-20,000 men. 598 00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:47,140 Charles described his recent Scottish adventures as "a setback". 599 00:41:47,140 --> 00:41:49,940 It couldn't be clearer - he wanted to try again. 600 00:41:51,660 --> 00:41:53,660 OPERATIC SINGING 601 00:41:54,740 --> 00:41:58,420 And to succeed, he needed French popular support. 602 00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:05,540 On the 28th October 1746, he came to the Paris Opera. 603 00:42:10,540 --> 00:42:14,620 The audience expected arias and sopranos. 604 00:42:14,620 --> 00:42:17,980 Instead, they got The Young Pretender. 605 00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:21,500 APPLAUSE 606 00:42:22,940 --> 00:42:27,260 The audience erupted into rapturous, wild cheering. 607 00:42:27,260 --> 00:42:31,860 Charles found himself making more bows than any of the performers. 608 00:42:31,860 --> 00:42:35,580 For the young prince, this was a magical moment of appreciation. 609 00:42:39,260 --> 00:42:43,540 He distributed medals and maps of his British exploits. 610 00:42:43,540 --> 00:42:46,780 Again, he won over the French public, 611 00:42:46,780 --> 00:42:52,500 but his relationship with the French king steadily withered. 612 00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:56,140 Louis reneged on his offer of a palace. 613 00:42:56,140 --> 00:42:58,380 And when the French king 614 00:42:58,380 --> 00:43:02,620 offered Charles a royal pension, he refused it. 615 00:43:02,620 --> 00:43:06,340 Charles was losing the favour of his most important ally. 616 00:43:07,460 --> 00:43:11,020 And he was about to lose someone closer still. 617 00:43:12,980 --> 00:43:17,860 In April 1747, Charles was invited to dinner by his brother. 618 00:43:17,860 --> 00:43:21,620 He arrived to find Henry's servants ready to serve the meal, 619 00:43:21,620 --> 00:43:24,540 but of Henry, there was no sign. 620 00:43:24,540 --> 00:43:27,100 Charles waited and waited. 621 00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:33,620 For three whole days, he heard nothing. 622 00:43:35,660 --> 00:43:38,420 Until a letter from Henry arrived. 623 00:43:40,460 --> 00:43:43,580 The dinner invitation had been a ruse. 624 00:43:43,580 --> 00:43:47,020 His younger brother had secretly departed from Paris. 625 00:43:47,020 --> 00:43:49,140 He was travelling back to Rome. 626 00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:55,620 Henry Stuart, supported by his father James, 627 00:43:55,620 --> 00:44:00,700 was giving up the Stuart cause to become a cardinal. 628 00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:04,340 Charles' brother had never seemed likely to have children, 629 00:44:04,340 --> 00:44:09,980 to preserve the Stuart line. But here was the final word. 630 00:44:09,980 --> 00:44:14,700 Charles was furious, and severed all contact with his father and brother. 631 00:44:14,700 --> 00:44:19,420 The future of the Stuart dynasty now rested entirely on him. 632 00:44:19,420 --> 00:44:23,180 A single assassin's bullet could end everything. 633 00:44:26,540 --> 00:44:28,980 Worse was to follow. 634 00:44:28,980 --> 00:44:33,140 The War of the Austrian Succession ended in 1740, 635 00:44:33,140 --> 00:44:36,740 with the peace treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 636 00:44:36,740 --> 00:44:40,660 The terms of that treaty obliged the French state 637 00:44:40,660 --> 00:44:43,540 to evict Charles Stuart from their territory. 638 00:44:43,540 --> 00:44:46,220 Increasingly drunken, promiscuous, 639 00:44:46,220 --> 00:44:50,420 Charles ignored King Louis's repeated demands to leave France. 640 00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:56,500 He knew he was in genuine danger. 641 00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:02,380 On 10th December, he headed once again to the opera, 642 00:45:02,380 --> 00:45:05,980 the scene of his great popular acclaim just over a year earlier. 643 00:45:09,660 --> 00:45:12,740 His carriage approached the gates of the opera house... 644 00:45:14,180 --> 00:45:17,780 ..as an army of 1,200 men prepared to receive him. 645 00:45:19,140 --> 00:45:21,780 A sergeant came up to Charles and kneed him... 646 00:45:23,460 --> 00:45:24,940 ..in the back. 647 00:45:24,940 --> 00:45:30,020 He was disarmed, he was arrested, his hands and feet were bound. 648 00:45:30,020 --> 00:45:32,860 Just like a common criminal. 649 00:45:32,860 --> 00:45:37,940 He was transported back to familiar ground - the Chateau des Vincennes. 650 00:45:39,860 --> 00:45:42,380 This was part of the palace that Louis had offered him 651 00:45:42,380 --> 00:45:44,860 as a residence just two years earlier. 652 00:45:44,860 --> 00:45:48,780 Then, Charles had been the darling of France and feted across Europe. 653 00:45:48,780 --> 00:45:51,140 Now, he was heading for the palace dungeon 654 00:45:51,140 --> 00:45:53,700 as a prisoner of the French state. 655 00:45:53,700 --> 00:45:55,220 CELL DOOR SLAMS 656 00:45:55,220 --> 00:45:56,660 KEYS JINGLE 657 00:46:00,820 --> 00:46:04,140 So this is the cell to which Charles was brought. 658 00:46:04,140 --> 00:46:07,300 Just a simple bed and chair, and very small. 659 00:46:07,300 --> 00:46:10,460 "Ce n'est pas magnifique," he said. 660 00:46:10,460 --> 00:46:12,660 It was far from magnificent. 661 00:46:12,660 --> 00:46:14,820 He wasn't the first occupant. 662 00:46:17,340 --> 00:46:20,580 There had clearly been a priest incarcerated here before. 663 00:46:25,540 --> 00:46:28,100 It was all a far cry from what he was used to. 664 00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:35,580 Brought up in the gracious splendour of Roman palazzi, 665 00:46:35,580 --> 00:46:39,860 this small cell was the nadir of his fortunes. 666 00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:46,740 The next morning, Charles agreed to leave France. 667 00:46:49,260 --> 00:46:53,980 What followed was the start of Charles's slow descent into 668 00:46:53,980 --> 00:46:57,660 drink, debauchery and political obscurity. 669 00:46:57,660 --> 00:47:02,340 He flitted around different European cities, but no-one wanted him. 670 00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:04,660 Then, in the summer of 1750, 671 00:47:04,660 --> 00:47:09,300 he showed once again that he had not lost the power to surprise. 672 00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:13,380 He travelled, in disguise, to London. 673 00:47:23,140 --> 00:47:27,020 The 29-year-old Charles paid his first visit 674 00:47:27,020 --> 00:47:30,060 to England's capital in September 1750. 675 00:47:31,780 --> 00:47:33,980 The trip was shrouded in secrecy, 676 00:47:33,980 --> 00:47:37,620 but included a spying mission to the Tower of London. 677 00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:46,420 Five years after his march on London, Charles was now clutching at straws. 678 00:47:46,420 --> 00:47:49,620 He became central to a series of plots, involving - 679 00:47:49,620 --> 00:47:50,860 as each unfolded - 680 00:47:50,860 --> 00:47:56,140 French, Swedish, Prussian and Scottish Highland troops. 681 00:47:56,140 --> 00:48:01,220 It was all rather far-flung, desperate...sad, even. 682 00:48:03,660 --> 00:48:07,260 Charles met a group of English Jacobites. 683 00:48:07,260 --> 00:48:11,300 Hynde Cotton had died the year before. 684 00:48:11,300 --> 00:48:15,420 Charles attempted to win the support of those who remained. 685 00:48:15,420 --> 00:48:16,860 But he didn't. 686 00:48:16,860 --> 00:48:19,580 The English Jacobites said that they had no money, 687 00:48:19,580 --> 00:48:23,220 that they were spied upon, that they couldn't raise men. 688 00:48:23,220 --> 00:48:26,180 Just what they had told him five years before. 689 00:48:26,180 --> 00:48:28,380 Nothing had changed. 690 00:48:28,380 --> 00:48:32,540 But Charles himself was about to make a seismic change. 691 00:48:34,140 --> 00:48:37,580 The man who had been brought up in the heart of Catholic Rome, 692 00:48:37,580 --> 00:48:41,100 who'd been given an honour guard by the Pope... 693 00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:43,900 had decided to become a Protestant. 694 00:48:45,700 --> 00:48:49,900 Can we tell anything about Charles's religiosity 695 00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:54,340 or Charles the man in connection with this decision to convert? 696 00:48:54,340 --> 00:48:56,260 I think not very much. 697 00:48:56,260 --> 00:48:58,420 All the evidence suggests that 698 00:48:58,420 --> 00:49:01,100 Charles was essentially a freethinker, 699 00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:05,140 someone who had very little in the way of religious belief. 700 00:49:05,140 --> 00:49:09,260 Has debauchery was the topic of a lot of conversation 701 00:49:09,260 --> 00:49:14,060 in Catholic circles. It was a concern in Catholic circles. 702 00:49:14,060 --> 00:49:16,700 The general view is that Charles was engaged in 703 00:49:16,700 --> 00:49:19,580 a very cynical publicity exercise that therefore 704 00:49:19,580 --> 00:49:21,860 actually brought him no benefit at all. 705 00:49:23,660 --> 00:49:27,260 Charles left London after just one week. 706 00:49:27,260 --> 00:49:31,300 Any lingering hopes of the Stuart restoration faded as the months 707 00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:37,380 and years went by. But he and his family would have one last chance. 708 00:49:37,380 --> 00:49:41,340 In 1756, Britain declared war on France. 709 00:49:50,500 --> 00:49:54,220 Three years into what would come to be called The Seven Years' War, 710 00:49:54,220 --> 00:49:55,820 the French were losing. 711 00:49:57,580 --> 00:50:00,820 They needed a new plan. 712 00:50:00,820 --> 00:50:04,860 The French Foreign Minister, Etienne du Choiseul, 713 00:50:04,860 --> 00:50:06,340 proposed an invasion of England. 714 00:50:09,180 --> 00:50:13,020 100,000 French troops would be carried across the Channel 715 00:50:13,020 --> 00:50:14,820 in a fleet of flat-bottomed boats. 716 00:50:16,620 --> 00:50:20,340 De Choiseul invited Charles Stuart to talk about this project 717 00:50:20,340 --> 00:50:22,940 here at his home in central Paris. 718 00:50:22,940 --> 00:50:26,580 This meeting gave Charles 719 00:50:26,580 --> 00:50:31,020 and the Jacobite cause a chance to piggyback the French invasion. 720 00:50:31,020 --> 00:50:34,140 Charles was broke, an alcoholic, 721 00:50:34,140 --> 00:50:38,980 flitting between cheap houses with his mistress Clementina. 722 00:50:38,980 --> 00:50:41,340 They had one child, Charlotte. 723 00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:47,740 But now, here was the prospect of the French army 724 00:50:47,740 --> 00:50:51,300 he had longed for in the winter of 1745. 725 00:50:52,820 --> 00:50:57,060 Charles arrived for the meeting on 5th February, 1759. 726 00:50:57,060 --> 00:51:00,580 He was late, he was drunk. 727 00:51:00,580 --> 00:51:04,340 He was asked to lead the supporting invasion of Scotland, 728 00:51:04,340 --> 00:51:06,100 or Ireland if he preferred. 729 00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:09,420 Charles refused. It was England or nothing. 730 00:51:13,340 --> 00:51:18,380 De Choiseul was not best pleased. 731 00:51:20,620 --> 00:51:24,220 The French fleet of flat-bottomed boats intended to carry 732 00:51:24,220 --> 00:51:28,540 the invasion force was brought together here, at Quiberon Bay. 733 00:51:30,940 --> 00:51:33,740 Charles had no guarantees. 734 00:51:33,740 --> 00:51:37,380 He had a profound and not unreasonable distrust of the French. 735 00:51:38,620 --> 00:51:42,820 Yet it was a great chance, probably his best ever chance, 736 00:51:42,820 --> 00:51:44,780 and probably also his last chance. 737 00:51:46,020 --> 00:51:47,500 Yet he didn't show up. 738 00:51:50,140 --> 00:51:53,340 In the end, it hardly mattered. 739 00:51:53,340 --> 00:51:55,260 The French warships that were to 740 00:51:55,260 --> 00:51:56,940 escort the invasion fleet 741 00:51:56,940 --> 00:51:59,860 set sail from Brest on 14th November, 742 00:51:59,860 --> 00:52:01,900 bound for Quiberon Bay. 743 00:52:03,060 --> 00:52:05,900 Six days later, they were attacked 744 00:52:05,900 --> 00:52:08,180 and defeated by a Royal Navy fleet 745 00:52:08,180 --> 00:52:10,900 under the command of Admiral Edward Hawke. 746 00:52:13,020 --> 00:52:18,300 The Jacobite cause hadn't died at Culloden in 1746. 747 00:52:18,300 --> 00:52:22,060 It died 13 years later, somewhere over there, 748 00:52:22,060 --> 00:52:26,500 at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in 1759. 749 00:52:28,060 --> 00:52:32,540 Charles's life continued along the same sad trajectory. 750 00:52:34,580 --> 00:52:39,380 His mistress, Clementina, sought sanctuary in a Paris convent, 751 00:52:39,380 --> 00:52:41,660 just as his mother had done. 752 00:52:41,660 --> 00:52:47,500 And in December 1765, news arrived from Rome that his father, 753 00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,100 James, was gravely ill. 754 00:52:58,340 --> 00:53:01,180 James Stuart, The Old Pretender, 755 00:53:01,180 --> 00:53:04,580 died on 1st January, 1756. 756 00:53:05,860 --> 00:53:10,500 Charles arrived in Rome three weeks later, after a 22-year absence. 757 00:53:13,740 --> 00:53:17,140 When he reached the Piazza dei Santi Apostoli, 758 00:53:17,140 --> 00:53:20,860 his brother had choreographed a crowd to chant "viva il Re!" - 759 00:53:20,860 --> 00:53:23,220 "long live the King!" 760 00:53:23,220 --> 00:53:24,860 But he wasn't the king. 761 00:53:24,860 --> 00:53:26,580 After long consideration, 762 00:53:26,580 --> 00:53:29,980 Pope Clement XIII had refused to recognise Charles 763 00:53:29,980 --> 00:53:31,780 as his father's successor. 764 00:53:34,620 --> 00:53:39,100 Across the square, the Stuart family home had once been bedecked with 765 00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:40,940 the English royal coat of arms. 766 00:53:42,100 --> 00:53:44,060 It was gone. 767 00:53:45,860 --> 00:53:49,900 Charles was not a king and this was no longer a king's palace. 768 00:53:54,180 --> 00:53:57,060 Charles sought consolation with a daily diet 769 00:53:57,060 --> 00:53:59,700 of six bottles of Cyprus wine. 770 00:54:01,380 --> 00:54:04,980 He married the young Princess Louise, who like his mother 771 00:54:04,980 --> 00:54:07,980 and mistress before would escape to a convent. 772 00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:17,460 The final years were truly dreadful. 773 00:54:17,460 --> 00:54:22,220 The man who had once been Bonnie Prince Charlie now had elephantiasis 774 00:54:22,220 --> 00:54:26,860 in his leg, which was hideously swollen with sores and open wounds. 775 00:54:26,860 --> 00:54:29,780 He also had terrible piles and ulcers 776 00:54:29,780 --> 00:54:31,780 and was in permanent pain. 777 00:54:37,020 --> 00:54:41,900 He died on 31st January, 1788, 778 00:54:41,900 --> 00:54:46,980 in the very palace where he had been born 67 years before. 779 00:54:52,620 --> 00:54:55,540 Charles had no legitimate children. 780 00:54:55,540 --> 00:54:58,060 His one illegitimate daughter, Charlotte, 781 00:54:58,060 --> 00:55:00,380 outlived her father by only a year. 782 00:55:02,380 --> 00:55:06,300 The direct Stuart line continued on until 1807 783 00:55:06,300 --> 00:55:09,420 in the form of Cardinal Henry Stuart. 784 00:55:09,420 --> 00:55:12,020 This was his church. 785 00:55:14,340 --> 00:55:18,420 Like his elder brother, Henry's life ended in turmoil. 786 00:55:19,700 --> 00:55:23,940 At the age of 72, he lost his fortune and income 787 00:55:23,940 --> 00:55:27,660 when Napoleon's French army sacked Rome. 788 00:55:29,140 --> 00:55:34,220 In his final years, he was awarded a pension by the Hanoverian king, 789 00:55:34,220 --> 00:55:35,660 George III. 790 00:55:39,620 --> 00:55:42,380 Of the many memorials to the Stuarts, 791 00:55:42,380 --> 00:55:45,180 the most important is here... 792 00:55:45,180 --> 00:55:48,620 in the very heart of the Catholic world. 793 00:55:48,620 --> 00:55:51,540 St Peter's Basilica, in the Vatican. 794 00:56:02,860 --> 00:56:06,780 In death and in exile, James, Charles and Henry 795 00:56:06,780 --> 00:56:12,460 were granted the regal status they were denied in life. 796 00:56:12,460 --> 00:56:18,100 Their fate had always been in the hands of Europe's great powers, 797 00:56:18,100 --> 00:56:21,580 but their legacy would be strongest in the country 798 00:56:21,580 --> 00:56:24,380 they had fought for but hardly knew. 799 00:56:33,740 --> 00:56:36,540 Lot number three, 800 00:56:36,540 --> 00:56:39,500 a finely presented lock of Bonnie Prince Charlie's hair. 801 00:56:39,500 --> 00:56:43,460 £4,200. 802 00:56:43,460 --> 00:56:48,300 Relics of The Young Pretender up for sale to the highest bidder. 803 00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:53,140 31, 32 is back in, next bid is 34,000. 804 00:56:53,140 --> 00:56:54,540 At 32,000... 805 00:56:58,220 --> 00:57:02,820 For two-and-a-half centuries, Scotland has been fascinated by 806 00:57:02,820 --> 00:57:05,420 the rise and fall of the Stuarts 807 00:57:05,420 --> 00:57:08,380 and their dashing and much-lamented prince. 808 00:57:09,940 --> 00:57:14,540 # Will ye no' come back again 809 00:57:14,540 --> 00:57:19,140 # Will ye no' come back again? # 810 00:57:20,860 --> 00:57:25,860 From Walter Scott to Kenneth McKellar, and on to the present day, 811 00:57:25,860 --> 00:57:29,820 the powerful and romantic image of the Stuarts 812 00:57:29,820 --> 00:57:32,820 presents a Scotland that never quite happened. 813 00:57:34,140 --> 00:57:37,020 Charles didn't come back again. 814 00:57:37,020 --> 00:57:39,620 And there's little doubt about who actually won 815 00:57:39,620 --> 00:57:43,100 the great dynastic battle of the 18th century. 816 00:57:44,660 --> 00:57:47,980 The success of the Hanoverian Dynasty 817 00:57:47,980 --> 00:57:50,020 is written large in Edinburgh's New Town. 818 00:57:51,820 --> 00:57:54,660 In the end, the Hanoverians gave Scotland 819 00:57:54,660 --> 00:57:57,180 and Britain what most people wanted. 820 00:57:57,180 --> 00:58:01,020 Industry, empire, stability and money. 821 00:58:03,260 --> 00:58:05,620 But a lot of what-ifs remain. 822 00:58:05,620 --> 00:58:09,580 Not just, "What if the Jacobite army had marched south from Derby?" 823 00:58:11,460 --> 00:58:14,980 Exactly how different would a Jacobite Britain have been? 824 00:58:16,620 --> 00:58:22,300 What of Britain's empire? Of its religion? Of its government? 825 00:58:24,100 --> 00:58:29,180 Three centuries later, these questions of how we are ruled 826 00:58:29,180 --> 00:58:33,100 and from where still haven't quite gone away.