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MUSIC: Purple Haze by Jimi Hendrix
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1967, the Summer of Love.
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People have come here
to love one another.
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Sex, drugs, rock and roll.
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That was the idea - total assault
on the culture.
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By any means necessary.
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# Excuse me while I kiss the sky. #
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But not all peace, love
and understanding.
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I'm not committed to non-violence
in any way.
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We all thought we were
going to get killed.
We never imagined living past 30.
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The explosion that summer came from
the mix of naive idealism...
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There was a rebellious group of kids
in the 1890s.
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..mysticism, radical politics
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and chemistry...
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I really did think that LSD was
the answer to the world's problems.
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..all bubbling to the surface on the
West Coast of the United States.
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This series explores the highs and
lows of that cultural revolution,
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which would change the way
we live to this day.
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Culture runs a lot deeper
than politics.
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There are millions and millions
of people living differently
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as a result of the counter-culture.
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# Is it tomorrow
or just the end of time
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# Help me
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# Help me. #
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MUSIC: Time Of The Season
by The Zombies
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# It's the time of the season
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# When love runs high
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# In this time
Give it to me easy
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# And let me try
with pleasured hands
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# To take you in the sun to... #
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This is the Golden Gate Park
in San Francisco.
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It's the place where the hippy
was born, on January 14th, 1967.
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San Francisco's underground
newspaper put a call-out
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for all strands of what it called
the counter-culture to gather here
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for a party like no party
in history -
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a party that would change
the world for ever.
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You could argue that the popular
moment of the hippy begins
with the Human Be-In in 1967.
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"Come to the Golden Gate Park, it'll
be a gathering of the tribes" -
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that was the expression
of the time -
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and the tribes they were talking
about were the New Left tribe
doing politics, to change politics
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at Berkeley, and a kind of new
communalist, psychedelic tribe
hunkered in San Francisco,
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and it was simply meant to be
literally a gathering in which we
could practise being together.
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I showed up and the Gathering Of The
Tribes, it was one of those things
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when you saw that many people
in the park at the Be-In,
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something definitely
was going on.
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Turn on.
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Tune in.
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Drop out.
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They called it the Human Be-In,
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and it brought together
for the first time
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all the disparate tribes of what
soon would be called the hippies.
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Eco-warriors mixed freely with
acid trippers.
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Very large turnout.
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There was, like, 30 or 40,000 of
what then became known as hippies,
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and the idea that individuals
would take LSD
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in an open crowd setting
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and dance around
was just...you know, unheard of.
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The radical left turned up as well.
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We're going to march tonight
for two reasons.
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One because...
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That's the moment when Jerry Rubin,
who had been a Berkeley radical,
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realised that there were more
hippies than there were radicals,
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and Rubin decided, "A-ha! That's
where the action is, that's where
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"the numbers are," and out of that,
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he and Abbie Hoffman not long after
create the Yippies.
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Within a year, Jerry Rubin had
formed the hippy anarchist party,
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the Yippies.
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Jerry spoke, but I don't think
anybody listened cos nobody was
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really... Nobody would have
remembered, cos they were stoned!
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Nobody would've remembered!
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We were there, and we felt already
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what was going to then become
the Summer of Love in '67
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was this really interesting blend
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of lifestyle preferences, you know,
in their various uniforms of
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whatever tribe they belonged to, and
that started to be that sort of...
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you know, that ripple effect
that went out across the country
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when songs like If You're Going To
San Francisco drew like a magnet,
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you know, drew all these other kids
from around the country.
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# If you're going to San Francisco
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# Be sure to wear some flowers
in your hair... #
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The Be-In was the galvanising moment
in the birth of the hippy movement.
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They called it the Gathering Of The
Tribes, but who were these tribes,
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and what brought them to the party
that day?
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The earliest and perhaps strangest
of the tribes was called
the Nature Boys.
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PIANO PLAYS
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# There was a boy
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# A very strange, enchanted boy
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# They say he wandered very far
Very far
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# Over land and sea... #
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The Nature Boys even had a hit song,
so popular that it earned its own
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early form of music video.
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The song was written about a
wandering group of back-to-nature
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devotees, who had rejected
mainstream society.
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They lived on a diet of
raw vegetables, fruits and nuts
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out in the Californian wilderness.
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Its writer was Eden Ahbez,
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who became a celebrity through a
number of eccentric TV appearances.
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..the nation's number one song hit -
Nature Boy.
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His name is Eden Ahbez,
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and he's bringing his bicycle
onto our Gulf Oil stage right now.
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APPLAUSE
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How did you happen to write
Nature Boy?
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They were kind of the original
nature boys.
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They were these organic, bearded,
free-spirited guys,
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and they tended to follow
the weather and the seasons
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and the crops,
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so when it was hot in LA,
in the summer, they would go to
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northern California,
where it was cooler,
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and then when it got too cold
in California,
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they would come down to
Palm Springs and hang out in
the caves near Tahquitz Canyon,
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and they sort of ate off the land
and they lived off the land
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and they were truly these, like,
free-spirited...nature boys.
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Astonishingly, the group's origins
were in Germany.
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Lebensreform, or life reform,
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was a back-to-nature cult
that had made its way
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to California in the early
20th century.
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Like the hippies 70 years later,
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it was a revolt against
industrialisation.
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There was a rebellious group of kids
that were coming of age in the 1880s
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and the 1890s in Germany,
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and they decided to head for
the wilderness, to head for nature.
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There was as many as 50,000 of these
kids wandering around Germany,
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and you know, if you're wandering
and you don't like the climate,
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just keep wandering,
you know, wander to America.
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They'd seen the pictures of Yosemite
and the Grand Canyon and the beaches
in California - they came here.
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There was an entire flock of young
people there during World War I,
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formed a little encampment up there
in Palm Canyon. It alerted some of
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the authorities in town, they
weren't sure why all these Germans
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were converging up there, so they
thought that maybe they were spies
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or something for the German
military.
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There was a lot of people that were
just really disenchanted,
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like right now, too - there's a lot
of people that are very disenchanted
now, too,
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that would look at something
like that and they'd say,
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"Hey, I think I want to join these
people and I want to be a part of
what's going on here."
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This is Rudolph Valentino,
the famous film star,
who died right after this.
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The visitation of the movie star
Rudolph Valentino was symptomatic of
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the exotic status the wandering
nomads had now gained.
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They had become something
of a weird tourist attraction
in the Californian desert.
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Hollywood's courting of the Nature
Boys encouraged one of their number,
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Gypsy Boots, to bring his
clean-living ideals out of
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the wilderness, into the heart
of the city and open California's
first health food store in 1959.
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Way before anyone was really even
thinking about things like this,
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my dad opened the back-to-nature
Health Hut,
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a sort of multi-purpose health food,
restaurant, cabaret...
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A lot of celebrities showed up -
Gloria Swanson, Liberace.
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Famous people came
because there was this crazy,
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weird little thing that was serving
carrot juice and organic rice
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and things and meals and seaweed,
and nobody was doing that.
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When I look back at my dad's life,
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it's very clear to me that he was
a guy way ahead of his time,
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and then the times sort of
caught up.
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What started as a few nomads eating
berries in the desert had found
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fertile ground. The West Coast had
always been a place for dreamers
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and explorers. San Francisco
was the final frontier.
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# On a warm San Franciscan
night... #
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San Francisco was always intrigued
by the exotic, and that went really
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back to Gold Rush days.
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There's a very good passage
in Kenneth Rexroth's memoir
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about arriving in San Francisco
in the 1920s and being
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immediately struck by the easy-going
nature of the city, and how it was
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so much different
than any other place he had been
in the United States.
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San Francisco was different because
it was just a centre of weirdness.
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It was where you could go and live
however you wanted to and wear
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whatever clothes you wanted,
let your hair grow.
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You weren't thinking
about the workforce.
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It just wasn't part of
the consideration of
everyday life, you know?
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San Francisco was the breeding
ground for a world view based on
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personal growth and fulfilment
rather than personal gain.
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The second tribe that made up the
hippies looked inward to liberation
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of the self. They were the Truth
Seekers. If the naturists looked
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back to Germany, the Truth Seekers
were inspired by one of the maddest,
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baddest Englishmen
of the 20th century.
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Aleister Crowley was an early
prophet of Eastern mysticism.
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Crowley was one of the pioneers
of introducing yoga to the West,
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and at the time, it was seen as
rather devilish,
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very alien, and he used it in his
own magical Western rituals in
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the bedroom and elsewhere. I mean,
he was homosexual, he was bisexual,
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he was promiscuous. Crowley's sexual
ideas and sexual politics underlays
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the whole idea and the politics of
free love.
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# Mr Crowley
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# What went on in your head? #
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By the 1920s, Aleister Crowley
had earned the title
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The World's Most Evil Man.
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He dedicated his life to Satan
and the Devil,
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and he did it to the hilt,
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he just, er...basically transgressed
against every notion of conventional
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behaviour or morality or ethics.
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He put on magical rituals.
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Lights, incense, drumming,
violins, poetry.
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There was a punch bowl
passed around,
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it was called the loving cup,
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it was a mixture of fruit juices,
drops of opium and mescaline.
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This is a line that runs directly
through in all the Be-Ins
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and happenings of 1967.
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And the essence of it became
this catchphrase:
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And it's more or less a kind of
command to break all the rules,
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to go beyond all the boundaries.
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Crowley became a kind of icon.
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He was picked up, like,
in the rock and roll world.
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In 1967, he appears on the cover
of Sergeant Pepper and it's
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John Lennon, I think, who put
him there, cos in an interview
many years later,
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he said, "Well, the whole point of
the Beatles was to do what
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"you want, to take your own
responsibility - that's why
we put him on the cover."
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But it was another Englishman on
the Sergeant Pepper cover that would
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bring Crowley's mix of the East and
drugs to the West Coast of America.
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The upper-class writer
and philosopher, Aldous Huxley.
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Crowley and Huxley met in 1930
in Berlin.
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Crowley in his diaries records
fabulous dinners with Huxley
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and it was said that he introduced
the writer to peyote, to mescaline.
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By the early '50s, Huxley returned
to this idea of mescaline
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for opening up the inner self to
its true nature and then after that,
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he writes The Doors Of Perception -
it's his most influential book.
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For the truth-seeking tribes
of the hippy movement,
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Aldous Huxley was a guru
and a pioneer.
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By the early '60s, Huxley was
bringing these ideas to a retreat
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200 miles south of San Francisco,
which was to become the centre for
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Eastern thought, meditation
and self-exploration.
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As people search for a safety valve
in a world that's become a pressure
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cooker, here in the United States,
they've found one way.
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At Esalen on the Pacific Coast
of California,
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they're reaching for an odd kind of
sanity in an odder, madder world.
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We started by inviting all our
favourite authors to Esalen,
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on this property that my family
owned, two miles of Big Sur coast.
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Michael Murphy founded Esalen ten
years ago, graduated in psychology
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and philosophy and
studied meditation in India.
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We wanted to open up a worldwide
conversation, between these...
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great minds, and Arnold Toynbee, the
most famous historian in the world,
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came and lectured to tell us that
the great event of the century would
229
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be the coming of Buddhism
to the West.
230
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:08,000
# We are one
in the infinite sun... #
231
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:13,000
But it was Huxley who propagated
the idea that psychotropic drugs
232
00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:17,000
could aid the individual to achieve
the goals of Eastern meditation.
233
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,000
# Fly like an eagle. #
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00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:29,000
There's an extraordinary text
between Shiva and his divine consort
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00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:31,000
Parvati, the goddess,
236
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:38,000
and the goddess asks him,
"What is the secret of your
kind of enlightened consciousness?"
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00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:41,000
And he answers by giving her a list
238
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:46,000
of 118 exercises in consciousness
which will help.
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00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:55,000
Aldous Huxley was lecturing around
the United States at that time
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00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,000
on the human potential,
human potentiality. A tremendous
241
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:02,000
inspiration, but not simply from
Eastern philosophy
242
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:08,000
but from its marriage to an
evolutionary vision of human nature.
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00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:13,000
This mix of Eastern philosophy and
journeys into the unconscious
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00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:17,000
made his book the Bible of the hippy
generation.
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00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:21,000
Jim Morrison of The Doors
chose that name, The Doors,
246
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,000
because of Huxley's book,
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00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:28,000
and everyone around that time would
have read The Doors Of Perception.
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00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:36,000
But rather than a serious academic
study, the hippies viewed Huxley's
249
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,000
barely readable book as a guide
on how to get high...
250
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:49,000
..and getting high got a whole lot
quicker when the hippies discovered
a wonder drug called LSD.
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00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:03,000
The alchemy from straight to hippy
might start the first time
252
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,000
you swallow a sugar cube
impregnated with the drug.
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00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:12,000
Although welcomed by Huxley,
LSD appeared to offer the hippy
254
00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:17,000
truth seekers the keys to the doors
of perception in an instant.
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00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:22,000
I felt... I guess that would be my
last time, I just felt.
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00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:27,000
Everything was very emotional
and I could see that I fitted in
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00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,000
with all the rest
of what was going on in the world.
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00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:35,000
The thing that happened as you
got... I'd studied mysticism,
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00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:39,000
both Christian mysticism
and other people's mysticism,
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and Aldous Huxley and so on
when I was at Stanford University
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00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:50,000
in the '50s, and LSD gives you
what a lot of people had to meditate
for ten years in order to have.
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00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:53,000
It's not enlightenment, but it is
a mystical experience.
263
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:58,000
# Overhead the albatross
264
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:02,000
# Hangs motionless upon the air
265
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:06,000
# And deep beneath the rolling waves
266
00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:11,000
# In labyrinths of coral caves... #
267
00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:17,000
LSD was first manufactured by Albert
Hofmann in Switzerland in 1938.
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00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:21,000
It was the military who first
experimented with the new drug.
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00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:27,000
The CIA was on the search for a
Cold War weapon that could destroy
the minds of the enemy.
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00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:35,000
Receiving a small dose of LSD,
they're confused.
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00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:41,000
That period of LSD was
a dark period, cos they wanted
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00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:45,000
an incapacitating agent that didn't
kill you, and so there was this
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00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:50,000
belief that Russia had these agents
and therefore the United States had
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00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:56,000
to develop them, and they would
give it to unknowing subjects
and then just observe 'em.
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00:20:56,000 --> 00:21:00,000
Military hospitals
were used as test sites.
276
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:03,000
One employee's wife
became a subject.
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00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:07,000
Well, I think it's time for you
to have your lysergic acid.
278
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:12,000
Drink this down
and we'll be back after
a while and see how you're doing.
279
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:20,000
Well, I just couldn't... I couldn't
possibly tell you. It's...
280
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:24,000
It's here. Can't you feel it?
281
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:27,000
This whole room is-is...
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00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:31,000
Everything is in colour and I can
feel the air. I can see it.
283
00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:33,000
I can see all the molecules.
284
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:40,000
I'm part of it. I'm... I don't
even know how I can tell you.
285
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:42,000
Can't you see it?
286
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:52,000
Another such test subject was
the writer Ken Kesey, who had been
287
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:58,000
a night nurse in a mental hospital
in San Francisco when the CIA
covertly got him to take the drug,
288
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:02,000
and One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest
was the outcome.
289
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:07,000
I would have never written
Cuckoo's Nest without LSD.
290
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:11,000
I think a lot of that stuff that was
written by all of these guys
would never have happened
291
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,000
if they'd have just stayed on
the get up early in the morning
and drink a lot of coffee
292
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:17,000
and do what you can.
293
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:25,000
LSD, which began in scientific
experiments in the 1950s but by
294
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:30,000
the late '50s was beginning
to spread beyond that,
and I suppose most important in this
295
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:35,000
was actually
Aldous Huxley in Los Angeles,
who was turning on Cary Grant.
296
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:42,000
Cary Grant took over 100 trips of
the then-legal drug, later saying
297
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:47,000
the effect was startling. "In one
LSD dream, I imagined myself as
298
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:50,000
"a giant penis, launching off
from Earth like a spaceship."
299
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:57,000
I think it would be extremely good
for almost anybody with fixed ideas,
300
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:02,000
with a great certainty about what's
what to take this thing and to
301
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:07,000
realise that the world he has
constructed is by no means
the only world. There are these...
302
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:14,000
I was privileged to be given LSD by
Aldous, and my sitter was Laura,
303
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:18,000
his wife, so that was
my first experience.
304
00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:23,000
It was not my way in
to expanding consciousness.
305
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:27,000
Nevertheless, it gave me some sense
306
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:34,000
of what was going on, and then this
emerged as one of the great
307
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,000
door openers in the culture
around us.
308
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,000
MUSIC: Spirit In The Sky
by Norman Greenbaum
309
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:57,000
# When I die and they lay me to rest
310
00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,000
# Gonna go to the place
that's the best
311
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:03,000
# When they lie me down to die
312
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:08,000
# Going up to the spirit in the sky
313
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:10,000
# Going up to the spirit... #
314
00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:15,000
By the mid '60s, acid was raining
down on the youth of California.
315
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:21,000
Somebody gave me my first LSD
at Berkeley, and that was a hugely
316
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:24,000
life-altering experience.
317
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:32,000
I've always been interested
in...whatever religion points to,
318
00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:37,000
but I hadn't had a deep,
personal experience
319
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:41,000
of feeling connected to everything,
320
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:47,000
and having whatever I thought
of as my identity dissolve
321
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:55,000
and just be part of the pulse of
life. For me, once I experienced
322
00:24:55,000 --> 00:25:00,000
that, there was no going back.
I could never again buy into the
323
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:04,000
notion that I was separate.
Like mushrooms, right, they grow
324
00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:09,000
underground and then they pop up
and what pops up looks like
it's separate, but it's not.
325
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:26,000
# There is a house
in New Orleans... #
326
00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:33,000
San Francisco was drawing people
from all around the world,
including Newcastle.
327
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:38,000
It wasn't any really political
or cultural reason why I came to
328
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,000
California and settled here.
329
00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:47,000
It was because of health. I was
a chronic asthmatic, and got...
330
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:51,000
magnetised. I did a lot of dope.
331
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:56,000
I must've held the world record
for LSD.
332
00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:02,000
The things that I saw under its
influence, I'll never forget.
333
00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:09,000
I was sitting there with my drummer
next to me, and he was real skinny
334
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:13,000
and he had a bit of a beard
and he was dressed in white,
335
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,000
and all of a sudden he became
Jesus Christ!
336
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:23,000
I mean, for real, it was like Jesus!
And I went so far inside myself that
337
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:30,000
I guess what happened is I started
to cry, and the teardrops that were
338
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:36,000
falling were, like, slow motion and
they were bouncing off my chest
339
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:42,000
and splashing all over the carpet,
and the carpet - tiny, little bits
340
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:47,000
would start to move and I would
realise that it was people, and that
341
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:53,000
I was hovering over the Earth
with thousands of people looking up,
342
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:58,000
going, "Feed us! Feed us!
Give us food!"
343
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:09,000
I really did think that LSD was
the answer to the world's problems.
344
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:12,000
I was convinced that we could change
345
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:18,000
the way we thought,
felt about things.
346
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:28,000
Not everyone in the 1960s
thought LSD alone was enough
for a revolution.
347
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:31,000
# There's something happening
here... #
348
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:35,000
The formation of the hippy
movement's third tribe,
349
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:38,000
the Politicals, began on
the university campus.
350
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:48,000
Vietnam. Civil rights. The country
was being torn apart,
351
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,000
and the Berkeley campus of
the University of California
352
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:56,000
in San Francisco's Bay Area
was at the epicentre.
353
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:04,000
Osha Neumann was a political
activist in the 1960s
354
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:08,000
and remains one to this day.
355
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:15,000
This mural, it was a monument in
Berkeley, to that period of ferment
356
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:21,000
and revolutionary enthusiasm,
so anti-Vietnam War teachings,
357
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,000
the students are coming out,
marginalised,
358
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,000
turned into blockheads.
359
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:30,000
We have somebody burning
his draft card, third world strikes
360
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,000
and the Black Panthers.
361
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,000
It seemed at the time that
the system was collapsing.
362
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:40,000
So that really, I mean,
encapsulates a lot of the spirit
that we need now.
363
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:47,000
This generation of young radical
students, now known as the New Left,
364
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:51,000
found a political guru based at
the University of California.
365
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:57,000
My main topic, as you know, is
liberation from the affluent...
366
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:00,000
Professor Herbert Marcuse rejected
the repressive nature
367
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:02,000
of traditional Soviet Communism.
368
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:07,000
In its place, he taught
a Marxism that placed a greater
369
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:10,000
emphasis on personal liberty.
370
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:16,000
..because I believe that
all dialectic is liberation.
371
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:22,000
Liberation involving the mind
and the body,
372
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:27,000
liberation involving
the entire human existence.
373
00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:33,000
Herbert was appealing primarily
to young people. He realised
374
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:41,000
quite early, I think, that there was
a political value and importance
375
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:45,000
in what was going on around,
which was this New Left,
376
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:50,000
young people and this cultural
revolution. He did not believe that
377
00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:54,000
the traditional working class
necessarily was going to be
378
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:58,000
the agent of the revolution.
One looked for revolution in people
379
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,000
on the margins, in students.
380
00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:05,000
That, of course, was very appealing
to the New Left
381
00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:09,000
and to the counter-culture that was
at that point exploring all of
382
00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:15,000
these, you know...on monogamy and
the breaking down of sexual taboos
383
00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:17,000
and so on and so forth.
384
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,000
When I went to college,
women were locked up at ten o'clock
385
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,000
at night, every single night,
you know,
386
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:26,000
so, there were many local issues
about what we were being taught,
387
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:30,000
the truth about history,
the truth about Vietnam,
388
00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:34,000
and there were
agitated students on campus.
389
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:40,000
It was a way of opening up sexuality
that was good, that was, you know,
390
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:45,000
against the repression of the '50s
or something, you know, and all the
391
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:50,000
traditional scriptures of
bourgeois life. Right. Exactly.
392
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:54,000
Free love was complicated. Yeah.
393
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:56,000
Especially for women.
394
00:30:56,000 --> 00:31:00,000
# People moving out
People moving in
395
00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:03,000
# Because of the colour
of their skin... #
396
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:09,000
By the mid '60s, women's issues
began to emerge as the New Left
397
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:12,000
thinking was taking over
student politics at Berkeley.
398
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:19,000
Students would gather at the nearby
People's Park, which became
399
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,000
a meeting point for every
new political grouping.
400
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:26,000
# ..about love thy brother
is the preacher... #
401
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:31,000
The thing that thrilled me most was
there were tables, like card tables,
402
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:35,000
with every organisation ever that
was disseminating political
403
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:40,000
information, so you could pick up
a flyer from the anarchists and hear
404
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:47,000
the socialists talking and all
the organisations and I was
just thrilled, um...
405
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:53,000
and not too long after I started
there, the police came on the campus
406
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:57,000
and took all the tables away
and arrested some people.
407
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:05,000
The campus became a stage
for a series of student sit-ins
408
00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:08,000
and demonstrations, even riots.
409
00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:12,000
MUSIC: All Along The Watchtower
by Jimi Hendrix
410
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:20,000
Directly challenging
the university authorities,
the police and the state.
411
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:26,000
We felt revolutionary to the core.
We felt, you know, that the way that
412
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:30,000
white America saw us, we were
their daughters and sons,
413
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,000
and we were saying no.
414
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:43,000
But along with the New Left,
Berkeley was also home to those
415
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:48,000
experimenting with
alternative lifestyles
and mind-expanding drugs.
416
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:53,000
By 1967, these two camps
were completely interwoven.
417
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:59,000
Those forces of cultural upheaval,
of music and drugs, were reflected
418
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:04,000
in people's politics and how people
wanted to think and live, and what
419
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:09,000
kind of risks people wanted to take,
so, yeah, so my first experience
420
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:14,000
with LSD was eye-opening, for us.
I think it influenced us deeply.
421
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:16,000
It all influenced all of us.
422
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:22,000
# All along the watchtower... #
423
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:35,000
While the new left in Berkeley
operated an acid-fuelled chaos,
424
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:40,000
just across the bridge in Oakland,
hip young radicals who had come
425
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:43,000
through the ranks of the
black freedom movement formed
426
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:47,000
the Black Panther Party.
Like their white counterparts,
427
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:51,000
they were into consciousness
expansion, but not through LSD.
428
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:56,000
# Just move on up
429
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:58,000
# Towards your destination... #
430
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,000
So, all this is, like,
public housing projects.
431
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:06,000
This is all black people here,
just about.
432
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:11,000
Today, Elaine Brown runs an urban
farm just round the corner from
433
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,000
the old Black Panther
office in Oakland.
434
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:19,000
Her journey from a childhood
of poverty in a Philadelphia ghetto
435
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:23,000
to leadership of the Black Panther
Party in California entailed
436
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:26,000
a mind-altering shift
in consciousness.
437
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:29,000
Well, you know,
I've always been black!
438
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:33,000
But I didn't always
think of myself as black.
439
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:36,000
I grew up in a ghetto
in north Philadelphia
440
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,000
and I went to public schools
441
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,000
that were outside
of my immediate neighbourhood
442
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:45,000
and that were predominantly white,
predominantly Jewish.
443
00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:48,000
And so,
I had this other view of life.
444
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,000
I wanted to be white,
445
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,000
like so many black people do,
but they're not prepared to make
446
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:53,000
that confession.
447
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:59,000
And then, I was asked to teach piano
to some children in an housing
448
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,000
project in Los Angeles,
specifically, Watts,
449
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:06,000
which had just exploded around me,
which I didn't notice.
450
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:10,000
And when I got into the
Jordan Downs public housing project,
451
00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:14,000
chills came over me.
This was a throwback to my life
452
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:17,000
as a really black person,
the one I had been denying.
453
00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:20,000
And when I walked into that room
and saw those little black girls
454
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:24,000
who were six, seven, eight,
nine years old looking at me
455
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:27,000
as though I had some kind of answer
for their poverty
456
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:30,000
and their degradation.
I could hardly breathe,
457
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:35,000
because I knew that I was
not going to be able to help them,
458
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,000
because I knew what
they needed, because I was them.
459
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,000
And I didn't want to be them
and knew I couldn't help them.
460
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:43,000
But I was totally transformed
461
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:47,000
and I left the world of whiteness
that I had been living in
462
00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:53,000
and I just walked into the Panther
office and surrendered my life
463
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:56,000
to the revolution, as I saw it.
And I took that very seriously.
464
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,000
And I take it seriously today.
465
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,000
We say we will do anything,
anything at all,
466
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,000
to gain our freedom
and our liberation for our people,
467
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,000
for black people and for
all the oppressed African people
468
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:09,000
and we will do anything.
469
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,000
# If you love a son
where you come from
470
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:17,000
# Then you had better dare
to seize the time
471
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:20,000
# The time is now
Oh, seize the time
472
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:23,000
# And do your part... #
473
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:25,000
The Black Panther party
was the embodiment
474
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:28,000
of the white establishment's
nightmare -
475
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:32,000
an armed black Marxist-Leninist
group out to overthrow
476
00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:35,000
the established order,
winning the hearts and minds
477
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:37,000
of their young, white,
radical counterparts.
478
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,000
There was consciousness-raising,
of course, in the black community.
479
00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:47,000
Everything of importance in the '60s
ultimately has to do with race.
480
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:51,000
So, in the black community, you get
the idea that you need
481
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:53,000
to develop a liberated identity
482
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:58,000
and artists in the black arts
movement do precisely that.
483
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:01,000
They invent a new identity.
Once that happens,
484
00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:05,000
you can see how youth culture does
the same thing.
485
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:08,000
Black people drop their slave names,
hippies drop their names and take
486
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:12,000
names like Wildflower.
You know, it's connected.
487
00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:15,000
And it motivated....
It really cohered us as a group.
488
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,000
In the Bay area of San Francisco,
489
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:26,000
the pieces were now in place
490
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,000
for a hippy revolution.
491
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:33,000
The Black Panthers in Oakland,
the radical students in Berkeley...
492
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:39,000
..and Haight-Ashbury, the old
bohemian, down-at-heel district
493
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:44,000
of San Francisco was being
rejuvenated by this new generation.
494
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:46,000
It's a Bohemian area.
495
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,000
Bohemianism is alive with the left,
but it's not the left.
496
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:53,000
The reason it's not the left
is it's cultural
497
00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:54,000
as much as it's political,
498
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:57,000
and it's individualistic
rather than collectivist.
499
00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:01,000
And without the Bohemian culture,
the left can be very authoritarian.
500
00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:04,000
But without the left,
Bohemian culture can be
501
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:07,000
chaotic and sort of empty-headed.
502
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:12,000
And we'd meet older Bohemians,
and they'd tell you about books,
503
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:14,000
they'd tell you about
conspiracy theories,
504
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:17,000
they'd tell you about all
this wonderful stuff
505
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:20,000
that they were not telling you about
in school.
506
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:26,000
So, to me, the trunk line was
the beatniks, who were my elders,
507
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:29,000
and folk music, also my elders,
508
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:32,000
leading me out of suburban realities
509
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:37,000
into another world which was
the beginning counter culture to me.
510
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:45,000
# Got a baby
Depends on me
511
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:48,000
# I think he has me pinned
512
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:52,000
# Cos he knows he can scatter
my world like a leaf in the wind. #
513
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:57,000
By 1967, the streets of
the Haight were a potpourri
514
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,000
of health food shops,
truth seekers and dreamers,
515
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:05,000
folk music, long hair
and masses of LSD.
516
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:14,000
# And I wonder,
did the truth just pass me by? #
517
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:19,000
When I first landed in San Francisco
Airport, it was still beatnik.
518
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,000
The next time I came,
519
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:25,000
all of a sudden,
the place was paisley.
520
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:29,000
It had changed entirely.
521
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:30,000
# ..just pass me by
522
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:35,000
# Did I just not see
what was right before my eyes? #
523
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:42,000
It was an exodus
from everywhere else.
524
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:45,000
In San Francisco,
like it always has been,
525
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:48,000
it sort of functioned
as the fulcrum.
526
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,000
You know, the turning point.
527
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:55,000
You know, it's like, whoosh,
you either went right back home
528
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:58,000
or someplace else.
529
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,000
MUSIC: White Rabbit
by Jefferson Airplane
530
00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:06,000
The ingredients of
the hippy revolution
531
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:08,000
had been brewing for decades.
532
00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:10,000
SHE BREATHES DEEPLY
533
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:14,000
And now, in Haight-Ashbury, in 1967,
534
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,000
the ideals of the three tribes -
535
00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:20,000
the nature boys, the truth seekers,
and the politicals -
536
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:26,000
coalesced and instantaneously
ignited into one hippy revolution.
537
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,000
# One pill makes you larger... #
538
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:35,000
The time had now come to put the new
hippy world order into practice.
539
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,000
We're calling upon the forces of
love, not hate.
540
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:41,000
We affirm life, love, peace
and self-discovery...
541
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:48,000
And the young people in this country
is against war,
542
00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:52,000
is being oppressed by
police harassment and brutality.
543
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:57,000
# And if you go chasing rabbits... #
544
00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:59,000
We just want the freedom
to be ourself
545
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:02,000
and that's for love, for experience.
546
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:03,000
A positive way of life.
547
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:06,000
# Smoking caterpillar... #
548
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,000
For immediate energy
from our muscles and...
549
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:11,000
GASPING: ..relaxation.
550
00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:13,000
Now last night,
we had a big hassle here
551
00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:16,000
about who is in charge of
this house.
552
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,000
We don't want a dictator. Nobody's
supposed to tell you what to do.
553
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:28,000
People come here to love one another
and to be in love with each other.
554
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:32,000
At the centre of Haight-Ashbury,
555
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:35,000
there were a group of
radical actors and activists
556
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:38,000
called The Diggers,
taking their name from
557
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:41,000
a 17th-century
English Anarchist movement
558
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:45,000
who had proposed a society
without private property.
559
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,000
There were The Diggers,
who gave away food.
560
00:41:48,000 --> 00:41:51,000
Their motto was, "Steal from
the rich, give to the poor".
561
00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:54,000
They were like the Robin Hoods
of Haight-Ashbury.
562
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:59,000
We created a free store
where we gathered up surplus
563
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:05,000
and last year's goods and
throwaways, and everything was free.
564
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:10,000
We would ask the question,
like...why get a job?
565
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:16,000
Why become an employee so you can
make the money to become a consumer
566
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:21,000
when we'll give you the stuff
and you can imagine your own life?
567
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,000
It was a social experiment.
568
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:26,000
What would happen if you walked into
a store where everything was free?
569
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:28,000
What would you do?
How would you respond? You know?
570
00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:33,000
Some people stole.
This was a response.
571
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:36,000
One day, there was a woman in
the store when I was running it,
572
00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:40,000
and I looked,
and I realised she was stealing.
573
00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:42,000
So I went up to her and I said,
574
00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:45,000
"Excuse me, you know,
you can't really steal in here."
575
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:48,000
And she got really indignant.
She said, "I'm not stealing!"
576
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:52,000
I said "No, I know you're not.
You can't steal in a free store.
577
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:55,000
"Everything is free here.
You just take what you want."
578
00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:57,000
"You don't have to hide it."
579
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,000
She said, "It's free?"
I said, "Yeah, it's free."
580
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:02,000
She said,
"Then, get out of my face."
581
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,000
I said, "OK."
So I got out of her face.
582
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:11,000
Two days later, she came back with
a huge tray of day-old doughnuts
583
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:13,000
which she put on the counter.
584
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:16,000
So this woman got a gift economy
in an instant.
585
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:21,000
It was advertised as
a great youth rebellion,
586
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:26,000
but I think anybody who had any urge
for freedom and social change
587
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:29,000
was attracted to it.
588
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:35,000
When I moved to San Francisco, I'm
living right by the Haight-Ashbury,
589
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:37,000
which was the capital of
the summer of love,
590
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:41,000
I'm running
the agit-prop truck theatre.
591
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:45,000
THEY SING NATIONAL ANTHEM OF THE USA
592
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:49,000
We rented pick-up trucks,
pulled up to a parking spot,
593
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:54,000
produce our show, that had stock
characters that everyone knew.
594
00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:56,000
It was kind of like Punch and Judy.
595
00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:01,000
Mr Liberal came by to plant
a flower and said...
596
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:04,000
"The authorities should regulate
the noise."
597
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,000
We'd layer onto
those different characters
598
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,000
caricatures of people
in the society today.
599
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:13,000
CROWD: We want the park!
600
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,000
If the police came, we just...
601
00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:19,000
started up the motor and drove off.
602
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:23,000
It led me to be
producing anti-war shows
603
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:28,000
because, by that time, we recognised
that there was a war in Vietnam
604
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:31,000
and that our country was playing
a terrible role.
605
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:34,000
I remember Country Joe And The Fish,
606
00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:38,000
he had done the music
for some of my anti-war plays.
607
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:40,000
# What are we fighting for?
608
00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:42,000
# Don't ask me
I don't give a damn
609
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,000
# Next stop is Vietnam... #
610
00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:49,000
We made a lot of veterans happy
and military families happy,
611
00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:51,000
and it powered a lot of people.
612
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:54,000
# Whoopee, we're all gonna die... #
613
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,000
I can only write it because
I was a military veteran.
614
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:01,000
There's no blaming soldiers for war
in the song.
615
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,000
It's kind of a work song, actually -
616
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:05,000
"Whoopee, we're all gonna die"
617
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:07,000
meant from
a soldier's point of view.
618
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:09,000
It's GI dark humour.
619
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:13,000
And it talks about imperialism,
and it talks about politicians
620
00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:16,000
and the working class
being exploited.
621
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:19,000
But it also, interestingly,
blames parents
622
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:21,000
for sending their children off.
623
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:22,000
That was a controversial lyric -
624
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:24,000
"Be the first one in your block
625
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:26,000
"to have your boy come home
in a box."
626
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,000
# You can be the first ones
in your block
627
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,000
# To have your boy come home
in a box. #
628
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:41,000
# Last night your shadow
fell upon my lonely room... #
629
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:46,000
San Francisco was aflame with
protest, radical ideas and acid.
630
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:50,000
The American authorities were
horrified and banned LSD.
631
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:53,000
This had little impact,
632
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:57,000
as many budding chemists began
manufacturing it on a mass scale.
633
00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:02,000
Most notably, Owsley Stanley,
a Berkeley College dropout.
634
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:06,000
When I first met Owsley,
635
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:10,000
he had a girlfriend who had been
a chemist.
636
00:46:12,000 --> 00:46:15,000
A major in chemistry at UC Berkeley.
637
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:18,000
And when he met her, he drew her in,
638
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:24,000
and then, when he met me,
he drew me in.
639
00:46:24,000 --> 00:46:26,000
So we were a bit of a team.
640
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:31,000
He set up this whole laboratory
641
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:35,000
as if it were a gift to the gods
642
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:40,000
and as if the act he was doing
was a divine act.
643
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,000
And he played special music.
644
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:48,000
And he had us all wear uniforms.
645
00:46:48,000 --> 00:46:51,000
We had to gown up
and cover our hands
646
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:56,000
and cover our whole body,
and even boots on our shoes,
647
00:46:56,000 --> 00:46:57,000
and goggles.
648
00:46:57,000 --> 00:47:02,000
And there were no lights on.
Everything was yellow light.
649
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:09,000
Owsley's acid was very pure.
650
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,000
He had it tested by
an organic chemist at UC Berkeley
651
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:18,000
because Owsley felt that if
you had very pure acid
652
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:23,000
and you took it in a conscious way
with friends,
653
00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:27,000
that you would have
a transcendent experience.
654
00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:35,000
Acid was the binding agent of
the San Francisco hippy scene.
655
00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:38,000
But it needed a soundtrack.
656
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:43,000
San Francisco's greatest LSD
advocate, the writer Ken Kesey,
657
00:47:43,000 --> 00:47:46,000
challenged the scene's house band,
the Grateful Dead,
658
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:47,000
to come up with one.
659
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:51,000
# If only I knew what to find... #
660
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:55,000
Ken Kesey hired Jerry Garcia,
who was known as a folk singer,
661
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:58,000
to come up with the perfect kind
of music that would go with LSD.
662
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:01,000
And Garcia tried classical music -
didn't work.
663
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:03,000
Tried Jazz - didn't work.
Tried folk music - didn't work.
664
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:06,000
And then he discovered that
a certain type of rock music
665
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:08,000
actually would do this.
666
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:12,000
# A friendly stranger calls my name
667
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:17,000
# He only wants me for his game... #
668
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:21,000
We all brought something
very, very different to the table.
669
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:23,000
I was mainly into avant-garde
electronic music.
670
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:26,000
I'd already met Phil Lesh
and Jerry Garcia.
671
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:30,000
Rock and roll music was new
to them as well.
672
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:31,000
To Phil especially.
673
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:34,000
He was as much into
the avant-garde as I was.
674
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:39,000
And Jerry Garcia was mainly
into Appalachian folk songs.
675
00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:43,000
And yet, because of the expansive
nature of the scene,
676
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:47,000
we reached out towards one another
and made it work.
677
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:50,000
And what worked
worked like gangbusters.
678
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:58,000
# I know you, rider,
gonna miss me when I'm gone... #
679
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:03,000
Musically, they formed
this great bridge
680
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:06,000
between folk music
and improvisational jazz.
681
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:10,000
They certainly benefited
from having Jerry Garcia
682
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,000
at the head of the band,
because he just...
683
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:20,000
represented the free and easy
acid-loving jam band life
684
00:49:20,000 --> 00:49:25,000
that a lot of their followers
could certainly rally behind.
685
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:33,000
Now, remember, there's another
aspect here as well - the audience.
686
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:40,000
No matter how much you rehearse,
when you're there on stage,
687
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:43,000
you're there live,
and the action is coming at you.
688
00:49:43,000 --> 00:49:46,000
And that's where some of
the greatest adventures occur.
689
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:49,000
Feedback, for instance.
690
00:49:53,000 --> 00:49:57,000
I remember one time at the Avalon
where there was a feedback note.
691
00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,000
I think it was a high E.
692
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:01,000
And I found it on the keyboard,
693
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:05,000
and when the feedback note
disappeared, I was still there,
694
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:07,000
and then I played a melody
based on that.
695
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:09,000
So I was taking a melody
out of the feedback.
696
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:18,000
Dead are the definition
of a hippy band.
697
00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:25,000
Even as a way of life that has
endured into the 21st century.
698
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:28,000
# Gonna miss your baby... #
699
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:32,000
The Grateful Dead gave the hippies
a sound to rally round.
700
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:38,000
And on 16th June 1967, they took
part in a ground-breaking event
701
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:42,000
that would see the music transform
the entire hippy scene.
702
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:50,000
Just six short months
after their creation,
703
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:53,000
hippies were about to
lose their innocence.
704
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:58,000
MUSIC: Stop
by Mike Bloomfield
705
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:07,000
100 miles south of the city,
in the coastal town of Monterey,
706
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:11,000
it was decided to showcase
the San Francisco acts
707
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:15,000
by staging three days of music
in the local sports ground.
708
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:19,000
This concert was the triumph of
the summer of love,
709
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,000
and with some of
the biggest pop acts of the day,
710
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:25,000
like The Who and Jimi Hendrix
also performing,
711
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:28,000
the whole world joined the party.
712
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:32,000
Monterey was getting respect from
713
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:35,000
all over the United States, and from
all over the world, you know.
714
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:38,000
So, in my opinion,
it was the first one.
715
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:41,000
I don't think there's ever
been anything like that before.
716
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:43,000
Then, of course,
Pennebaker's movie and all that.
717
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:46,000
We got to see The Who,
Jimi Hendrix...
718
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:49,000
Yikes!
719
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:54,000
And what transpired was not just
a showcase for San Francisco music,
720
00:51:54,000 --> 00:51:58,000
but the first modern rock festival,
Monterey Pop.
721
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:03,000
And DA Pennebaker's film ensured
the festival's place in history.
722
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:10,000
There were different
contingencies there.
723
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:12,000
It was interesting because the
English bands came.
724
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:15,000
We had never seen them before
and the Bay Area bands,
725
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:16,000
so it was kind of like a...
726
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:20,000
Well, the first rock festival,
really, wasn't it, you know?
727
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:27,000
That was the peak of it all and that
was the one thing that ran well,
728
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:32,000
it was the one time that everybody
was in love with everybody else.
729
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:34,000
# No colours in my life
730
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:38,000
# You know they're turning black
731
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:41,000
# I see people walking by
732
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:44,000
# Dressed in their colourful clothes
733
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:47,000
# I see them strolling by
734
00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:49,000
# My happiness, it flows
735
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:52,000
# No more... #
736
00:52:52,000 --> 00:52:55,000
We got a respectable round of
applause.
737
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:56,000
I was happy.
738
00:52:56,000 --> 00:53:00,000
I was happy to have been
a part of the event. It was just...
739
00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:04,000
..marvellous!
740
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:07,000
Along with some of the world's
biggest bands, many of the top music
741
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:09,000
executives were there,
742
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:12,000
scouting for San Franciscan acts
to sign.
743
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:16,000
# By my window
744
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:18,000
# Just looking out
745
00:53:18,000 --> 00:53:22,000
# At the rain. #
746
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:26,000
After Monterey, Janis Joplin's life
would never be the same again.
747
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:28,000
# Mm...oh!
748
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:33,000
# Sitting down by my window
749
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,000
# Just looking out
750
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:39,000
# At the rain. #
751
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:42,000
The organisers were trying to
showcase the San Francisco sound
752
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,000
and so Janis Joplin really became
753
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:47,000
a superstar and got the record
contract with CBS Records as
754
00:53:47,000 --> 00:53:49,000
a result of her performances,
755
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:52,000
which are some of the best
performances of her entire career,
756
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:54,000
at the Monterey Pop Festival.
757
00:53:56,000 --> 00:54:00,000
SHE SINGS
758
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:03,000
Before that, nobody paid much
attention to her, you know?
759
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:06,000
It was like she was with this band
that wasn't always in tune.
760
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:09,000
One day, everybody was
kicking her ass,
761
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,000
and the next day,
they were kissing it.
762
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:19,000
SHE SINGS
763
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:27,000
Monterey was music and acid,
and business and fun,
764
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,000
and all aspects of the San Francisco
hippie revolution were
765
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:32,000
represented there.
766
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:35,000
Even the original nature boy,
Gypsy Boots,
767
00:54:35,000 --> 00:54:39,000
the pioneering proto-hippie from
the 1950s, got the gig as the
768
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:41,000
festival's official gardener.
769
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:44,000
While Owsley, the underground
chemist,
770
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:48,000
arrived on site with a batch of acid
specially made for the event.
771
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:55,000
We made a batch for
Monterey Pop Festival in 1967.
772
00:54:56,000 --> 00:55:02,000
And I'd say we'd make 100,000 hits,
that was the most we had ever made.
773
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:07,000
Well, I took this new psychedelic
that Owsley had invented called
774
00:55:07,000 --> 00:55:11,000
STP, so everything was like
a Monet painting to me.
775
00:55:11,000 --> 00:55:16,000
It was blurred, kind of heightened
pastels or something.
776
00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:24,000
When we went on stage to play,
I was pretty high then.
777
00:55:26,000 --> 00:55:32,000
When you see our excerpt,
of playing section 43 in the film by
778
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:35,000
Pennebaker,
you hear the bass going...
779
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:38,000
HE BELLOWS
780
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,000
HE CONTINUES BELLOWING
781
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:45,000
Which we'd never heard before.
782
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:49,000
That was the only time that kind of
a sound had ever come out of
783
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:51,000
that bass during that composition.
784
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:59,000
# People try to put us down... #
785
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:01,000
That was the first time
I had seen The Who.
786
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:05,000
I couldn't understand why they broke
their instruments. That was...
787
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:06,000
wacky.
788
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:13,000
The Who smashed up their
instruments,
789
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:17,000
kicked the drum kits over,
bombs went off, smoke everywhere.
790
00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:20,000
People were scared shitless,
you know?
791
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:21,000
# Wild thing... #
792
00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:27,000
When Jimi did it,
he did virtually the same thing!
793
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:29,000
But it was so different.
794
00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:39,000
It was like, you know, he...
795
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,000
gasoline on the guitar, lit it.
796
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:51,000
And then down on his knees, it was
like it was a soul sacrifice.
797
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:53,000
In his long, groovy fingers
798
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:55,000
were dancing over the fire.
799
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:04,000
After Monterey, everybody now wanted
to go to San Francisco,
800
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:06,000
the coolest city on the planet.
801
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:11,000
But in this moment of triumph,
outside forces were already
802
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,000
mobilising to threaten the
hippie idyll.
803
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:18,000
Commerce, in the shape of the record
companies, was about to enter
804
00:57:18,000 --> 00:57:20,000
the Haight-Ashbury potpourri
805
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:23,000
to challenge the hippie ideal of
freedom.
806
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:31,000
The violence of Hendrix's
performance captured in the
807
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:35,000
Monterey Pop film was emblematic
of the turmoil
808
00:57:35,000 --> 00:57:38,000
happening outside the concert
gates that same month.
809
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:44,000
America's inner cities were burning,
revolution was in the air,
810
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:48,000
and the anti-Vietnam war protests
reached critical mass.
811
00:57:48,000 --> 00:57:52,000
I will say directly,
no, I will not go.
812
00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:54,000
CROWD CHANTS
813
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:56,000
America's youth was declaring war.
814
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:02,000
In the next programme, we will see
how the state fought back.
815
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:08,000
The Hippie Movement, like any other
extreme action on the part of
816
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:10,000
people, it will die a natural death.
817
00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:16,000
And how the dark forces that
lay beneath the Summer of Love
broke cover.
818
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:20,000
The atrocities that have yet to
surface from women's
819
00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:24,000
treatment by the rural Hippie
Movement are considerable.
820
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:31,000
So, turn on, tune in and watch out.
821
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:32,000
# Wild thing
822
00:58:35,000 --> 00:58:38,000
# You make my heart sing
823
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:45,000
# You make everything groovy
824
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:50,000
# Hey, wild thing
825
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:54,000
# Yeah! Wild thing
826
00:58:56,000 --> 00:59:00,000
# Yay! Yeah, wild thing. #