1 00:00:03,840 --> 00:00:08,280 The summer of '67 was a moment that rewrote history. 2 00:00:08,280 --> 00:00:12,120 Nature Boys, truth-seekers and politicos 3 00:00:12,120 --> 00:00:15,680 converged on the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco 4 00:00:15,680 --> 00:00:18,360 to forge a new way of being. 5 00:00:18,360 --> 00:00:20,400 The hippie was born. 6 00:00:20,400 --> 00:00:24,760 People in the Haight-Ashbury are seekers of a more meaningful 7 00:00:24,760 --> 00:00:26,200 human experience. 8 00:00:26,200 --> 00:00:30,880 MUSIC: Eight Miles High by The Byrds 9 00:00:30,880 --> 00:00:34,400 Free love, free drugs and freethinking 10 00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,040 were the mantras of these cultural revolutionaries. 11 00:00:38,040 --> 00:00:40,760 And yet, no sooner had the party begun 12 00:00:40,760 --> 00:00:42,720 than it started to unravel. 13 00:00:43,840 --> 00:00:46,520 What started happening with the Summer of Love 14 00:00:46,520 --> 00:00:50,520 was a lot of hard drugs started coming into the Haight-Ashbury, 15 00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:53,120 and that changed things a lot. 16 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:56,880 The atrocities that have yet to surface from women's treatment 17 00:00:56,880 --> 00:01:00,840 by the hippie movement are considerable. 18 00:01:02,400 --> 00:01:06,960 The US government mobilised to stamp out the first signs of an uprising. 19 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:11,960 We were afraid. You know, those of us who are alive today can tell you 20 00:01:11,960 --> 00:01:14,080 that we all thought that we were going to get killed. 21 00:01:14,080 --> 00:01:15,480 We never imagined living past 30. 22 00:01:15,480 --> 00:01:17,320 GUNSHOT 23 00:01:17,320 --> 00:01:21,760 The hippie movement is like any other extreme action 24 00:01:21,760 --> 00:01:23,920 on the part of people. 25 00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:26,400 It'll die a natural death. 26 00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:28,960 But the hippies would not be beaten. 27 00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:32,680 We were gassed, but we were prepared to fight again. 28 00:01:33,880 --> 00:01:37,520 The Summer of Love lasted just a few idyllic months, 29 00:01:37,520 --> 00:01:41,360 and yet it launched the biggest cultural shift in living memory. 30 00:01:42,920 --> 00:01:46,000 The revolution it unleashed not only changed the way 31 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:49,560 we think about ourselves, each other and our planet, 32 00:01:49,560 --> 00:01:51,720 but shaped the world we live in today. 33 00:01:53,320 --> 00:02:00,360 This programme contains very strong language. 34 00:02:10,400 --> 00:02:15,080 MUSIC: Let's Go To San Francisco by The Flowerpot Men 35 00:02:32,360 --> 00:02:39,240 June 1967, and San Francisco is on the brink of a hippie revolution. 36 00:02:39,240 --> 00:02:43,920 Thousands of dreamers have come to look for an alternative way of life, 37 00:02:43,920 --> 00:02:47,560 turning the city into the flower power capital of the world. 38 00:02:53,840 --> 00:02:56,120 It was an incredibly exciting time. 39 00:02:56,120 --> 00:02:58,680 Incredibly optimistic. 40 00:02:58,680 --> 00:03:02,680 And we felt, as young people, very empowered. 41 00:03:02,680 --> 00:03:05,640 People were inventing themselves 42 00:03:05,640 --> 00:03:07,880 and inventing the way they wanted to live. 43 00:03:07,880 --> 00:03:13,520 And there was a kind of implicit scale of revolution 44 00:03:13,520 --> 00:03:16,640 which went from the guys that wore little mullets - 45 00:03:16,640 --> 00:03:19,040 you know, their haircut looked normal from the front 46 00:03:19,040 --> 00:03:21,560 but they had a little pigtail, so, on the weekends, 47 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:23,640 they could let it down and be hippies - 48 00:03:23,640 --> 00:03:26,600 to guys who were, like, tattooing their faces. 49 00:03:28,600 --> 00:03:32,160 There were head shops on Haight Street. 50 00:03:32,160 --> 00:03:34,400 There was the psychedelic shop. 51 00:03:34,400 --> 00:03:37,560 There was The Garden Of Earthly Delight. 52 00:03:37,560 --> 00:03:42,440 It was a wonderful place and it was, in a way, self-sustaining. 53 00:03:42,440 --> 00:03:45,400 We had established a tribe, 54 00:03:45,400 --> 00:03:48,560 a community that took care of each other 55 00:03:48,560 --> 00:03:53,840 and made money and distributed the money and made music. 56 00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:56,200 It was paradise. 57 00:03:57,480 --> 00:04:00,760 People in the Haight-Ashbury are practising 58 00:04:00,760 --> 00:04:04,280 what people have spoken about for centuries 59 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:07,120 and it threatens to overthrow... 60 00:04:08,960 --> 00:04:11,480 ..the rest of the American establishment, 61 00:04:11,480 --> 00:04:14,120 which is built upon motives of greed... 62 00:04:16,080 --> 00:04:18,000 ..anger, lust... 63 00:04:19,960 --> 00:04:22,080 ..and self-interest. 64 00:04:23,760 --> 00:04:27,440 At the heart of the community were an anarchist troop of artists 65 00:04:27,440 --> 00:04:32,520 and radicals called the Diggers, the Robin Hoods of Haight-Ashbury 66 00:04:32,520 --> 00:04:35,280 who stole from the rich and gave to... 67 00:04:35,280 --> 00:04:37,000 the beautiful people. 68 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:40,840 Their plan was to turn the Haight into a living experiment, 69 00:04:40,840 --> 00:04:44,880 to create a money-free, self-sustaining anarchist community 70 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:47,040 with a collective conscience. 71 00:04:47,040 --> 00:04:49,320 'A group of hippies called the Diggers 72 00:04:49,320 --> 00:04:53,120 'provide free food to hungry hippies in Panhandle Park. 73 00:04:53,120 --> 00:04:56,160 'Diggers are people who share, says their manifesto, 74 00:04:56,160 --> 00:04:58,680 'and their aim is a society where everything is shared, 75 00:04:58,680 --> 00:05:00,280 'everything free.' 76 00:05:00,280 --> 00:05:03,560 Initially, the free food started by putting out 77 00:05:03,560 --> 00:05:05,080 Digger stew. 78 00:05:05,080 --> 00:05:08,640 It was stew and it was actually hot food 79 00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:10,640 that was cooked in an apartment somewhere 80 00:05:10,640 --> 00:05:13,960 and then brought out onto the street and fed to people. 81 00:05:13,960 --> 00:05:19,360 And all we asked them to do was step through a frame, 6ft by 6ft, 82 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:23,560 painted yellow and it was called the Free Frame of Reference. 83 00:05:23,560 --> 00:05:25,120 And when they stepped through it, 84 00:05:25,120 --> 00:05:27,640 we gave them a little one-inch-by-one-inch frame 85 00:05:27,640 --> 00:05:30,160 on a shoelace, 86 00:05:30,160 --> 00:05:33,760 hung it around their neck and just invited them to look at the world 87 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:36,160 as if everything they saw was free. 88 00:05:37,240 --> 00:05:41,120 Most of these people had just discovered social change. 89 00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:44,800 They grew up in a soft, middle-class family or something, 90 00:05:44,800 --> 00:05:46,160 and then, all of the sudden, 91 00:05:46,160 --> 00:05:48,400 they found out there was injustice in the world. 92 00:05:48,400 --> 00:05:52,600 "Oh, my God! Oh, my God! There's injustice. Social injustice. 93 00:05:52,600 --> 00:05:57,320 "We've got to do something about it. I know, we'll give away...clothes. 94 00:05:57,320 --> 00:05:59,280 "Free clothes! Yeah, that'll be great!" 95 00:05:59,280 --> 00:06:02,160 You know? "And free food! That's what the people want." 96 00:06:02,160 --> 00:06:03,840 They can have the free food 97 00:06:03,840 --> 00:06:05,880 and, you know, if it's past its sell date, 98 00:06:05,880 --> 00:06:07,640 who the fuck gives a shit, you know? 99 00:06:07,640 --> 00:06:10,880 MUSIC: Happy Together by The Turtles 100 00:06:13,760 --> 00:06:16,000 By the height of the Summer of Love, 101 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:19,680 half a million starry-eyed kids had defied their parents' wishes 102 00:06:19,680 --> 00:06:21,920 and descended on the Haight. 103 00:06:21,920 --> 00:06:24,760 Among them were two teenage runaways, 104 00:06:24,760 --> 00:06:27,320 Tadg Galleran and Kat Castro. 105 00:06:27,320 --> 00:06:29,800 Everybody... The place was just... 106 00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:34,440 It was like 1,000 people on every block. I mean, the street was 107 00:06:34,440 --> 00:06:37,840 completely lined with bodies. You remember. I do. 108 00:06:37,840 --> 00:06:40,640 KAT LAUGHS I do! Everywhere. 109 00:06:40,640 --> 00:06:43,200 And anything that you needed or wanted, 110 00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:46,240 you would just ask around and somebody would give it to you. 111 00:06:46,240 --> 00:06:48,760 Oh, yeah. It was a community. It was a community. 112 00:06:48,760 --> 00:06:51,240 If there was food, if you needed money, 113 00:06:51,240 --> 00:06:54,400 if you wanted something to drink, if you wanted a joint... 114 00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:55,680 It was all over the place. 115 00:06:55,680 --> 00:06:58,200 And everybody shared - that's what was really cool about it. 116 00:06:58,200 --> 00:06:59,920 It was a community. That's what I call it. 117 00:06:59,920 --> 00:07:02,080 It's when you share like... And that was a community. 118 00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:04,600 It was a true community. It was like family. Yes. Yes. 119 00:07:04,600 --> 00:07:07,080 And it was better... More like family 120 00:07:07,080 --> 00:07:08,720 than the family I had at home. 121 00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:12,240 Exactly. Cos when I came up here, I had just turned 16 122 00:07:12,240 --> 00:07:15,000 and just put down my Barbie dolls a month before, 123 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:17,600 so, I mean, I was pretty, pretty sheltered. 124 00:07:17,600 --> 00:07:20,800 They kept acid in their cupboard like vitamins. 125 00:07:20,800 --> 00:07:24,040 They did. I said, you know, "Can I get a hit of acid?" 126 00:07:24,040 --> 00:07:26,720 "Yeah. Help yourself, Kathy. They're on the shelf." Oh, really? 127 00:07:26,720 --> 00:07:29,400 I opened the cupboard and there's a little bottle. Pop, pop, pop. 128 00:07:29,400 --> 00:07:32,320 SHE LAUGHS Jeez. I know. 129 00:07:36,040 --> 00:07:38,400 The Summer of Love wasn't actually a real thing. 130 00:07:38,400 --> 00:07:39,920 It was a media creation. 131 00:07:39,920 --> 00:07:44,600 It was describing the influx of teenagers to San Francisco... 132 00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:50,160 ..who had heard about, or read about, 133 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:54,200 the subculture in Haight-Ashbury and flocked there. 134 00:07:54,200 --> 00:07:57,800 You can be yourself. You don't have to be what adults want you to be 135 00:07:57,800 --> 00:08:01,360 and everything like that, you know. 'Well, what do you want to do here 136 00:08:01,360 --> 00:08:04,480 'that your parents wouldn't want you to do?' Nothing! That's it. 137 00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:07,080 'Exactly.' Nothing. I don't have to do anything. 138 00:08:07,080 --> 00:08:12,400 Underaged children poured into the Haight-Ashbury totally unprepared. 139 00:08:12,400 --> 00:08:14,480 No resources, 140 00:08:14,480 --> 00:08:16,520 no way to feed themselves, no way to live. 141 00:08:16,520 --> 00:08:18,960 Kids with no shoes, girls on the street, 142 00:08:18,960 --> 00:08:20,760 14, 15-year-old kids. 143 00:08:20,760 --> 00:08:23,040 What's the point in going around dirty? 144 00:08:23,040 --> 00:08:24,840 Do these people bathe? 'Are they dirty?' 145 00:08:24,840 --> 00:08:27,400 Yes. Half of them smell so bad, I don't want to stand next... 146 00:08:27,400 --> 00:08:29,680 'Well I've never got that close to them.' 147 00:08:29,680 --> 00:08:31,760 That was the one thing I hated about 148 00:08:31,760 --> 00:08:34,440 the whole period and the whole movement 149 00:08:34,440 --> 00:08:36,760 was girls with dirty feet 150 00:08:36,760 --> 00:08:38,480 and the same odour. 151 00:08:38,480 --> 00:08:41,480 They all put this, like... They thought it was perfume, 152 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:44,520 and it smelled like hay from a horse shed 153 00:08:44,520 --> 00:08:46,640 with shit in it, you know. It was horrible! 154 00:08:46,640 --> 00:08:50,040 MUSIC: Heroin by The Velvet Underground 155 00:08:54,960 --> 00:08:57,680 Today, we went down to the city clinic 156 00:08:57,680 --> 00:09:00,640 and we talked to the people down there about the venereal disease 157 00:09:00,640 --> 00:09:03,000 that is spreading through Haight-Ashbury. 158 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:06,480 They would have bad LSD trips, drug overdoses. 159 00:09:06,480 --> 00:09:07,920 They'd have gonorrhoea. 160 00:09:07,920 --> 00:09:10,880 They'd come from the Midwest to California 161 00:09:10,880 --> 00:09:15,560 thinking it was sunny California and they'd get pneumonia. 162 00:09:15,560 --> 00:09:21,000 We were seeing 250 patients a day with no government support. 163 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:25,320 In fact, we asked the Health Department to, 164 00:09:25,320 --> 00:09:28,240 you know, help us because we had this public health crisis. 165 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:31,480 There are a number of people in Haight-Ashbury who have this. 166 00:09:31,480 --> 00:09:34,480 They have the syphilis, gonorrhoea and the clap, 167 00:09:34,480 --> 00:09:37,120 and it has to be stopped because if isn't stopped now, 168 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:38,560 it's just going to spread. 169 00:09:38,560 --> 00:09:41,320 And if it spreads, everyone here is going to catch it. 170 00:09:41,320 --> 00:09:43,600 If you're boning some chick and she's got it, 171 00:09:43,600 --> 00:09:46,120 you say, "Oh, that's cool," and you go get yourself fixed up, 172 00:09:46,120 --> 00:09:48,200 in the meantime, she's giving it to somebody else. 173 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:02,520 Naive young kids living on the streets of Haight-Ashbury 174 00:10:02,520 --> 00:10:07,560 became easy prey for adults who hadn't come for peace and love. 175 00:10:08,720 --> 00:10:14,080 There were more and more unsavoury characters 176 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:19,200 that started to exploit the drug culture, 177 00:10:19,200 --> 00:10:22,760 which had been primarily marijuana and LSD. 178 00:10:23,760 --> 00:10:26,720 And now, all of a sudden, 179 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:30,640 amphetamines and other things were being hawked 180 00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:34,640 and so, you know, a much rougher element - 181 00:10:34,640 --> 00:10:36,760 more like organised crime - 182 00:10:36,760 --> 00:10:40,240 came as time progressed in there 183 00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:42,240 because there was a buck to be made, you know. 184 00:10:42,240 --> 00:10:45,080 I started to notice that there were people on the street, 185 00:10:45,080 --> 00:10:49,400 if you will, who seemed different. 186 00:10:49,400 --> 00:10:51,720 They kind of looked like a lot of people looked, 187 00:10:51,720 --> 00:10:53,560 but they were into different things. 188 00:10:53,560 --> 00:10:56,760 They had no interest in social activism, 189 00:10:56,760 --> 00:10:58,840 they had no interest in politics, 190 00:10:58,840 --> 00:11:02,600 they had no interest in helping other people 191 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:04,120 for any reason whatsoever. 192 00:11:04,120 --> 00:11:07,640 They had no spiritual centre. They had no ethical compass. 193 00:11:07,640 --> 00:11:10,800 They were just there for the party and for the hard drugs. 194 00:11:10,800 --> 00:11:13,480 It became a nightmare. It was a nightmare. 195 00:11:13,480 --> 00:11:18,200 I mean, Charlie Manson was cruising the main strip 196 00:11:18,200 --> 00:11:22,240 just looking for those stoned hippie eyes 197 00:11:22,240 --> 00:11:24,320 on some little girl, you know. 198 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:27,400 And he'd just, like, get them under his wing 199 00:11:27,400 --> 00:11:30,080 and give them more of the same 200 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:35,680 and eventually they were going on creepy crawls with him and his gang, 201 00:11:35,680 --> 00:11:38,160 you know, out to kill people. 202 00:11:38,160 --> 00:11:42,000 Charles Manson and his cult of teenage followers 203 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:47,120 would go on to murder seven people in a drug-fuelled frenzy. 204 00:11:47,120 --> 00:11:50,960 I find that I have to stay out of people that I know that are getting stoned 205 00:11:50,960 --> 00:11:53,120 because when I see them on it, 206 00:11:53,120 --> 00:11:55,480 then I know that I want to get on it too, you know? 207 00:12:00,360 --> 00:12:06,280 By August 1967, the Haight-Ashbury had turned into a human freak show. 208 00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,880 The tourists coming into the Haight-Ashbury, for me, 209 00:12:13,880 --> 00:12:17,120 was an indicator that this thing had turned the corner. 210 00:12:17,120 --> 00:12:20,560 We became a destination - a tourist destination. 211 00:12:20,560 --> 00:12:22,520 We'd hold up mirrors in front of the bus 212 00:12:22,520 --> 00:12:26,240 so they could see themselves in the mirror instead of looking at us. 213 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:30,120 There was a blossoming of head shops and hippie stores. 214 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:33,520 You know, you'd go into stores and you could buy hippie clothing. 215 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:35,920 Right? You could buy beards and wigs and stuff 216 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:38,040 and go to Haight-Ashbury for the weekend. 217 00:12:38,040 --> 00:12:44,320 My parents came here looking for me over the Fourth of July weekend. 218 00:12:44,320 --> 00:12:47,640 By then, I was in Milwaukee getting my ear pierced, 219 00:12:47,640 --> 00:12:50,680 but my parents dressed up like hippies. 220 00:12:50,680 --> 00:12:53,480 So did my dad! My dad tried on bell-bottoms... 221 00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:58,760 My mom had these, like, white, plastic go-go boots and a miniskirt. 222 00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:02,360 And my father, who was, like, you know, portly, 223 00:13:02,360 --> 00:13:06,040 got a Nehru jacket and a peace sign. 224 00:13:06,040 --> 00:13:09,480 The media attention to the subculture 225 00:13:09,480 --> 00:13:12,040 destroyed most of its meaning. 226 00:13:12,040 --> 00:13:15,720 And the external symbols by which we used to recognise each other - 227 00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:19,320 long hair on guys, long dresses on girls, 228 00:13:19,320 --> 00:13:22,800 this language using the word hip or cool or groovy 229 00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:25,280 or my pad or whatever - 230 00:13:25,280 --> 00:13:27,800 all of those things were completely drained of meaning 231 00:13:27,800 --> 00:13:30,600 and became kind of cartoon things 232 00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:34,040 that were easier to make fun of than to emulate. 233 00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:38,680 MUSIC: The Rain, The Park And Other Things by The Cowsills 234 00:13:45,920 --> 00:13:49,400 In October, just four months into the Summer of Love, 235 00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:52,160 the social experiment into an anarchist community 236 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:54,040 had run its course. 237 00:13:54,040 --> 00:13:56,840 The Diggers staged a mock funeral in the Haight 238 00:13:56,840 --> 00:13:58,920 to symbolise the death of hippie, 239 00:13:58,920 --> 00:14:02,400 and to persuade the college kids and runaways to go back home. 240 00:14:04,560 --> 00:14:08,120 The death of hippie was an event 241 00:14:08,120 --> 00:14:12,600 basically to float this notion about hippie. 242 00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:16,000 You know, that it was a bad idea, that it was a contrived, 243 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,600 conceptualised, now commercialised idea. 244 00:14:19,600 --> 00:14:23,280 This was street theatre that was meant, hopefully, 245 00:14:23,280 --> 00:14:25,480 to be evocative and provocative. 246 00:14:32,040 --> 00:14:34,160 This eye-catching and dramatic performance 247 00:14:34,160 --> 00:14:37,840 caught the attention of two politicos from the New Left. 248 00:14:37,840 --> 00:14:41,080 Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin had emerged 249 00:14:41,080 --> 00:14:44,000 out of the free speech and anti-war movements 250 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:49,920 to form a new political party called Yippies in December 1967. 251 00:14:49,920 --> 00:14:54,640 To achieve their aims, they, too, staged spectacular stunts 252 00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:58,680 designed to attract maximum media attention. 253 00:14:58,680 --> 00:15:01,280 See, the dollar in American society 254 00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,800 is a symbol of property, 255 00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,000 and we believe that property is theft. 256 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:11,600 And one of the things we like to do is burn up the money. 257 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,440 It was the famous emergence of Abbie Hoffman 258 00:15:14,440 --> 00:15:17,640 into the public stage in '67 259 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:21,480 when he and half a dozen friends went to the New York Stock Exchange 260 00:15:21,480 --> 00:15:23,400 and scattered dollar bills 261 00:15:23,400 --> 00:15:25,960 onto the floor of the New York Stock Exchange, 262 00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:28,440 and watched all of these millionaires scurrying 263 00:15:28,440 --> 00:15:31,320 to pick up a dollar as sort of a comment on materialism. 264 00:15:31,320 --> 00:15:35,720 The idea was that the system operated on a structure of logic, 265 00:15:35,720 --> 00:15:38,640 and if you undercut that structure and subverted it, 266 00:15:38,640 --> 00:15:40,400 the system could not function. 267 00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:43,400 So, when Abbie Hoffman went to the New York Stock Exchange 268 00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:47,240 and threw a barrage of dollar bills down from the visitor's gallery 269 00:15:47,240 --> 00:15:49,240 onto the floor of the stock exchange, 270 00:15:49,240 --> 00:15:51,640 it disrupted the proceedings. 271 00:15:51,640 --> 00:15:54,560 And brokers actually tried to pick up the money. 272 00:15:54,560 --> 00:15:58,200 They were serious anarchists, revolutionary anarchists. 273 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:03,520 'And now I introduce a presidential candidate, Pigasus! 274 00:16:03,520 --> 00:16:07,240 'The Democratic Party is going to nominate a pig for president 275 00:16:07,240 --> 00:16:08,960 'and a pig for vice president, 276 00:16:08,960 --> 00:16:11,360 'and so we're nominating a pig for president.' 277 00:16:11,360 --> 00:16:13,400 CHEERING AND APPLAUSE 278 00:16:13,400 --> 00:16:17,840 Abbie and Jerry, they had to pick a pig to nominate for president. 279 00:16:17,840 --> 00:16:21,600 Their candidate for president was a pig called Pigasus. 280 00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,680 You know? Well, that's good theatre. I like theatre. 281 00:16:24,680 --> 00:16:28,200 Theatre's really great. But they got in a fight over... 282 00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:30,800 One of them wanted a good-looking pig, 283 00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:32,960 and one of them wanted an ugly pig. 284 00:16:32,960 --> 00:16:37,120 So, they really were not talking to each other that night, you know? 285 00:16:37,120 --> 00:16:41,520 And I thought, "Wow, these guys are a little..." 286 00:16:41,520 --> 00:16:43,560 HE HUMS 287 00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:45,840 MUSIC: You Showed Me by The Turtles 288 00:16:45,840 --> 00:16:48,600 'Political pigs, your days are numbered. 289 00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:50,720 'We are the second American Revolution. 290 00:16:50,720 --> 00:16:52,480 'We are winning. Yippie!' 291 00:16:55,320 --> 00:16:57,400 With the support of hippie heavyweights 292 00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:00,000 like Allen Ginsberg and John Lennon, 293 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:03,040 Abbie Hoffman was one of the most charismatic leaders 294 00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:07,520 of the revolution, but not everyone fell for his impish charms. 295 00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:12,000 Yippie was an anarchistic, you know, do-what-you-want. 296 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,680 And I must say, at first, I was taken by their style 297 00:17:14,680 --> 00:17:19,320 because their style seemed insouciant and witty, 298 00:17:19,320 --> 00:17:24,120 and was not rhetoric-filled. 299 00:17:24,120 --> 00:17:27,720 But the hypocrisy of Yippie... 300 00:17:27,720 --> 00:17:30,240 You know, the revolution is about free everything. 301 00:17:30,240 --> 00:17:33,760 Free food and free drink. Well, that sounds good. 302 00:17:33,760 --> 00:17:36,960 Free housing and free grass. OK. 303 00:17:36,960 --> 00:17:38,720 And free women. 304 00:17:38,720 --> 00:17:42,240 Many women, who were free, sexually, in the '60s, 305 00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:44,720 that consent was too easy to come by, 306 00:17:44,720 --> 00:17:46,680 and that there was this feeling 307 00:17:46,680 --> 00:17:49,200 that they sort of had to go along with this. 308 00:17:49,200 --> 00:17:51,480 Men, especially in the hippie counterculture, 309 00:17:51,480 --> 00:17:55,160 especially in Haight-Ashbury, used - quote, unquote - 310 00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:58,040 free love as an excuse 311 00:17:58,040 --> 00:18:01,240 for violence against women. 312 00:18:01,240 --> 00:18:04,120 Groping, raping - there was an awful lot of that 313 00:18:04,120 --> 00:18:05,880 that was hidden at the time. 314 00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:09,320 MUSIC: You Don't Own Me by Lesley Gore 315 00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:20,800 The New Left and the hippie movement were led by white men. 316 00:18:20,800 --> 00:18:22,320 Were led by men. 317 00:18:22,320 --> 00:18:27,040 So, the women mostly rolled joints and made coffee. 318 00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,760 And if you said no, it was like, "Why are you being so bitchy? 319 00:18:30,760 --> 00:18:33,040 "Why are you being so counterrevolutionary?" 320 00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:36,600 Everything was defined by guys as what was revolution or not. 321 00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,920 So, I decided, "OK, well, I'll just learn to roll a..." 322 00:18:39,920 --> 00:18:42,040 Nobody will want my joint, and I just... 323 00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:44,560 They fell apart the minute you got hold of them, 324 00:18:44,560 --> 00:18:46,520 and I was never asked to roll a joint again. 325 00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:51,640 Robin Morgan formed a breakaway guerrilla theatre group 326 00:18:51,640 --> 00:18:55,640 to give women an independent voice in the revolution. 327 00:18:55,640 --> 00:18:57,200 WITCH stood for 328 00:18:57,200 --> 00:19:01,240 Women's International Terrorist Conspiracy From Hell. 329 00:19:01,240 --> 00:19:05,400 I mean, when we hexed the stock exchange of New York, 330 00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:06,960 we announced it to the press. 331 00:19:06,960 --> 00:19:09,080 We were going to go on such and such a morning 332 00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:10,680 and hex the stock exchange. 333 00:19:10,680 --> 00:19:12,520 And the stock exchange would not open, 334 00:19:12,520 --> 00:19:14,240 and the doors did not open because, 335 00:19:14,240 --> 00:19:16,800 at four o'clock in the morning the night before, 336 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:21,120 two of us, three of us, went and oozed Krazy Glue in the locks. 337 00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:25,160 There's a picture over there of me and my supporters - 338 00:19:25,160 --> 00:19:26,680 my women supporters - 339 00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:29,240 all of us dressed as a version of WITCH, 340 00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:31,200 because WITCH was an idea. 341 00:19:31,200 --> 00:19:33,840 In a sense, it was like Yippie. Anyone could be a Yippie. 342 00:19:33,840 --> 00:19:35,680 Right. Any woman could be a WITCH. 343 00:19:35,680 --> 00:19:37,680 WITCH was actually very important. 344 00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:41,960 I think it was, in terms of putting an alternate identity 345 00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:45,520 for women out - for radical women - out in the world. 346 00:19:45,520 --> 00:19:48,680 MUSIC: Respect by Aretha Franklin 347 00:19:56,120 --> 00:19:59,280 As the hippies took on the American establishment, 348 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,680 America's corporations responded in kind 349 00:20:02,680 --> 00:20:04,960 by buying into the one hippie commodity 350 00:20:04,960 --> 00:20:07,960 they thought they could sell - the music. 351 00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:13,280 Before the record companies came in, 352 00:20:13,280 --> 00:20:15,360 you could just go to the Sons Of Champlin 353 00:20:15,360 --> 00:20:17,360 or Big Brother And The Holding Company. 354 00:20:17,360 --> 00:20:19,520 They were just the guys in the neighbourhood. 355 00:20:19,520 --> 00:20:22,880 And they would hold these parties and we would celebrate ourselves. 356 00:20:22,880 --> 00:20:24,240 It was quite wonderful. 357 00:20:25,480 --> 00:20:27,280 But then the record companies came in 358 00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:30,840 and they started giving out 100,000 advances. 359 00:20:30,840 --> 00:20:33,000 And the musicians were ambivalent. 360 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:35,880 They were getting 100,000 as an advance, 361 00:20:35,880 --> 00:20:39,160 which is about 700,000 today, maybe more. 362 00:20:39,160 --> 00:20:41,480 And they were told, "You can do whatever you want. 363 00:20:41,480 --> 00:20:42,920 "We're not going interfere. 364 00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:45,040 "You have the studio. Do whatever you want." 365 00:20:45,040 --> 00:20:47,240 So they took the deal. 366 00:20:47,240 --> 00:20:50,320 And I don't think any of the groups 367 00:20:50,320 --> 00:20:52,800 that were at all significant resisted. 368 00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:58,480 When the record companies showed up, it was the end of that golden era 369 00:20:58,480 --> 00:21:04,040 of three-day concerts and unity and that kind of feeling, 370 00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:08,160 because the thing about being a recording artist is that 371 00:21:08,160 --> 00:21:10,760 you become a personality along with it 372 00:21:10,760 --> 00:21:12,720 because they're marketing you. 373 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:16,480 If it's Moby Grape, then you try to make them seem like 374 00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:19,360 the American Beatles or the American Stones. 375 00:21:19,360 --> 00:21:22,920 "The bad boys of San Francisco." 376 00:21:22,920 --> 00:21:25,960 The bad girl of San Francisco, Janis Joplin, 377 00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:28,160 was another artist to be signed up, 378 00:21:28,160 --> 00:21:31,080 but she wasn't going to bow down before the man - 379 00:21:31,080 --> 00:21:36,520 in this case, Columbia Records' overlord Goddard Lieberson. 380 00:21:36,520 --> 00:21:40,240 There was a party in Goddard Lieberson's room. 381 00:21:40,240 --> 00:21:42,720 So, Janis is there, and... 382 00:21:43,960 --> 00:21:47,720 Oh, man. I don't know if I should tell this story. 'Go on!' 383 00:21:47,720 --> 00:21:51,240 Well, she went into the bathroom, you know, 384 00:21:51,240 --> 00:21:54,080 and found that he had all of these... 385 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:57,480 Like, a hairbrush and comb that had his initials on there, 386 00:21:57,480 --> 00:21:59,920 G-O-D - God. 387 00:21:59,920 --> 00:22:01,520 And she didn't like that. 388 00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:04,040 She went in and piled them on floor, and then... 389 00:22:05,120 --> 00:22:10,760 ..and then came out and said, "Go and check what I did, dude." 390 00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:12,920 You know, I walked in there she'd peed 391 00:22:12,920 --> 00:22:15,520 on these toiletries of this guy. 392 00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:18,440 And I thought, "Well, that's really a cool thing to do, 393 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:21,920 "but it's not something I wanted to see in particular. 394 00:22:21,920 --> 00:22:24,800 "But that's cool. I mean, if you can get on... 395 00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:27,320 "If you can not care enough about your career 396 00:22:27,320 --> 00:22:30,680 "to do something like that to the head of Columbia Records, 397 00:22:30,680 --> 00:22:32,640 "I'm right there with you." 398 00:22:32,640 --> 00:22:35,560 MUSIC: Me and Bobby McGee by Janis Joplin 399 00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:39,200 Big Brother And The Holding Company's 400 00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:41,960 Cheap Thrills album with Janis, starring Janis, 401 00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:44,400 became the first number-one album 402 00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,320 to come out of the Bay Area in 1968. 403 00:22:47,320 --> 00:22:50,680 So, that was a real change that someone could actually produce 404 00:22:50,680 --> 00:22:52,640 a number-one album from the Bay Area. 405 00:22:52,640 --> 00:22:55,960 No-one in Bay Area music had ever done anything like that before. 406 00:22:58,480 --> 00:23:02,880 As San Francisco's musicians were enjoying commercial success, 407 00:23:02,880 --> 00:23:07,520 by 1968, the revolutionary edge of the hippie music scene 408 00:23:07,520 --> 00:23:12,360 had moved to Detroit with a band called the MC5. 409 00:23:12,360 --> 00:23:14,040 We used to say that 410 00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:17,360 the Summer of Love didn't make a stop in Detroit. 411 00:23:17,360 --> 00:23:19,440 HE LAUGHS 412 00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:22,920 I was underwhelmed by the West Coast music. 413 00:23:22,920 --> 00:23:25,160 It didn't move me. 414 00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:27,520 We would open for them. 415 00:23:27,520 --> 00:23:31,800 If they were lame and they got up and started playing some lame... 416 00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,480 ..sunbeams-and-flower, folky crap, 417 00:23:37,480 --> 00:23:39,520 we'd yell at them from the side of the stage, 418 00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:42,360 "Hey, kick out the jams, motherfucker!" 419 00:23:42,360 --> 00:23:45,800 RECORD SCRATCHES, MUSIC STOPS Kick out the jams, motherfucker! 420 00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:49,480 MUSIC: Kick Out The Jams by MC5 421 00:23:49,480 --> 00:23:52,200 The difference between MC5 and the other rock bands 422 00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:54,920 is that they were openly political 423 00:23:54,920 --> 00:24:00,520 at a time when most rock bands did not feel that it was wise. 424 00:24:00,520 --> 00:24:02,680 We know that Lyndon Johnson, as president, 425 00:24:02,680 --> 00:24:06,960 would call up owners of television or radio stations and tell them, 426 00:24:06,960 --> 00:24:10,160 you know, "Make sure that that particular record isn't played." 427 00:24:10,160 --> 00:24:14,560 But MC5 performed songs that were openly political, 428 00:24:14,560 --> 00:24:17,120 and actually revolutionary in the words. 429 00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:19,120 # Just trying to make it satisfactory 430 00:24:19,120 --> 00:24:20,440 # Over and over 431 00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,240 # But all these inclinations toward manic frustration 432 00:24:24,240 --> 00:24:27,840 # I want my vaccination against castration 433 00:24:27,840 --> 00:24:30,960 # Vietnam, what a sexy war 434 00:24:30,960 --> 00:24:34,240 # Uncle Sam's a pimp, wants us to be whores 435 00:24:34,240 --> 00:24:35,600 # I said no... # 436 00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:37,600 The MC5 were closely connected 437 00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,320 to the revolutionary White Panther Party, 438 00:24:40,320 --> 00:24:43,680 the white counterparts of the Marxist Black Panthers. 439 00:24:43,680 --> 00:24:46,920 The band would often carry rifles onto stage, 440 00:24:46,920 --> 00:24:49,600 and their uncompromising political stance 441 00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,360 was exactly the type of music needed to kick off the revolution. 442 00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:57,960 We thought of ourselves as revolutionaries 443 00:24:57,960 --> 00:25:02,520 because we wanted to use this music to change the society. 444 00:25:03,880 --> 00:25:06,960 We wanted to overthrow the government with rock and roll. 445 00:25:06,960 --> 00:25:10,080 HE CHUCKLES You know what I'm saying? 446 00:25:10,080 --> 00:25:13,880 So, we threw ourselves at the wall, you know? 447 00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:29,080 We had a government that was waging a war in our name 448 00:25:29,080 --> 00:25:32,920 at home against black people, 449 00:25:32,920 --> 00:25:36,520 which had been going on for quite some time - 450 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:38,480 a couple of hundred years - 451 00:25:38,480 --> 00:25:41,920 and then another war abroad in Vietnam... 452 00:25:43,120 --> 00:25:48,760 ..waging a war against Vietnamese people. 453 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:53,960 So, we were saying, "No. Not in our name." 454 00:25:53,960 --> 00:25:57,480 Young people had just reached a point where they said, "Enough." 455 00:25:57,480 --> 00:26:00,200 The hypocrisy of the older generation 456 00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:04,920 was not tolerable any more, and we weren't going to stand for it. 457 00:26:04,920 --> 00:26:06,960 We were going to raise our voices, 458 00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:10,880 we were going to raise our guitars, and at some points... 459 00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:14,960 ..some of us said, "We'll raise our rifles and our pistols." 460 00:26:14,960 --> 00:26:18,000 That was the idea - total assault on the culture, 461 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,040 by any means necessary, 462 00:26:21,040 --> 00:26:24,920 including rock and roll, dope, and fucking in the streets. 463 00:26:24,920 --> 00:26:27,600 That was our slogan. 464 00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:31,280 MUSIC: Something In The Air by Thunderclap Newman 465 00:26:37,360 --> 00:26:41,520 By the summer of '68, one year on from the Summer of Love, 466 00:26:41,520 --> 00:26:44,800 word of revolution had spread across the world. 467 00:26:44,800 --> 00:26:47,520 Wave after wave of student uprisings, 468 00:26:47,520 --> 00:26:51,640 from Mexico to Tokyo, promised to sweep away the old order 469 00:26:51,640 --> 00:26:55,200 and usher in a new age of freedom and equality. 470 00:26:57,200 --> 00:27:01,520 In America, the Yippies made an alliance with the Black Panthers, 471 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:05,160 and arranged for the MC5 and a number of Californian bands 472 00:27:05,160 --> 00:27:10,720 to play a free concert in Chicago in front of 15,000 hippies. 473 00:27:10,720 --> 00:27:13,840 It would coincide with the Democratic National Convention 474 00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:16,240 being held in the city at the same time, 475 00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:20,760 and culminate in a huge, anti-Vietnam War demonstration. 476 00:27:21,960 --> 00:27:26,920 They were going to have an alternative rock festival in Chicago 477 00:27:26,920 --> 00:27:30,000 to counterbalance the Democrats' convention. 478 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,200 They would be the convention of death, 479 00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:34,360 and we would be the convention of life, 480 00:27:34,360 --> 00:27:36,200 and did we want to come and play? 481 00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:37,960 And we said, "Of course." 482 00:27:37,960 --> 00:27:41,200 We wanted to invite rock bands from all around the country, 483 00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:44,320 like the Grateful Dead, Country Joe And The Fish, 484 00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:46,600 the Motor City Five, 485 00:27:46,600 --> 00:27:49,320 and we were going to have literary figures speak 486 00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:52,600 and comedians and theatre people. 487 00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:56,320 It was going to be a joyous occasion. It was. 488 00:27:56,320 --> 00:27:58,640 "We're going to go there and we're going to do this. 489 00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:00,800 "Man, it's going to be great, you know? 490 00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:02,400 "What could possibly happen?" 491 00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,480 What could happen?! 492 00:28:04,480 --> 00:28:08,640 They'll beat the shit out of you and throw you in jail - 493 00:28:08,640 --> 00:28:10,040 that's what can happen. 494 00:28:10,040 --> 00:28:12,480 Actually, I think Country Joe came... 495 00:28:12,480 --> 00:28:15,360 Country Joe was... ..and he was in an elevator, 496 00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:18,000 and somebody punched him out or something? Right. Right. 497 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:19,560 And then... BOTH: He left. 498 00:28:19,560 --> 00:28:22,480 We were the only band that showed up and played, 499 00:28:22,480 --> 00:28:25,200 and from my experience, 500 00:28:25,200 --> 00:28:28,160 when the band stops playing is when the riot starts. 501 00:28:28,160 --> 00:28:30,520 Once the crowd doesn't have anything to focus on, 502 00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:35,160 then the tension between them and the police explodes. 503 00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:47,280 The Chicago police, 504 00:28:47,280 --> 00:28:50,080 they were the most brutal police force in the country. 505 00:28:50,080 --> 00:28:52,480 And they, you know, 506 00:28:52,480 --> 00:28:56,440 took out their clubs and wailed away at people on camera. 507 00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:00,280 And that made the demonstration an incredible success. 508 00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:03,480 However, if you were in the middle of this, as I was, 509 00:29:03,480 --> 00:29:05,760 you were in terrific danger. 510 00:29:07,360 --> 00:29:11,320 Tear gas, if it does not knock you out, it deranges you. 511 00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:15,480 So everybody was crazy from the tear gas 512 00:29:15,480 --> 00:29:17,760 and mace and all of that, and I had... 513 00:29:17,760 --> 00:29:21,280 You know, I had a T-shirt around my mouth and nose for the tear gas. 514 00:29:26,960 --> 00:29:29,160 We WERE gassed. Oh, yeah. 515 00:29:29,160 --> 00:29:31,920 We ran from that, and that gas was... 516 00:29:31,920 --> 00:29:34,040 You know, you couldn't breathe. 517 00:29:34,040 --> 00:29:37,680 Tears ran down your face and the gas stuck to our clothes, 518 00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:39,120 it stuck to our eyes. 519 00:29:39,120 --> 00:29:41,200 And we would come back the next day sort of... 520 00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:43,040 But we were prepared to fight again. 521 00:29:43,040 --> 00:29:46,080 Finally, they called out the National Guard. The troops arrived. 522 00:29:46,080 --> 00:29:48,520 There are pictures of hippies putting flowers 523 00:29:48,520 --> 00:29:51,480 in the rifle barrels of the troops who, you know, 524 00:29:51,480 --> 00:29:54,240 understood perfectly what these kids were up to. 525 00:29:54,240 --> 00:29:57,320 So, the troops actually saved us 526 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:00,160 from the most horrible possibilities, 527 00:30:00,160 --> 00:30:04,720 and what happened then was the hippie movement lost its quietism 528 00:30:04,720 --> 00:30:07,520 and began to become combative. 529 00:30:07,520 --> 00:30:12,200 MUSIC: Street Fighting Man by The Rolling Stones 530 00:30:49,040 --> 00:30:52,760 The Chicago riot was a huge turning point in the revolution. 531 00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:54,960 Eight of the festival organisers, 532 00:30:54,960 --> 00:30:57,360 including Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, 533 00:30:57,360 --> 00:31:01,960 were tried and convicted for incitement to riot, and imprisoned. 534 00:31:01,960 --> 00:31:05,000 The manager of the MC5, John Sinclair, 535 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:08,080 also got ten years for selling a single joint 536 00:31:08,080 --> 00:31:09,800 to an undercover police officer. 537 00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:15,800 But far from stopping the revolution in its tracks, 538 00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:20,520 the New Left reorganised themselves into even more militant groups, 539 00:31:20,520 --> 00:31:24,240 many of whom were prepared to fight fire with fire. 540 00:31:24,240 --> 00:31:27,480 The most extreme of these were the Weather Underground. 541 00:31:29,360 --> 00:31:31,480 There's no way to be committed to nonviolence 542 00:31:31,480 --> 00:31:33,280 in the middle of the most violent society 543 00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:34,760 that history's ever created. 544 00:31:34,760 --> 00:31:37,240 I'm not committed to nonviolence in any way. 545 00:31:37,240 --> 00:31:42,000 The United States was the greatest force against humanity 546 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,080 and justice and peace in the world 547 00:31:44,080 --> 00:31:50,480 that we had to oppose it with every tool at our disposal, 548 00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:52,720 and that it was... 549 00:31:52,720 --> 00:31:54,880 That we were part of a global struggle. 550 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:04,280 In 1969, the Weather Underground declared war 551 00:32:04,280 --> 00:32:06,640 on the government of the United States 552 00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:11,200 and launched a bombing campaign to try and force political change. 553 00:32:11,200 --> 00:32:13,240 Their terrorist actions were echoed 554 00:32:13,240 --> 00:32:15,560 by other anarchist groups around the world, 555 00:32:15,560 --> 00:32:18,920 including, in Britain, The Angry Brigade, 556 00:32:18,920 --> 00:32:22,320 and the Baader-Meinhof Gang in Germany. 557 00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:24,440 The Weather Underground had planted a bomb 558 00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:27,680 inside the US Capitol Building and the Senate staircase. 559 00:32:27,680 --> 00:32:29,800 Did quite a bit of damage to the building. 560 00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,400 Perhaps most famously, they blew themselves up - 561 00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:35,640 three of them - in a New York City townhouse 562 00:32:35,640 --> 00:32:38,520 where they were trying to actually build bombs, 563 00:32:38,520 --> 00:32:40,920 but something went awry with the dynamite, 564 00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:43,480 and so they managed to destroy the entire building 565 00:32:43,480 --> 00:32:45,640 and themselves, as well. 566 00:32:45,640 --> 00:32:47,480 Comrades of ours were killed - 567 00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:52,400 killed themselves in an explosion in New York that March, 568 00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:57,160 and I disappeared along with a lot of other people. 569 00:32:57,160 --> 00:33:00,400 Well, I was a fugitive for 11 years. 570 00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:04,240 MUSIC: She's Not There by The Zombies 571 00:33:07,760 --> 00:33:11,000 People took those "wanted" posters off Post Office walls 572 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:14,080 and put them in their windows and said, "Welcome here." 573 00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:18,120 You know, we felt protected by a bigger scene. 574 00:33:19,520 --> 00:33:23,120 Some hippies were only too happy to offer the Weather Underground 575 00:33:23,120 --> 00:33:27,000 and other revolutionaries on the run safe haven in their houses. 576 00:33:28,240 --> 00:33:30,240 The American government took the threat 577 00:33:30,240 --> 00:33:32,480 of guerrilla groups so seriously 578 00:33:32,480 --> 00:33:36,640 that President Nixon launched a national counterterrorism campaign 579 00:33:36,640 --> 00:33:38,400 to try and stop them. 580 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:43,320 J Edgar Hoover developed a programme 581 00:33:43,320 --> 00:33:47,440 to discredit American dissent. 582 00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:50,240 It was called COINTELPRO, 583 00:33:50,240 --> 00:33:54,600 and it targeted every opposition group 584 00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:58,440 that was functioning in the country in those years - 585 00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:01,960 the Black Panthers, the Yippies, the anti-war movement, 586 00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:03,960 the civil rights movement - 587 00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:09,160 anyone that opposed the Nixon administration's policies, 588 00:34:09,160 --> 00:34:11,720 as benign as the group might be, 589 00:34:11,720 --> 00:34:15,040 or as militant as the group might be. 590 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:18,640 And they sent in undercover operatives, 591 00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:21,160 so you kind of didn't know who to trust. 592 00:34:21,160 --> 00:34:24,560 MUSIC: Gimme Shelter by The Rolling Stones 593 00:34:24,560 --> 00:34:27,720 One of the models for all would-be revolutionaries 594 00:34:27,720 --> 00:34:31,040 were the Marxist-Leninist Black Panther Party. 595 00:34:31,040 --> 00:34:35,160 Under the joint leadership of the charismatic Fred Hampton, 596 00:34:35,160 --> 00:34:38,120 their armed struggle was seen as inspirational 597 00:34:38,120 --> 00:34:39,800 by other guerrilla groups. 598 00:34:48,680 --> 00:34:51,640 When it came to the Black Panther Party, 599 00:34:51,640 --> 00:34:55,560 Hoover decided, and stated, in 1968, 600 00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:58,880 that the Black Panther Party represented the greatest threat 601 00:34:58,880 --> 00:35:02,080 to the internal security of the United States. 602 00:35:02,080 --> 00:35:05,000 Now, what J Edgar Hoover said made us so dangerous 603 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,960 was that we were getting other people 604 00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:13,160 to be aligned with this philosophy of revolutionary change. 605 00:35:13,160 --> 00:35:18,760 The Black Panther Party not only had coalitions with white organisations, 606 00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:20,880 starting with the Peace and Freedom Party, 607 00:35:20,880 --> 00:35:22,400 which was mostly white... 608 00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:26,880 SDS was a partner at one point with the Weather Underground. 609 00:35:26,880 --> 00:35:30,840 At that point, everything was done to, 610 00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,000 as Hoover said, disrupt, 611 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,120 discredit or destroy the Black Panther Party. 612 00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:39,160 And in December of 1969, 613 00:35:39,160 --> 00:35:42,480 with the murder of Fred Hampton in Chicago, 614 00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,360 it was really horrible. 615 00:35:46,480 --> 00:35:49,080 The people who felt the stomping most 616 00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:51,520 were actually people of colour. That's right. 617 00:35:51,520 --> 00:35:56,480 They assassinated Fred Hampton and Mark Clark in their sleep. 618 00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:00,000 Right. A joint task force of the FBI and local police. 619 00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:05,000 So, we took some losses, but not like that. 620 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:06,280 Right, exactly. I mean, 621 00:36:06,280 --> 00:36:09,640 they said they were going to prevent the rise of a black messiah, 622 00:36:09,640 --> 00:36:10,840 and that was... 623 00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:14,360 And to destroy and neutralise - these are FBI terms - 624 00:36:14,360 --> 00:36:18,480 destroy and neutralise the Panthers, destroy and neutralise the New Left. 625 00:36:18,480 --> 00:36:21,280 I think that the reason that I was under so much surveillance 626 00:36:21,280 --> 00:36:23,320 at the end was - and I know this from my files - 627 00:36:23,320 --> 00:36:26,160 they were looking for Abbie, who was underground. 628 00:36:26,160 --> 00:36:28,960 And so it had... 629 00:36:28,960 --> 00:36:32,320 There's no question it had a chilling effect. 630 00:36:32,320 --> 00:36:34,240 Those of us who are alive today can tell you that 631 00:36:34,240 --> 00:36:36,200 we all thought that we were going to get killed. 632 00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:38,520 We never imagined living past 30. 633 00:36:38,520 --> 00:36:40,080 Or 25, in some cases! 634 00:36:41,240 --> 00:36:45,440 And so...we were afraid. 635 00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,520 People realised, if they went head-to-head with America, 636 00:36:54,520 --> 00:36:56,280 they would be shot, 637 00:36:56,280 --> 00:37:00,840 and we were not in such a hurry to start a revolution. 638 00:37:00,840 --> 00:37:02,720 You could see what it would be. 639 00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:07,720 When a student protester was shot dead 640 00:37:07,720 --> 00:37:11,760 at a sit-in at the People's Park in Berkeley in 1969, 641 00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:13,680 and 50 others were injured, 642 00:37:13,680 --> 00:37:16,920 it was clear that the government wasn't going to back down. 643 00:37:18,360 --> 00:37:21,200 This convinced many would-be revolutionaries 644 00:37:21,200 --> 00:37:24,280 to abandon going head-to-head against the state. 645 00:37:27,640 --> 00:37:32,240 I was under surveillance, and it became... 646 00:37:33,240 --> 00:37:35,520 ..uncomfortable to live 647 00:37:35,520 --> 00:37:39,960 feeling as if somebody was listening to my life. 648 00:37:39,960 --> 00:37:43,800 So, at a certain point, I felt... 649 00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:48,480 ..like going out of their reach. 650 00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,720 Harriet Beinfield sought refuge in the Black Bear commune 651 00:37:53,720 --> 00:37:56,680 in the remotest reaches of California. 652 00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,720 Those who once dreamed of changing society 653 00:37:59,720 --> 00:38:03,160 now opted to reject it and start afresh. 654 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:05,640 Between 1966 and 1973, 655 00:38:05,640 --> 00:38:08,880 as many as a million Americans became involved in communal living, 656 00:38:08,880 --> 00:38:11,080 many of them heading back to the land to do it, 657 00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,400 as they said at the time - 658 00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,960 moving to rural areas, buying a patch of land, 659 00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:17,640 living with something between five and 50 friends. 660 00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:22,720 MUSIC: The Cost Of Freedom by Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young 661 00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:31,120 A sociologist handed out questionnaires 662 00:38:31,120 --> 00:38:34,640 to 60,000 residents of rural communes, 663 00:38:34,640 --> 00:38:36,960 and he asked a very interesting question. 664 00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:39,480 "Have any of you been arrested for protesting 665 00:38:39,480 --> 00:38:42,800 "in an anti-war movement or a civil rights protest?" 666 00:38:42,800 --> 00:38:45,680 And half said that they had, 667 00:38:45,680 --> 00:38:47,840 but the other half said they had not. 668 00:38:47,840 --> 00:38:50,200 And then he said, "Since moving to the commune, 669 00:38:50,200 --> 00:38:53,440 "have you been arrested?" And everyone said no. 670 00:38:53,440 --> 00:38:56,560 The new communalist critique of society, in many ways, 671 00:38:56,560 --> 00:38:59,520 was not perceived as a threat by the central state. 672 00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:01,920 If they want to go live in Colorado, grow their hair long, 673 00:39:01,920 --> 00:39:03,520 smoke dope, I mean, big deal, right? 674 00:39:03,520 --> 00:39:05,800 That's rural Colorado - I don't really care. 675 00:39:13,240 --> 00:39:17,640 Black Bear Ranch was really deep in the woods, 676 00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:23,280 and many miles on old logging roads to get there. 677 00:39:23,280 --> 00:39:27,120 When we arrived, there was one house. 678 00:39:27,120 --> 00:39:28,800 There were 60 of us. 679 00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:33,440 So we had to build shelters for ourselves 680 00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:36,320 out of the materials that were there. 681 00:39:37,320 --> 00:39:39,120 And you had, you know, 682 00:39:39,120 --> 00:39:43,400 50 urban people who'd never lived in the wilderness before, 683 00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:45,560 and every hour and a half, 684 00:39:45,560 --> 00:39:50,080 they would run around the house beating frying pans and pots 685 00:39:50,080 --> 00:39:52,960 to scare away the bears and the mountain lions. 686 00:39:52,960 --> 00:39:57,240 MUSIC: Hole In My Shoe by Traffic 687 00:39:57,240 --> 00:39:59,480 The communes had first been created 688 00:39:59,480 --> 00:40:02,360 by the Nature Boy tribe of the hippies. 689 00:40:02,360 --> 00:40:05,560 Here at Black Bear, they were determined to implement 690 00:40:05,560 --> 00:40:08,320 the hippie experiment in alternative living, 691 00:40:08,320 --> 00:40:12,080 based on ecological and communal values. 692 00:40:12,080 --> 00:40:14,960 We shared our money, we shared our food, 693 00:40:14,960 --> 00:40:18,000 we shared our bodies, we shared our children. 694 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:23,000 You know, we shared everything and we were trying to figure out... 695 00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:26,440 ..how far we could take that. 696 00:40:26,440 --> 00:40:30,120 Black Bear was so distant 697 00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:34,440 that strange ideas could spread like a virus through it. 698 00:40:34,440 --> 00:40:35,960 So, for instance... 699 00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:40,720 ..a group of radical women took over one winter, 700 00:40:40,720 --> 00:40:42,840 and they passed a law that 701 00:40:42,840 --> 00:40:46,880 you could only sleep with the same woman twice 702 00:40:46,880 --> 00:40:49,800 because, otherwise, you were encouraging coupling, 703 00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:53,520 which was too bourgeois. So, for instance, that would... 704 00:40:53,520 --> 00:40:56,760 When I had slept with all the women that I wanted to sleep with, 705 00:40:56,760 --> 00:40:58,280 I would figure out a reason 706 00:40:58,280 --> 00:41:00,680 to run back to the city and do a food run. 707 00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:04,360 But one aspect of communal living 708 00:41:04,360 --> 00:41:09,760 continuously threatened to undermine the experiment in a sharing society. 709 00:41:09,760 --> 00:41:14,520 In the winter, 60 people slept in one space, 710 00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:21,120 and the sort of habits of patriarchy meant that... 711 00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:26,160 This is going to sound a little harsh. 712 00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:30,120 That the men were predators and the women... 713 00:41:31,560 --> 00:41:37,800 ..were under sort of peer pressure to oblige. 714 00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:42,480 I mean, women were literally hauling firewood at those communes 715 00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:47,240 and being the property of six men and not using birth control 716 00:41:47,240 --> 00:41:49,880 because the men didn't want them to and it was natural. 717 00:41:49,880 --> 00:41:52,880 I mean, the atrocities that are yet to surface 718 00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:59,000 from women's treatment by the rural hippie movement 719 00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:00,560 are considerable. 720 00:42:00,560 --> 00:42:05,800 MUSIC: Different Drum by Linda Rondstandt 721 00:42:08,840 --> 00:42:12,520 Old patriarchal prejudices had plagued the hippie movement 722 00:42:12,520 --> 00:42:15,160 since its earliest days. 723 00:42:15,160 --> 00:42:18,120 Now women formed consciousness-raising groups, 724 00:42:18,120 --> 00:42:20,680 where they could share their experiences of sexism 725 00:42:20,680 --> 00:42:22,120 with other women. 726 00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:26,320 I went to my first consciousness-raising group, 727 00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:31,360 and I said, "I have to admit that I have sometimes, 728 00:42:31,360 --> 00:42:33,720 "on occasion, 729 00:42:33,720 --> 00:42:38,640 "like, more than once, faked an orgasm." 730 00:42:38,640 --> 00:42:42,400 And every woman in the room said, "Oh, you, too?" 731 00:42:43,720 --> 00:42:45,560 And I cannot tell you... 732 00:42:45,560 --> 00:42:48,800 I can laugh about it today, but, my dear... 733 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,040 ..my posture changed, you know? 734 00:42:52,040 --> 00:42:54,680 I sat up in a different way. I... 735 00:42:54,680 --> 00:42:56,480 I... 736 00:42:56,480 --> 00:42:59,120 Such a weight was lifted from me, 737 00:42:59,120 --> 00:43:04,320 and the "it's not just me" was huge. 738 00:43:04,320 --> 00:43:06,960 And, of course, if it's not just you, 739 00:43:06,960 --> 00:43:08,080 then what is it? 740 00:43:10,560 --> 00:43:14,240 Robin Morgan finally broke her ties with the hippie movement 741 00:43:14,240 --> 00:43:17,880 when she wrote a damning expose of sexism in the New Left 742 00:43:17,880 --> 00:43:20,120 called Goodbye To All That, 743 00:43:20,120 --> 00:43:22,640 urging other women to break away, as well. 744 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:26,680 "Goodbye forever, counterfeit left, 745 00:43:26,680 --> 00:43:31,240 "counterfeit, male-dominated, cracked-glass-mirror reflection 746 00:43:31,240 --> 00:43:33,760 "of the American nightmare. 747 00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:35,880 "Women are the real left. 748 00:43:35,880 --> 00:43:37,840 "We are rising with a fury 749 00:43:37,840 --> 00:43:42,840 "older and potentially greater than any force in history." 750 00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:45,160 She named all the names 751 00:43:45,160 --> 00:43:49,360 of the men who ran all the different organisations, 752 00:43:49,360 --> 00:43:52,640 and she pointed out some of their problems. 753 00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:57,640 Quite clearly. Clearly. But I also didn't like it. 754 00:43:57,640 --> 00:44:00,760 I mean, I was incredibly uncomfortable when it came out 755 00:44:00,760 --> 00:44:04,520 and felt really defensive about it... Well... 756 00:44:04,520 --> 00:44:07,240 ..cos I knew it was right! Yeah, there you go. 757 00:44:07,240 --> 00:44:10,240 It was another version of "You, too?" 758 00:44:10,240 --> 00:44:13,080 It was the first time a woman had blown, 759 00:44:13,080 --> 00:44:16,720 with leftist credentials, 760 00:44:16,720 --> 00:44:20,360 known and respected by the guys, so she must be good, 761 00:44:20,360 --> 00:44:22,400 who had just...boom! 762 00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:26,160 We were surrounded by all kinds of liberation movements - 763 00:44:26,160 --> 00:44:28,880 black liberation, Chicano liberation, 764 00:44:28,880 --> 00:44:31,640 the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam - 765 00:44:31,640 --> 00:44:33,880 all these various liberation movements 766 00:44:33,880 --> 00:44:38,000 that we admired and emulated, but where were women? 767 00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:40,880 And then, light bulb! Well, OK. 768 00:44:40,880 --> 00:44:42,920 And that's where the phrase women's... 769 00:44:42,920 --> 00:44:45,080 That's why we started out - before feminism, 770 00:44:45,080 --> 00:44:48,240 we called it women's liberation because it was, in a sense... 771 00:44:48,240 --> 00:44:51,880 We were inspired by all these various other liberation movements. 772 00:44:51,880 --> 00:44:54,520 It was like a series of steps 773 00:44:54,520 --> 00:44:59,200 that were an advancement in consciousness. 774 00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:01,040 There's no question, at least for me, 775 00:45:01,040 --> 00:45:04,160 that Goodbye To All That - the title of that piece - 776 00:45:04,160 --> 00:45:06,640 was, as I said, germinal. 777 00:45:06,640 --> 00:45:09,120 It was one in a series of steps that... 778 00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:11,280 And, ultimately, at a certain point, I said, 779 00:45:11,280 --> 00:45:14,160 "All right, I am, in fact, saying goodbye to all that." 780 00:45:14,160 --> 00:45:16,880 MUSIC: Woodstock by Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young 781 00:45:16,880 --> 00:45:19,320 Whilst women's liberation was a response 782 00:45:19,320 --> 00:45:21,760 to the chauvinism of the hippie movement, 783 00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:24,360 the message of peace, love and music 784 00:45:24,360 --> 00:45:27,200 was reaching out to an even bigger audience. 785 00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:38,760 In August 1969, plans were hatched 786 00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:42,640 to stage a massive three-day concert outside New York. 787 00:45:42,640 --> 00:45:45,360 When revellers broke through the fence, 788 00:45:45,360 --> 00:45:48,920 it became the biggest free festival of all time, 789 00:45:48,920 --> 00:45:54,080 symbolising all the hope and chaos of the hippie movement in one event, 790 00:45:54,080 --> 00:45:55,840 as immortalised on film. 791 00:45:57,320 --> 00:46:00,440 Woodstock was a very interesting experience. 792 00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:02,080 When we were flying over it, 793 00:46:02,080 --> 00:46:05,800 it looked like an encampment of the Macedonian army. 794 00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:09,840 When you get, you know, 400,000, 500,000 people all together 795 00:46:09,840 --> 00:46:12,120 and you're flying over them in a helicopter 796 00:46:12,120 --> 00:46:15,280 and there's fires and rain and mud and music, 797 00:46:15,280 --> 00:46:17,800 it was a fascinating experience. 798 00:46:21,000 --> 00:46:23,360 Oh, Woodstock was great. 799 00:46:23,360 --> 00:46:26,280 It was like Monterey, only bigger. 800 00:46:26,280 --> 00:46:29,320 I mean, I watched lots of the show... The sing... 801 00:46:29,320 --> 00:46:30,920 You know, the other acts. 802 00:46:30,920 --> 00:46:33,560 I saw them perform, and they were great. 803 00:46:33,560 --> 00:46:37,280 The music was great, the vibe was great, the audience was great. 804 00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:41,280 HE PLAYS THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 805 00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:48,120 I mean, Hendrix was just so emblematic of the... 806 00:46:49,520 --> 00:46:51,720 ..emergence of the Woodstock Nation. 807 00:46:51,720 --> 00:46:57,000 His presence at Woodstock summarised the lifestyle, the freedom, 808 00:46:57,000 --> 00:47:00,720 the brash resistance to conformity, 809 00:47:00,720 --> 00:47:04,120 status quo, the sexual threat, 810 00:47:04,120 --> 00:47:06,320 you know, kind of a black sexual threat 811 00:47:06,320 --> 00:47:08,480 and a countercultural sexual threat 812 00:47:08,480 --> 00:47:12,680 that mainstream America saw embodied, you know, in Hendrix. 813 00:47:15,960 --> 00:47:17,480 I saw him, I stayed, 814 00:47:17,480 --> 00:47:20,680 and I was standing there in the mud when he played Star-Spangled Banner 815 00:47:20,680 --> 00:47:23,000 and I thought, "Oh, fuck, this is like... 816 00:47:23,000 --> 00:47:27,360 "This is an incredible musical moment, 817 00:47:27,360 --> 00:47:31,400 "and he is the best guitar player that ever lived." 818 00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:34,440 He shredded the national anthem. He shredded it! 819 00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:36,840 I mean, he tore it to bits. 820 00:47:36,840 --> 00:47:39,120 It was fucking mind-blowing! 821 00:47:39,120 --> 00:47:40,960 It's still mind-blowing today. 822 00:47:45,960 --> 00:47:50,600 The Star-Spangled Banner performance just seems to be the piece of music 823 00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:52,560 that just spoke to the chaos, the zeitgeist 824 00:47:52,560 --> 00:47:54,840 of the moment, you know, the most authoritatively, 825 00:47:54,840 --> 00:47:58,200 the most disruptively. Very heraldic 826 00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:00,320 of an apocalypse, in the sense of, 827 00:48:00,320 --> 00:48:03,320 you know, something that removes the veil. 828 00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:08,640 Jimi Hendrix's performance of Star-Spangled Banner 829 00:48:08,640 --> 00:48:10,160 in the Woodstock film 830 00:48:10,160 --> 00:48:13,400 both encapsulated the distorted, dystopian vision 831 00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:16,600 of a nation caught up in a war it didn't believe in, 832 00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:19,160 and, at the same time, was a requiem 833 00:48:19,160 --> 00:48:22,040 for a political revolution that was not to be. 834 00:48:24,520 --> 00:48:27,320 MUSIC: Both Sides Now by Joni Mitchell 835 00:48:28,800 --> 00:48:32,000 The confrontational attitude of the hippies 836 00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:34,960 had given way to a new sense of reflection. 837 00:48:39,000 --> 00:48:41,600 The political became personal, 838 00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:44,600 and this found a voice in a new, laid-back sound 839 00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:48,800 emerging from a community of inward-looking singer-songwriters. 840 00:48:48,800 --> 00:48:51,400 And it came not out of San Francisco, 841 00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:54,960 but the affluent, leafy canyons of LA. 842 00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:57,560 It's all very close together, hodgepodge. 843 00:48:57,560 --> 00:49:00,800 You know, little cabins and little windy streets, 844 00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:02,880 and you literally walk out of your door 845 00:49:02,880 --> 00:49:05,040 and walk over to Danny Hutton's house, 846 00:49:05,040 --> 00:49:07,280 walk up to see The Turtles, 847 00:49:07,280 --> 00:49:10,120 go down to see Joni Mitchell and Alice Cooper. 848 00:49:12,560 --> 00:49:16,320 Laurel Canyon was a small area of beautiful countryside. 849 00:49:16,320 --> 00:49:18,440 It's very close to the centre of Los Angeles, 850 00:49:18,440 --> 00:49:23,720 but there, there was this collection of musicians and artists 851 00:49:23,720 --> 00:49:26,720 that lived close to each other that would interact. 852 00:49:26,720 --> 00:49:29,960 And that's what everyone was doing - it was what Jackson was doing, 853 00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:32,920 it was what Joni was doing, some of the Eagles, you know, 854 00:49:32,920 --> 00:49:34,880 and la-la-la-la-la. 855 00:49:34,880 --> 00:49:37,760 It was a great time in Laurel Canyon in those days. 856 00:49:37,760 --> 00:49:41,920 # Tears and fears and feeling proud 857 00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:46,960 # To say "I love you" right out loud 858 00:49:46,960 --> 00:49:48,680 # Dreams and schemes... # 859 00:49:48,680 --> 00:49:52,040 Joni Mitchell was typical of a new generation 860 00:49:52,040 --> 00:49:54,120 of Laurel Canyon artists 861 00:49:54,120 --> 00:49:57,040 who took the peace-loving spirit of the hippies 862 00:49:57,040 --> 00:49:59,960 and turned it into music that conquered the world. 863 00:50:01,960 --> 00:50:04,600 Laurel Canyon is in the Hollywood Hills 864 00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:07,720 and became a magnet for the hip, young gunslingers 865 00:50:07,720 --> 00:50:09,680 of the LA film industry 866 00:50:09,680 --> 00:50:13,240 who felt a natural affinity with the hippie movement. 867 00:50:13,240 --> 00:50:15,680 There were also, of course, at the time, 868 00:50:15,680 --> 00:50:17,680 the new young bucks of Hollywood, 869 00:50:17,680 --> 00:50:21,320 like the producers of The Monkees, Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider, 870 00:50:21,320 --> 00:50:26,600 and they were indeed creating the new Hollywood film industry. 871 00:50:26,600 --> 00:50:30,400 MUSIC: Born To Be Wild by Steppenwolf 872 00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:34,480 With brilliant improvised direction by Dennis Hopper, 873 00:50:34,480 --> 00:50:38,160 Easy Rider tells the story of two hippie drug dealers 874 00:50:38,160 --> 00:50:40,280 on a road trip across the Midwest. 875 00:50:40,280 --> 00:50:43,480 # Get your motor runnin' 876 00:50:43,480 --> 00:50:45,440 # Head out on the highway... # 877 00:50:47,720 --> 00:50:49,600 Easy Rider was a smash hit 878 00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:52,080 at the box office and paved the way 879 00:50:52,080 --> 00:50:54,360 for an explosion of new 880 00:50:54,360 --> 00:50:56,560 Hollywood directors as antiestablishment 881 00:50:56,560 --> 00:51:00,760 films flooded out of Tinseltown's dream machine. 882 00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:04,120 MUSIC: Stairway To Heaven by Led Zeppelin 883 00:51:10,920 --> 00:51:13,560 The hippies were transforming American culture 884 00:51:13,560 --> 00:51:16,160 with their music and their values. 885 00:51:16,160 --> 00:51:19,520 Now the pioneering psychological experiments 886 00:51:19,520 --> 00:51:24,160 of the truth-seeking hippie tribe promised the ultimate dream - 887 00:51:24,160 --> 00:51:26,880 a revolution of the mind. 888 00:51:26,880 --> 00:51:30,680 The mystical experiences that enough people had on LSD 889 00:51:30,680 --> 00:51:34,400 led them to seek out other ways of looking at the world. 890 00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:37,800 I read a statistic that you'd have to verify, 891 00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:40,680 that the I Ching went from selling 1,000 copies a year 892 00:51:40,680 --> 00:51:43,560 to 50,000 copies a year by the end of the '60s. 893 00:51:43,560 --> 00:51:48,200 And there were all sorts of mystical texts and books 894 00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:51,480 that entered the culture very, very quickly. 895 00:51:51,480 --> 00:51:55,520 The centre of what would become known as the New Age movement 896 00:51:55,520 --> 00:52:00,360 first established itself in 1962 in a former spa hotel 897 00:52:00,360 --> 00:52:04,160 on the coast road outside San Francisco. 898 00:52:04,160 --> 00:52:06,400 Here, at the Esalen Institute, 899 00:52:06,400 --> 00:52:09,040 intellectual gurus of the hippie movement, 900 00:52:09,040 --> 00:52:11,720 like Aldous Huxley and Timothy Leary, 901 00:52:11,720 --> 00:52:15,920 had used their experiments with LSD to create new models 902 00:52:15,920 --> 00:52:19,240 of psychological and philosophical enquiry. 903 00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:22,840 People were coming for a weekend 904 00:52:22,840 --> 00:52:25,480 or for five days or for several months 905 00:52:25,480 --> 00:52:30,400 to deepen your understanding of yourself and others. 906 00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:34,120 How to become, you know, a better person. 907 00:52:34,120 --> 00:52:37,080 How to try out new ways of being. 908 00:52:37,080 --> 00:52:39,800 That's central to what Esalen's about. 909 00:52:39,800 --> 00:52:42,000 It's not to withdraw from the world, 910 00:52:42,000 --> 00:52:45,720 it's to help the world come to a greater birth, 911 00:52:45,720 --> 00:52:47,640 to give rise to a greater life. 912 00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:52,960 We were catalytic for the dispersion of these practices. 913 00:52:52,960 --> 00:52:55,600 I mean, a lot of people said that, when we started, 914 00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:57,880 there were about 20 yoga studios in America. 915 00:52:57,880 --> 00:52:59,680 Now there are 20,000. 916 00:52:59,680 --> 00:53:02,640 None of us had ever heard of the word mindfulness, 917 00:53:02,640 --> 00:53:05,840 in the way it's used now, in 1962. 918 00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:08,720 And we're actually experiencing right now, 919 00:53:08,720 --> 00:53:10,720 I must say, Esalen, with a... 920 00:53:10,720 --> 00:53:14,120 This is kind of like we're having a second beginning, a new beginning, 921 00:53:14,120 --> 00:53:18,400 because we have so many young people now coming in. 922 00:53:18,400 --> 00:53:23,240 And there is a kind of marriage afoot with Silicon Valley. 923 00:53:23,240 --> 00:53:28,360 Our new executive director has sold an algorithm to Google, 924 00:53:28,360 --> 00:53:31,800 and there's kind of a new marriage in the making. 925 00:53:31,800 --> 00:53:35,360 MUSIC: New World Coming by Mama Cass Elliot 926 00:53:38,720 --> 00:53:42,280 The hippie experiment to explore new ideas and consciousness 927 00:53:42,280 --> 00:53:46,200 and human connection was first reimagined in Silicon Valley 928 00:53:46,200 --> 00:53:49,240 by the pioneers of the Information Age. 929 00:53:49,240 --> 00:53:53,160 And although the means they used were not chemical, like LSD, 930 00:53:53,160 --> 00:53:55,760 but digital, like computer code, 931 00:53:55,760 --> 00:53:59,760 the spirit of invention and adventure was pure hippie. 932 00:54:02,240 --> 00:54:06,760 Silicon Valley required sort of this proto state 933 00:54:06,760 --> 00:54:10,280 of hippiedom, a California mentality, 934 00:54:10,280 --> 00:54:12,240 a California perspective 935 00:54:12,240 --> 00:54:15,760 where you didn't ask permission - you just did it - 936 00:54:15,760 --> 00:54:18,840 where there was a bias to the open and sharing 937 00:54:18,840 --> 00:54:21,000 rather than to the proprietary, 938 00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:25,400 where there was the expectation that you would try things 939 00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:27,760 and do it yourself and the fact that, 940 00:54:27,760 --> 00:54:29,640 when people get rich... 941 00:54:30,720 --> 00:54:35,640 ..what they do with their money is they invest into other crazy ideas. 942 00:54:39,840 --> 00:54:41,760 Perhaps the most famous hippie 943 00:54:41,760 --> 00:54:45,000 to turn their ideas and values into a business 944 00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:49,320 was a Zen Buddhist LSD advocate who went on to become 945 00:54:49,320 --> 00:54:53,040 one of the most successful computer magnates of all time. 946 00:54:54,240 --> 00:54:56,720 Steve Jobs, who was very much a hippie 947 00:54:56,720 --> 00:54:59,160 living in the Bay Area, 948 00:54:59,160 --> 00:55:04,720 was involved in an early computer co-op project in Menlo Park 949 00:55:04,720 --> 00:55:08,880 that was only six blocks from where Jerry Garcia was living. 950 00:55:08,880 --> 00:55:13,360 And Jobs and others were interested in developing a personal computer 951 00:55:13,360 --> 00:55:17,520 because, at the time, computers meant IBM and Honeywell 952 00:55:17,520 --> 00:55:20,040 and other giant computer corporations. 953 00:55:20,040 --> 00:55:23,880 And what the inventors of the PC - the personal computer - 954 00:55:23,880 --> 00:55:27,720 had in mind was that they could put an IBM on everybody's desk 955 00:55:27,720 --> 00:55:29,920 and that they could give everyone that power, 956 00:55:29,920 --> 00:55:32,200 that they could take it away from IBM 957 00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:35,480 and democratise it and, indeed, democratise it globally, 958 00:55:35,480 --> 00:55:37,400 not just in the United States. 959 00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:42,160 Computer designers, marketers, users begin to imagine the microcomputer 960 00:55:42,160 --> 00:55:44,680 as a tool for personal transformation 961 00:55:44,680 --> 00:55:48,720 in terms set by LSD, in terms set by the counterculture. 962 00:55:48,720 --> 00:55:52,120 We begin to imagine the internet and network computers 963 00:55:52,120 --> 00:55:54,520 as the kind of community 964 00:55:54,520 --> 00:55:57,320 that communes were once supposed to be. 965 00:55:57,320 --> 00:56:00,840 Communes didn't work out, but now, with interlinked computers, 966 00:56:00,840 --> 00:56:03,320 we can make a world of interlinked minds, 967 00:56:03,320 --> 00:56:05,160 just as we hoped once 968 00:56:05,160 --> 00:56:08,280 to make a world of interlinked consciousnesses. 969 00:56:08,280 --> 00:56:12,000 MUSIC: Teach Your Children by Crosby, Stills, Nash And Young 970 00:56:13,840 --> 00:56:19,600 We are connected today in ways the hippies first imagined only on LSD. 971 00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:22,440 The revolution of the mind that was unleashed 972 00:56:22,440 --> 00:56:26,080 has given birth to the cyberspace generation. 973 00:56:26,080 --> 00:56:29,160 The hippie vision of creating a global community 974 00:56:29,160 --> 00:56:31,880 based around sharing and not profit 975 00:56:31,880 --> 00:56:36,040 is now being acted out through Facebook and YouTube. 976 00:56:36,040 --> 00:56:39,640 It has come about through a technological innovation, 977 00:56:39,640 --> 00:56:42,840 a cognitive, not political, revolution. 978 00:56:43,880 --> 00:56:47,000 It's probably fair to say that the counterculture lost 979 00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:49,120 all the political arguments. 980 00:56:49,120 --> 00:56:51,600 All of them. We didn't end racism. 981 00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,800 We didn't end imperialism. We didn't end war. 982 00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,760 We didn't end misogyny. We just lost them all. 983 00:56:58,760 --> 00:57:03,160 But on a cultural front, we won every single one. 984 00:57:03,160 --> 00:57:05,800 And there's no place you can't go today 985 00:57:05,800 --> 00:57:08,280 where there's not an organic food movement, 986 00:57:08,280 --> 00:57:11,160 a slow food movement, a women's movement, 987 00:57:11,160 --> 00:57:13,200 an environmental movement, 988 00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:15,280 alternative medical practices 989 00:57:15,280 --> 00:57:19,040 like homoeopathy and naturopathy and acupuncture, 990 00:57:19,040 --> 00:57:22,720 alternative spiritual practices like Tibetan Buddhism, 991 00:57:22,720 --> 00:57:25,640 Vietnamese Buddhism, Hinduism. 992 00:57:25,640 --> 00:57:31,760 So, culture runs a lot deeper than politics. 993 00:57:36,720 --> 00:57:40,600 The things that the hippies stood for still apply. 994 00:57:40,600 --> 00:57:42,440 Peace IS better than war. 995 00:57:42,440 --> 00:57:45,600 Love IS better than hate. It really is. 996 00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:50,080 And those ideals are still as strong today as they ever were. 997 00:57:50,080 --> 00:57:53,080 I still believe it. I'm still a hippie, really. 998 00:57:54,160 --> 00:57:57,400 There's the big thing, see? We won a fight. 999 00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:01,280 Now we're allowed to grow marijuana legally. 1000 00:58:01,280 --> 00:58:05,000 Five big, bushy plants! 1001 00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:08,720 And the cops can come and look at them and they can walk away, 1002 00:58:08,720 --> 00:58:12,040 scratching their heads, saying, "How did we ever let this happen?" 1003 00:58:12,040 --> 00:58:14,840 I believe in hippie values - 1004 00:58:14,840 --> 00:58:19,080 inclusion rather than exclusion, 1005 00:58:19,080 --> 00:58:23,760 be kind rather than unkind. 1006 00:58:23,760 --> 00:58:27,120 "Remember your hippie days," Jerry Garcia used to say. 1007 00:58:27,120 --> 00:58:29,640 "Have more fun than anyone else!" 1008 00:58:30,880 --> 00:58:34,520 # Well, you can tear a plane 1009 00:58:34,520 --> 00:58:38,280 # In the falling rain 1010 00:58:38,280 --> 00:58:41,880 # I drive a Rolls-Royce 1011 00:58:41,880 --> 00:58:43,880 # Cos it's good for my voice 1012 00:58:43,880 --> 00:58:48,960 # But you won't fool the children of the revolution 1013 00:58:48,960 --> 00:58:54,520 # No, you won't fool the children of the revolution 1014 00:58:54,520 --> 00:58:56,760 # No, no, no 1015 00:58:58,160 --> 00:58:59,720 # Yeah! #