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Richard Feynman was one of the most
extraordinary scientists

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of the 20th century.

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As a brilliant physicist,

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he pioneered an entirely
new area of his subject.

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He's discovered a new law of nature,
only a very few people did that.

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The most numerically precise
physical theory ever invented.

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Yet, he scorned the Nobel Prize
he received for this work.

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I've already got the prize.

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The prize is the pleasure
of finding the thing out.

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The kick in the discovery.

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Feynman's brilliance
helped shape history.

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As a young man, he helped
to build the atom bomb,

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ending the Second World War.

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And yet, throughout his life,
Feynman rejected authority

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and refused to conform,

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preferring instead
to follow his passions -

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from bongo playing to biology,

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from poetry to painting,

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from computing to cracking safes.

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Feynman's fascination with the world
knew no bounds.

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And in his dying days,

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as a maverick investigator
on the Challenger shuttle disaster,

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he confronted the Washington
establishment

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to reveal the truth
about what went wrong.

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This stuff that I got
out of your seal,

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and I put it in ice water.

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Above all, Feynman's infectious
enthusiasm for life

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captivated millions of readers
and viewers.

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Feynman's been a showman
pretty much his whole life.

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Any room he walked into,
everyone is looking at him.

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He was the centre of attention.

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Electrons behave exactly the same
in this respect as protons.

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That is, they're both screwy,
but in exactly the same way.

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Here, in his own words and those
of the people who knew him best,

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this is the story of the most
captivating communicator

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in the history of science.

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But you got to stop and think
about the complexity,

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the INCONCEIVABLE nature of nature!

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When my mother was pregnant first,

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my father said, "If he's a boy,

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"I want him to be a scientist."

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Richard Phillips Feynman
was born on the 11th May 1918,

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during the Depression,

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to working-class parents
living in the outskirts of New York.

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Even when I was a small boy,

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Poppa used to sit me on his lap

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and read to me from
the Encyclopaedia Britannica.

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And he would read,
say, about dinosaurs.

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It would say something like,

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"This thing is 25 feet high

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"and the head is six feet across."

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And so, he'd stop always and say,
"Let's see what that means.

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"That would mean that if he stood
in our front yard,

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"he would be high enough
to put his head through the window.

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"But not quite, cos the head
is a little bit too wide."

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It was very exciting
and interesting to think

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that there were animals
of such magnitude,

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and that they all died out

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and at that time, nobody knew why.

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So that's the way I was educated
by my father.

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By the age of ten, Richard had
his own science laboratory at home,

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where he tinkered with old radios

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and experimented with physics.

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He hired me, for four cents a week,

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as his lab assistant,

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to amaze his friends.

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You know, there was a spark gap

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with voltage against it...

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..and if you put your finger in,

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you get a shock.

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It was my job,
as part of my four cents,

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to put my finger in this spark gap
for his friends' amusement.

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Their father, Melville Feynman,

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worked for a company
which made uniforms.

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This exposure to the military led
to a strong rejection of authority,

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a value he instilled in his son.

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One of the things that my father
taught me was a disrespect.

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He'd open a picture, a New York
Times, maybe it was a General,

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and he'd say, "Now, look
at these humans," he'd say.

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"Here's one human standing here
and all these others are bowing.

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"Now, what is the difference?
Why are they all bowing to him?

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"Only because of his name
and his position.

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"Because of his uniform.

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"Not because of something
he especially did."

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At the age of 17, Feynman won
a maths competition in New York

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and it became clear
this was a subject

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in which he was greatly gifted.

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In 1935, he was awarded a place

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at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, MIT.

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But away from home
for the first time,

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he was going to miss more
than just his family.

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She was very beautiful,

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Arline Greenbaum,

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the most beautiful girl
on the beach.

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She had great dimples and long hair
down to here, when she unbraided it.

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Oh, we loved her!

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They were not officially engaged,
she was only 15.

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She was sweet.

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We all loved her,
she loved all of us.

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From MIT, Feynman moved
to Princeton,

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achieving full marks in the maths
and physics entrance exam -

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an unprecedented feat.

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But back home,
things weren't as perfect.

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The family went away
for a spring vacation

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with Arline.

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We went swimming

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and my father saw this lump
on Arline's neck

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and said to her, "What is that?"

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And she didn't know,
but she went to a doctor

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and it was the tuberculosis.

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We were all heartbroken.

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It was before there was
any medicine for it.

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And although she was sick and dying,
he married her,

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because he wanted
to take care of her.

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It was very hard on my mother,

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because she was afraid
he would catch tuberculosis.

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But...

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..my mother wasn't given a choice.

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The couple braced themselves
for life in the shadow of TB.

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But another menace was about
to disrupt their time together.

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Just months before Richard
and Arline were married,

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America was drawn
into the Second World War,

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following the bombing
of Pearl Harbor.

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Feynman was asked if he wanted
to join a top-secret project

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based in a Government laboratory
at Los Alamos, in New Mexico.

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Code-named Manhattan,

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its objective was to build
an atom bomb.

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The fear was that Germany

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would invent such a terrifying
new weapon first

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and use it to win the war.

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There was nothing
that I knew that indicated

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that if we could do it,
they couldn't do it

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and therefore, it was very important
to try to cooperate.

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Germany was the centre,

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the intellectual centre
of theoretical physics.

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They knew the power of this -
that if Germany got this first,

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we have to make sure
that they don't rule the world.

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I felt I should do in order to
protect civilisation, if you want.

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Feynman became a member of the
Manhattan Project at Los Alamos.

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Here, he joined some of the world's
finest physicists,

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pooling their combined brainpower
to try to create the bomb.

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Oppenheimer was in charge of the
scientific or engineering side.

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And he was quite a heavyweight.

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Fermi, Niels Bohr...

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You know, the big names
of extremely high level.

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Despite being surrounded
by extraordinary physicists,

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the challenge of developing
an atom bomb so quickly

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was an enormous undertaking.

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One fundamental problem

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was the sheer volume
of calculations required.

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Without computers,
it had to be done manually,

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slowing progress enormously.

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That was, until Feynman arrived.

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He found a way to get calculations
going in parallel.

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Still manually, still each person
doing one operation at a time,

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but working in parallel and then,

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having the parts of the calculation
come back together later,

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so that three problems
in nine months got turned around

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to nine big problems
done in three months.

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'I put on the blackboard a challenge,
"Can we do it?", to the boys.

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'They all start, "Yes, we'll work
double shifts, we'll work overtime,"

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'"We'll try it!"

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'As a result, we did problems
nearly ten times as fast.'

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He somehow got this team
of human computers

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to work at an inhuman pace

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and got things to roll.

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And that was when
his scientific seniors,

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the big shots of science
at that time,

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first became aware of this fellow.

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Despite being a key member

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of the most secret Government
project of the war,

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Feynman's streak of maverick
mischief was never far away.

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'So I used to pick the locks
all the time

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'and point out that it was
very easy to do,

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'and every time we had a meeting
of the whole...everybody together,

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'I'd get up and I'd say that we have
important secrets

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'and we shouldn't keep them in such
thing. We need better locks!'

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Between safecracking
and doing physics calculations,

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the pace of life at Los Alamos
was relentless.

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But for Feynman,
it was a welcome distraction.

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In a sanatorium nearby,

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his wife Arline
was confined to her bed,

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slowly dying of her disease.

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At that time,

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dry climates were believed
to be good for tuberculosis.

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So although he was at high altitude,

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she was at a lower altitude,
in a hospital.

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I remember the day she died.

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She was 25.

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He was 27.

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He was broken-hearted.

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Then, in the aftermath of his grief,

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Feynman was forced
to confront the reality

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of what he had helped create.

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'They gave out dark glasses
that you could watch it with.

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'20 miles away,

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'you are not going to see
a damn thing through dark glasses.

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'Well, I figured the only thing
that could really hurt your eyes,

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'bright light never can hurt your
eyes, is ultraviolet light that does.

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'So I got behind a truck windshield,

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'so the ultraviolet can't go
through glass, so that would be safe

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'and so, I could see the damn thing.

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'I'm about the only guy in the world

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'that actually looked at the damn
thing in the first Trinity test.'

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Three weeks later, America prepared
to detonate a second atom bomb.

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This time, it wasn't a test.

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He had been...

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..expected to go as the scientist,

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with the first flight.

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But the bomb was so successful,

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they decided they didn't need
a scientist, so he did not go.

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Otherwise, he would have been
in that plane.

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The bomb exploded above
the Japanese city of Hiroshima,

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on the 6th August 1945.

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It killed more than 80,000 people.

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Three days later, a second bomb
was detonated - at Nagasaki.

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There was a very considerable
elation and excitement.

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And there was kind of parties
and people got drunk and...

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..it would make a tremendously
interesting contrast

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of what was going on in Los Alamos

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at the same time as what was
going on in Hiroshima.

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Feynman was deeply disturbed
by the knowledge

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he had contributed
to the deaths of so many.

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He had had this great triumph on
the technical level at Los Alamos,

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and then, of course, a terrible
let down afterwards...

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..having run this tremendous race,
and then, at the end of it,

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concluding that it wasn't,
in fact...

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..worthwhile.

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In the months after
this double trauma -

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first, losing his wife,

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then, realising the destruction
he'd helped unleash,

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Feynman was thrown into darkness.

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Maybe from just the bomb itself,

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and maybe for some other
psychological reasons,

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I had just lost my wife,

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I was really in a kind
of depressive condition.

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In the autumn of 1945,

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Feynman was invited
to become a professor

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in the Physics Department
at Cornell University.

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But he was still shaken
by the events of the summer.

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They expected me to be wonderful
to offer me a job like this,

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and I wasn't wonderful.

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I though to myself, "I haven't done
anything important.

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"And I'm never going to do
anything important."

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But I used to enjoy physics
and mathematical things

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and because I used to play with it,
it was never very important.

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But I used to do things
for the fun of it.

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00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,880
So I decided, I'm going to do things
only for the fun of it.

249
00:15:32,720 --> 00:15:35,640
While Feynman was rediscovering
the fun in physics,

250
00:15:35,640 --> 00:15:38,320
science was in crisis.

251
00:15:38,320 --> 00:15:42,240
For many years, new discoveries
about how atoms behave

252
00:15:42,240 --> 00:15:44,960
had been throwing physics
into turmoil.

253
00:15:44,960 --> 00:15:48,880
Old assumptions about the world
were being proved wrong.

254
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:55,240
This new problematic area of physics
was christened Quantum Mechanics.

255
00:15:57,360 --> 00:15:59,320
Quantum Mechanics, in a lot of ways,

256
00:15:59,320 --> 00:16:01,760
was the most profound
psychological shock

257
00:16:01,760 --> 00:16:04,680
that physicists have ever had
in all of history.

258
00:16:04,680 --> 00:16:06,400
Newton was not right.

259
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:09,320
You can know everything there is
to know about the world

260
00:16:09,320 --> 00:16:12,520
and yet, you cannot predict
with perfect accuracy

261
00:16:12,520 --> 00:16:14,760
what will happen next.

262
00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:17,600
Quantum Mechanics had revealed
the problems

263
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,360
of accurately predicting how atoms

264
00:16:20,360 --> 00:16:23,080
and their electromagnetic forces
would behave.

265
00:16:24,560 --> 00:16:27,840
And because these are
the fundamental building blocks

266
00:16:27,840 --> 00:16:31,000
of nature, it threw everything else
into doubt too.

267
00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:35,880
Everything that happens around you,
other than gravity,

268
00:16:35,880 --> 00:16:39,360
all the immediately experienceable
parts of the world,

269
00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:42,600
are electromagnetism at work.

270
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,480
When two atoms get together
to form a molecule,

271
00:16:45,480 --> 00:16:49,600
that's electromagnetism, so all
of chemistry is electromagnetism.

272
00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:52,360
And if that means all of chemistry
is electromagnetism,

273
00:16:52,360 --> 00:16:54,160
then, guess what?

274
00:16:54,160 --> 00:16:56,600
All of biology is electromagnetism.

275
00:16:58,160 --> 00:17:01,680
Literally, everything around us is
a manifestation of electromagnetism

276
00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,280
one way or another.

277
00:17:04,720 --> 00:17:09,720
A new field, called Quantum
Electro-Dynamics, or QED, emerged

278
00:17:09,720 --> 00:17:12,440
to try to make sense
of electromagnetism

279
00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:14,480
and sub-atomic matter.

280
00:17:14,480 --> 00:17:17,760
Sometimes QED seemed to work,

281
00:17:17,760 --> 00:17:20,360
but other times,
its predictions were way off.

282
00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:25,480
It was all crazy, it didn't make
any sense. It gave you infinity.

283
00:17:25,480 --> 00:17:27,840
Infinity is not an answer.
Nothing is infinity.

284
00:17:27,840 --> 00:17:30,680
We don't measure in the lab
infinity, you get a finite answer.

285
00:17:30,680 --> 00:17:33,360
You can't have your basic
fundamental theory of physics

286
00:17:33,360 --> 00:17:35,400
give you infinity.

287
00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:37,400
These predictions of infinity

288
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:40,960
were stumping the smartest
physicists on the planet.

289
00:17:40,960 --> 00:17:45,200
Even the father of QED,
Paul Dirac, was foxed.

290
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,000
When I was a kid,
I read Dirac's book,

291
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,000
and he had these problems
that nobody knew how to solve

292
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:52,280
which he described there.

293
00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:54,280
I couldn't understand the book
very well

294
00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:56,120
because I really wasn't up to it.

295
00:17:56,120 --> 00:17:59,360
But there, in the last paragraph
at the end of the book, it said,

296
00:17:59,360 --> 00:18:02,400
"Some new ideas are here needed."

297
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:05,160
And so, there I was,
some new ideas were needed.

298
00:18:05,160 --> 00:18:08,040
OK, so I started to think
of new ideas.

299
00:18:08,040 --> 00:18:09,920
Perhaps typically,

300
00:18:09,920 --> 00:18:13,960
Feynman's inspiration for
his new ideas was unconventional.

301
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:17,480
When I was eating lunch,

302
00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:20,480
some kid threw up a plate
in the cafeteria

303
00:18:20,480 --> 00:18:23,760
which has a blue medallion
on the plate,

304
00:18:23,760 --> 00:18:26,680
the Cornell sign in the cafeteria.

305
00:18:26,680 --> 00:18:29,400
And as he threw up the plate
and it came down,

306
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:33,640
it wobbled and the blue thing
went around like this.

307
00:18:33,640 --> 00:18:36,280
And I wondered what the relation
was between the two.

308
00:18:36,280 --> 00:18:37,520
See, I was just playing.

309
00:18:37,520 --> 00:18:39,440
No importance at all.

310
00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:41,600
So I played around with the equations

311
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,480
of motion of rotating things.

312
00:18:44,480 --> 00:18:47,280
And I kept continuing
to play with it.

313
00:18:47,280 --> 00:18:50,160
And this rotation lead me
to a similar problem

314
00:18:50,160 --> 00:18:52,360
of the rotational of the spin
of the electron

315
00:18:52,360 --> 00:18:54,200
according to Dirac's equations.

316
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:55,800
And that just lead me back

317
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:57,640
into quantum electro-dynamics

318
00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,000
Everything just poured out.

319
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:00,520
It was just like letting a cork

320
00:19:00,520 --> 00:19:01,880
out of a bottle.

321
00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:07,360
Inspired by the spinning plate,

322
00:19:07,360 --> 00:19:11,240
Feynman realised that the fact
the equations resulted in infinity

323
00:19:11,240 --> 00:19:13,720
didn't mean they were wrong.

324
00:19:13,720 --> 00:19:17,400
The problem just needed to be
looked at from a new perspective.

325
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,480
It turns out that that kind
of challenge was perfectly suited

326
00:19:20,480 --> 00:19:22,520
for someone like Richard Feynman,

327
00:19:22,520 --> 00:19:26,680
who, surprisingly maybe,
didn't like to speculate.

328
00:19:26,680 --> 00:19:29,760
He wasn't the kind of modern
physicist that we celebrate

329
00:19:29,760 --> 00:19:32,520
who's always coming up with
a new theory of the multi-verse

330
00:19:32,520 --> 00:19:34,240
or forces of nature or whatever.

331
00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:37,120
He really liked to work
in the context

332
00:19:37,120 --> 00:19:39,320
of things that were supposed
to be understood

333
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:42,160
and just understand them
better than anybody else.

334
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,040
To work around the infinites in QED,

335
00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:50,280
Feynman came up with a truly
revolutionary idea.

336
00:19:51,920 --> 00:19:54,920
It was such a strange solution
not even his sister,

337
00:19:54,920 --> 00:19:57,160
by then, a physicist herself,

338
00:19:57,160 --> 00:19:59,200
recognised it as serious work.

339
00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:04,160
Richard said to me, "Would you
go in the room and get my papers?

340
00:20:04,160 --> 00:20:07,120
"I want to start working
and my papers are in there."

341
00:20:07,120 --> 00:20:09,600
So I went in the room,
and I looked...

342
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:14,480
there was no mathematics,
it was these silly little diagrams,

343
00:20:14,480 --> 00:20:16,080
and I came out and said,

344
00:20:16,080 --> 00:20:17,960
"Richard, I can't find your papers,

345
00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:19,720
"it's just these kind

346
00:20:19,720 --> 00:20:21,480
"of silly diagrams."

347
00:20:21,480 --> 00:20:24,600
He says, "That is my work!"

348
00:20:29,680 --> 00:20:32,120
The simple little diagrams
Feynman had invented

349
00:20:32,120 --> 00:20:36,160
were a brilliant way to sidestep
the complicated calculations

350
00:20:36,160 --> 00:20:38,000
required for QED.

351
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:39,840
They were a sort of shortcut,

352
00:20:39,840 --> 00:20:41,840
allowing him to avoid the infinities

353
00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:45,280
and make meaningful predictions
about the world.

354
00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:48,960
He saw that there was actually
a sort of pictorial way

355
00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:52,360
of thinking about these pictures,
these equations.

356
00:20:52,360 --> 00:20:54,600
You could associate
a little cartoon,

357
00:20:54,600 --> 00:20:57,720
a little Feynman diagram,
as we now call them,

358
00:20:57,720 --> 00:21:00,160
to every one of these terms
in the equation.

359
00:21:01,480 --> 00:21:03,520
Other people would have to work
for months

360
00:21:03,520 --> 00:21:05,200
and he would get it in an afternoon.

361
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:07,720
And eventually, that's what
got his ideas noticed,

362
00:21:07,720 --> 00:21:09,680
because he's getting
the right answer

363
00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:11,560
and he's doing it much simpler,

364
00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,000
even though no-one understood
what he was doing.

365
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:18,080
It turns out to be so useful
that now we're applying it

366
00:21:18,080 --> 00:21:21,440
to completely different fields
that aren't particle physics at all.

367
00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:23,640
When we look at the evolution
of galaxies

368
00:21:23,640 --> 00:21:25,720
and large scale structure
in the universe,

369
00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:27,560
we're finding that Feynman diagrams

370
00:21:27,560 --> 00:21:31,240
are a helpful way of calculating
those quantities as well.

371
00:21:35,280 --> 00:21:36,800
Quantum Electrodynamics,

372
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:39,760
which is the theory that Feynman
put the finishing touches on,

373
00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:44,000
is the most numerically precise
physical theory ever invented.

374
00:21:48,080 --> 00:21:52,160
In recognition of this work,
in 1965,

375
00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,880
Feynman was awarded
a Nobel Prize for Physics.

376
00:21:54,880 --> 00:21:57,400
He shared it with
two other physicists,

377
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:01,160
Julian Schwinger
and Sin-Itiro Tomonaga,

378
00:22:01,160 --> 00:22:03,520
who were also working
on the same problem.

379
00:22:10,200 --> 00:22:12,240
Was it worth a Nobel Prize?

380
00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:15,720
I don't know.

381
00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,800
I don't know anything
about the Nobel Prize.

382
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:22,840
I don't understand what it's all
about or what's worth what

383
00:22:22,840 --> 00:22:25,480
and if the people
in the Swedish Academy decide

384
00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:28,720
that X, Y or Z wins the Nobel Prize,
then so be it!

385
00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:31,560
I think it was entirely
right and proper.

386
00:22:31,560 --> 00:22:36,040
It was one of the best-earned
Nobel Prizes

387
00:22:36,040 --> 00:22:39,040
there ever was, I would say.

388
00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:44,240
I don't see that it makes any point
that someone in the Swedish Academy

389
00:22:44,240 --> 00:22:47,640
decides that this work is noble
enough to receive a prize.

390
00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:49,240
I've already got the prize.

391
00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:52,040
The prize is the pleasure
of finding the thing out.

392
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:53,640
The kick in the discovery.

393
00:22:53,640 --> 00:22:55,720
The observation other people use it.

394
00:22:57,280 --> 00:22:59,360
Those are the real things!

395
00:22:59,360 --> 00:23:02,680
The honours are unreal to me.

396
00:23:02,680 --> 00:23:04,840
I don't believe in honours.

397
00:23:04,840 --> 00:23:06,640
It bothers me. Honours bothers me!

398
00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,720
Honours is epaulettes.
Honours is uniforms.

399
00:23:09,720 --> 00:23:13,800
My Poppa brought me up this way.
I can't stand it. It hurts me.

400
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:30,040
In 1959, on a trip to Europe,

401
00:23:30,040 --> 00:23:33,080
Feynman met Yorkshire woman
Gweneth Howarth.

402
00:23:33,080 --> 00:23:35,680
A year later, they were married.

403
00:23:35,680 --> 00:23:39,600
Back in California, now Professor
of Physics at Caltech,

404
00:23:39,600 --> 00:23:42,440
Richard and Gweneth
started a family.

405
00:23:42,440 --> 00:23:45,760
I got a kick, when I was a boy,
of my father telling me things,

406
00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:50,960
so I tried to tell my son things that
were interesting about the world.

407
00:23:50,960 --> 00:23:52,800
He was an excellent father.

408
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,480
Always up to explaining things
or do things.

409
00:23:56,480 --> 00:23:59,920
We would go on walks after dinner,
my father and I,

410
00:23:59,920 --> 00:24:02,640
and talk about things and...and
it was, you know,

411
00:24:02,640 --> 00:24:04,640
it was wonderful
and delightful.

412
00:24:11,040 --> 00:24:13,920
I asked him about things
and he tried to explain them.

413
00:24:16,360 --> 00:24:20,280
Physics and math and history
and politics and science fiction

414
00:24:20,280 --> 00:24:22,680
and life, the universe
and everything.

415
00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:28,600
I'm very lucky that I got to do that
two or three times a week.

416
00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:30,400
Say, "Let's go for a walk." Sure!

417
00:24:32,720 --> 00:24:36,400
Growing up with Richard Feynman
as your dad was never dull,

418
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:38,920
particularly if you were
his teenage daughter.

419
00:24:41,520 --> 00:24:45,560
My parents ordered a car, a van
that we could all go camping in,

420
00:24:45,560 --> 00:24:48,440
and they had it painted,

421
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:51,280
which was so...so odd,

422
00:24:51,280 --> 00:24:54,440
because they weren't like this
at all.

423
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,080
My father may have been immune
to embarrassment,

424
00:24:58,080 --> 00:25:00,240
but I certainly was not!

425
00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:03,720
And they had, you know,
the diagrams painted on it.

426
00:25:03,720 --> 00:25:06,560
So most people thought
they were Indian designs,

427
00:25:06,560 --> 00:25:09,360
but I remember once we'd just gone
to McDonalds

428
00:25:09,360 --> 00:25:12,440
and we were in the parking lot
and walking out to the car,

429
00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:15,800
and someone asked us, "Why is your
van covered in Feynman diagrams?"

430
00:25:15,800 --> 00:25:18,320
And Mother says,
"Because we're the Feynmans!"

431
00:25:21,560 --> 00:25:24,560
Feynman's reputation
as a communicator of science

432
00:25:24,560 --> 00:25:26,440
was spreading around the world.

433
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:28,560
In the early 1960s,

434
00:25:28,560 --> 00:25:32,320
he began presenting lectures for the
public, which were televised.

435
00:25:40,840 --> 00:25:42,720
APPLAUSE

436
00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:52,520
I'm going to discuss how we
would look for a new law.

437
00:25:52,520 --> 00:25:55,320
In general, we look for a new
law by the following process.

438
00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:57,320
First, we guess it.

439
00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:58,920
LAUGHTER

440
00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:01,440
Don't laugh. That's really true.

441
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:04,200
Then we compute
the consequences of the guess.

442
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:06,200
If it disagrees
with the experiment...

443
00:26:07,840 --> 00:26:10,240
..it's wrong.

444
00:26:10,240 --> 00:26:13,480
In that simple statement
is the key to science.

445
00:26:13,480 --> 00:26:16,240
It doesn't make a difference how
beautiful your guess is.

446
00:26:16,240 --> 00:26:18,640
It doesn't make a difference
how smart you are,

447
00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:20,680
who made the guess,
or what his name is.

448
00:26:20,680 --> 00:26:23,640
If it disagrees with the
experiment, it's wrong.

449
00:26:23,640 --> 00:26:25,640
That's all there is to it.

450
00:26:25,640 --> 00:26:27,200
LAUGHTER

451
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,760
Caltech invited him to re-write
the physics curriculum

452
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:34,120
for undergraduates. His new course,

453
00:26:34,120 --> 00:26:37,160
spanning the entire history
of physics,

454
00:26:37,160 --> 00:26:40,080
became known as
'The Feynman Lectures.'

455
00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:45,480
All these lectures had a certain
amount of excitement...

456
00:26:45,480 --> 00:26:49,440
and an element of
what you might call

457
00:26:49,440 --> 00:26:52,360
solid showbiz demonstration.

458
00:26:52,360 --> 00:26:54,640
I'm sure you're all familiar
with the joke

459
00:26:54,640 --> 00:26:57,680
about the fact that the average
family in the United States

460
00:26:57,680 --> 00:26:59,880
seems to have two-and-a-half
children.

461
00:26:59,880 --> 00:27:03,320
It doesn't mean that there's a half
a child in any family, whatever,

462
00:27:03,320 --> 00:27:04,760
the children come in lumps!

463
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:06,360
LAUGHTER

464
00:27:06,360 --> 00:27:09,320
He was very visual. He told jokes.

465
00:27:09,320 --> 00:27:14,000
He had a unique way
of explaining things

466
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,520
and sometimes that was
a slight problem

467
00:27:17,520 --> 00:27:21,400
because he was so engaging, you'd
walk out of a lecture thinking,

468
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:23,520
"Well, that all made
complete sense."

469
00:27:23,520 --> 00:27:27,720
But, of course, five minutes later,
you couldn't really remember
all the connections.

470
00:27:27,720 --> 00:27:30,960
You were just swept along
by Feynman's personality,

471
00:27:30,960 --> 00:27:33,720
by his humour, by his analogies.

472
00:27:33,720 --> 00:27:36,640
Graduate students
started idolising him,

473
00:27:36,640 --> 00:27:42,200
but by the 1960s his course here
at Caltech was very famous.

474
00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:48,520
Outside science, Feynman's interests
were also flourishing.

475
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:51,080
He'd become an accomplished
bongo player.

476
00:27:51,080 --> 00:27:53,760
And he developed a love
of painting and drawing,

477
00:27:53,760 --> 00:27:55,960
based on a close friendship

478
00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:59,840
with renowned Californian artist,
Jirayr Zorthian.

479
00:27:59,840 --> 00:28:05,680
"Jirayr", he said. "You don't know
a thing about physics,

480
00:28:05,680 --> 00:28:08,280
"and I don't know a thing about art.

481
00:28:08,280 --> 00:28:11,560
"And yet we both admire
Leonardo Da Vinci.

482
00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:16,040
"What do you say, we become
two Leonardo da Vincis?

483
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:20,400
He said, "One Sunday I will
give you a day of physics

484
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:23,760
"and the following Sunday,
you give me a day of art.

485
00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:28,040
When he started,
he was absolutely an amateur.

486
00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,680
Just very, very...crude.

487
00:28:33,320 --> 00:28:35,960
He drew a picture of me
when I was,

488
00:28:35,960 --> 00:28:38,400
when I was young and very fidgety,

489
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:42,880
and, and it just has, you know
he just has my, my head,

490
00:28:42,880 --> 00:28:48,120
some hair, and then, and then like
my hands up here,

491
00:28:48,120 --> 00:28:53,120
so clearly I was kind of like, "Oh,
I don't really want to do this."

492
00:28:53,120 --> 00:28:58,120
It's pure with his, um,
that he can see the gesture.

493
00:28:58,120 --> 00:29:03,600
I think he maybe got a kick
out of working with his hands,

494
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:10,680
but particularly the pen
and doing features of people.

495
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:14,960
In the end, he became
a very accomplished draftsman.

496
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,200
So enthusiastic an art student
was Feynman,

497
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:27,440
that he took to spending time in
Giannoni's, a strip bar in Pasadena.

498
00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:31,000
Here, he divided his attention
between sketching the girls

499
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,640
and solving physics equations.

500
00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:38,320
Other physicists couldn't
understand it.

501
00:29:38,320 --> 00:29:43,200
And say, "You know, Feynman
is supposed to be a physicist

502
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:47,040
"and he is a brilliant,
brilliant physicist

503
00:29:47,040 --> 00:29:52,760
"and we need his input
very often in Caltech.

504
00:29:52,760 --> 00:29:57,000
"We need him to talk to us
about physics.

505
00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:59,240
But what does he do?

506
00:29:59,240 --> 00:30:05,520
He goes off and spends
all his time with go-go girls,

507
00:30:05,520 --> 00:30:08,800
bongo drummers and artists.

508
00:30:08,800 --> 00:30:11,560
He wastes so much time.

509
00:30:11,560 --> 00:30:15,280
'I don't see what they give him.'

510
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:20,640
'But I think that Feynman
got a lot out of these people

511
00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,800
'and it enriched his life.'

512
00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,880
In the 1960s, Feynman took
a sabbatical year.

513
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:32,680
But instead of heading
for a different physics department

514
00:30:32,680 --> 00:30:36,200
the other side of the country, he
simply crossed the Caltech campus

515
00:30:36,200 --> 00:30:40,480
to study an area which had long
fascinated him - viruses.

516
00:30:40,480 --> 00:30:44,040
During this time,
he also became fascinated

517
00:30:44,040 --> 00:30:46,760
by the social structure of ants

518
00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:50,880
and enthralled by the potential
applications of nanotechnology.

519
00:30:54,480 --> 00:30:58,960
In the long term of what he wanted
to do this year and next year,

520
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:01,520
he would think about...

521
00:31:01,520 --> 00:31:04,000
figuring out some secret
of the universe,

522
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,080
but in terms of day-to-day
or hour-to-hour

523
00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:11,280
he was always guided by,
what seemed interesting and fun

524
00:31:11,280 --> 00:31:16,120
and just sort of an intuition
for the right thing to work on.

525
00:31:18,040 --> 00:31:21,520
In the early 1980s,
his son Carl's budding career

526
00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:25,760
in the emerging field of super
computers proved irresistible.

527
00:31:25,760 --> 00:31:31,040
He signed up for a summer job at
Carl's start-up company in Boston.

528
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,680
'We were a bunch of MIT students
starting a company.'

529
00:31:34,680 --> 00:31:37,320
So, the first day
we start the company,

530
00:31:37,320 --> 00:31:40,720
literally, I get this knock on the
door, I open the door.

531
00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:45,400
And he showed up and he said,
"Feynman reporting for duty,
what should I do?"

532
00:31:45,400 --> 00:31:47,520
Salutes.

533
00:31:47,520 --> 00:31:52,000
I think, "Uh oh, I haven't figured
out what I'll do with this guy!"

534
00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:55,840
I mean, I've got a Nobel Prize
winning great physicist...

535
00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:58,680
So, I've had a quick meeting

536
00:31:58,680 --> 00:32:02,560
and trying to come up with some
project that was worthy of Feynman.

537
00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:05,880
So, some people said, "We want you
to think about applications

538
00:32:05,880 --> 00:32:08,040
"of our parallel computing."

539
00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:12,440
The application of parallel
processing to quantum
croma-dynamics.

540
00:32:12,440 --> 00:32:16,720
He said, "No, come on, that's,
that's nonsense, you know."

541
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:18,960
"What do you really
want me to do?

542
00:32:18,960 --> 00:32:22,040
And, I said,
"Well, actually, you know

543
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:24,440
"we don't really have any
pencils or paper..."

544
00:32:24,440 --> 00:32:26,920
He said, "Right, I'll go out
and buy some!"

545
00:32:26,920 --> 00:32:31,120
So, his first duty was to go out and
buy the stationery for the company.

546
00:32:31,120 --> 00:32:34,320
All the paper clips
and pencils and so on.

547
00:32:34,320 --> 00:32:36,480
That was his first assignment.

548
00:32:38,920 --> 00:32:41,560
'Thinking Machines',
as the company was called,

549
00:32:41,560 --> 00:32:43,760
would go on to become a major player

550
00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:46,640
in the world of Parallel
Super-computing,

551
00:32:46,640 --> 00:32:50,080
with Feynman applying his methods
of shortening calculations,

552
00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,320
developed in the 1940s,
to the new digital age.

553
00:32:55,320 --> 00:32:57,960
And as always, working with Feynman

554
00:32:57,960 --> 00:33:00,800
was filled with welcome
distractions.

555
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:04,880
We both liked spaghetti,
because it was easy to cook,

556
00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:10,320
and I ask him why it was that when
you broke a piece of spaghetti

557
00:33:10,320 --> 00:33:13,200
it often broke into three pieces,
instead of two?

558
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:15,960
You should try it, it really does.

559
00:33:18,320 --> 00:33:22,960
So, of course, he came up
with a theory of it immediately,

560
00:33:22,960 --> 00:33:25,640
but instead of being satisfied
with it

561
00:33:25,640 --> 00:33:29,040
he constructed an experiment
to see if the theory was true,

562
00:33:29,040 --> 00:33:32,600
which involved slowly moving the
spaghetti off the end of the table

563
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:34,640
and breaking it
at different lengths.

564
00:33:34,640 --> 00:33:38,400
And then, that theory was wrong and
he came up with another theory

565
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:42,360
and then each theory would lead
to another experiment.

566
00:33:42,360 --> 00:33:45,320
By the time the evening was over,
we had broken spaghetti

567
00:33:45,320 --> 00:33:47,520
all over the place
and we STILL didn't know why

568
00:33:47,520 --> 00:33:50,720
spaghetti broke in three places.

569
00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:58,760
This playful curiosity coupled with
the anti-authoritarian values,

570
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:03,960
instilled by his father,
frequently led Feynman
down a mischievous path.

571
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:09,240
He's just so funny and irreverent.

572
00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:14,960
You have to kind of look at that
picture a few minutes and think...

573
00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:19,000
"Oh my gosh,
he's really, you know!

574
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,680
"Making nice little horns!"

575
00:34:23,720 --> 00:34:27,560
Important people. You know. "Oh yes,
I think now would be a great time."

576
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:33,040
He didn't need
the external validation

577
00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:35,520
of having everybody respecting him
all the time,

578
00:34:35,520 --> 00:34:39,120
because he respected himself, he
knew he was an extraordinary person.

579
00:34:39,120 --> 00:34:41,560
And if he came off
as kind of a doofus

580
00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:44,920
to some guy that he doesn't know,
it's OK.

581
00:34:44,920 --> 00:34:49,400
Because he knows inside
that he's a man of substance.

582
00:34:52,160 --> 00:34:56,800
In 1984, Feynman collaborated
with his friend, Ralph Leighton

583
00:34:56,800 --> 00:34:59,840
on a humorous book of anecdotes
from his life.

584
00:35:01,160 --> 00:35:06,320
'I opened the safes which contained
all the secrets to the atomic bomb.'

585
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,920
It was kind of accidental how
the books caught on.

586
00:35:11,920 --> 00:35:16,520
The publisher
released the first one,

587
00:35:16,520 --> 00:35:20,280
Surely You're Joking, Mr Feynman,
in January of 1985.

588
00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:26,440
And the edition was like
2,000 copies or some low number.

589
00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:28,560
And in January.

590
00:35:28,560 --> 00:35:35,360
I was thinking, January,
the whole holiday season is over,

591
00:35:35,360 --> 00:35:38,600
who's going to buy
a book in January?

592
00:35:40,880 --> 00:35:42,720
But people did buy it.

593
00:35:42,720 --> 00:35:47,200
And Surely You're Joking, Mr Feynman
quickly became a best seller.

594
00:35:47,200 --> 00:35:49,080
It remains to this day,

595
00:35:49,080 --> 00:35:53,320
one of the biggest-selling
science books of all time.

596
00:35:53,320 --> 00:35:59,360
I do remember coming down one
evening and seeing him

597
00:35:59,360 --> 00:36:01,600
just, you know, giggling

598
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,240
and clearly enjoying the book
that he was reading.

599
00:36:05,240 --> 00:36:08,840
And I sort of looked, you know,
"What are you reading?"

600
00:36:08,840 --> 00:36:12,600
And he held up the book so
I could see that it was his own,

601
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:16,640
Surely You're Joking.
And he said, "Ah, such a character."

602
00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:23,320
Freely admitting that, yes, he was
laughing at his own history.

603
00:36:24,560 --> 00:36:27,600
The book vividly captured
Feynman's world view,

604
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,120
the sense of curiosity
and fun guiding him through life.

605
00:36:32,360 --> 00:36:35,840
It was an approach he communicated
to an even bigger audience through

606
00:36:35,840 --> 00:36:39,800
a series of BBC documentaries,
broadcast around the world.

607
00:36:45,080 --> 00:36:49,160
I have a friend who's an artist
and he's sometimes taken a view,

608
00:36:49,160 --> 00:36:51,760
which I don't agree with very well.

609
00:36:51,760 --> 00:36:56,600
You hold up a flower and say, "Look
how beautiful it is." And I'll agree.

610
00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:59,720
And he says, I, as an artist,
can see how beautiful this is,

611
00:36:59,720 --> 00:37:01,320
but you, as a scientist,

612
00:37:01,320 --> 00:37:04,480
take this all apart and it
becomes a dull thing.

613
00:37:04,480 --> 00:37:06,960
And I think that he's kind of nutty.

614
00:37:06,960 --> 00:37:10,880
First of all, the beauty that he sees
is available to other people

615
00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:12,480
and to me too.

616
00:37:12,480 --> 00:37:16,000
I believe, although I may not be
quite as refined aesthetically

617
00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:20,120
as he is, that I can appreciate
the beauty of the flower.

618
00:37:20,120 --> 00:37:23,840
At the same time, I see much more
about the flower than he sees.

619
00:37:23,840 --> 00:37:27,320
I could imagine the cells in there,
the complicated actions inside,

620
00:37:27,320 --> 00:37:28,960
which also have a beauty.

621
00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:32,640
I mean, it's not just beauty at this
dimension of one centimetre,

622
00:37:32,640 --> 00:37:36,280
there's also beauty at a smaller
dimensions, the inner structure.

623
00:37:36,280 --> 00:37:38,240
Also the processes.

624
00:37:38,240 --> 00:37:43,480
The fact that the colours and the
flower are evolved in order to

625
00:37:43,480 --> 00:37:47,200
attract insects to pollinate it
is interesting.

626
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,240
It means that insects can
see the colour.

627
00:37:50,240 --> 00:37:51,680
It adds a question,

628
00:37:51,680 --> 00:37:55,160
does this aesthetic sense also exist
in the lower forms?

629
00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:57,360
Why is it aesthetic?

630
00:37:57,360 --> 00:38:03,160
All kinds of interesting questions,
which a science knowledge only adds

631
00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:07,400
to the excitement and mystery
and the aura of a flower.

632
00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:10,640
It only adds.
I don't understand how it subtracts.

633
00:38:10,640 --> 00:38:13,320
Most people only have a few stories.

634
00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:16,480
You and I might have three or four
stories to tell.

635
00:38:16,480 --> 00:38:20,560
Some people have ten,
and Feynman had hundreds.

636
00:38:22,560 --> 00:38:24,640
And Feynman was so mesmerizing.

637
00:38:24,640 --> 00:38:27,640
I think Chris Sykes
in his documentaries,

638
00:38:27,640 --> 00:38:30,000
captured Feynman how he was.

639
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:33,160
He takes enormous pleasure
in finding out about things

640
00:38:33,160 --> 00:38:35,800
and exploring life and
everything it has to offer.

641
00:38:35,800 --> 00:38:38,840
More than that, he takes tremendous
pleasure in telling you about it.

642
00:38:38,840 --> 00:38:41,040
I think he was pleased
with how it worked out,

643
00:38:41,040 --> 00:38:44,680
that he was able to communicate
with so many people,

644
00:38:44,680 --> 00:38:47,400
sort of his view of the world
and of nature and so on.

645
00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:53,240
When I was a student at Caltech,
I went up to Feynman's door

646
00:38:53,240 --> 00:38:56,880
and knocked on it and
a door opened and I explained

647
00:38:56,880 --> 00:38:59,440
that my mother had watched
his programme about him,

648
00:38:59,440 --> 00:39:02,600
thought he was interesting,
she had no science background,

649
00:39:02,600 --> 00:39:04,880
and I said, "Do you think you
could write to her

650
00:39:04,880 --> 00:39:08,080
"because maybe I'll have a better
chance of teaching her physics?"

651
00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:11,360
And Feynman did write to her. He
wrote a letter in which he said,

652
00:39:11,360 --> 00:39:16,080
"Dear Mrs Chown. Ignore your son's
attempts to teach you physics.

653
00:39:16,080 --> 00:39:20,880
"Physics is not the most
important thing. Love is."

654
00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:22,800
So it kind of backfired.

655
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:25,320
I got the greatest living
physicist at the time

656
00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:27,960
telling my mother that physics
isn't important.

657
00:39:27,960 --> 00:39:29,880
That love was the important thing.

658
00:39:39,960 --> 00:39:45,040
Through his films and books, Feynman
had touched the lives of millions.

659
00:39:45,040 --> 00:39:48,560
Yet there was something
all this success

660
00:39:48,560 --> 00:39:50,520
and recognition couldn't alter.

661
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:56,240
I did a lot of running
and Feynman thought,

662
00:39:56,240 --> 00:40:00,520
gee, that's a healthy thing to do,
so he started running too.

663
00:40:00,520 --> 00:40:05,160
And when you start running regularly,
you lose weight.

664
00:40:05,160 --> 00:40:09,880
And Feynman suddenly noticed that
one side kind of bulged out.

665
00:40:12,280 --> 00:40:14,680
They discovered a big mass
in his abdomen.

666
00:40:14,680 --> 00:40:16,040
He came home and reported,

667
00:40:16,040 --> 00:40:18,760
"It's the size of a football.
It's consumed one whole kidney."

668
00:40:18,760 --> 00:40:21,000
And he says, "Well, I went
to the medical library

669
00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:22,920
"and I looked things up and I figure

670
00:40:22,920 --> 00:40:25,640
"it's about a 30% chance
it'll kill me."

671
00:40:25,640 --> 00:40:30,120
So, you know, not the kind of thing
you want to hear from your father.

672
00:40:30,120 --> 00:40:34,000
But exactly the kind
of thing he would say.

673
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,160
And...

674
00:40:36,160 --> 00:40:39,880
He sort of quit working at
that point, because, you know,

675
00:40:39,880 --> 00:40:43,520
surgery and chemotherapy and so on,
it's a full time job.

676
00:40:45,560 --> 00:40:47,840
One day his secretary
Helen Tuck called me up

677
00:40:47,840 --> 00:40:50,880
to tell me that Dick had cancer
and that he was going to the hospital

678
00:40:50,880 --> 00:40:52,720
for an operation
the following Friday.

679
00:40:52,720 --> 00:40:55,160
It was a very dangerous operation

680
00:40:55,160 --> 00:40:58,880
and it was not assured
that he would survive it.

681
00:40:58,880 --> 00:41:01,800
I promised not to tell anyone
and he didn't know that I knew.

682
00:41:01,800 --> 00:41:06,080
And I told him that somebody
had found an apparent error

683
00:41:06,080 --> 00:41:09,320
in a calculation that we had done
and published together.

684
00:41:09,320 --> 00:41:12,320
And so on Monday morning
we met in my office

685
00:41:12,320 --> 00:41:17,440
and he sat down and started working,
and he was consumed by it.

686
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:21,320
All his energy and attention was
devoted to solving this problem.

687
00:41:21,320 --> 00:41:23,440
And we worked on it all day long.

688
00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:25,800
And finally at six o'clock
in the evening,

689
00:41:25,800 --> 00:41:28,960
we decided the problem was
intractable, it couldn't be solved,

690
00:41:28,960 --> 00:41:31,280
we couldn't figure
out what the answer was.

691
00:41:31,280 --> 00:41:33,320
And we gave up and went home.

692
00:41:33,320 --> 00:41:37,320
Two hours later, he called me at home
to say he'd solved the problem.

693
00:41:37,320 --> 00:41:40,800
He hadn't been able to give up,
and stop working on it

694
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:42,520
and finally he'd found the solution.

695
00:41:42,520 --> 00:41:45,720
He dictated the solution to me over
the phone, told me what it was,

696
00:41:45,720 --> 00:41:48,320
and he was exhilarated,
absolutely walking on air.

697
00:41:49,560 --> 00:41:53,000
Feynman would recover from this
first operation for cancer.

698
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:56,000
But the disease would never
completely go away,

699
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:59,480
and he would always be living
under its shadow.

700
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:14,120
'We have main engine start. Four,
three, two, one. And lift off.

701
00:42:14,120 --> 00:42:17,360
'Lift off of the
25th space shuttle mission

702
00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:20,440
'and it has cleared the tower.'

703
00:42:20,440 --> 00:42:23,000
'Challenger go with roll programme.'

704
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,040
'Roger. Roll, Challenger.

705
00:42:25,040 --> 00:42:27,640
'Good roll, programme.'

706
00:42:27,640 --> 00:42:33,680
In January 1986, NASA launched
its 25th space shuttle mission.

707
00:42:33,680 --> 00:42:37,960
It symbolized a new era of space
flight by adding a school teacher

708
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:40,880
called Christa McAuliffe
to the crew.

709
00:42:40,880 --> 00:42:44,000
'65 final. Thank you.'

710
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:47,600
'Challenger. Go with throttle up.'

711
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:54,960
I was in social studies and I think
we were taking a test and

712
00:42:54,960 --> 00:42:58,440
the teacher came in and said,
"We've had a horrible accident."

713
00:43:04,680 --> 00:43:08,160
'Flight controllers here looking
very carefully at the situation.

714
00:43:08,160 --> 00:43:09,680
'We have no down link.'

715
00:43:09,680 --> 00:43:14,000
And then coming home,
and my parents had already seen it,

716
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:17,040
which was unusual because
they didn't really watch TV.

717
00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:20,040
'Watch your data carefully.'

718
00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:22,800
'Take hard copies
of all of your displays.

719
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:25,800
'Make sure you protect any
data source you have.'

720
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:30,120
The loss of their space shuttle
and its crew of seven, live on TV,

721
00:43:30,120 --> 00:43:34,240
shocked America. The country
was thrown into mourning.

722
00:43:37,080 --> 00:43:39,840
Our nation's loss is first
a profound personal loss

723
00:43:39,840 --> 00:43:42,800
to the family and the friends
and the loved ones

724
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,360
of our shuttle astronauts.

725
00:43:45,360 --> 00:43:49,320
But there was one question everyone
wanted an answer to -

726
00:43:49,320 --> 00:43:51,200
what had gone wrong?

727
00:43:52,640 --> 00:43:56,680
A Presidential Commission was
hastily put together to find out,

728
00:43:56,680 --> 00:44:00,160
but it was comprised largely
of space industry insiders

729
00:44:00,160 --> 00:44:02,760
with close ties to NASA.

730
00:44:02,760 --> 00:44:08,720
Someone independent
with unimpeachable scientific
credentials was needed.

731
00:44:08,720 --> 00:44:12,760
I have a policy practically of never
going near Washington.

732
00:44:12,760 --> 00:44:15,200
And I called up
various friends of mine

733
00:44:15,200 --> 00:44:18,480
who were connected to the space
programme one way or the other

734
00:44:18,480 --> 00:44:20,920
and tried to ask them
if they didn't see

735
00:44:20,920 --> 00:44:24,280
whether I should go or somebody else
could do it just as well.

736
00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:26,360
His friends were,
"Dick, you got to go

737
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:29,840
"cos you're the only guy who can
cut through the bullshit!"

738
00:44:29,840 --> 00:44:32,040
He asked me what
I thought he should do

739
00:44:32,040 --> 00:44:35,280
so I just asked him, "Do you
think it's an important problem?"

740
00:44:35,280 --> 00:44:36,720
And he said, yes he did.

741
00:44:36,720 --> 00:44:38,880
I said, "Do you think you can
make a difference?"

742
00:44:38,880 --> 00:44:41,840
And he said, after a while,
he said, "Well, yeah, probably can."

743
00:44:41,840 --> 00:44:43,320
I didn't say another word.

744
00:44:43,320 --> 00:44:46,600
And after a few minutes hesitation
he said, "To hell with you, Hibbs,"

745
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:47,880
and hung up.

746
00:44:50,760 --> 00:44:54,720
Feynman broke his policy
and within days of the accident

747
00:44:54,720 --> 00:44:57,400
he had joined the inquiry
in Washington.

748
00:44:59,960 --> 00:45:02,920
The investigation was led
by William Rogers,

749
00:45:02,920 --> 00:45:06,200
an ex-Secretary of State and
the ultimate Washington insider.

750
00:45:07,920 --> 00:45:10,680
His formal,
bureaucratic approach was

751
00:45:10,680 --> 00:45:14,080
the polar opposite of the
freewheeling maverick professor.

752
00:45:15,720 --> 00:45:18,640
Mr Rogers, he knew nothing about it.

753
00:45:18,640 --> 00:45:22,840
I had been on accident boards before
and I took the opportunity.

754
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:25,400
I said "Hey, I just did one of these
investigations,

755
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:27,440
"would you like to see it?"

756
00:45:27,440 --> 00:45:29,040
And I think reluctantly Rogers said

757
00:45:29,040 --> 00:45:30,640
"Yeah, OK, you can show it to us,

758
00:45:30,640 --> 00:45:32,760
"but we're not going to do
it that way."

759
00:45:32,760 --> 00:45:35,800
And so I went through this very
logical step-by-step process

760
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,480
of how you investigate
a space accident and Rogers said,

761
00:45:39,480 --> 00:45:42,120
"No, we don't have the technical
capability to do that."

762
00:45:42,120 --> 00:45:44,080
And that's when Feynman butted in.

763
00:45:44,080 --> 00:45:46,800
He said, "No, I like that.
I think that's a smart way to go."

764
00:45:48,200 --> 00:45:50,280
For Feynman and the chairman,

765
00:45:50,280 --> 00:45:53,280
it was the beginning
of a poor relationship,

766
00:45:53,280 --> 00:45:56,160
but for the professor
and the Air Force General,

767
00:45:56,160 --> 00:45:59,200
it was the start
of a close friendship.

768
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:01,840
And he just was
the smartest guy in the world.

769
00:46:01,840 --> 00:46:06,280
And he had a reputation
for integrity, you know,

770
00:46:06,280 --> 00:46:09,160
he was the most honest guy
in the world.

771
00:46:10,680 --> 00:46:15,120
He didn't accept something
unless he really could prove it.

772
00:46:18,880 --> 00:46:21,160
The two men began touring the US,

773
00:46:21,160 --> 00:46:24,080
visiting NASA sites
where the shuttle was made,

774
00:46:24,080 --> 00:46:27,000
questioning
the engineers and managers.

775
00:46:28,440 --> 00:46:31,480
In the process of speaking
to the engineers, he realised,

776
00:46:31,480 --> 00:46:34,360
"Wow, some of them
won't talk to me right now cos

777
00:46:34,360 --> 00:46:37,000
"the managers are
in the room," you know?

778
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:40,080
It wasn't simply a technical puzzle,

779
00:46:40,080 --> 00:46:44,000
there was a human puzzle
going on too.

780
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:46,720
Writing home
to Michelle and Gweneth,

781
00:46:46,720 --> 00:46:50,560
Feynman expressed his frustration
and excitement

782
00:46:50,560 --> 00:46:52,280
at his hunt for the truth.

783
00:46:53,800 --> 00:46:56,040
'Dearest Gweneth and Michelle.

784
00:46:56,040 --> 00:46:59,280
'This is the first time
I have had time to write to you.

785
00:46:59,280 --> 00:47:03,200
'I already smell certain rats that
I will not forget because I just

786
00:47:03,200 --> 00:47:07,440
'love the smell of rats, for it is
the spore of exciting adventure.'

787
00:47:10,440 --> 00:47:14,760
But there was a problem,
NASA managers didn't want to reveal

788
00:47:14,760 --> 00:47:17,560
the full extent of their knowledge.

789
00:47:20,840 --> 00:47:22,880
The result was a smokescreen.

790
00:47:25,760 --> 00:47:28,360
NASA wanted to control
everything that they gave

791
00:47:28,360 --> 00:47:32,360
to the Commission
and actually withheld things.

792
00:47:32,360 --> 00:47:33,800
They didn't lie,

793
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:37,280
but they certainly didn't
go around blabbing the truth either.

794
00:47:38,680 --> 00:47:41,240
What Feynman didn't know was that

795
00:47:41,240 --> 00:47:44,800
General Kutyna had a secret
source inside NASA.

796
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:48,680
Sally Ride was America's
first woman in space

797
00:47:48,680 --> 00:47:51,480
and another Commission member.

798
00:47:51,480 --> 00:47:55,400
She privately told the general
that NASA had long had doubts

799
00:47:55,400 --> 00:47:57,040
about how the rubber O-rings,

800
00:47:57,040 --> 00:48:00,080
the seals in the shuttle's solid
rocket boosters,

801
00:48:00,080 --> 00:48:02,000
worked in the cold.

802
00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:06,120
The temperature on the morning of
the launch had been below freezing.

803
00:48:06,120 --> 00:48:09,400
The general needed to get
this information to Feynman

804
00:48:09,400 --> 00:48:11,600
without compromising his source.

805
00:48:14,000 --> 00:48:18,320
The chance came after supper one
evening at Kutyna's house.

806
00:48:18,320 --> 00:48:21,080
The general restored classic cars.

807
00:48:21,080 --> 00:48:24,040
I took him out in the garage
to show him the car

808
00:48:24,040 --> 00:48:26,880
and Feynman really isn't
interested in cars.

809
00:48:26,880 --> 00:48:30,920
So we walked around the car
and I showed him the interior

810
00:48:30,920 --> 00:48:33,360
and I showed him where
the engine was.

811
00:48:33,360 --> 00:48:35,440
And Feynman looked at my work bench

812
00:48:35,440 --> 00:48:38,160
and he sees a couple
of carburettors out there.

813
00:48:38,160 --> 00:48:40,920
And he says, "Kutyna,
what are those carburettors?"

814
00:48:40,920 --> 00:48:44,960
And I said, "Oh, they're from the
Opal and I keep one put together

815
00:48:44,960 --> 00:48:47,400
"and then one I take
apart and clean."

816
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:49,720
And then the thought came to me.

817
00:48:49,720 --> 00:48:54,880
I needed to get the idea of cold
and O-rings and leakage across.

818
00:48:54,880 --> 00:48:59,360
I said, "You know, Professor, these
doggone carburettors have O-rings

819
00:48:59,360 --> 00:49:01,080
"and they leak when they're cold."

820
00:49:03,440 --> 00:49:07,920
Feynman had his answer and he
also had an inspired idea

821
00:49:07,920 --> 00:49:11,560
about how to convey
it to the world's press.

822
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:19,360
From that and the various
things that you told me

823
00:49:19,360 --> 00:49:22,600
about the need for resilience
and the lack of resilience...

824
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:25,360
When the Commission next met,
he began questioning

825
00:49:25,360 --> 00:49:28,840
senior engineers about the effect
of cold on the O-rings

826
00:49:28,840 --> 00:49:31,320
on the morning of the launch.

827
00:49:31,320 --> 00:49:33,440
Their replies were evasive,

828
00:49:33,440 --> 00:49:36,720
denying that temperature could
have had an effect.

829
00:49:39,840 --> 00:49:43,640
Before the event,
from information that was available

830
00:49:43,640 --> 00:49:45,880
and the understanding
that was available,

831
00:49:45,880 --> 00:49:48,760
was it fully appreciated everywhere
that this seal

832
00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:53,400
would become unsatisfactory
at some temperature?

833
00:49:53,400 --> 00:49:58,280
And was there some sort of a
suggestion of a temperature at which

834
00:49:58,280 --> 00:50:01,120
the SR...the SRB
I guess you call it...

835
00:50:01,120 --> 00:50:04,000
Yes, that's right.
..Shouldn't be run?

836
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,400
It was the judgment that under
the conditions that we would see

837
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:10,680
on launch day, given the
configuration that we ran,

838
00:50:10,680 --> 00:50:13,160
that the seal would function
at that temperature.

839
00:50:13,160 --> 00:50:14,920
That was the final judgment.

840
00:50:14,920 --> 00:50:17,360
It was Feynman's chance.

841
00:50:17,360 --> 00:50:20,920
He decided to use the power
of a classic science demonstration.

842
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:25,920
During the hearings,
they had that actual O-ring joint

843
00:50:25,920 --> 00:50:27,920
and were passing it up the rows.

844
00:50:27,920 --> 00:50:29,640
It goes to Feynman.

845
00:50:29,640 --> 00:50:34,840
I'm sitting to his left and I hand it
to him and he puts it down.

846
00:50:34,840 --> 00:50:39,920
And then he goes into his pocket
and pulls out the pliers and the

847
00:50:39,920 --> 00:50:44,160
hose clamp and the screwdriver,
and takes the joint apart.

848
00:50:44,160 --> 00:50:48,040
Pulls out the piece of rubber O-ring,
puts the clamp on it,

849
00:50:48,040 --> 00:50:49,840
then I know what he's going to do.

850
00:50:49,840 --> 00:50:54,120
He sees the ice water and he swears
it was just kind of an accident.

851
00:50:54,120 --> 00:50:58,000
He got this idea,
"Wait a minute, I know I know how

852
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:02,040
"I can get data on how rubber
is when it's cold."

853
00:51:02,040 --> 00:51:07,240
He clamped a piece of rubber and put
it in a beaker full of ice water.

854
00:51:07,240 --> 00:51:12,840
I took this stuff that I got out of
your seal and I put it in ice water.

855
00:51:12,840 --> 00:51:16,680
And I discovered that when you put
some pressure on it for a while

856
00:51:16,680 --> 00:51:20,320
and then undo it, it maintains,
it doesn't stretch back,

857
00:51:20,320 --> 00:51:22,760
it stays the same dimension.

858
00:51:22,760 --> 00:51:25,280
In other words,
for a few seconds at least,

859
00:51:25,280 --> 00:51:28,480
and more seconds than that,
there's no resilience in this

860
00:51:28,480 --> 00:51:33,160
particular material when it's at
a temperature of 32 degrees.

861
00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:37,320
I believe that has some
significance for our problem.

862
00:51:42,880 --> 00:51:46,360
The O-rings, which were
supposed to create a seal

863
00:51:46,360 --> 00:51:50,600
around the solid boosters, had got
so cold they'd lost their ability

864
00:51:50,600 --> 00:51:55,440
to flex and to fill the gap
between the boosters.

865
00:51:57,320 --> 00:52:01,760
And that's why the fuel had leaked
and the shuttle had exploded.

866
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:04,520
Feynman had nailed,
once and for all,

867
00:52:04,520 --> 00:52:06,960
that the cold
could have been the cause

868
00:52:06,960 --> 00:52:10,560
of the shuttle's failure
just 73 seconds after launch.

869
00:52:10,560 --> 00:52:14,360
It really was a turning point
in the investigation.

870
00:52:14,360 --> 00:52:15,760
It couldn't be ignored.

871
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:22,080
In the summer of 1986, the
Commission's report was submitted.

872
00:52:22,080 --> 00:52:25,720
In its appendix,
Feynman added a stark reminder

873
00:52:25,720 --> 00:52:28,160
about the limits of science.

874
00:52:28,160 --> 00:52:30,440
His last recommendation I think

875
00:52:30,440 --> 00:52:32,840
really summed it up in one
simple paragraph.

876
00:52:34,720 --> 00:52:36,920
"For a successful technology,

877
00:52:36,920 --> 00:52:41,800
"reality must take precedence
over public relations,

878
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:43,760
"for nature cannot be fooled."

879
00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:54,680
I remember, it was very hard on him.

880
00:52:54,680 --> 00:52:58,840
He was just exhausted.
He came over, he says,

881
00:52:58,840 --> 00:53:03,920
"I came over to tell you
that my cancer's come back again.

882
00:53:05,760 --> 00:53:08,120
"Doesn't look too good."

883
00:53:08,120 --> 00:53:11,280
So I don't know what we talked about
and I don't know how

884
00:53:11,280 --> 00:53:13,800
I got off on the subject.

885
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:18,800
I said, "I've been thinking about an
invariant in turbulent flow."

886
00:53:18,800 --> 00:53:20,840
He said, "What do you mean?"

887
00:53:20,840 --> 00:53:24,040
I explained a little bit
what it was all about.

888
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:25,840
The invariant, you know.

889
00:53:25,840 --> 00:53:29,920
I said, "Well under these,
such and such conditions."

890
00:53:29,920 --> 00:53:31,960
And he says, "Let's see."

891
00:53:31,960 --> 00:53:34,200
So I had a notebook there.

892
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:39,280
He took the notebook and he started,
he wrote it all down step by step.

893
00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:43,360
I think it took 13 steps
to get to that.

894
00:53:43,360 --> 00:53:47,400
He says, "Yes, that's true,
it is an invariant."

895
00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:53,280
Then he says, "You got me
thinking about physics again.

896
00:53:53,280 --> 00:53:55,120
"I can go home now."

897
00:53:58,160 --> 00:54:02,840
Feynman went into hospital
for the last time in February 1988.

898
00:54:02,840 --> 00:54:05,880
His kidneys were failing
and he decided

899
00:54:05,880 --> 00:54:09,640
he didn't want to go through with
dialysis to prolong his suffering.

900
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:15,840
I still sort of thought,
"No, this isn't the way it is."

901
00:54:15,840 --> 00:54:19,880
But he was able to handle
a lot of physical difficulties

902
00:54:19,880 --> 00:54:22,280
as long as his mind was sharp.

903
00:54:22,280 --> 00:54:27,440
When a person is dying,
their hands move a little.

904
00:54:27,440 --> 00:54:33,520
And the nurse who was there
says that he's not

905
00:54:33,520 --> 00:54:37,760
trying to communicate,
that's just natural.

906
00:54:40,160 --> 00:54:45,760
And he raised his hands like this.

907
00:54:48,320 --> 00:54:53,360
And he went like this, which,
if you know it, is the symbol that

908
00:54:53,360 --> 00:54:57,320
a magician gives when
he's going to do a trick. OK?

909
00:54:57,320 --> 00:54:58,880
And he went...

910
00:55:02,160 --> 00:55:08,680
He was communicating, again,
of his observations of the world.

911
00:55:08,680 --> 00:55:11,720
The doctors were wrong,
he could hear.

912
00:55:11,720 --> 00:55:14,920
He could move
if he tried hard enough.

913
00:55:14,920 --> 00:55:19,600
And understand... He could hear and
understand what was being said.

914
00:55:19,600 --> 00:55:21,400
And those were his last words.

915
00:55:24,080 --> 00:55:28,560
Richard Feynman died
on the 15th February 1988

916
00:55:28,560 --> 00:55:32,320
in hospital in Los Angeles
at the age of just 69.

917
00:55:35,080 --> 00:55:39,120
When I took my last walk with
Richard Feynman, he was telling me

918
00:55:39,120 --> 00:55:44,200
a bunch of funny stories,
but I realised the message behind

919
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:49,520
the stories was that he was about to
die of cancer and I got very sad.

920
00:55:51,320 --> 00:55:55,280
And he noticed it and
he asked me, "What's wrong?"

921
00:55:55,280 --> 00:55:59,600
And I said, "I'm sad because I'm
realising that you're about to die."

922
00:56:01,240 --> 00:56:05,320
And he said,
"Yeah, that bugs me sometimes too.

923
00:56:06,880 --> 00:56:12,040
"But not as much as you'd think,"
he said, "because you realise

924
00:56:12,040 --> 00:56:17,480
"that at some point in your life,
you've told a lot of stories

925
00:56:17,480 --> 00:56:21,360
"and those stories are going to
stay around even after you're gone."

926
00:56:23,160 --> 00:56:26,480
Today, over 25 years
since his death,

927
00:56:26,480 --> 00:56:30,920
Feynman's prophecy has more truth
than he could ever have imagined.

928
00:56:30,920 --> 00:56:34,360
Through an invention that
hadn't been created when he died,

929
00:56:34,360 --> 00:56:36,560
his stories do live on.

930
00:56:37,800 --> 00:56:41,400
Because through their reimagining
on the World Wide Web,

931
00:56:41,400 --> 00:56:45,840
a new generation is discovering
the delights of time with Feynman.

932
00:56:49,880 --> 00:56:54,160
It's fantastic to just be able
to Google Feynman, Richard Feynman,

933
00:56:54,160 --> 00:56:59,360
you know, any kind of variation
and there it is.

934
00:56:59,360 --> 00:57:04,200
You have a lot of stuff out there.

935
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:08,880
I see my father referenced
in popular culture a lot more now

936
00:57:08,880 --> 00:57:10,320
than when he was alive.

937
00:57:15,240 --> 00:57:18,960
I have a friend who's an artist
and he's sometimes taken a view,

938
00:57:18,960 --> 00:57:21,440
which I don't agree with very well.

939
00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:25,640
You hold up a flower and say, "Look
how beautiful it is." And I'll agree.

940
00:57:25,640 --> 00:57:28,560
And he says, I, as an artist,
can see how beautiful this is,

941
00:57:28,560 --> 00:57:33,040
but you, as a scientist, take this
all apart and it becomes a dull thing

942
00:57:33,040 --> 00:57:35,120
and I think that he's kind of nutty.

943
00:57:37,360 --> 00:57:40,880
You wonder what Feynman would
have made of the internet.

944
00:57:40,880 --> 00:57:43,880
And I think he would really,
really like the idea

945
00:57:43,880 --> 00:57:50,280
that he's spread all over the world
in clips, short and long,

946
00:57:50,280 --> 00:57:54,200
on the internet, for maybe all time.
I think he'd like that.

947
00:57:54,200 --> 00:57:56,640
You know, you just touch it
like this...

948
00:57:56,640 --> 00:57:57,960
FEYNMAN'S VOICE

949
00:57:57,960 --> 00:58:00,880
..and you bring his voice
right back, you know.

950
00:58:00,880 --> 00:58:03,920
'"The whole universe
is in a glass of wine."

951
00:58:03,920 --> 00:58:07,800
'I don't think we'll ever know
in what sense he meant that.

952
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:09,400
LAUGHTER

953
00:58:09,400 --> 00:58:12,240
'For the poets don't like
to be understood.'

954
00:58:13,880 --> 00:58:16,960
I know what I'll remember him for.

955
00:58:16,960 --> 00:58:21,840
For being a good brother
and a good person.

956
00:58:24,880 --> 00:58:27,760
He wasn't just the scientist,
he wasn't just the artist,

957
00:58:27,760 --> 00:58:29,520
he wasn't just the educator.

958
00:58:29,520 --> 00:58:32,200
He was physics with
a human face, you know.

959
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:35,040
He showed that in order
to be a top-ranked physicist

960
00:58:35,040 --> 00:58:36,720
you can still be a human being.

961
00:58:36,720 --> 00:58:39,640
I think that's a very important
legacy to people

962
00:58:39,640 --> 00:58:41,200
who want to do science.

963
00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:43,480
It's a human endeavour
and he showed that.

964
00:58:48,120 --> 00:58:52,880
Has Richard Feynman inspired you to
follow your own path in life?

965
00:58:52,880 --> 00:58:57,200
Join The Open University to explore
your options and find out more

966
00:58:57,200 --> 00:59:00,600
about how he revolutionised
the face of physics.

967
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:02,800
Go to:

968
00:59:04,280 --> 00:59:07,480
And follow the links
to The Open University.

969
00:59:22,320 --> 00:59:25,360
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