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[ cowbell clanging in rhythm ]
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[ guitar playing rock and roll ]
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THAT WAR WAS AN EMERGENCY.
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IT WAS ON OUR MIND EVERY
SINGLE HOUR OF THE DAY.
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Martin Luther King, Jr.:
SOMEWHERE I READ
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THAT THE GREATNESS
OF AMERICA
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IS THE RIGHT TO
PROTEST FOR RIGHTS.
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WHEN THEY SAID, I'M
BLACK AND I'M PROUD,
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THAT MEANT SOMETHING.
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IT WAS THE AGE
OF SELFISHNESS.
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IT WAS THE AGE
OF SELF-INDULGENCE.
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IT WAS THE AGE
OF ANTI-AUTHORITY.
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IT WAS ABSOLUTELY
EXHILARATING.
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IT WAS THE GREATEST TIME
TO BE ALIVE, EVER, FOR SURE.
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THE '60s WAS THE LAST
IDEALISTIC TIME.
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MY THANKS TO ALL OF YOU,
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AND NOW IT'S ON TO CHICAGO,
AND LET'S WIN THERE.
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THANK YOU VERY MUCH.
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[ shot fired ]
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I THINK AN ERA ENDED
WITH ROBERT KENNEDY'S DEATH
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AND MARTIN LUTHER KING'S,
AND DOOMED US FOR SOME TIME
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AND WE MAY STILL BE
IN THAT TIME.
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AND I THINK JACK NEWFIELD
SAID IT BEST
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WHEN HE SAID, AFTER THAT
WE BECAME MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS,
25
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A GENERATION
OF MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS.
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I THINK THERE'S AN AMOUNT
OF BITTERNESS AND ANIMOSITY
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THAT OUR GENERATION'S
GONNA CARRY TO ITS GRAVE.
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[ Rock and roll music
continues ]
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Female announcer:
"THE SIXTIES, THE YEARS
THAT SHAPED A GENERATION,"
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WAS MADE POSSIBLE
BY CONTRIBUTIONS
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TO YOUR PBS STATION FROM...
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MARCH!
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Male narrator:
IN THE LATE 1960s
AND EARLY 1970s,
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SOMETHING HAPPENED TO
A GENERATION OF YOUNG AMERICANS
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THAT WOULD MARK THEM FOREVER.
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IT IS A STORY OF WAR...
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A STRUGGLE FOR RACIAL
EQUALITY...
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AND THE EXPLOSION
OF A COUNTERCULTURE.
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IT WAS A TIME
WHEN A GENERATION REBELLED...
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AND LOST ITS INNOCENCE.
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NO ONE COULD HAVE GUESSED
IN THE EARLY 1960s
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THAT A TINY ASIAN COUNTRY
WOULD COME TO DOMINATE
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THE HEARTS AND MINDS
OF A GENERATION
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OF YOUNG AMERICANS.
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THE DECADE THAT WOULD END
IN DISILLUSIONMENT AND RAGE
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BEGAN ON A MORAL HIGH NOTE.
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[ crowd singing ]
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IT SEEMED THAT THE TIME
FOR RACIAL EQUALITY IN AMERICA
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HAD FINALLY COME.
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BECAUSE OF A WOMAN
NAMED ROSA PARKS
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00:03:01,246 --> 00:03:03,381
AND A BUNCH OF COLLEGE
KIDS WHO SAT DOWN
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00:03:03,482 --> 00:03:07,786
AT A WOOLWORTH
LUNCHEON COUNTER IN 1960,
53
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AND, OF COURSE,
MARTIN LUTHER KING,
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WHO WAS SURELY THE MOST
IMPORTANT AMERICAN
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OF THE 20th CENTURY,
56
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IT WAS THEIR DECLARATION THAT
THE WORLD WAS GOING TO CHANGE
57
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AND THAT WHITE MEN WERE
NO LONGER GOING TO CONTROL
58
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EVERYTHING IN AMERICA
AND THAT EVERYONE
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WAS FINALLY GOING TO BE
TREATED EQUALLY.
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IT WAS THEIR EXAMPLE WHICH
MADE EVERYTHING ELSE POSSIBLE.
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[ applause ]
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IN THE MID-1960s,
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PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON
WAS FLUSH WITH SUCCESS
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FROM PASSAGE
OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT.
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President Johnson:
THIS CIVIL RIGHTS ACT
IS A CHALLENGE TO ALL OF US
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TO GO TO WORK
IN OUR COMMUNITIES
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AND OUR STATES, IN OUR HOMES
AND IN OUR HEARTS
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TO ELIMINATE THE LAST VESTIGES
OF INJUSTICE
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IN OUR BELOVED COUNTRY.
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JOHNSON VOWED TO CREATE
A GREAT SOCIETY
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AND DECLARED WAR ON POVERTY.
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BUT IN THE HEAT
OF AN ELECTION CAMPAIGN,
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JOHNSON MADE A FATEFUL DECISION
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TO COMMIT ADDITIONAL
AMERICAN SOLDIERS
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TO AN ESCALATING WAR
IN VIETNAM.
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IT IS MY DUTY
TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE
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TO REPORT THAT RENEWED
HOSTILE ACTIONS
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AGAINST UNITED STATES SHIPS
ON THE HIGH SEAS
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IN THE GULF OF TONKIN
HAVE TODAY REQUIRED ME
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TO ORDER THE MILITARY FORCES
OF THE UNITED STATES
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TO TAKE ACTION IN REPLY.
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[ Rock and roll music
continues ]
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[ Bomb exploding and gunfire ]
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IT WOULD LATER BE DETERMINED
THAT THE JOHNSON ADMINISTRATION
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HAD LIED ABOUT THE ATTACK
ON THE MATTOX,
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00:04:54,526 --> 00:04:57,128
BUT AT THE TIME,
CONGRESS WAS CONVINCED
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00:04:57,229 --> 00:05:00,832
AND OVERWHELMINGLY PASSED
THE TONKIN GULF RESOLUTION.
88
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PRESIDENT JOHNSON WAS GIVEN
VIRTUALLY UNLIMITED POWER
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TO WAGE WAR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA.
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BY AMERICANIZING
THE WAR IN VIETNAM,
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PRESIDENT JOHNSON SET IN MOTION
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FORCES THAT WOULD DIVIDE
THE COUNTRY MORE BITTERLY
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THAN AT ANY TIME
SINCE THE CIVIL WAR.
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[ automatic weapon firing ]
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[ bomb exploding ]
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THE CONFLICT IN VIETNAM
WOULD PROVE THE DARK LENS
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THROUGH WHICH THE ENTIRE DECADE
WAS VIEWED.
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IT WAS THE FIRST
TELEVISED WAR,
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AND THE IMAGES
WERE INESCAPABLE.
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BEFORE THE END OF 1967, HALF
A MILLION AMERICAN SOLDIERS
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WOULD BE STATIONED IN VIETNAM.
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AT FIRST,
AMERICANS ACCEPTED THE WAR
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AS PART OF THE LARGER STRUGGLE
AGAINST COMMUNISM.
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BUT AFTER SEVERAL YEARS
OF BLOODSHED,
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MANY HAD BEGUN TO SPEAK OUT
IN OPPOSITION.
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I SPEAK OUT AGAINST THIS WAR,
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NOT IN ANGER, BUT WITH ANXIETY
AND SORROW IN MY HEART,
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AND, ABOVE ALL,
WITH A PASSIONATE DESIRE
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TO SEE OUR BELOVED COUNTRY
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STAND AS THE MORAL EXAMPLE
OF THE WORLD.
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I SPEAK OUT AGAINST THIS WAR
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BECAUSE I AM DISAPPOINTED
WITH AMERICA.
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THE SPEECH WAS VERY TOUGH.
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I MEAN, WE'VE TURNED KING
INTO, YOU KNOW, A SAFE FIGURE.
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IN THAT SPEECH, HE SAID,
MY GOVERNMENT IS
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"THE GREATEST PURVEYOR
OF VIOLENCE IN THE WORLD TODAY."
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AND IT'S TRUE.
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EXPLAINS WHY HE COULD NOT
BE SILENT ABOUT IT.
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IT WAS A TURNING POINT.
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BY 1967, THE TIDE
OF PUBLIC OPINION
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HAD BEGUN TO TURN
AGAINST THE WAR.
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YOUNG PEOPLE IN PARTICULAR
BEGAN TO REBEL,
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CALLING FOR A SOCIETY
THAT REJECTED WAR AND VIOLENCE.
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IN JUNE, THE BEATLES
OFFICIALLY USHERED IN
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WHAT WOULD LATER BE DUBBED
"THE SUMMER OF LOVE"
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WITH THEIR HIT SONG,
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00:07:04,990 --> 00:07:08,092
"SERGEANT PEPPER'S
LONELY HEARTS CLUB BAND."
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ERIC BURDON AND THE ANIMALS
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GAVE THE COUNTERCULTURE
A WORLD CAPITAL,
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THE HAIGHT-ASHBURY NEIGHBORHOOD
OF SAN FRANCISCO.
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THE MEDIA WAS ADVERTISING
THE HAIGHT-ASHBURY,
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DOING A LOT OF STORIES
ABOUT 'EM.
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KIDS WERE COMING HERE AND THE
POLICE WERE HARASSING THEM
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AND THERE WERE NO SOCIAL
SERVICES AND THERE WERE NO --
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NOTHING OFFERED TO THEM.
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SO THE DIGGERS
JUST STARTED TO FEED PEOPLE,
137
00:07:58,443 --> 00:08:00,544
AND SO THEY WERE
USING MY KITCHEN.
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00:08:00,646 --> 00:08:02,146
THE DIGGERS NAMED THEMSELVES
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00:08:02,247 --> 00:08:04,682
AFTER 17th-CENTURY
ENGLISH RADICALS
140
00:08:04,783 --> 00:08:07,085
WHO HAD DENOUNCED
PRIVATE PROPERTY.
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00:08:15,594 --> 00:08:19,196
THEY BEGGED, BORROWED
AND STOLE TO PROVIDE FREE FOOD,
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AND WITH IT THEY OFFERED
A NEW WAY TO SEE THE WORLD.
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THE ONLY THING YOU HAD TO DO
TO GET THIS FOOD
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WAS YOU HAD TO STEP
THROUGH A SQUARE FRAME
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MADE OUT OF TWO-BY-FOURS.
146
00:08:30,976 --> 00:08:32,777
IT WAS ABOUT SIX FOOT
BY SIX FOOT.
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IT WAS PAINTED YELLOW,
AND IT WAS CALLED
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"THE FREE FRAME OF REFERENCE."
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AND YOU STEPPED THROUGH IT,
AND THEY GAVE YOU A LITTLE ONE
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00:08:39,017 --> 00:08:41,185
ABOUT THIS BIG
TO WEAR AROUND YOUR NECK,
151
00:08:41,286 --> 00:08:42,820
AND THEY JUST INVITED YOU
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00:08:42,921 --> 00:08:45,289
TO LOOK THROUGH A FREE FRAME
OF REFERENCE.
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YOU KNOW.
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00:08:46,125 --> 00:08:47,158
WHAT IF IT'S FREE?
155
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WHAT IF IT'S FREE?
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00:08:48,827 --> 00:08:52,496
SO IT WAS LIKE
A LEADERLESS INVITATION
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00:08:52,597 --> 00:08:55,999
TO REINVENT YOUR OWN WORLD,
YOUR OWN DEFINITIONS OF FREEDOM.
158
00:08:56,101 --> 00:08:59,803
AND THE DIGGERS BASICALLY
UNDERSTOOD THAT IT WAS CULTURE
159
00:08:59,904 --> 00:09:01,772
AND THE PREMISES OF CULTURE
160
00:09:01,873 --> 00:09:04,442
THAT ATTACHED AND BOUND
AND CHAINED PEOPLE,
161
00:09:04,543 --> 00:09:05,876
AND THAT'S WHAT YOU
HAD TO SHAKE UP.
162
00:09:05,977 --> 00:09:07,578
YOU HAD TO CREATE NEW FORMS
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00:09:07,679 --> 00:09:10,081
SO THAT PEOPLE COULD EXPERIENCE
NEW WAYS OF LIVING,
164
00:09:10,182 --> 00:09:12,583
AND IF THEY LIKED THEM,
THEY MIGHT DEFEND THEM.
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00:09:18,256 --> 00:09:20,224
MILLIONS OF YOUNG AMERICANS
HAD GROWN UP
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00:09:20,325 --> 00:09:23,428
IN AN ERA
OF UNPARALLELED AFFLUENCE.
167
00:09:23,528 --> 00:09:24,729
BUT HERE, THEY WERE DENOUNCING
168
00:09:24,830 --> 00:09:27,832
MATERIALISM, COMPETITION,
AND CONFORMITY,
169
00:09:27,933 --> 00:09:31,435
THE VERY VALUES THAT HAD PAVED
THE WAY FOR THAT AFFLUENCE.
170
00:09:31,536 --> 00:09:34,272
IT WAS ALSO AN ERA
OF SEXUAL FREEDOM,
171
00:09:34,373 --> 00:09:36,507
USHERED IN
BY THE BIRTH CONTROL PILL,
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00:09:36,608 --> 00:09:38,942
LONG BEFORE THE EMERGENCE
OF AIDS.
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00:09:39,044 --> 00:09:41,713
MARRIAGE AND MONOGAMY
SEEMED PASSE.
174
00:09:41,814 --> 00:09:44,515
MUSIC AND DRUGS
WOULD CHANGE THE WORLD,
175
00:09:44,616 --> 00:09:47,118
AND THE MESSAGE
WAS HARD TO RESIST.
176
00:09:49,388 --> 00:09:50,922
I WAS LOOKING AT THE GUYS
177
00:09:51,023 --> 00:09:54,158
WHO WEREN'T DOING THE ACID
AS SQUARES.
178
00:09:54,259 --> 00:09:55,459
I ACTUALLY HAD THOUGHTS LIKE,
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00:09:55,560 --> 00:09:57,127
YOU'RE LETTING
YOUR GENERATION DOWN,
180
00:09:57,228 --> 00:10:01,131
YOU KNOW,
IF YOU DON'T TRY THIS.
181
00:10:01,233 --> 00:10:02,799
EVERY -- YOU GOTTA TRY THIS.
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00:10:02,901 --> 00:10:05,836
IT'S SOMETHING
THAT WILL LIBERATE YOU.
183
00:10:05,938 --> 00:10:08,205
AND I FIRMLY BELIEVED
184
00:10:08,306 --> 00:10:12,309
THAT IT WAS POSSIBLE
TO CHANGE THE WORLD.
185
00:10:14,012 --> 00:10:17,215
WE WERE EXPERIMENTING
WITH A LOT OF THINGS BACK THEN.
186
00:10:17,315 --> 00:10:18,950
WE WERE EXPERIMENTING
WITH DRUGS,
187
00:10:19,051 --> 00:10:21,418
WE WERE EXPERIMENTING
WITH RELATIONSHIPS,
188
00:10:21,519 --> 00:10:23,387
WE WERE EXPERIMENTING
WITH MUSIC.
189
00:10:23,488 --> 00:10:25,823
Country Joe & The Fish:
¶ LET'S HOPE AND PRAY
THAT IF THEY DROP THE BOMB ¶
190
00:10:25,924 --> 00:10:28,493
¶ THEY DROP IT
ON THE VIETCONG ¶
191
00:10:28,593 --> 00:10:33,063
ALL OF A SUDDEN, I'M A GUY WHO
CAN PLAY THE GUITAR PRETTY WELL,
192
00:10:33,164 --> 00:10:35,833
AND IT'S THE 1960s,
193
00:10:35,934 --> 00:10:39,036
AND GUITAR PLAYERS ARE LIKE
LEADING THE REVOLUTION.
194
00:10:39,137 --> 00:10:42,072
SO I DECIDE, HECK,
FORGET THIS SCHOOL STUFF,
195
00:10:42,173 --> 00:10:44,108
FORGET THIS LAWYER STUFF,
FORGET THE SEMANTICS,
196
00:10:44,209 --> 00:10:46,878
YOU KNOW, GO OUT THERE
AND PLAY GUITAR, YOU KNOW,
197
00:10:46,979 --> 00:10:49,179
GET A FOLLOWING,
START A REVOLUTION.
198
00:10:58,924 --> 00:11:00,490
WE HAD REACHED
A MOMENT IN HISTORY
199
00:11:00,592 --> 00:11:03,527
WHERE OUR TRADITIONAL THOUGHTS
AND TRADITIONAL ADHERENCES
200
00:11:03,629 --> 00:11:06,597
TO -- TO CUSTOM AND TO AUTHORITY
HAD BROUGHT US
201
00:11:06,698 --> 00:11:10,768
TO THE BRINK OF A -- OF A --
OF A GLOBAL DISASTER
202
00:11:10,869 --> 00:11:14,205
THE LIKES OF WHICH THE WORLD
HAD NEVER EVEN THOUGHT ABOUT IT.
203
00:11:14,306 --> 00:11:15,739
AND -- AND ENOUGH PEOPLE SAID,
204
00:11:15,841 --> 00:11:18,175
NO, WE'RE NOT DOING THIS
ANYMORE.
205
00:11:18,276 --> 00:11:20,444
WE'RE NOT JUST GOING
THOUGHTLESSLY ANYMORE.
206
00:11:20,546 --> 00:11:21,979
WE GOTTA THINK FOR OURSELVES.
207
00:11:22,080 --> 00:11:24,548
YOU CAN'T TRUST THE AUTHORITY.
208
00:11:24,649 --> 00:11:26,316
CONSERVATIVES WERE APPALLED
209
00:11:26,417 --> 00:11:28,886
BY THE ANARCHY
OF THE COUNTERCULTURE.
210
00:11:28,987 --> 00:11:33,757
IT BROKE LOOSE IN THE '60s,
ACCELERATED ENORMOUSLY,
211
00:11:33,858 --> 00:11:37,895
IN LARGE PART BECAUSE
OF AN ENORMOUS GENERATION
212
00:11:37,996 --> 00:11:41,498
OF GREAT SIZE, WHICH SWAMPED
THE INSTITUTIONS
213
00:11:41,599 --> 00:11:43,601
THAT ARE SUPPOSED
TO CIVILIZE THEM,
214
00:11:43,702 --> 00:11:45,836
IN PART BECAUSE OF ROCK MUSIC.
215
00:11:50,342 --> 00:11:54,812
THERE WERE TWO VERY DIFFERENT
MOVEMENTS GOING ON AT THIS TIME.
216
00:11:54,913 --> 00:11:59,816
ONE WAS A POLITICAL MOVEMENT
THAT WAS DEDICATED
217
00:11:59,917 --> 00:12:03,554
ALMOST ENTIRELY TO ENDING
THE WAR IN VIETNAM.
218
00:12:03,655 --> 00:12:07,758
THE OTHER MOVEMENT WAS, IF YOU
WILL, A CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT.
219
00:12:07,859 --> 00:12:11,796
THE MUSICIANS, IN EFFECT,
BRIDGED THE TWO MOVEMENTS.
220
00:12:16,734 --> 00:12:19,637
WE DIDN'T HAVE CONTROL
OF THE RADIOS OR THE TVs
221
00:12:19,738 --> 00:12:21,572
OR THE MEDIA OR THE PRESS
OR ANYTHING.
222
00:12:21,673 --> 00:12:23,674
IT ALL HAPPENED
THROUGH THE MUSIC
223
00:12:24,008 --> 00:12:25,909
AND A LANGUAGE THAT THE PEOPLE
WHO OWNED IT
224
00:12:26,010 --> 00:12:28,011
DIDN'T EVEN UNDERSTAND.
225
00:12:28,112 --> 00:12:29,813
IT WAS FABULOUS.
226
00:12:52,904 --> 00:12:56,240
AND THEN THERE WAS THIS
SORT OF WORD-OF-MOUTH THING
227
00:12:56,341 --> 00:12:59,743
ABOUT THIS FESTIVAL THAT
WAS GONNA HAPPEN IN MONTEREY,
228
00:12:59,844 --> 00:13:02,346
AND THEN THE NEXT THING I KNEW
I WAS ON A JET PLANE
229
00:13:02,447 --> 00:13:06,783
WITH BRIAN JONES,
HENDRIX AND THE EXPERIENCE.
230
00:13:10,355 --> 00:13:13,424
THE SUMMER OF LOVE
BEGAN SOUTH OF SAN FRANCISCO
231
00:13:13,525 --> 00:13:16,527
WHERE THE LARGEST COLLECTION
OF ROCK BANDS YET ASSEMBLED
232
00:13:16,628 --> 00:13:19,563
PLAYED TO THE LARGEST CROWD
YET GATHERED.
233
00:13:19,664 --> 00:13:21,432
THERE WOULD BE BIGGER,
MORE FAMOUS ROCK FESTIVALS
234
00:13:21,533 --> 00:13:22,833
IN LATER YEARS,
235
00:13:22,935 --> 00:13:26,203
BUT MONTEREY POP BECAME
LEGENDARY AS THE FIRST,
236
00:13:26,304 --> 00:13:28,305
AND SOME SAY, THE BEST.
237
00:13:32,144 --> 00:13:34,445
MONTEREY POP CULMINATED
WITH A PERFORMANCE
238
00:13:34,546 --> 00:13:37,682
BY A BRILLIANT YOUNG GUITARIST
NAMED JIMI HENDRIX.
239
00:13:37,783 --> 00:13:40,784
¶ YOU GOT TO BE ALL MINE,
ALL MINE ¶
240
00:13:40,885 --> 00:13:43,887
¶ OOH, SHUCKS, FOXY LADY...
241
00:13:53,265 --> 00:13:57,201
HENDRIX ENDED HIS PERFORMANCE
BY SETTING HIS GUITAR ON FIRE
242
00:13:57,302 --> 00:13:59,303
AND SMASHING IT ON THE STAGE.
243
00:14:03,742 --> 00:14:06,410
THERE HAD NEVER BEEN
ANYTHING QUITE LIKE IT.
244
00:14:09,715 --> 00:14:11,382
MEMORIALIZED ON FILM,
245
00:14:11,483 --> 00:14:13,817
THE PERFORMANCE WOULD LATER
BE VIEWED AS A SYMBOL
246
00:14:13,918 --> 00:14:17,287
FOR THE COUNTERCULTURE ITSELF,
A GRAND GESTURE
247
00:14:17,388 --> 00:14:20,524
SIGNIFYING THE DESTRUCTION
OF THE OLD SOCIAL ORDER
248
00:14:20,626 --> 00:14:22,826
AND EVERYTHING IT STOOD FOR.
249
00:14:22,927 --> 00:14:24,828
[ audience cheering
and applauding ]
250
00:14:24,929 --> 00:14:30,000
THERE WAS A FORCE TRYING
TO STABILIZE WHAT WAS WRONG
251
00:14:30,102 --> 00:14:34,005
AND -- AND MAKE A STATEMENT
THROUGH MUSIC
252
00:14:34,105 --> 00:14:36,306
INSTEAD OF THROUGH --
THROUGH VIOLENCE.
253
00:14:43,881 --> 00:14:46,751
I THINK FOR PEOPLE MY AGE
BACK THEN,
254
00:14:46,852 --> 00:14:50,287
RADIO WAS THE GREAT, SECRET
COMMON GROUND.
255
00:14:50,388 --> 00:14:52,456
IT WAS THE WAY WE COMMUNICATED
WITH ONE ANOTHER,
256
00:14:52,557 --> 00:14:55,926
AND IT WAS WHERE ALL OF OUR
PROPHETS AND LEADERS WERE.
257
00:14:56,027 --> 00:14:58,262
IT WAS WHERE BOB DYLAN
AND THE BEATLES AND THE SUPREMES
258
00:14:58,363 --> 00:15:00,531
AND ARETHA FRANKLIN
AND LAURA NYRO WERE,
259
00:15:00,632 --> 00:15:04,668
AND THEY WERE ALL SINGING
QUITE REVOLUTIONARY MESSAGES,
260
00:15:04,769 --> 00:15:07,271
AND THEY WERE THE ONES
WHO BOUND US TOGETHER.
261
00:15:14,646 --> 00:15:17,848
WHILE THE WHITE COUNTERCULTURE
CELEBRATED THE SUMMER OF LOVE,
262
00:15:17,949 --> 00:15:19,850
AFRICAN-AMERICANS WERE
UNDERGOING
263
00:15:19,951 --> 00:15:22,385
A TRANSFORMATION
OF THEIR OWN.
264
00:15:22,454 --> 00:15:25,256
OVER A PERIOD OF LESS THAN
A YEAR, YOU HAD PEOPLE
265
00:15:25,357 --> 00:15:30,594
WHO WERE CALM, RESPECTABLE,
RESPONSIBLE NEGROES
266
00:15:30,695 --> 00:15:33,597
ALL OF A SUDDEN MILITANTS
WEARING DASHIKIS,
267
00:15:33,698 --> 00:15:37,434
WITH HUGE AFROS,
TAKING SWAHILI CLASS,
268
00:15:37,535 --> 00:15:39,336
IDENTIFYING WITH THE HOMELAND.
269
00:15:47,211 --> 00:15:50,480
THERE'S NOTHING MORE
EXHILARATING OR SEDUCTIVE
270
00:15:50,581 --> 00:15:53,451
THAN A CHANGE IN CONSCIOUSNESS.
271
00:15:53,552 --> 00:15:57,821
AND IN THE 1960s,
BLACKS MADE A TRANSITION,
272
00:15:57,922 --> 00:15:59,990
ESPECIALLY
ON THE COLLEGE CAMPUS,
273
00:16:00,091 --> 00:16:03,927
FROM BEING NEGROES TO BEING
BLACK TO BEING AFRO-AMERICANS.
274
00:16:24,783 --> 00:16:27,084
WHEN THEY SAID
I'M BLACK AND I'M PROUD,
275
00:16:27,185 --> 00:16:28,519
THAT MEANT SOMETHING.
276
00:16:28,620 --> 00:16:30,621
[ drums beating ]
277
00:16:36,061 --> 00:16:37,695
ACROSS THE BAY
FROM SAN FRANCISCO,
278
00:16:37,796 --> 00:16:39,329
IN OAKLAND, CALIFORNIA,
279
00:16:39,431 --> 00:16:41,966
THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY
BURST ON THE SCENE,
280
00:16:42,067 --> 00:16:43,768
FOUNDED BY BOBBY SEALE,
281
00:16:43,869 --> 00:16:46,303
A STREET-SMART
COMMUNITY ORGANIZER,
282
00:16:46,404 --> 00:16:47,671
AND HUEY NEWTON,
283
00:16:47,772 --> 00:16:51,308
A CHARISMATIC YOUNG LAW STUDENT
ANGRY WITH THE POLICE.
284
00:16:51,409 --> 00:16:55,346
IRONICALLY, NEWTON'S LAW SCHOOL
INSTRUCTOR WAS ED MEESE,
285
00:16:55,447 --> 00:16:58,282
LATER A CLOSE ADVISOR
AND ATTORNEY GENERAL
286
00:16:58,383 --> 00:17:00,618
FOR PRESIDENT RONALD REAGAN.
287
00:17:00,718 --> 00:17:03,253
HUEY NEWTON, BEFORE HE STARTED
THE BLACK PANTHERS,
288
00:17:03,354 --> 00:17:04,754
WAS A STUDENT OF MINE.
289
00:17:04,855 --> 00:17:08,225
AND HE WAS TAKING THESE COURSES,
HE LATER WROTE IN HIS BOOK,
290
00:17:08,326 --> 00:17:11,295
SO HE WOULD KNOW WHAT THE,
WHAT HE CALLED "PIGS" KNEW.
291
00:17:11,396 --> 00:17:13,497
AND SO HE TOOK MY COURSE.
292
00:17:13,598 --> 00:17:15,566
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE COURSE,
293
00:17:15,667 --> 00:17:19,303
ONE DAY HE ASKED IF HE COULD
RIDE TO THE COURTHOUSE WITH ME.
294
00:17:19,403 --> 00:17:20,871
AND SO I SAID, SURE.
295
00:17:20,972 --> 00:17:23,207
I THOUGHT MAYBE HE'D BEEN
SO INSPIRED BY MY TEACHING
296
00:17:23,307 --> 00:17:25,675
THAT HE WOULD WANT
TO SEE SOME COURT TRIALS.
297
00:17:25,777 --> 00:17:28,212
WELL, IT TURNED OUT
ACTUALLY HE WAS ON TRIAL.
298
00:17:28,313 --> 00:17:29,813
HE HAD STABBED SOMEONE
WITH A STEAK KNIFE
299
00:17:29,914 --> 00:17:32,649
AT A BARBECUE
SOME MONTHS BEFORE.
300
00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:35,052
WELL, HE WAS CONVICTED
OF ASSAULT WITH A DEADLY WEAPON,
301
00:17:35,153 --> 00:17:38,188
SENTENCED TO PROBATION
AND A YEAR IN THE COUNTY JAIL.
302
00:17:38,289 --> 00:17:40,757
A YEAR LATER HE CAME BACK
TO MY CLASS,
303
00:17:40,858 --> 00:17:44,428
AND THE OTHER CLASSES HE WAS
TAKING, FINISHED, GOT AN "A,"
304
00:17:44,529 --> 00:17:46,764
AND IT WAS AFTER THAT THAT HE
FORMED THE BLACK PANTHERS.
305
00:17:46,865 --> 00:17:52,469
[ drums beating ]
306
00:17:52,570 --> 00:17:54,138
WE ARE A NEW ORGANIZATION.
307
00:17:54,239 --> 00:17:56,473
WE OBSERVED THESE POLICE HAVE
BEEN BRUTALIZING OUR PEOPLE
308
00:17:56,575 --> 00:17:58,708
IN THE COMMUNITY AND WE'RE
A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.
309
00:17:58,810 --> 00:18:01,345
WE'RE GONNA TRY TO UNIFY
THE PEOPLE, AND WE KNOW THE LAW.
310
00:18:01,446 --> 00:18:03,981
THEY PROVIDED SURVEILLANCE
ON POLICE OFFICERS
311
00:18:04,081 --> 00:18:05,582
BECAUSE OAKLAND AT THAT TIME
312
00:18:05,684 --> 00:18:08,886
HAD ONE OF THE MOST RACIST
POLICE FORCES IN THE COUNTRY.
313
00:18:08,987 --> 00:18:12,022
WHILE WE HAD AN ADVANCING,
DEVELOPING,
314
00:18:12,123 --> 00:18:14,124
EXPANDING BLACK MIDDLE CLASS,
315
00:18:14,225 --> 00:18:19,997
WE ALSO HAD A DECLINING,
ERODING,
316
00:18:20,098 --> 00:18:25,135
EXPANDING BLACK UNDERCLASS
AND LOWER CLASS.
317
00:18:25,236 --> 00:18:28,371
THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY WAS ONE
OF THE FEW ORGANIZATIONS
318
00:18:28,472 --> 00:18:32,008
THAT ATTEMPTED TO ORGANIZE
AND ADVANCE THE INTERESTS
319
00:18:32,109 --> 00:18:37,514
OF THAT PARTICULAR POPULATION.
320
00:18:37,615 --> 00:18:40,017
THE BLACK PANTHERS
WERE ONE MANIFESTATION
321
00:18:40,118 --> 00:18:44,755
OF BLACK AMERICA'S
GROWING FRUSTRATION.
322
00:18:44,855 --> 00:18:49,159
BLACK COMMUNITIES IN OTHER
CITIES SIMPLY EXPLODED IN RAGE.
323
00:18:49,260 --> 00:18:51,127
[ gunshots ]
324
00:19:00,137 --> 00:19:03,107
BEGINNING WITH WATTS IN 1965,
325
00:19:03,208 --> 00:19:06,410
BLACK NEIGHBORHOODS
ERUPTED WITH PENT-UP FURY.
326
00:19:06,511 --> 00:19:12,082
ON JULY 11, 1967, NEWARK,
NEW JERSEY, BURST INTO FLAME.
327
00:19:12,183 --> 00:19:14,551
THE NEXT WEEK, IT WAS DETROIT,
328
00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:16,286
WHERE BY THE END
OF THE THIRD DAY,
329
00:19:16,388 --> 00:19:18,355
100 BLOCKS OF THE MOTOR CITY
330
00:19:18,456 --> 00:19:23,060
WERE ENGULFED IN CHAOS
AND DESTRUCTION.
331
00:19:23,161 --> 00:19:28,064
FINALLY, PRESIDENT JOHNSON SENT
IN NEARLY 5,000 FEDERAL TROOPS,
332
00:19:28,166 --> 00:19:30,834
BUT WITH ORDERS THAT THEY CARRY
UNLOADED WEAPONS.
333
00:19:34,572 --> 00:19:39,109
STILL, WHEN THE DETROIT RIOTS
ENDED, THERE WERE 43 DEAD,
334
00:19:39,210 --> 00:19:41,945
33 OF THEM AFRICAN-AMERICANS.
335
00:19:47,452 --> 00:19:49,653
AND THE KERNER COMMISSION
REPORT WAS, IN MY VIEW,
336
00:19:49,754 --> 00:19:55,792
THE MOST ACCURATE, HIGH-LEVEL
PUBLIC DOCUMENT ON THE PROBLEMS
337
00:19:55,893 --> 00:20:01,331
OF THE INNER CITIES THAT HAD
BEEN PUT IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN.
338
00:20:01,432 --> 00:20:03,366
HOOVER WAS TRYING
TO CONVINCE JOHNSON
339
00:20:03,467 --> 00:20:05,769
THAT THESE RIOTS
WERE A COMMUNIST PLOT,
340
00:20:05,870 --> 00:20:10,574
AND SO THEY HAD EXPECTED
THAT THESE HIGH-LEVEL PEOPLE
341
00:20:10,675 --> 00:20:11,976
WOULD FIND COMMUNISTS.
342
00:20:12,077 --> 00:20:18,114
INSTEAD THEY FOUND RACISM,
AND THEY FOUND A WHOLE VARIETY
343
00:20:18,215 --> 00:20:22,386
OF AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS
IMPLICATED IN IT.
344
00:20:22,487 --> 00:20:25,155
THE KERNER COMMISSION STATED
THAT WHITE SOCIETY
345
00:20:25,256 --> 00:20:28,958
CREATED, MAINTAINED,
AND CONDONED THE BLACK GHETTO.
346
00:20:29,059 --> 00:20:32,496
IT RECOMMENDED A MASSIVE,
SUSTAINED NATIONAL COMMITMENT
347
00:20:32,597 --> 00:20:34,597
TO ENDING DISCRIMINATION.
348
00:20:34,698 --> 00:20:37,033
BUT THE WAR IN VIETNAM
WOULD SOON OVERSHADOW
349
00:20:37,135 --> 00:20:38,802
THE WAR ON POVERTY.
350
00:20:38,903 --> 00:20:40,704
THE NATION'S ATTENTION
HAD SHIFTED
351
00:20:40,805 --> 00:20:43,774
TO A TINY COUNTRY
CALLED VIETNAM.
352
00:20:43,875 --> 00:20:46,309
THE PRESIDENT
ESSENTIALLY SPURNED,
353
00:20:46,410 --> 00:20:48,879
SHUNNED THE KERNER
COMMISSION REPORT.
354
00:21:14,205 --> 00:21:15,272
WHERE IS VIETNAM?
355
00:21:15,373 --> 00:21:16,873
I HAD NO IDEA.
356
00:21:16,975 --> 00:21:18,442
THE NEXT QUESTION IS,
357
00:21:18,543 --> 00:21:23,080
WELL, WHY WOULD MY FRIENDS
BE SENT THERE TO DIE?
358
00:21:23,180 --> 00:21:24,681
WHY WERE WE KILLING PEOPLE
THERE?
359
00:21:24,783 --> 00:21:26,316
I MEAN, IT WAS
AT THAT NAIVE LEVEL,
360
00:21:26,417 --> 00:21:29,419
VERY, VERY, VERY SIMPLE KINDS
OF QUESTIONS.
361
00:21:29,520 --> 00:21:31,688
SO THEN I TOOK MY FIRST
POLITICAL ACT OF MY LIFE,
362
00:21:31,790 --> 00:21:34,691
WHICH IS I WROTE A LETTER
TO PRESIDENT JOHNSON,
363
00:21:34,792 --> 00:21:38,528
AND I SAID, EXPLAIN;
NOW, WHAT IS THIS?
364
00:21:38,629 --> 00:21:42,666
WE ARE THERE TO PERMIT
THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH VIETNAM
365
00:21:42,767 --> 00:21:46,503
TO DETERMINE FOR THEMSELVES
WHO THEIR LEADER SHOULD BE
366
00:21:46,604 --> 00:21:49,673
AND WHAT KIND OF A GOVERNMENT
THEY SHOULD HAVE.
367
00:21:49,774 --> 00:21:53,343
SOME HAVE SAID WE WERE THERE
TO PRESERVE THE INDEPENDENCE
368
00:21:53,444 --> 00:21:55,545
OF AN INDEPENDENT
SOUTH VIETNAM.
369
00:21:55,647 --> 00:21:57,981
NOT AT ALL.
370
00:21:58,082 --> 00:22:01,251
I AM SURE WE HOPED
THAT SOUTH VIETNAM
371
00:22:01,352 --> 00:22:04,454
COULD BE AN INDEPENDENT STATE,
372
00:22:04,555 --> 00:22:08,158
QUOTE, DEMOCRATIC,
UNQUOTE, STATE.
373
00:22:08,259 --> 00:22:11,427
BUT THAT'S NOT WHY
WE SENT U.S. TROOPS THERE.
374
00:22:11,528 --> 00:22:16,500
WE SENT U.S. TROOPS THERE
TO PREVENT THE CONTROL
375
00:22:16,601 --> 00:22:20,504
OF SOUTH VIETNAM BY NORTH
VIETNAM, ACTING AS A PAWN
376
00:22:20,605 --> 00:22:23,540
OF THE CHINESE COMMUNISTS
AND THE SOVIET COMMUNISTS,
377
00:22:23,641 --> 00:22:26,042
WHICH WE BELIEVED
IF THAT -- IT OCCURRED
378
00:22:26,143 --> 00:22:29,880
WOULD ENDANGER THE SECURITY
OF THE WEST WORLDWIDE.
379
00:22:29,980 --> 00:22:33,317
THE MONOLITHIC COMMUNISM, THE
REASON WE WERE IN VIETNAM IS,
380
00:22:33,418 --> 00:22:35,752
IF WE DON'T STOP 'EM THERE, YOU
HAVE TO STOP 'EM IN SAN DIEGO.
381
00:22:35,853 --> 00:22:37,187
OKAY?
LOOK WHAT HAPPENED.
382
00:22:37,288 --> 00:22:39,622
THE VIETNAMESE WIN AND THEY
GO TO WAR WITH THE CHINESE.
383
00:22:39,723 --> 00:22:43,126
THEY DIDN'T GO TO SAN DIEGO;
THEY GO TO WAR WITH THE CHINESE.
384
00:22:43,227 --> 00:22:46,497
LEFT, RIGHT...RIGHT...
RIGHT, LEFT...
385
00:22:46,598 --> 00:22:49,199
IN THE FALL OF 1967,
THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
386
00:22:49,300 --> 00:22:53,804
BEGAN TO FOCUS ON THE DRAFT
AND DRAFT RESISTANCE.
387
00:22:53,905 --> 00:22:55,506
THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
WAS THE GREAT EXAMPLE
388
00:22:55,607 --> 00:22:57,774
OF ENLIGHTENED SELF-INTEREST.
389
00:22:57,875 --> 00:22:59,410
I MEAN, WE DID IT
BECAUSE IT WAS RIGHT,
390
00:22:59,511 --> 00:23:02,746
BUT WE ALSO DID IT BECAUSE WE
DIDN'T WANT TO GET KILLED.
391
00:23:02,847 --> 00:23:04,047
THOUGH AFRICAN-AMERICANS
392
00:23:04,148 --> 00:23:06,984
COMPRISED LESS THAN 12%
OF THE POPULATION,
393
00:23:07,085 --> 00:23:10,220
NEARLY A QUARTER
OF THE U.S. ARMY WAS BLACK.
394
00:23:10,321 --> 00:23:14,491
THERE WERE VERY FEW
EDUCATED WHITE PEOPLE
395
00:23:14,592 --> 00:23:17,227
WHO WENT TO VIETNAM
AGAINST THEIR WILL.
396
00:23:17,328 --> 00:23:19,363
EARLY IN THE YEAR,
25 YEARS OLD
397
00:23:19,464 --> 00:23:21,899
AND WITH NO COLLEGE DEFERMENT
TO PROTECT HIM,
398
00:23:21,999 --> 00:23:24,300
HEAVYWEIGHT BOXING CHAMPION
MUHAMMAD ALI
399
00:23:24,401 --> 00:23:26,603
HAD ELECTRIFIED
THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
400
00:23:26,704 --> 00:23:29,706
AND THE BLACK COMMUNITY
BY REFUSING TO BE DRAFTED.
401
00:23:33,178 --> 00:23:36,746
BY THE FALL OF 1967,
A CALL AROSE,
402
00:23:36,847 --> 00:23:39,316
FROM PROTEST TO RESISTANCE.
403
00:23:39,417 --> 00:23:41,585
ANTI-WAR ORGANIZERS
BEGAN TO PLAN
404
00:23:41,686 --> 00:23:45,322
A NATIONWIDE STOP-THE-DRAFT
WEEK FOR OCTOBER.
405
00:23:45,423 --> 00:23:48,792
IT WOULD CULMINATE
IN A MARCH ON THE PENTAGON.
406
00:23:48,893 --> 00:23:51,762
ONE OF THE DEMONSTRATORS
WAS AUTHOR NORMAN MAILER,
407
00:23:51,863 --> 00:23:53,564
WHO WOULD LATER
WIN THE PULITZER PRIZE
408
00:23:53,664 --> 00:23:57,200
FOR HIS BOOK ON THE MARCH,
"ARMIES OF THE NIGHT."
409
00:23:57,301 --> 00:23:59,435
THE MAJORITY OF THE PEOPLE
WHO CAME WERE MIDDLE CLASS.
410
00:23:59,536 --> 00:24:02,105
THEY WERE ESSENTIALLY
GENTLE PEOPLE.
411
00:24:02,206 --> 00:24:03,840
THEY WERE NOT WARRIORS.
412
00:24:03,941 --> 00:24:05,408
AND THEY CAME
WITH THE EXPECTATION
413
00:24:05,509 --> 00:24:06,510
THAT THEY MIGHT EVEN GET
414
00:24:06,611 --> 00:24:08,778
A POLICEMAN'S BILLY CLUB
ON THEIR HEAD.
415
00:24:16,420 --> 00:24:20,356
FOR THE FIRST TIME
SINCE THE BONUS MARCH OF 1932,
416
00:24:20,458 --> 00:24:22,626
FEDERAL TROOPS
GUARDED THE CAPITAL.
417
00:24:32,303 --> 00:24:34,737
NONVIOLENT PROTESTERS
SURROUNDED THE PENTAGON
418
00:24:34,839 --> 00:24:36,506
AND CHANTED "OM,"
419
00:24:36,607 --> 00:24:41,211
CLAIMING THEY WOULD ACTUALLY
LEVITATE THE PENTAGON.
420
00:24:41,312 --> 00:24:43,380
PARATROOPERS
FROM THE 82nd DIVISION
421
00:24:43,481 --> 00:24:46,216
CHARGED INTO THE CROWD.
422
00:24:46,317 --> 00:24:49,152
DOZENS OF DEMONSTRATORS
WERE BEATEN...
423
00:24:49,253 --> 00:24:50,487
AND ARRESTED.
424
00:25:00,597 --> 00:25:02,799
I THINK LYNDON JOHNSON
SAID TO HIMSELF,
425
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:06,436
IF 50,000 OF 'EM DO THAT,
THERE'S GOT TO BE SOMEWHERE
426
00:25:06,537 --> 00:25:11,241
BETWEEN 10 AND 50 MILLION
PEOPLE POTENTIALLY BEHIND THEM,
427
00:25:11,342 --> 00:25:14,277
BECAUSE I COULDN'T GET
50,000 PEOPLE --
428
00:25:14,378 --> 00:25:17,413
I COULDN'T GET 50,000 PEOPLE
DOWN HERE TO SUPPORT THIS WAR
429
00:25:17,514 --> 00:25:19,883
IF I PAID THEIR TRAIN FARE.
430
00:25:19,984 --> 00:25:22,519
AND I THINK SOMETHING HAPPENED
IN HIM ON THAT DAY.
431
00:25:22,620 --> 00:25:23,653
SOMETHING HAPPENED TO McNAMARA.
432
00:25:23,754 --> 00:25:25,488
HE'S EVEN WRITTEN ABOUT IT.
433
00:25:25,590 --> 00:25:27,457
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
ROBERT McNAMARA
434
00:25:27,558 --> 00:25:31,060
HAD ALREADY BEGUN TO DOUBT
U.S. POLICY IN VIETNAM.
435
00:25:31,162 --> 00:25:33,963
IN JUNE, HE HAD DIRECTED
MEMBERS OF HIS STAFF
436
00:25:34,064 --> 00:25:37,267
TO RESEARCH A LIST
OF QUESTIONS ABOUT THE WAR.
437
00:25:37,368 --> 00:25:40,871
THEIR ANSWERS WOULD BECOME
THE PENTAGON PAPERS.
438
00:25:41,238 --> 00:25:44,307
I WANDERED IN ON THAT SATURDAY
MORNING TO McNAMARA'S OFFICE.
439
00:25:44,408 --> 00:25:45,842
WE WERE WRITING
THE PENTAGON PAPERS
440
00:25:45,943 --> 00:25:48,345
IN AN OFFICE ADJACENT TO THAT.
441
00:25:48,446 --> 00:25:50,380
AND I WENT IN, NOT EXPECTING
TO SEE HIM THERE,
442
00:25:50,481 --> 00:25:53,683
AND HE WAS THERE,
AND I ALMOST DUCKED OUT.
443
00:25:53,785 --> 00:25:54,917
HE PAID NO ATTENTION TO ME.
444
00:25:55,019 --> 00:25:56,053
AND I LOOKED OUT AGAIN
445
00:25:56,154 --> 00:25:58,154
AT THE SAME SCENE
HE WAS LOOKING OUT AT.
446
00:25:58,255 --> 00:26:02,692
AND I -- I -- I KNEW BY THAT
TIME THAT HE AGREED WITH THEM,
447
00:26:02,793 --> 00:26:05,661
THAT WHAT THEY WERE CALLING FOR
WAS ESSENTIALLY RIGHT.
448
00:26:05,762 --> 00:26:08,665
I HAD TREMENDOUS ADMIRATION
AND RESPECT AND LOVE
449
00:26:08,766 --> 00:26:11,768
FOR PRESIDENT JOHNSON,
AND I THINK HE DID FOR ME.
450
00:26:11,869 --> 00:26:13,803
ON NOVEMBER 1, '67,
451
00:26:13,904 --> 00:26:17,273
I HAD PRESENTED HIM A VERY,
VERY CONTROVERSIAL MEMORANDUM
452
00:26:17,374 --> 00:26:21,244
THAT SAID ESSENTIALLY, WE CAN'T
WIN THE WAR MILITARILY.
453
00:26:21,345 --> 00:26:26,783
WE'VE GOT TO CHANGE OUR STRATEGY
AND, IN EFFECT, WITHDRAW.
454
00:26:26,884 --> 00:26:28,919
AND I TOOK IT DIRECTLY TO HIM
455
00:26:29,020 --> 00:26:31,587
BECAUSE I KNEW THAT
HE MIGHT DISAGREE WITH IT.
456
00:26:31,688 --> 00:26:32,956
I HADN'T SHOWN IT TO OTHERS.
457
00:26:33,057 --> 00:26:34,424
HE DID SHOW IT TO A FEW OTHERS.
458
00:26:34,525 --> 00:26:39,228
TWO OF HIS CLOSEST ADVISORS
SAID McNAMARA IS, IN EFFECT,
459
00:26:39,330 --> 00:26:41,197
RECOMMENDING WE SURRENDER.
460
00:26:41,298 --> 00:26:42,299
IT WOULD BE TOTAL DEFEAT.
461
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:43,767
WE CAN'T DO IT.
462
00:26:44,168 --> 00:26:47,804
HE REALLY UNDERSTOOD VERY EARLY
ON THAT THIS WAS A DISASTER,
463
00:26:47,905 --> 00:26:50,073
BUT LIKE SO MANY OTHER PEOPLE,
HE DIDN'T HAVE THE COURAGE
464
00:26:50,174 --> 00:26:53,476
TO TAKE LYNDON JOHNSON
ON IN PUBLIC, AND, THEREFORE,
465
00:26:53,578 --> 00:26:57,214
HE DIDN'T CONTRIBUTE TO A MORE
RAPID END OF THE WAR AT ALL.
466
00:26:57,315 --> 00:26:59,816
I SERVED AS AN APPOINTEE
OF THE PRESIDENT.
467
00:26:59,917 --> 00:27:05,421
MY OBLIGATION WAS
TO SUPPORT HIS PROGRAMS,
468
00:27:05,522 --> 00:27:09,325
AND IF I COULDN'T, TO LEAVE.
469
00:27:09,426 --> 00:27:12,729
BUT I FELT THAT I COULD
DO MORE INSIDE
470
00:27:12,830 --> 00:27:14,530
THAN I COULD HAVE OUTSIDE.
471
00:27:14,631 --> 00:27:17,767
THE PEOPLE OUT IN THE STREETS
WERE THINKING IN MORAL TERMS.
472
00:27:17,869 --> 00:27:21,638
INSIDE THE POLICY CHAMBERS
IT WAS DRIVEN BY AMBITION,
473
00:27:21,739 --> 00:27:27,344
CALCULATION, A POLITICAL LOGIC
OF SURVIVAL,
474
00:27:27,445 --> 00:27:29,612
CYNICISM FROM DAY ONE.
475
00:27:29,713 --> 00:27:33,149
Crowd chanting:
WE'RE NOT AGAINST THE SOLDIERS,
WE'RE AGAINST THE WAR.
476
00:27:33,250 --> 00:27:36,619
WE'RE NOT AGAINST THE SOLDIERS,
WE'RE AGAINST THE WAR.
477
00:27:36,720 --> 00:27:39,656
McNAMARA'S DOUBTS ABOUT THE WAR
WERE NOT EXPRESSED PUBLICLY
478
00:27:39,757 --> 00:27:41,624
UNTIL MANY YEARS LATER.
479
00:27:41,726 --> 00:27:43,126
BUT IN THE STREETS OUTSIDE,
480
00:27:43,227 --> 00:27:45,762
TENS OF THOUSANDS WERE MARCHING
ON THE PENTAGON.
481
00:27:45,863 --> 00:27:47,030
Crowd chanting:
HELL, NO, WE WON'T GO.
482
00:27:47,131 --> 00:27:48,832
HELL, NO, WE WON'T GO.
483
00:27:48,933 --> 00:27:49,999
IT'S THE ONLY TIME
I EVER REMEMBER
484
00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:52,602
FEELING EMOTION FOR HOURS.
485
00:27:52,703 --> 00:27:54,905
NOT SIMPLE EMOTION, EITHER.
486
00:27:55,006 --> 00:27:56,840
I THINK THE BASIC EMOTION
WAS THE DEPTH
487
00:27:56,941 --> 00:27:59,042
AND THE TRAGEDY OF THIS MOMENT.
488
00:27:59,143 --> 00:28:01,644
AND IS THIS COUNTRY DOOMED
OR NOT?
489
00:28:01,746 --> 00:28:05,281
ARE WE GONNA TEAR APART
OR WILL WE MEND THIS?
490
00:28:05,382 --> 00:28:06,782
WILL WE COME TOGETHER?
491
00:28:06,884 --> 00:28:08,351
BECAUSE AT THE MOMENT
IT REALLY SEEMED
492
00:28:08,452 --> 00:28:11,321
LIKE THERE WAS
NO RECONCILIATION POSSIBLE.
493
00:28:11,422 --> 00:28:13,256
[ siren wailing ]
494
00:28:29,406 --> 00:28:30,973
BY EARLY 1968,
495
00:28:31,074 --> 00:28:35,445
THE WAR IN VIETNAM HAD CLAIMED
OVER 15,000 AMERICAN LIVES.
496
00:28:39,584 --> 00:28:42,251
NEVER BEFORE IN U.S. HISTORY
HAD SUCH A VAST NUMBER
497
00:28:42,352 --> 00:28:45,355
OF PEOPLE MOBILIZED
TO PROTEST A WAR.
498
00:28:45,456 --> 00:28:48,792
Crowd chanting:
PEACE NOW, PEACE NOW.
499
00:28:48,893 --> 00:28:50,293
WHY ARE YOU MARCHING?
500
00:28:50,394 --> 00:28:51,928
WELL, I AM PERSONALLY MARCHING
501
00:28:52,029 --> 00:28:54,063
WITH THE PAINTER'S UNION
HERE IN SAN FRANCISCO,
502
00:28:54,165 --> 00:28:57,367
AND WE'RE ATTEMPTING TO PROTEST
THE WAR IN VIETNAM.
503
00:28:57,468 --> 00:28:58,468
YOU THINK THIS IS GONNA HELP?
504
00:28:58,569 --> 00:28:59,903
I HOPE SO.
505
00:29:00,004 --> 00:29:02,705
EITHER THAT OR A REVOLUTION,
ONE OR THE OTHER.
506
00:29:02,806 --> 00:29:07,477
THE POWERFUL IN OUR COUNTRY
HAD CEASED TO BE RESPONSIBLE,
507
00:29:07,578 --> 00:29:11,081
AND SO THE POWERLESS --
STUDENTS, POOR PEOPLE --
508
00:29:11,182 --> 00:29:13,616
WERE TRYING TO TAKE SOME
RESPONSIBILITY AND SAY,
509
00:29:13,717 --> 00:29:17,154
HERE'S HOW THINGS SHOULD GO.
510
00:29:17,254 --> 00:29:19,589
ONE POLITICIAN
DARED TO COME FORWARD:
511
00:29:19,690 --> 00:29:23,359
EUGENE McCARTHY,
THE SENATOR FROM MINNESOTA.
512
00:29:23,460 --> 00:29:26,062
WELL, AS I SEE
THE CAMPAIGN IN '68,
513
00:29:26,163 --> 00:29:29,098
THE ISSUE OF VIETNAM ITSELF
IS A VITAL ONE, OF COURSE,
514
00:29:29,199 --> 00:29:31,468
AND YOU COULD PASS
A HARSH JUDGMENT ON THAT WAR
515
00:29:31,569 --> 00:29:32,869
IF IT WERE ISOLATED ALTOGETHER
516
00:29:32,970 --> 00:29:35,405
FROM ANY DOMESTIC CONSEQUENCES
OR...
517
00:29:35,505 --> 00:29:42,612
THIS VERY INTELLIGENT, ELEGANT,
ENIGMATIC POET FROM MINNESOTA
518
00:29:42,713 --> 00:29:45,982
WHO ACTUALLY NEVER WANTS
TO BE PRESIDENT HIMSELF.
519
00:29:46,083 --> 00:29:50,720
HE WAS THIS CALM, CIVILIZED
PERSON WHO MADE IT MUCH EASIER
520
00:29:50,821 --> 00:29:53,990
FOR PEOPLE TO BECOME ANTI-WAR
BECAUSE, AFTER ALL,
521
00:29:54,091 --> 00:29:55,592
AT THE BEGINNING OF 1968,
522
00:29:55,693 --> 00:29:59,829
IT WAS STILL
QUITE A RADICAL THING TO BE.
523
00:29:59,930 --> 00:30:01,597
McCARTHY, THE OUTSIDER,
524
00:30:01,698 --> 00:30:04,367
ATTRACTED A LOYAL ARMY
OF COLLEGE STUDENTS.
525
00:30:04,468 --> 00:30:07,870
IT BECAME KNOWN AS
"THE CHILDREN'S CRUSADE."
526
00:30:07,972 --> 00:30:10,039
ON THE REPUBLICAN SIDE,
RICHARD NIXON,
527
00:30:10,141 --> 00:30:12,808
A COLD WAR STALWART
WHO HAD LOST TWO ELECTIONS,
528
00:30:12,909 --> 00:30:16,213
WAS HOPING TO MAKE THE BIGGEST
COMEBACK OF HIS LIFE.
529
00:30:16,314 --> 00:30:18,381
THE PRESIDENTIAL RACE
WAS BARELY UNDERWAY
530
00:30:18,482 --> 00:30:20,116
WHEN ALL HELL BROKE LOOSE.
531
00:30:20,217 --> 00:30:22,785
[ marching band playing ]
532
00:30:22,886 --> 00:30:24,821
[ gunshot ]
533
00:30:24,922 --> 00:30:27,990
DURING THE TET LUNAR NEW YEAR
AT THE END OF JANUARY,
534
00:30:28,091 --> 00:30:30,493
VIETNAMESE COMMUNISTS LAUNCHED
THEIR BIGGEST OFFENSIVE
535
00:30:30,594 --> 00:30:33,129
OF THE WAR,
SIMULTANEOUSLY ATTACKING
536
00:30:33,230 --> 00:30:38,034
ALL THE MAJOR CITIES AND TOWNS
IN SOUTH VIETNAM.
537
00:30:38,135 --> 00:30:41,070
THE SURPRISE ATTACK
STUNNED AMERICANS,
538
00:30:41,171 --> 00:30:43,239
ESPECIALLY WHEN THEY WATCHED
ON TELEVISION
539
00:30:43,340 --> 00:30:48,411
AS VIET CONG GUERILLAS STORMED
THE U.S. EMBASSY IN SAIGON.
540
00:30:48,512 --> 00:30:52,649
NOW CIA MEN AND MPs
HAVE GONE INTO THE EMBASSY
541
00:30:52,750 --> 00:30:56,719
AND ARE TRYING TO GET
THE SNIPERS OUT...
542
00:30:56,820 --> 00:30:58,554
BY THEMSELVES.
543
00:30:58,656 --> 00:31:01,758
THE TET OFFENSIVE
FAILED MILITARILY.
544
00:31:01,859 --> 00:31:05,027
THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNISTS
WERE DRIVEN OUT OF THE CITIES.
545
00:31:05,128 --> 00:31:07,330
BUT THE FIGHTING WENT ON
FOR MORE THAN A MONTH
546
00:31:07,431 --> 00:31:09,398
AND SHATTERED FOREVER
THE ILLUSION
547
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:11,501
OF AMERICAN OMNIPOTENCE.
548
00:31:11,602 --> 00:31:14,670
OF ALL THE NIGHTMARISH IMAGES
THAT HAUNTED AMERICANS,
549
00:31:14,772 --> 00:31:17,407
THE ONE THAT LINGERED LONGEST
WAS THIS:
550
00:31:17,508 --> 00:31:19,375
SOUTH VIETNAM'S POLICE CHIEF
551
00:31:19,477 --> 00:31:22,278
COLDLY EXECUTING A SUSPECTED
VIET CONG GUERILLA.
552
00:31:22,379 --> 00:31:26,349
[ gunshot ]
553
00:31:26,450 --> 00:31:28,518
THESE RUINS ARE IN SAIGON,
554
00:31:28,619 --> 00:31:31,954
CAPITAL AND LARGEST CITY
OF SOUTH VIETNAM.
555
00:31:32,056 --> 00:31:34,890
THEY WERE LEFT HERE
BY AN ACT OF WAR.
556
00:31:34,991 --> 00:31:38,928
I WENT TO VIETNAM IN '68
BECAUSE OF THE TET OFFENSIVE,
557
00:31:39,029 --> 00:31:41,731
THE FACT THAT DESPITE
ALL OF THE PROPAGANDA
558
00:31:41,832 --> 00:31:43,767
THAT THEY COULD MOUNT
SUCH AN OFFENSIVE
559
00:31:43,867 --> 00:31:46,302
WHEN WE HAD BEEN TOLD
WE WERE WINNING THIS WAR.
560
00:31:46,403 --> 00:31:49,239
IT WAS A MOMENTOUS MOMENT
WHEN CRONKITE GOT UP
561
00:31:49,340 --> 00:31:52,675
OUT OF HIS CHAIR
AND WENT TO VIETNAM
562
00:31:52,776 --> 00:31:55,344
AND CAME BACK
WITH THESE FAMOUS REPORTS
563
00:31:55,445 --> 00:31:56,646
THAT THE WAR WAS UNWINNABLE
564
00:31:56,747 --> 00:31:58,714
AND THAT WE SHOULD LOOK
FOR AN HONORABLE WAY OUT.
565
00:31:58,815 --> 00:32:01,818
WELL, WALTER CRONKITE
DIDN'T DO THINGS LIKE THAT.
566
00:32:01,919 --> 00:32:04,720
Walter Cronkite:
THIS DISTRICT USED TO BE
A MODEL OF PACIFICATION.
567
00:32:04,821 --> 00:32:07,724
NOW AGAIN MOST OF IT
IS AT THE MERCY OF THE ENEMY.
568
00:32:07,825 --> 00:32:10,860
CORRESPONDENT ROBERT SHACKNEY
TALKED TO CAPTAIN DONALD JONES,
569
00:32:10,961 --> 00:32:13,996
DEPUTY PACIFICATION ADVISOR
FOR THE DISTRICT.
570
00:32:14,097 --> 00:32:18,601
I WALKED UNARMED
WITH JUST ONE MAJOR CASUALTY
571
00:32:18,702 --> 00:32:19,936
THROUGH GAI VOI IN DECEMBER.
572
00:32:20,037 --> 00:32:20,937
COULD I DO IT TODAY?
573
00:32:21,038 --> 00:32:22,505
NO, YOU COULD NOT.
574
00:32:22,606 --> 00:32:25,842
YOU COULD NOT WALK
THROUGH GAI VOI TODAY.
575
00:32:25,943 --> 00:32:28,844
ARE YOU DISCOURAGED?
576
00:32:28,946 --> 00:32:30,113
YES.
577
00:32:30,214 --> 00:32:33,717
I WAS TOLD BY THE MILITARY
MANAGEMENT OF THE WAR
578
00:32:33,818 --> 00:32:37,653
THAT WITH ANOTHER 150,000
OR 200,000,
579
00:32:37,754 --> 00:32:41,124
PERHAPS 300,000 TROOPS,
WE COULD NOW FINISH THE JOB.
580
00:32:41,225 --> 00:32:44,360
WELL, THAT'S WHAT THEY'D BEEN
TELLING US FOR FIVE YEARS:
581
00:32:44,461 --> 00:32:47,463
GIVE US ANOTHER 10,000,
GIVE US ANOTHER 50,000.
582
00:32:47,564 --> 00:32:50,233
THIS SOUNDED TO ME
LIKE MORE OF THE SAME.
583
00:32:50,334 --> 00:32:53,002
AND I CAME BACK
WITH THE CONCLUSION
584
00:32:53,103 --> 00:32:56,706
THAT WE WERE MIRED IN STALEMATE
585
00:32:56,807 --> 00:32:58,674
AND THAT THE BEST THING
FOR US TO DO
586
00:32:58,775 --> 00:33:02,445
WAS TO ACKNOWLEDGE THIS FACT,
TO NEGOTIATE WITH THE PEOPLE
587
00:33:02,546 --> 00:33:06,849
THAT HAD DONE THE VERY BEST
THEY COULD AND GET OUT.
588
00:33:06,950 --> 00:33:09,551
GEORGE CHRISTIAN, WHO WAS
JOHNSON'S PRESS SECRETARY,
589
00:33:09,653 --> 00:33:13,222
SAID LATER THAT WHEN CRONKITE
SAID WHAT HE SAID ABOUT THE WAR,
590
00:33:13,323 --> 00:33:16,292
IT WAS AS IF AN EARTHQUAKE HAD
GONE THROUGH THE WHITE HOUSE.
591
00:33:16,393 --> 00:33:17,927
THE VIETNAM WAR WAS THE WHEEL
592
00:33:18,028 --> 00:33:21,497
ON WHICH THE AMERICAN
ESTABLISHMENT WAS BROKEN,
593
00:33:21,598 --> 00:33:23,700
AND TET WAS THE BREAKING POINT.
594
00:33:23,801 --> 00:33:26,769
THE TET OFFENSIVE GAVE LIFE
TO THE McCARTHY CAMPAIGN,
595
00:33:26,870 --> 00:33:30,172
WHICH WAS NOW ATTRACTING
CELEBRITIES, LIKE PAUL NEWMAN.
596
00:33:30,273 --> 00:33:34,143
YOU HAVE AREAS WHERE YOU FEEL
YOUR OWN RUMBLINGS
597
00:33:34,244 --> 00:33:38,080
AND YOUR OWN DISSENSION
AND YOUR OWN QUESTIONING,
598
00:33:38,181 --> 00:33:42,518
THEN I THINK IT'S NECESSARY
TO GET BEHIND THE SENATOR NOW.
599
00:33:42,620 --> 00:33:44,521
I LIKED McCARTHY,
I ALWAYS DID.
600
00:33:44,622 --> 00:33:46,589
I DISAGREED WITH HIM
ON THE WAR.
601
00:33:46,690 --> 00:33:48,958
BUT THE TRUTH IS,
HIS CAMPAIGN WAS MAGNIFICENT
602
00:33:49,059 --> 00:33:50,893
UP THERE IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.
603
00:33:50,994 --> 00:33:54,129
HE RAN A VERY CLASSY CAMPAIGN.
604
00:33:54,230 --> 00:33:55,998
IT WAS AN INTELLECTUAL'S
CAMPAIGN,
605
00:33:56,099 --> 00:33:58,200
BUT IT WASN'T EGGHEAD
LIKE STEVENSON.
606
00:33:58,302 --> 00:34:00,169
HE HAD A WONDERFUL
SENSE OF HUMOR.
607
00:34:00,270 --> 00:34:02,672
AND THE PEOPLE WHO WERE
BEHIND McCARTHY, THOSE KIDS,
608
00:34:02,773 --> 00:34:05,008
THE "BE CLEAN FOR GENE" KIDS,
WE WOULD SEE 'EM ALL OVER
609
00:34:05,109 --> 00:34:07,410
BECAUSE WE'D CROSSED PATHS
IN NEW HAMPSHIRE.
610
00:34:07,511 --> 00:34:08,711
THEY WERE NOT RADICALS.
611
00:34:08,812 --> 00:34:12,348
THEY WERE INTELLECTUAL,
AND THEY WOULD PICKET OUR MOTEL,
612
00:34:12,449 --> 00:34:14,683
AND I WOULD GO OUT AND TALK
TO 'EM AND ARGUE WITH 'EM.
613
00:34:14,785 --> 00:34:18,287
[ cheering ]
614
00:34:18,388 --> 00:34:20,790
McCARTHY AND HIS STUDENT
VOLUNTEERS CAPTURED
615
00:34:20,891 --> 00:34:23,827
NEARLY 43% OF THE VOTE
IN NEW HAMPSHIRE,
616
00:34:23,927 --> 00:34:26,395
HUMILIATING PRESIDENT JOHNSON.
617
00:34:26,497 --> 00:34:30,333
IT WAS A SYMBOLIC UPSET
WITH ENORMOUS REPERCUSSIONS.
618
00:34:30,434 --> 00:34:33,135
IMMEDIATELY, ROBERT KENNEDY,
WHO HAD BEEN VACILLATING,
619
00:34:33,236 --> 00:34:36,205
ANNOUNCED HE, TOO,
WOULD RUN FOR PRESIDENT.
620
00:34:36,306 --> 00:34:39,442
IT WAS LYNDON JOHNSON'S
WORST POLITICAL NIGHTMARE.
621
00:34:39,543 --> 00:34:42,578
GOOD EVENING,
MY FELLOW AMERICANS.
622
00:34:42,679 --> 00:34:45,448
TONIGHT I WANT TO SPEAK TO YOU
623
00:34:45,549 --> 00:34:49,652
OF PEACE IN VIETNAM
AND SOUTHEAST ASIA.
624
00:34:49,753 --> 00:34:55,291
NO OTHER QUESTION
SO PREOCCUPIES OUR PEOPLE.
625
00:34:55,392 --> 00:34:56,860
ON MARCH 31st,
626
00:34:56,961 --> 00:35:00,296
JOHNSON ANNOUNCED A PARTIAL
BOMBING HALT OF NORTH VIETNAM
627
00:35:00,397 --> 00:35:02,298
AND CALLED FOR PEACE TALKS.
628
00:35:02,399 --> 00:35:04,933
THEN, HE DROPPED A BOMBSHELL
OF HIS OWN.
629
00:35:05,035 --> 00:35:08,238
I SHALL NOT SEEK...
630
00:35:08,339 --> 00:35:11,073
AND I WILL NOT ACCEPT...
631
00:35:11,175 --> 00:35:12,708
THE NOMINATION OF MY PARTY
632
00:35:12,809 --> 00:35:15,278
FOR ANOTHER TERM
AS YOUR PRESIDENT.
633
00:35:17,514 --> 00:35:19,815
PEOPLE FELT THAT THEY HAD WON.
634
00:35:19,916 --> 00:35:24,053
A MAN WHOSE POLITICAL POWER
WAS IMMENSE,
635
00:35:24,154 --> 00:35:27,456
WHO HAD ACCOMPLISHED
SO MUCH FOR EVIL AND GOOD,
636
00:35:27,557 --> 00:35:31,193
HAD SUDDENLY SAID, I QUIT.
637
00:35:31,294 --> 00:35:34,197
YOU'RE OFTEN AMAZED WHEN THINGS
THAT YOU DEVOUTLY WISH FOR
638
00:35:34,298 --> 00:35:39,502
ACTUALLY COME TO PASS, AND THIS
WAS ONE OF THOSE MOMENTS.
639
00:35:39,603 --> 00:35:42,638
IT SEEMED
ANYTHING COULD HAPPEN NOW.
640
00:35:42,739 --> 00:35:45,208
IT WAS THE MAGIC OF 1968.
641
00:35:45,309 --> 00:35:47,977
McCARTHY OR KENNEDY
MIGHT BE PRESIDENT.
642
00:35:48,078 --> 00:35:50,479
THE WAR MIGHT ACTUALLY END.
643
00:35:50,581 --> 00:35:52,348
FOR THOSE WHO WANTED
SOCIAL CHANGE,
644
00:35:52,449 --> 00:35:54,784
IT WAS A MOMENT
OF PURE EUPHORIA.
645
00:36:01,157 --> 00:36:05,661
[ guitar playing blues ]
646
00:36:05,763 --> 00:36:09,499
AT THE END OF MARCH IN MEMPHIS,
TENNESSEE, GARBAGE WORKERS,
647
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:12,201
WHO WERE MOSTLY BLACK
AND GROSSLY UNDERPAID,
648
00:36:12,302 --> 00:36:13,936
WERE OUT ON STRIKE.
649
00:36:29,419 --> 00:36:34,523
THESE MEN, WHO WERE REALLY AT
THE LOW RUNG ON THE TOTEM POLE,
650
00:36:34,624 --> 00:36:38,795
JUST GOT TIRED
OF BEING TREATED LESS THAN MEN.
651
00:36:38,896 --> 00:36:41,030
AND IF YOU NOTICE
THAT SIGN THEY HAD,
652
00:36:41,131 --> 00:36:42,832
IT DIDN'T SAY PEACE,
653
00:36:42,933 --> 00:36:45,601
IT DIDN'T SAY FREEDOM,
IT DIDN'T SAY JUSTICE.
654
00:36:45,702 --> 00:36:51,073
ALL IT SAID WAS, "I AM A MAN."
655
00:36:51,174 --> 00:36:55,478
SOMEWHERE I READ
OF THE FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY.
656
00:36:55,579 --> 00:36:56,812
MARTIN LUTHER KING,
657
00:36:56,913 --> 00:36:59,081
THE NATION'S PREEMINENT
CIVIL RIGHTS LEADER,
658
00:36:59,183 --> 00:37:01,784
CAME TO MEMPHIS
TO EXPRESS MORAL SUPPORT
659
00:37:01,885 --> 00:37:03,886
FOR THE MEN ON STRIKE.
660
00:37:03,987 --> 00:37:07,923
SOMEWHERE I READ
THAT THE GREATNESS OF AMERICA
661
00:37:08,024 --> 00:37:10,793
IS THE RIGHT TO PROTEST
FOR RIGHTS.
662
00:37:10,894 --> 00:37:13,429
[ audience cheering
and applauding ]
663
00:37:18,469 --> 00:37:22,337
ON MARCH 28th, THE MEMPHIS
POLICE WERE OUT IN FORCE.
664
00:37:22,438 --> 00:37:25,141
ABOUT 12,000 DEMONSTRATORS
GATHERED TO MARCH
665
00:37:25,242 --> 00:37:28,711
DOWN BEALE STREET, IN SUPPORT
OF THE GARBAGE WORKERS.
666
00:37:28,812 --> 00:37:31,314
KING WAS PLANNING TO LEAD
A POOR PEOPLE'S MARCH
667
00:37:31,415 --> 00:37:33,049
ON WASHINGTON THAT SUMMER,
668
00:37:33,150 --> 00:37:37,185
AN AMBITIOUS NEW CAMPAIGN
FOCUSING ON ECONOMIC JUSTICE.
669
00:37:37,287 --> 00:37:40,256
MEMPHIS WAS SUPPOSED TO BE
THE DRY RUN.
670
00:37:40,357 --> 00:37:43,492
THERE WAS A GROUP OF YOUNG GUYS
CALLED "THE INVADERS,"
671
00:37:43,593 --> 00:37:47,530
SOME OF WHOM
WERE ON THE FBI'S PAYROLL.
672
00:37:47,631 --> 00:37:50,032
WE DIDN'T KNOW THAT
AT THE TIME.
673
00:37:50,133 --> 00:37:53,536
BUT THEY WERE THERE
REALLY TO STIR UP TROUBLE.
674
00:37:53,637 --> 00:37:55,204
[ crowd yelling ]
675
00:37:55,305 --> 00:37:56,338
BLACK POWER!
676
00:37:56,440 --> 00:37:57,273
BLACK POWER!
677
00:37:57,374 --> 00:37:58,440
BLACK POWER!
678
00:37:58,542 --> 00:38:00,476
BLACK POWER!
679
00:38:00,577 --> 00:38:03,679
THESE YOUNG GUYS HAD TAKEN
THE STICKS OFF OF THE PLACARDS,
680
00:38:03,780 --> 00:38:05,481
STARTED BREAKING OUT WINDOWS.
681
00:38:05,582 --> 00:38:07,483
AND THEY STARTED THE RIOT.
682
00:38:07,584 --> 00:38:11,253
AND YOU KNOW, ONCE YOU
START IT, EVERYBODY GETS IN IT.
683
00:38:15,626 --> 00:38:18,727
AND RATHER THAN TRY AND ISOLATE
THE PEOPLE WHO WERE RIOTING,
684
00:38:18,828 --> 00:38:20,496
THE POLICE JUST WADED
INTO THE CROWD,
685
00:38:20,597 --> 00:38:22,565
JUST BEATING PEOPLE
INDISCRIMINATELY,
686
00:38:22,666 --> 00:38:24,266
JUST -- JUST --
JUST BEATING THEM.
687
00:38:24,367 --> 00:38:26,369
IT WAS HORRIBLE.
688
00:38:32,976 --> 00:38:35,912
MARTIN WAS TAKEN OUT
PHYSICALLY, PUT IN A CAR
689
00:38:36,013 --> 00:38:39,214
AND TAKEN TO THE CLOSEST HOTEL
FOR HIS OWN SAFETY.
690
00:38:39,316 --> 00:38:42,618
AND HE SAID, WE'VE GOT
TO HAVE A PEACEFUL MARCH.
691
00:38:42,719 --> 00:38:45,388
IF WE DON'T DO IT HERE,
WE CAN'T GO TO WASHINGTON.
692
00:38:48,258 --> 00:38:49,659
KING WAS DESPONDENT.
693
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:53,196
OTHERS WERE LOSING FAITH
IN HIS NONVIOLENT PHILOSOPHY.
694
00:38:53,296 --> 00:38:56,232
MAYBE HIS TIME WAS PAST.
695
00:38:56,333 --> 00:38:58,835
MARTIN LUTHER KING
WAS AT A CROSSROADS.
696
00:38:58,935 --> 00:39:01,370
DESPITE DOUBTS,
DESPITE DEATH THREATS,
697
00:39:01,471 --> 00:39:03,706
HE REFUSED TO TURN BACK.
698
00:39:03,807 --> 00:39:05,274
ON THE NIGHT OF APRIL 3rd,
699
00:39:05,375 --> 00:39:09,078
HE APPEARED BEFORE A PACKED
CONGREGATION AT MASON TEMPLE.
700
00:39:09,179 --> 00:39:15,251
IT WAS THUNDERING AND LIGHTNING,
AND THE RAIN WAS COMING HARD.
701
00:39:15,352 --> 00:39:16,786
AND MARTIN DIDN'T TAKE A TEXT.
702
00:39:16,887 --> 00:39:18,487
WE CALLED IT
A MOUNTAINTOP SPEECH.
703
00:39:18,588 --> 00:39:21,390
HE JUST STARTED SPEAKING
EXTEMPORANEOUSLY.
704
00:39:21,491 --> 00:39:22,925
AND I'D NOT HEARD HIM --
705
00:39:23,026 --> 00:39:25,928
OF ALL THE SPEECHES I'D --
TIMES I'D HEARD HIM SPEAK,
706
00:39:26,029 --> 00:39:27,696
I'D NOT HEARD HIM LIKE THIS.
707
00:39:27,797 --> 00:39:32,668
LIKE ANYBODY, I WOULD
LIKE TO LIVE A LONG LIFE.
708
00:39:32,769 --> 00:39:36,939
LONGEVITY HAS ITS PLACE.
709
00:39:37,040 --> 00:39:40,442
BUT I'M NOT CONCERNED
ABOUT THAT NOW.
710
00:39:40,544 --> 00:39:44,580
I JUST WANT TO DO GOD'S WILL.
711
00:39:44,681 --> 00:39:48,551
AND HE'S ALLOWED ME
TO GO UP TO THE MOUNTAIN.
712
00:39:48,652 --> 00:39:53,589
AND I'VE LOOKED OVER,
AND I'VE SE-E-EN...
713
00:39:53,690 --> 00:39:56,192
THE PROMISED LAND.
714
00:39:56,293 --> 00:40:01,731
I MAY NOT GET THERE WITH YOU,
BUT I WANT YOU TO KNOW TONIGHT
715
00:40:01,832 --> 00:40:06,535
THAT WE, AS A PEOPLE,
WILL GET TO THE PROMISED LAND.
716
00:40:06,636 --> 00:40:11,807
[ audience applauding ]
717
00:40:11,908 --> 00:40:13,108
SO I'M HAPPY TONIGHT.
718
00:40:13,209 --> 00:40:15,377
I'M NOT WORRIED ABOUT ANYTHING.
719
00:40:15,478 --> 00:40:17,780
I'M NOT FEARING ANY MAN.
720
00:40:17,881 --> 00:40:22,118
MINE EYES HAVE SEEN THE GLORY
OF THE COMING OF THE LORD.
721
00:40:22,219 --> 00:40:24,920
[ audience shouting
and applauding ]
722
00:40:25,021 --> 00:40:29,358
I FEEL THAT HE WAS GOING
THROUGH A PURGING OF HIS FEAR
723
00:40:29,459 --> 00:40:31,060
THAT I NO LONGER FEAR DEATH.
724
00:40:31,161 --> 00:40:32,728
HE ALWAYS SAID
HE WOULD NOT LIVE TO BE 40.
725
00:40:32,829 --> 00:40:33,863
HE DIDN'T THINK HE WOULD.
726
00:40:33,963 --> 00:40:35,231
HE WANTED TO,
727
00:40:35,332 --> 00:40:37,300
BUT HE NEVER THOUGHT HE'D LIVE
TO BE 40 YEARS OLD.
728
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,102
HE WAS 39 WHEN HE WAS KILLED.
729
00:40:40,203 --> 00:40:42,772
THE NEXT DAY, MEETING
WITH AIDES AT HIS MOTEL,
730
00:40:42,873 --> 00:40:45,140
KING SEEMED REJUVENATED.
731
00:40:45,241 --> 00:40:47,643
AS EVENING APPROACHED,
HE STEPPED OUT ON THE BALCONY
732
00:40:47,744 --> 00:40:50,846
TO TALK WITH JESSE JACKSON
AND OTHERS.
733
00:40:50,947 --> 00:40:52,081
WE WERE ON OUR WAY
734
00:40:52,181 --> 00:40:56,318
TO REVEREND BILLY KYLE'S HOME
FOR DINNER.
735
00:40:56,419 --> 00:40:59,856
AND I REMEMBER WE HAD OUR
LITTLE BAND THERE FROM CHICAGO,
736
00:40:59,956 --> 00:41:01,857
BEN BRANCH AND SOME MUSICIANS,
737
00:41:01,958 --> 00:41:03,692
AND THEN WE WERE GONNA HAVE
A BIG RALLY AT THE MASON TEMPLE
738
00:41:03,793 --> 00:41:05,427
THAT NIGHT AFTER DINNER.
739
00:41:05,528 --> 00:41:06,929
SO I WAS COMING
ACROSS THE COURTYARD
740
00:41:07,030 --> 00:41:08,831
AND HE SAID, JESSE, WE'RE LATE
FOR DINNER.
741
00:41:08,932 --> 00:41:10,832
I SAID, DOC, I'VE BEEN WAITING
FOR YOU.
742
00:41:10,933 --> 00:41:12,234
HE SAID, BUT YOU DON'T
HAVE YOUR TIE ON.
743
00:41:12,335 --> 00:41:14,237
I SAID, WELL, DOC, YOU KNOW
A TIE IS NOT A PREREQUISITE
744
00:41:14,338 --> 00:41:15,638
FOR DINNER, JUST AN APPETITE.
745
00:41:15,739 --> 00:41:16,972
HE SAID, BOY, YOU'RE CRAZY.
746
00:41:17,073 --> 00:41:18,340
AND HE SAID TO BEN, SAID,
747
00:41:18,441 --> 00:41:20,843
PLAY MY FAVORITE SONG TONIGHT
FOR ME, "PRECIOUS LORD."
748
00:41:20,944 --> 00:41:21,811
BEN SAID, I WILL.
749
00:41:21,912 --> 00:41:23,012
AND I SAID, DOC;
HE SAID, YES.
750
00:41:23,113 --> 00:41:25,281
WHEN HE SAID YES,
THE BULLET HIT RIGHT HERE,
751
00:41:25,382 --> 00:41:27,617
AND IT JUST KNOCKED HIM BACK
AGAINST THE WALL,
752
00:41:27,717 --> 00:41:29,651
AND IT WAS OVER.
753
00:41:29,752 --> 00:41:31,253
POLICE WERE COMING TOWARDS US
WITH DRAWN GUNS.
754
00:41:31,354 --> 00:41:34,390
WE WERE SAYING THE BULLET
CAME FROM THAT WAY.
755
00:41:34,491 --> 00:41:36,492
IT COULDN'T HAVE COME
FROM THIS WAY.
756
00:41:36,593 --> 00:41:38,561
WHY ARE YOU COMING TOWARD US
WITH DRAWN GUNS?
757
00:41:38,662 --> 00:41:41,096
IT CAME FROM THAT WAY!
758
00:41:41,197 --> 00:41:44,566
IT CAME FROM THAT WAY!
759
00:41:44,667 --> 00:41:46,535
IN BLACK COMMUNITIES
ACROSS THE COUNTRY,
760
00:41:46,636 --> 00:41:48,437
THE REACTION TO KING'S
ASSASSINATION
761
00:41:48,538 --> 00:41:51,841
WAS A VIOLENT ERUPTION
OF RAGE AND DESPAIR.
762
00:41:51,942 --> 00:41:54,710
RIOTING BROKE OUT
IN MORE THAN A HUNDRED CITIES.
763
00:41:54,811 --> 00:41:56,478
TWENTY THOUSAND ARMY REGULARS
764
00:41:56,579 --> 00:41:58,915
AND THIRTY-FOUR THOUSAND
NATIONAL GUARDSMEN
765
00:41:59,016 --> 00:42:00,616
WERE MOBILIZED.
766
00:42:00,717 --> 00:42:02,084
IN CHICAGO,
767
00:42:02,185 --> 00:42:04,887
MAYOR RICHARD DALEY ORDERED
POLICE TO SHOOT TO KILL.
768
00:42:04,988 --> 00:42:08,523
NATIONWIDE, 46 PEOPLE DIED.
769
00:42:08,624 --> 00:42:10,492
MARTIN LUTHER KING WAS DEAD.
770
00:42:10,593 --> 00:42:13,829
AMERICA WAS BURNING.
771
00:42:13,930 --> 00:42:15,498
MANY FEARED THAT THE LAST HOPE
772
00:42:15,599 --> 00:42:17,934
FOR RACIAL EQUALITY
AND NONVIOLENCE
773
00:42:18,034 --> 00:42:20,102
HAD BEEN EXTINGUISHED.
774
00:42:20,203 --> 00:42:24,073
THIS SEEMED LIKE THE DEFINITIVE
STATEMENT, YOU KNOW,
775
00:42:24,174 --> 00:42:27,910
AMERICA TRIED TO REDEEM ITSELF
AND NOW, YOU KNOW,
776
00:42:28,011 --> 00:42:32,648
THEY'VE KILLED...THE MAN WHO
WAS TAKING US TO THE MOUNTAIN.
777
00:42:43,827 --> 00:42:52,134
Mahalia Jackson:
¶ SOON I WILL BE DONE
778
00:42:52,235 --> 00:43:00,409
¶ WITH THE TROUBLES
OF THE WORLD ¶
779
00:43:00,510 --> 00:43:07,349
¶ TROUBLES OF THE WORLD
780
00:43:07,451 --> 00:43:16,692
¶ OOO, TROUBLES OF THE WORLD
781
00:43:16,793 --> 00:43:24,433
¶ SOON I WILL BE DONE
782
00:43:24,534 --> 00:43:32,941
¶ WITH THE TROUBLES
OF THE WORLD ¶
783
00:43:33,043 --> 00:43:37,580
¶ WE'RE GOING HOME
784
00:43:37,681 --> 00:43:49,591
¶ TO LIVE WITH GOD
785
00:43:49,692 --> 00:43:54,462
¶ I'M GOING HOME
786
00:43:54,563 --> 00:44:06,542
¶ TO LIVE WITH -- WITH GOD
787
00:44:06,643 --> 00:44:07,876
WE WERE IN SHOCK.
788
00:44:07,977 --> 00:44:11,913
YOU KNOW, EVEN THOUGH WE
EXPECTED IT, WHEN IT HAPPENED,
789
00:44:12,015 --> 00:44:15,751
YOU KNOW, IT'S --
YOU DIDN'T KNOW WHAT TO DO.
790
00:44:15,852 --> 00:44:18,420
AND WE STAYED IN SHOCK
FOR A VERY LONG TIME,
791
00:44:18,522 --> 00:44:19,721
A VERY LONG TIME.
792
00:44:19,823 --> 00:44:21,690
AT THIS POINT I HAD BEEN SO
793
00:44:21,791 --> 00:44:24,392
KNOCKED OUT OF MY MIDDLE-CLASS
ASSUMPTIONS
794
00:44:24,493 --> 00:44:26,328
THAT I DIDN'T KNOW
WHAT WOULD HAPPEN.
795
00:44:26,429 --> 00:44:28,163
PERHAPS THE COUNTRY
COULD BE REFORMED
796
00:44:28,264 --> 00:44:30,699
AND ROBERT KENNEDY
WOULD BE PRESENT -- PRESIDENT.
797
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:32,701
PERHAPS WE'D BE PLUNGED
INTO A CIVIL WAR,
798
00:44:32,802 --> 00:44:34,369
I'D BE IMPRISONED AND KILLED.
799
00:44:34,470 --> 00:44:40,609
ANYTHING WAS -- IT WAS -- IT
SEEMED IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL WHAT
800
00:44:40,711 --> 00:44:46,548
COUNTRY WE WERE IN AND WHAT --
WHAT WAS ABOUT TO HAPPEN.
801
00:44:46,649 --> 00:44:49,318
HIGHER EDUCATION WAS OPENING UP
IN THE '60s.
802
00:44:49,419 --> 00:44:51,887
IT WASN'T JUST A SOCIAL ELITE,
BUT YOU'RE GETTING THE CHILDREN
803
00:44:51,988 --> 00:44:55,491
OF WORKING-CLASS PEOPLE,
VERY HIGH EXPECTATIONS.
804
00:45:21,217 --> 00:45:24,252
1968 WAS THE YEAR
OF THE STUDENT.
805
00:45:24,353 --> 00:45:27,389
THERE WERE SEVEN MILLION
ENROLLED IN AMERICAN COLLEGES,
806
00:45:27,491 --> 00:45:31,226
AND THE MOOD ON CAMPUS
WAS UNMISTAKABLY REBELLIOUS.
807
00:45:31,327 --> 00:45:33,695
PEOPLE CUTTING CLASS
TO GO OFF ON DEMONSTRATIONS
808
00:45:33,796 --> 00:45:36,565
OR TO MARCH ON WASHINGTON
AND SO FORTH,
809
00:45:36,666 --> 00:45:38,267
AND A GENERAL LACK OF CIVILITY,
810
00:45:38,368 --> 00:45:43,071
AND A GENERAL DISRESPECT
FOR INTELLECTUAL ACTIVITY,
811
00:45:43,173 --> 00:45:48,076
WHICH WAS REGARDED, AS -- AS
THEY USED TO SAY, NOT RELEVANT.
812
00:45:48,177 --> 00:45:52,013
IN THE SPRING OF 1968,
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY IN NEW YORK
813
00:45:52,114 --> 00:45:54,683
BECAME THE FLASH POINT
OF STUDENT REVOLT.
814
00:45:54,784 --> 00:45:56,251
THERE WERE TWO DEMANDS:
815
00:45:56,352 --> 00:46:01,089
END COLUMBIA'S AFFILIATION WITH
I.D.A., A MILITARY THINK TANK,
816
00:46:01,190 --> 00:46:03,993
AND STOP CONSTRUCTION
OF A UNIVERSITY GYM
817
00:46:04,094 --> 00:46:06,728
THAT WOULD REPLACE A PARK
IN HARLEM.
818
00:46:06,829 --> 00:46:09,431
ON APRIL 23rd, A CROWD
OF BLACK AND WHITE STUDENTS
819
00:46:09,532 --> 00:46:11,967
TORE DOWN FENCES
AT THE CONSTRUCTION SITE,
820
00:46:12,068 --> 00:46:15,337
ONLY TO BE DRIVEN BACK
BY POLICE.
821
00:46:18,274 --> 00:46:21,010
THE RETREATING STUDENTS
DECIDED SPONTANEOUSLY
822
00:46:21,111 --> 00:46:24,646
TO OCCUPY SEVERAL
CAMPUS BUILDINGS.
823
00:46:24,748 --> 00:46:27,716
THE ATMOSPHERE, AS FAR
AS ANYTHING I KNOW,
824
00:46:27,817 --> 00:46:30,085
WAS VERY PEACEABLE
IN THOSE OCCUPIED BUILDINGS.
825
00:46:30,186 --> 00:46:31,186
A COUPLE FRIENDS OF MINE
826
00:46:31,287 --> 00:46:33,288
ACTUALLY GOT MARRIED
IN THEIR BUILDING.
827
00:46:33,389 --> 00:46:35,958
ANDREA EAGAN AND HER HUSBAND
GOT MARRIED.
828
00:47:09,758 --> 00:47:12,360
THAT'S ONE OF THE PLACES WHERE
WOMEN'S LIBERATION WAS BORN,
829
00:47:12,462 --> 00:47:15,097
IN THOSE OCCUPIED BUILDINGS.
830
00:47:15,197 --> 00:47:17,866
YOU KNOW, JUST OVER SIMPLE
THINGS LIKE WOMEN SAYING,
831
00:47:17,967 --> 00:47:22,337
HEY, WHY SHOULD WE BE
SERVING... PREPARING THE FOOD?
832
00:47:22,439 --> 00:47:24,306
THE LIFE-STYLE WAS COMMUNAL.
833
00:47:24,407 --> 00:47:27,509
DRUGS AND LIQUOR WERE BANNED
BY POPULAR VOTE.
834
00:47:27,610 --> 00:47:29,511
BUT FOOD AND DRINK
WERE SMUGGLED IN,
835
00:47:29,612 --> 00:47:31,814
AND AS THE OCCUPATION
CONTINUED,
836
00:47:31,915 --> 00:47:34,716
IN BETWEEN THE TALK
OF THEORY AND TACTICS,
837
00:47:34,817 --> 00:47:36,919
THERE WAS A LOT
OF PLAYFULNESS.
838
00:47:37,020 --> 00:47:40,021
[ rock music playing ]
839
00:47:43,359 --> 00:47:46,861
UNIVERSITY PRESIDENT
GRAYSON KIRK WAS NOT AMUSED.
840
00:47:46,962 --> 00:47:49,331
OUR YOUNG PEOPLE,
IN DISTURBING NUMBERS,
841
00:47:49,432 --> 00:47:52,901
APPEAR TO REJECT ALL FORM
OF AUTHORITY, HE SAID.
842
00:47:53,002 --> 00:47:54,836
I KNOW OF NO TIME
IN OUR HISTORY
843
00:47:54,937 --> 00:47:57,172
WHEN THE GAP
BETWEEN THE GENERATIONS
844
00:47:57,273 --> 00:48:00,408
HAS BEEN WIDER
OR MORE POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS.
845
00:48:04,180 --> 00:48:07,649
STRIKE, STRIKE, STRIKE,
STRIKE, STRIKE!!
846
00:48:07,750 --> 00:48:10,519
Public address speaker:
IF YOU DO NOT CHOOSE
TO LEAVE THIS BUILDING,
847
00:48:10,620 --> 00:48:13,521
I HAVE TO INFORM YOU
THAT WE HAVE NO ALTERNATIVE
848
00:48:13,623 --> 00:48:15,190
BUT TO CALL THE POLICE.
849
00:48:15,291 --> 00:48:20,495
ANY STUDENT WHO IS ARRESTED
WILL BE IMMEDIATELY SUSPENDED.
850
00:48:20,596 --> 00:48:22,931
WHEN THEY TOOK OVER THE CAMPUS
851
00:48:23,032 --> 00:48:25,934
AND THEY PUT FECES
IN SOMEBODY'S OFFICE
852
00:48:26,035 --> 00:48:27,635
AND THEY WERE THROWING
PEOPLE'S PAPERS OUT
853
00:48:27,736 --> 00:48:29,771
AND GETTING PROFESSORS --
TAKING THEIR LIFE WORK
854
00:48:29,872 --> 00:48:31,739
AND THROWING IT OUT
ON THE FLOOR,
855
00:48:31,841 --> 00:48:33,408
I WROTE A STATEMENT FOR NIXON,
856
00:48:33,509 --> 00:48:35,877
AND SOME OF THE NIXON PEOPLE
WERE REALLY OPPOSED,
857
00:48:35,978 --> 00:48:39,547
AND I JUST DENOUNCED
THE DEMONSTRATORS 100% AT FAULT,
858
00:48:39,649 --> 00:48:41,984
OVERPRIVILEGED KIDS.
859
00:48:42,085 --> 00:48:45,721
THE FIRST THING WHEN WE GOT INTO
KIRK'S OFFICE WAS HIT HIS FILES.
860
00:48:45,822 --> 00:48:49,758
BESIDES A BUNCH OF CRAP
AND HIS GIRLIE MAGAZINES,
861
00:48:49,859 --> 00:48:52,861
WE FOUND A BUNCH OF PAPERS
LINKING COLUMBIA TO THE I.D.A.,
862
00:48:52,962 --> 00:48:55,564
A WHOLE BUNCH OF SH---
ABOUT PUTTING DOWN S.D.S.
863
00:48:55,665 --> 00:48:57,632
AND A LOT OF LETTERS ABOUT
CLEANING UP THE AREA
864
00:48:57,733 --> 00:48:59,768
BY MOVING OUT THE BLACKS
AND THE PUERTO RICANS.
865
00:48:59,869 --> 00:49:01,669
[ siren wailing ]
866
00:49:01,771 --> 00:49:04,440
AFTER A WEEK, THE
ADMINISTRATION HAD HAD ENOUGH.
867
00:49:04,541 --> 00:49:05,707
THEY CALLED IN THE POLICE
868
00:49:05,808 --> 00:49:08,910
TO CLEAR OUT
ALL FIVE OCCUPIED BUILDINGS.
869
00:49:09,011 --> 00:49:11,380
WE HAVE BEEN INFORMED
THAT THE POLICE DEPARTMENT
870
00:49:11,481 --> 00:49:14,416
WILL TAKE ALL THE NECESSARY
ACTION IN CONNECTION
871
00:49:14,517 --> 00:49:17,686
WITH OUR COMPLAINT
AGAINST YOU.
872
00:49:17,787 --> 00:49:19,454
IT WAS CLASS WARFARE:
873
00:49:19,556 --> 00:49:21,823
A THOUSAND BLUE-COLLAR
NEW YORK COPS
874
00:49:21,924 --> 00:49:24,860
AGAINST SOME RADICAL
IVY LEAGUE KIDS.
875
00:49:24,961 --> 00:49:26,662
WATCH IT, WATCH IT,
OKAY, GET BACK!
876
00:49:26,763 --> 00:49:28,997
[ yelling ]
877
00:49:29,099 --> 00:49:31,867
BRING 'EM IN TO THE DOOR.
878
00:49:31,968 --> 00:49:33,869
WELL, I DROPPED MY GLASSES
AND I WAS RUNNING.
879
00:49:33,970 --> 00:49:36,704
I ASKED A COP, OFFICER,
COULD I PLEASE GO BACK,
880
00:49:36,805 --> 00:49:39,074
AND HE WHACKED ME
IN THE F--- FACE.
881
00:49:39,175 --> 00:49:42,044
I WAS COMPLETELY SHOCKED
882
00:49:42,145 --> 00:49:45,813
WHEN THE POLICE WENT IN AND
BEAT UP PEOPLE SO -- SO BADLY.
883
00:49:45,914 --> 00:49:48,884
NOTHING PREPARED ME FOR THAT.
884
00:49:48,985 --> 00:49:53,355
NEARLY 150 PEOPLE WERE INJURED
AND MANY WERE ARRESTED.
885
00:49:53,456 --> 00:49:55,924
BUT PRESIDENT KIRK
WAS FORCED TO RESIGN,
886
00:49:56,025 --> 00:50:00,295
AND EVENTUALLY, THE STUDENTS
WON MOST OF THEIR DEMANDS.
887
00:50:00,397 --> 00:50:03,532
STUDENTS WERE AT LIKE
A REVOLUTIONARY BREAKING POINT.
888
00:50:03,633 --> 00:50:07,369
I REMEMBER SOME POLL THAT SAID
ONE MILLION COLLEGE STUDENTS
889
00:50:07,470 --> 00:50:10,906
SELF-DESCRIBED THEMSELVES
AS REVOLUTIONARIES.
890
00:50:11,007 --> 00:50:13,975
IT WASN'T JUST THE UNITED
STATES; IT WAS INTERNATIONAL.
891
00:50:14,076 --> 00:50:18,580
STUDENTS IN GERMANY, FRANCE,
JAPAN, IRELAND, CHINA, MEXICO
892
00:50:18,681 --> 00:50:21,783
HAD ALL TAKEN TO THE STREETS,
DEMANDING EVERYTHING:
893
00:50:21,884 --> 00:50:25,153
STUDENT POWER, AN END
TO THE WAR IN VIETNAM,
894
00:50:25,254 --> 00:50:27,889
OR SIMPLY, MORE FREEDOM.
895
00:50:27,990 --> 00:50:30,992
WE WERE HEARING BY 1968
IN THIS COUNTRY,
896
00:50:31,093 --> 00:50:32,394
OVER AND OVER WE WERE
HEARING THE ANALYSIS
897
00:50:32,495 --> 00:50:34,863
THAT WE WERE A GENERATION
OF SPOILED KIDS,
898
00:50:34,964 --> 00:50:38,266
THAT WE WERE DR. SPOCK'S KIDS,
THAT PERMISSIVE CHILD-RAISING --
899
00:50:38,367 --> 00:50:40,869
WHICH ACTUALLY I NEVER
EXPERIENCED IN MY OWN LIFE,
900
00:50:40,970 --> 00:50:44,840
BUT -- WAS THE -- WAS
THE SOURCE OF THE MOVEMENT.
901
00:50:44,941 --> 00:50:46,975
WELL, THAT COULDN'T HAVE BEEN
TRUE IN GERMANY.
902
00:50:47,076 --> 00:50:48,443
IT WAS NOT TRUE IN ITALY.
903
00:50:48,545 --> 00:50:50,445
I MEAN, IT WAS NOT TRUE
IN JAPAN.
904
00:50:50,546 --> 00:50:52,947
AND THE FACT IT WAS
INTERNATIONAL, I THINK,
905
00:50:53,048 --> 00:50:56,318
COMPLETELY REFUTES
THAT VERY SIMPLISTIC
906
00:50:56,418 --> 00:51:00,655
PSYCHOLOGICAL ARGUMENT,
WHICH WE HEARD ALL THE TIME.
907
00:51:00,756 --> 00:51:04,225
EVERYTHING THAT HAPPENED
OVERSEAS FUELED THE SENSE
908
00:51:04,326 --> 00:51:07,529
THAT WE WERE ON THE CUSP
OF SOME MOMENTOUS CHANGE
909
00:51:07,630 --> 00:51:10,064
IN THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD.
910
00:51:10,166 --> 00:51:12,534
THE COLUMBIA STRIKE
MAY HAVE REMINDED PEOPLE
911
00:51:12,635 --> 00:51:14,069
OF THE PARIS COMMUNE,
912
00:51:14,170 --> 00:51:17,606
BUT MAY '68 IN FRANCE
WAS THE REAL THING.
913
00:51:17,707 --> 00:51:21,042
WHAT BEGAN AS A STUDENT PROTEST
FOR REFORM OF THE ARCHAIC
914
00:51:21,143 --> 00:51:23,745
AUTHORITARIAN FRENCH
UNIVERSITY SYSTEM
915
00:51:23,846 --> 00:51:27,516
SPARKED A GENERAL STRIKE
THAT ELECTRIFIED THE COUNTRY.
916
00:51:27,617 --> 00:51:28,984
THEY WERE ANARCHISTS,
MOST OF THEM.
917
00:51:29,085 --> 00:51:30,218
THAT WAS THE SPIRIT.
918
00:51:30,319 --> 00:51:33,721
THE SLOGAN WAS, "ALL POWER
TO THE IMAGINATION,"
919
00:51:33,822 --> 00:51:35,990
THAT YOU CAN DO ANYTHING,
YOU KNOW,
920
00:51:36,091 --> 00:51:37,759
THAT WE DON'T HAVE TO LIVE
WITH ALL THE VARIOUS FORMS
921
00:51:37,860 --> 00:51:40,162
OF REPRESSION
WHICH WE'RE USED TO.
922
00:51:40,263 --> 00:51:42,731
SO IT WAS ANTI-CAPITALIST,
BUT THAT WAS JUST PART
923
00:51:42,831 --> 00:51:46,301
OF THIS GENERAL COMPLETE
SORT OF CULTURAL REVOLUTION
924
00:51:46,402 --> 00:51:49,771
THAT THE -- THE FRENCH STUDENTS
WERE ANTICIPATING.
925
00:51:49,872 --> 00:51:51,540
AND SO IT'S INTERESTING
THAT ALTHOUGH THEY WERE
926
00:51:51,641 --> 00:51:54,476
THE FURTHEST OUT
IN ANY WAY POLITICALLY,
927
00:51:54,577 --> 00:51:56,144
THAT WAS ALSO THE ONE PLACE
928
00:51:56,245 --> 00:52:00,215
WHERE WORKERS JOINED
WITH STUDENTS
929
00:52:00,316 --> 00:52:04,052
AND ALMOST TOPPLED
THE GOVERNMENT.
930
00:52:04,153 --> 00:52:06,955
MAY 10th, THE NIGHT
OF THE BARRICADES,
931
00:52:07,056 --> 00:52:10,092
20,000 STUDENTS MARCHED
IN THE LATIN QUARTER.
932
00:52:10,193 --> 00:52:12,160
POLICE AND STUDENTS CLASHED.
933
00:52:12,262 --> 00:52:14,629
STREET FIGHTING WENT ON
FOR WEEKS.
934
00:52:14,730 --> 00:52:18,000
THE RIOTING AND MARCHES
OF UP TO HALF A MILLION PEOPLE
935
00:52:18,101 --> 00:52:20,301
FRIGHTENED NOT ONLY
PRESIDENT de GAULLE,
936
00:52:20,402 --> 00:52:23,105
BUT THE FRENCH COMMUNIST PARTY
AS WELL.
937
00:52:23,206 --> 00:52:26,241
THE OLD LEFT THOUGHT THIS NEW
LEFT WAS OUT OF CONTROL,
938
00:52:26,342 --> 00:52:28,510
THAT THEY HAD
IMPOSSIBLE DREAMS.
939
00:52:28,611 --> 00:52:30,745
THE TWO PRINCIPAL SLOGANS,
I THINK,
940
00:52:30,847 --> 00:52:36,084
WERE QUOTATIONS
FROM MARX AND RIMBAUD:
941
00:52:36,185 --> 00:52:39,320
FROM MARX,
LET US CHANGE THE WORLD;
942
00:52:39,421 --> 00:52:42,090
FROM RIMBAUD,
LET US CHANGE LIFE.
943
00:52:42,192 --> 00:52:44,692
CARLOS FUENTES,
THE MEXICAN NOVELIST,
944
00:52:44,794 --> 00:52:47,396
WAS AN ACTIVE PARTICIPANT
IN MAY '68,
945
00:52:47,497 --> 00:52:49,197
ALONG WITH MANY
INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS
946
00:52:49,298 --> 00:52:50,999
CAUGHT UP IN THE EXCITEMENT.
947
00:52:51,100 --> 00:52:52,267
WELL, THERE WAS THIS SENSE
948
00:52:52,368 --> 00:52:56,872
OF EXTRAORDINARY BROTHERHOOD
AND SISTERHOOD.
949
00:52:56,973 --> 00:53:01,209
THERE WAS THIS CAPACITY TO
EMBRACE PEOPLE IN THE STREETS.
950
00:53:01,310 --> 00:53:03,411
THERE WERE COUPLES KISSING.
951
00:53:03,512 --> 00:53:04,946
THERE WERE COUPLES
THAT FELL APART
952
00:53:05,047 --> 00:53:07,081
BECAUSE THEY DID NOT SHARE
POLITICAL VIEWS.
953
00:53:07,182 --> 00:53:10,418
PARIS WAS DIVIDED BY THE RIVER
SEINE AS NEVER BEFORE.
954
00:53:10,519 --> 00:53:13,188
ON THE LEFT BANK
YOU HAD THE LEFT,
955
00:53:13,289 --> 00:53:15,090
THE REVOLUTIONARIES,
THE DREAMERS.
956
00:53:15,191 --> 00:53:17,792
ON THE RIGHT SIDE
YOU HAD THE CONSERVATIVES,
957
00:53:17,893 --> 00:53:21,163
YOU HAD THE GAULLISTS,
YOU HAD THE FINANCIERS,
958
00:53:21,264 --> 00:53:22,898
THE MONEY PEOPLE,
THE BOURGEOISIE.
959
00:53:22,999 --> 00:53:28,002
SO THE CITY WAS DIVIDED AS MUCH
AS IN LES MISERABLES,
960
00:53:28,104 --> 00:53:31,239
IN VICTOR HUGO, OR IN ANY OF THE
GREAT OCCASIONS OF THIS CITY
961
00:53:31,340 --> 00:53:35,210
THAT SEEMS TO NEED A GREAT
REVOLUTIONARY EXPLOSION
962
00:53:35,311 --> 00:53:36,878
FROM TIME TO TIME.
963
00:53:36,979 --> 00:53:39,614
EVENTUALLY,
THE MAY UPRISING SUBSIDED.
964
00:53:39,715 --> 00:53:42,584
THE POWERFUL TRADE UNIONS
CONTROLLED BY THE COMMUNISTS
965
00:53:42,685 --> 00:53:44,285
REFUSED TO TAKE PART,
966
00:53:44,386 --> 00:53:46,922
AND POLICE KEPT UP
RELENTLESS PRESSURE.
967
00:53:47,023 --> 00:53:49,291
BUT OVER TIME,
THE STUDENTS DID SUCCEED
968
00:53:49,392 --> 00:53:52,661
IN REFORMING AND MODERNIZING
THE FRENCH EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM,
969
00:53:52,762 --> 00:53:55,163
AND THEY REJUVENATED
THE SOCIALIST PARTY,
970
00:53:55,264 --> 00:53:56,431
WHICH A DECADE LATER
971
00:53:56,532 --> 00:53:58,933
BECAME THE ELECTED GOVERNMENT
OF FRANCE.
972
00:53:59,034 --> 00:54:01,336
IT BECAME A GREAT, GIGANTIC,
FRATERNAL FEAST
973
00:54:01,437 --> 00:54:03,305
IN WHICH EVERYBODY
WAS KISSING EVERYBODY,
974
00:54:03,406 --> 00:54:06,040
EMBRACING EVERYBODY, PATTING
EVERYBODY ON THE BACK,
975
00:54:06,141 --> 00:54:09,244
AND SAYING HOW HAPPY THEY WERE,
AND HOW FREE THEY FELT,
976
00:54:09,345 --> 00:54:10,879
AND THIS WAS CONTAGIOUS.
977
00:54:10,980 --> 00:54:14,115
IT WAS MARVELOUS, AND I DON'T
THINK WE'LL EVER SEE IT AGAIN.
978
00:54:31,366 --> 00:54:32,634
BY LATE SPRING,
979
00:54:32,735 --> 00:54:35,269
THE PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARIES
WERE IN FULL SWING.
980
00:54:35,370 --> 00:54:37,806
EUGENE McCARTHY WAS
MORE POPULAR THAN EVER
981
00:54:37,907 --> 00:54:39,340
WITH COLLEGE STUDENTS,
982
00:54:39,442 --> 00:54:43,611
LIKE THE THOUSANDS
WHO CHEERED HIM AT BERKELEY.
983
00:54:43,713 --> 00:54:47,883
I THINK THERE ARE REALLY THREE
AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT
984
00:54:47,984 --> 00:54:51,253
THAT NEED TO BE
SOMEWHAT ALTERED:
985
00:54:51,354 --> 00:54:53,689
ONE IS THE CENTRAL
INTELLIGENCE AGENCY,
986
00:54:53,789 --> 00:54:56,090
THE SECOND IS THE FBI...
987
00:54:56,191 --> 00:54:58,660
[ cheering and applauding ]
988
00:55:03,098 --> 00:55:07,034
...AND THE THIRD ARE THE DRAFT
BOARDS UNDER GENERAL HERSHEY.
989
00:55:07,136 --> 00:55:09,938
McCARTHY SUPPORTERS WERE
SUSPICIOUS OF ROBERT KENNEDY,
990
00:55:10,039 --> 00:55:11,940
WHO THEY REGARDED
AS AN OPPORTUNIST.
991
00:55:12,040 --> 00:55:13,241
BUT IT WAS ALSO CLEAR
992
00:55:13,342 --> 00:55:15,744
THAT KENNEDY WAS A MORE
CHARISMATIC CAMPAIGNER
993
00:55:15,845 --> 00:55:18,179
AND WAS APPEALING
TO A BROADER COALITION,
994
00:55:18,280 --> 00:55:21,849
NOT JUST STUDENTS,
BUT BLUE-COLLAR WORKERS, WOMEN,
995
00:55:21,951 --> 00:55:25,319
A WIDE RANGE OF MINORITY
GROUPS, AND THE POOR.
996
00:55:25,421 --> 00:55:26,722
KENNEDY HIMSELF WAS UNDERGOING
997
00:55:26,823 --> 00:55:29,023
A DRAMATIC POLITICAL
TRANSFORMATION.
998
00:55:29,124 --> 00:55:30,825
THE MAN WHO WAS KNOWN
AS RUTHLESS,
999
00:55:30,926 --> 00:55:32,728
WHO HAD BEEN A HAWK
ON VIETNAM,
1000
00:55:32,828 --> 00:55:34,529
WAS NOW CALLING FOR PEACE
1001
00:55:34,630 --> 00:55:37,065
AND BECOMING AN ADVOCATE
FOR THE DISPOSSESSED.
1002
00:55:37,166 --> 00:55:38,566
I THINK ONE THING
THAT HAPPENED TO HIM
1003
00:55:38,667 --> 00:55:42,337
WAS THAT HIS BROTHER
WAS MURDERED,
1004
00:55:42,438 --> 00:55:45,707
AND I THINK THAT HAD
A PROFOUND IMPACT ON HIM.
1005
00:55:45,808 --> 00:55:49,110
ON AN AIRPLANE DURING THE
CAMPAIGN, SOMEONE ASKED HIM --
1006
00:55:49,212 --> 00:55:51,278
MAY HAVE BEEN JACK NEWFIELD --
1007
00:55:51,380 --> 00:55:53,481
WHAT'S YOUR POSITION
ON CAPITAL PUNISHMENT?
1008
00:55:53,582 --> 00:55:55,149
SOME ISSUE HAD COME UP.
1009
00:55:55,250 --> 00:55:58,253
AND HE SAID, I'M AGAINST IT.
1010
00:55:58,354 --> 00:56:00,188
AND WHOEVER IT WAS SAID TO HIM,
1011
00:56:00,289 --> 00:56:03,625
WELL, WHEN YOU WERE
AT THE JUSTICE DEPARTMENT,
1012
00:56:03,726 --> 00:56:06,861
THAT WASN'T YOUR POSITION,
WHEN YOU WERE ATTORNEY GENERAL.
1013
00:56:06,962 --> 00:56:10,565
AND HE SAID, WELL, THEN
I HADN'T READ CAMUS.
1014
00:56:10,666 --> 00:56:13,901
WELL, WHAT POLITICIAN,
FIRST OF ALL, READS CAMUS,
1015
00:56:14,003 --> 00:56:18,273
AND SECOND, USES IT AS A REASON
FOR HAVING CHANGED A POSITION?
1016
00:56:18,374 --> 00:56:21,175
ALBERT CAMUS,
THE FRENCH EXISTENTIALIST,
1017
00:56:21,276 --> 00:56:23,377
HAD WRITTEN
ABOUT THE REBEL SPIRIT.
1018
00:56:23,479 --> 00:56:26,181
AND THE KENNEDY CAMPAIGN,
THOUGH RUN BY PROFESSIONALS,
1019
00:56:26,282 --> 00:56:29,651
BEGAN TO TAKE ON AN
ANTI-ESTABLISHMENT CHARACTER.
1020
00:56:29,752 --> 00:56:31,953
IN CALIFORNIA,
KENNEDY MADE COMMON CAUSE
1021
00:56:32,054 --> 00:56:35,223
WITH CESAR CHAVEZ
AND HIS FARMWORKERS UNION.
1022
00:56:35,324 --> 00:56:40,094
I SHARE THAT MORE ROMANTIC
VERSION OF THE KENNEDY STORY.
1023
00:56:40,195 --> 00:56:42,029
BUT AGAIN,
IT'S ONE OF THOSE STORIES
1024
00:56:42,131 --> 00:56:46,234
IN WHICH WE PROJECT OUR OWN
FANTASIES AND OUR OWN HOPES.
1025
00:56:46,335 --> 00:56:48,637
THE CALIFORNIA PRIMARY
WAS THE SHOWDOWN
1026
00:56:48,737 --> 00:56:50,739
BETWEEN KENNEDY AND McCARTHY,
1027
00:56:50,840 --> 00:56:54,209
THE TWO CANDIDATES CALLING
FOR CHANGE WITHIN THE SYSTEM,
1028
00:56:54,310 --> 00:56:56,143
THE TWO REBEL SPIRITS.
1029
00:56:56,244 --> 00:57:00,515
ON JUNE 4th, IT WAS KENNEDY
WHO EMERGED VICTORIOUS.
1030
00:57:00,616 --> 00:57:02,183
IT WAS AFTER MIDNIGHT.
1031
00:57:02,284 --> 00:57:04,619
THE BALLROOM AT THE AMBASSADOR
HOTEL IN LOS ANGELES
1032
00:57:04,720 --> 00:57:07,655
WAS JAMMED, THE HEAT STIFLING.
1033
00:57:07,756 --> 00:57:09,390
BUT KENNEDY WAS AT HIS BEST.
1034
00:57:09,491 --> 00:57:11,959
WHAT I THINK
IS QUITE CLEAR IS --
1035
00:57:12,061 --> 00:57:14,962
IS THAT WE CAN WORK TOGETHER
IN THE LAST ANALYSIS,
1036
00:57:15,063 --> 00:57:17,231
AND THAT WHAT HAS BEEN GOING ON
WITHIN THE UNITED STATES
1037
00:57:17,333 --> 00:57:19,567
OVER THE PERIOD
OF THE LAST THREE YEARS --
1038
00:57:19,668 --> 00:57:21,903
THE DIVISIONS, THE VIOLENCE,
1039
00:57:22,004 --> 00:57:24,472
THE DISENCHANTMENT
WITH OUR SOCIETY,
1040
00:57:24,573 --> 00:57:26,507
THE DIVISIONS, WHETHER IT'S
BETWEEN BLACKS AND WHITES,
1041
00:57:26,608 --> 00:57:28,610
BETWEEN THE POOR
AND THE MORE AFFLUENT,
1042
00:57:28,711 --> 00:57:31,146
OR BETWEEN AGE GROUPS,
OR ON THE WAR IN VIETNAM --
1043
00:57:31,247 --> 00:57:32,680
THAT WE CAN START
TO WORK TOGETHER.
1044
00:57:32,781 --> 00:57:35,116
WE ARE A GREAT COUNTRY,
AND A SELFISH COUNTRY,
1045
00:57:35,217 --> 00:57:36,684
AND A COMPASSIONATE COUNTRY,
1046
00:57:36,786 --> 00:57:39,220
AND I INTEND TO MAKE THAT
MY BASIS FOR RUNNING
1047
00:57:39,321 --> 00:57:41,889
OVER THE PERIOD
OF THE NEXT FEW MONTHS.
1048
00:57:41,991 --> 00:57:44,459
THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT,
THE REFORMERS,
1049
00:57:44,560 --> 00:57:46,127
NOW HAD A PRESIDENTIAL
CANDIDATE
1050
00:57:46,228 --> 00:57:48,195
WHO MIGHT ACTUALLY WIN.
1051
00:57:48,296 --> 00:57:50,631
THE COUNTRY WANTS TO MOVE
IN A DIFFERENT DIRECTION.
1052
00:57:50,733 --> 00:57:53,067
WE WANT TO DEAL WITH OUR OWN
PROBLEMS WITHIN OUR OWN COUNTRY
1053
00:57:53,168 --> 00:57:55,003
AND WE WANT PEACE IN VIETNAM.
1054
00:57:55,104 --> 00:57:58,640
[ cheering and applauding ]
1055
00:57:58,741 --> 00:57:59,907
THE MINUTE HE FINISHED,
1056
00:58:00,008 --> 00:58:02,644
I TURNED AND WALKED
THROUGH THIS PANTRY AREA
1057
00:58:02,745 --> 00:58:05,780
ON MY WAY TO THE -- TO WHERE THE
PRESS CONFERENCE WOULD BE HELD,
1058
00:58:05,881 --> 00:58:08,450
AND KENNEDY WAS RIGHT BEHIND ME.
1059
00:58:08,551 --> 00:58:12,354
AND I HEARD THE SHOTS RING OUT,
AND I TURNED,
1060
00:58:12,454 --> 00:58:16,924
AND HE WAS ALREADY DOWN
AND BLEEDING BADLY.
1061
00:58:17,025 --> 00:58:19,694
AND THE PLACE WENT CRAZY.
1062
00:58:19,795 --> 00:58:22,764
IT WAS -- IT WAS AN ABSOLUTE
SCENE OF BEDLAM.
1063
00:58:22,865 --> 00:58:25,200
[ shouting ]
1064
00:58:30,372 --> 00:58:34,843
AND AFTER THE WHOLE SCENE WAS
OVER AND KENNEDY WAS REMOVED,
1065
00:58:34,944 --> 00:58:36,478
A NUMBER OF MY COLLEAGUES,
1066
00:58:36,579 --> 00:58:39,914
INCLUDING A COUPLE
OF BURLY PHOTOGRAPHERS,
1067
00:58:40,015 --> 00:58:43,251
BROKE DOWN,
PUT THEIR HEADS DOWN ON THE --
1068
00:58:43,352 --> 00:58:46,788
ON -- ON THIS SERVING TABLE
AND WEPT OPENLY.
1069
00:59:03,004 --> 00:59:05,340
AN EXTRAORDINARY THING HAPPENED
WHEN KENNEDY'S BODY
1070
00:59:05,441 --> 00:59:08,476
WAS TRANSPORTED BY TRAIN
TO WASHINGTON
1071
00:59:08,577 --> 00:59:11,245
FOR BURIAL
AT ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY.
1072
00:59:11,347 --> 00:59:13,648
THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE
SPONTANEOUSLY APPEARED
1073
00:59:13,749 --> 00:59:16,584
ALONG THE TRACKS
IN SILENT TRIBUTE.
1074
00:59:37,540 --> 00:59:38,940
I THINK AN ERA ENDED
1075
00:59:39,041 --> 00:59:42,510
WITH ROBERT KENNEDY'S DEATH
AND MARTIN LUTHER KING'S,
1076
00:59:42,611 --> 00:59:46,047
AN ERA IN WHICH WE COULD HAVE
ACCOMPLISHED GREAT THINGS
1077
00:59:46,148 --> 00:59:48,817
WORKING TOGETHER,
AND DOOMED US FOR SOME TIME,
1078
00:59:48,918 --> 00:59:51,118
AND WE MAY STILL BE
IN THAT TIME,
1079
00:59:51,219 --> 00:59:54,622
TO BE SHATTERED AND FRAGMENTED
AND SOMETHING LESS
1080
00:59:54,724 --> 00:59:56,924
THAN THE PEOPLE WE COULD BE.
1081
00:59:57,025 --> 01:00:00,028
AND I THINK JACK NEWFIELD SAID
IT BEST WHEN HE SAID,
1082
01:00:00,129 --> 01:00:02,730
AFTER THAT, WE BECAME
MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS,
1083
01:00:02,831 --> 01:00:04,465
A GENERATION
OF MIGHT-HAVE-BEENS.
1084
01:00:12,307 --> 01:00:15,143
[ Band playing
"California Here I Come" ]
1085
01:00:18,247 --> 01:00:21,215
THE REPUBLICAN CONVENTION
IN MIAMI WAS A WORLD APART,
1086
01:00:21,316 --> 01:00:23,484
SAFE FROM TURMOIL.
1087
01:00:23,585 --> 01:00:26,354
NIXON AND HIS RUNNING MATE,
SPIRO AGNEW,
1088
01:00:26,455 --> 01:00:29,791
APPEALED TO THOSE THEY CALLED,
"THE FORGOTTEN AMERICANS,"
1089
01:00:29,892 --> 01:00:32,994
YEARNING FOR STABILITY,
LAW AND ORDER.
1090
01:00:39,235 --> 01:00:43,137
ALL OF THE CRISES OF THE '60s
WERE COMING TOGETHER AT ONCE:
1091
01:00:43,238 --> 01:00:46,574
THE STUDENT,
THE ANTI-WAR DEMONSTRATIONS,
1092
01:00:46,675 --> 01:00:50,144
THE -- THE TURNING OF THE CIVIL
RIGHTS MOVEMENT AWAY
1093
01:00:50,246 --> 01:00:51,980
FROM SORT OF NONVIOLENT
DEMONSTRATIONS
1094
01:00:52,081 --> 01:00:58,419
TO GET LAWS CHANGED, TO --
TO RIOTS AND QUASI-REVOLUTION.
1095
01:00:58,520 --> 01:01:00,655
AND I THINK -- I THINK
THERE WAS A SENSE
1096
01:01:00,756 --> 01:01:02,023
THAT THE COUNTRY
WAS COMING APART,
1097
01:01:02,124 --> 01:01:03,524
AND HERE WE WERE,
SUDDENLY WE WEREN'T --
1098
01:01:03,625 --> 01:01:04,959
WE WERE LOSING THE WAR.
1099
01:01:05,061 --> 01:01:07,628
MY FELLOW AMERICANS,
1100
01:01:07,729 --> 01:01:12,900
THE LONG, DARK NIGHT FOR AMERICA
IS ABOUT TO END.
1101
01:01:13,001 --> 01:01:16,004
[ cheering and applauding ]
1102
01:01:24,379 --> 01:01:26,814
THE TIME HAS COME.
1103
01:01:26,915 --> 01:01:31,319
THE TIME HAS COME FOR US
TO LEAVE THE VALLEY OF DESPAIR
1104
01:01:31,420 --> 01:01:34,322
AND CLIMB THE MOUNTAIN
SO THAT WE MAY SEE
1105
01:01:34,423 --> 01:01:37,224
THE GLORY OF THE DAWN,
A NEW DAY FOR AMERICA
1106
01:01:37,325 --> 01:01:40,228
AND A NEW DAWN FOR PEACE
AND FREEDOM IN THE WORLD.
1107
01:01:40,329 --> 01:01:42,463
[ shouting ]
1108
01:01:42,564 --> 01:01:44,832
BUT AT THE DEMOCRATIC
CONVENTION IN CHICAGO,
1109
01:01:44,933 --> 01:01:49,437
THE SYSTEM WAS FALLING APART
ON NATIONAL TELEVISION.
1110
01:01:49,538 --> 01:01:54,308
IT WAS ONE OF THESE DREADFUL
AND AMAZING CONFRONTATIONS
1111
01:01:54,409 --> 01:01:57,711
WHERE -- WHERE --
1112
01:01:57,812 --> 01:01:59,914
FORCES THAT HAD BEEN BUILDING
FOR A LONG TIME
1113
01:02:00,015 --> 01:02:01,482
COME INTO COLLISION.
1114
01:02:01,583 --> 01:02:03,184
LEADERS OF THE ANTI-WAR
MOVEMENT --
1115
01:02:03,285 --> 01:02:05,953
DAVE DILLINGER, ABBY HOFFMAN,
AND TOM HAYDEN --
1116
01:02:06,054 --> 01:02:08,956
WERE DETERMINED TO PROTEST
AT THE DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION.
1117
01:02:09,057 --> 01:02:11,225
Speaker:
RICHARD J. DALEY.
1118
01:02:11,326 --> 01:02:14,094
MAYOR RICHARD DALEY, THE LAST
OF THE BIG CITY BOSSES,
1119
01:02:14,195 --> 01:02:16,297
WAS NOT ABOUT TO
LET THAT HAPPEN.
1120
01:02:16,398 --> 01:02:17,998
DALEY WOULD NOT GRANT PERMITS
1121
01:02:18,099 --> 01:02:21,069
ALLOWING PROTESTERS TO MARCH
OR HOLD RALLIES.
1122
01:02:21,170 --> 01:02:23,071
AND AS LONG AS I'M MAYOR
OF THIS TOWN,
1123
01:02:23,172 --> 01:02:25,740
THERE WILL BE LAW AND ORDER
IN CHICAGO.
1124
01:02:25,841 --> 01:02:28,543
[ cheering and applauding ]
1125
01:02:28,644 --> 01:02:29,910
GET OUT OF THIS AREA!
1126
01:02:30,012 --> 01:02:31,779
THE CITY WAS AN ARMED CAMP.
1127
01:02:31,880 --> 01:02:33,714
THERE WERE 12,000 POLICE,
1128
01:02:33,815 --> 01:02:36,317
6,000 ILLINOIS NATIONAL
GUARDSMEN,
1129
01:02:36,418 --> 01:02:38,719
ANOTHER 6,000 ARMY TROOPS,
1130
01:02:38,820 --> 01:02:41,389
INCLUDING SOME JUST BACK
FROM VIETNAM.
1131
01:02:41,490 --> 01:02:44,492
THERE WERE NEVER MORE THAN
ABOUT 10,000 DEMONSTRATORS,
1132
01:02:44,593 --> 01:02:47,228
EASILY OUTNUMBERED
BY POLICE AND SOLDIERS.
1133
01:02:47,329 --> 01:02:50,097
SOME OF US FELT -- I WAS
CERTAINLY ONE OF THEM --
1134
01:02:50,198 --> 01:02:52,466
THAT IT WAS ALTOGETHER LIKELY
THAT WE WOULD --
1135
01:02:52,568 --> 01:02:54,803
WE WOULD NOT COME
OUT OF THE WEEK ALIVE.
1136
01:02:54,904 --> 01:02:58,473
SOMEBODY WAS NOT GONNA MAKE IT
THROUGH THE WEEK.
1137
01:02:58,574 --> 01:03:02,577
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 28th, WAS
THE DAY EVERYTHING EXPLODED.
1138
01:03:02,677 --> 01:03:05,246
IT BEGAN WITH A PEACEFUL RALLY
AT THE BAND SHELL
1139
01:03:05,347 --> 01:03:07,048
IN GRANT PARK.
1140
01:03:07,183 --> 01:03:08,716
ANTI-WAR ORGANIZERS
WERE STILL PLANNING
1141
01:03:08,817 --> 01:03:11,219
TO MARCH TO THE CONVENTION.
1142
01:03:11,320 --> 01:03:13,821
BUT WHEN A YOUNG PROTESTER
CLIMBED THE FLAGPOLE
1143
01:03:13,922 --> 01:03:17,825
AND LOWERED THE AMERICAN FLAG,
THE POLICE CHARGED.
1144
01:03:17,926 --> 01:03:21,562
[ yelling ]
1145
01:03:21,663 --> 01:03:24,565
[ booing ]
1146
01:03:24,667 --> 01:03:27,001
THAT AFTERNOON,
AT THE CONVENTION,
1147
01:03:27,102 --> 01:03:30,404
DEMOCRATS VOTED DOWN
THE PEACE PLATFORM.
1148
01:03:30,505 --> 01:03:32,272
FOR McCARTHY AND KENNEDY
DELEGATES,
1149
01:03:32,373 --> 01:03:34,308
IT WAS A BITTER DEFEAT.
1150
01:03:37,379 --> 01:03:40,381
BACK ON THE STREETS, ANGRY,
FRUSTRATED DEMONSTRATORS
1151
01:03:40,482 --> 01:03:43,751
MANAGED TO REASSEMBLE
IN FRONT OF THE HILTON HOTEL,
1152
01:03:43,852 --> 01:03:46,754
WHERE THE CANDIDATES
HAD THEIR HEADQUARTERS.
1153
01:03:46,856 --> 01:03:49,523
THEY WERE JUST AS NASTY
AND CRUDE AND AWFUL
1154
01:03:49,624 --> 01:03:51,425
AND UGLY AS THEY COULD BE.
1155
01:03:51,526 --> 01:03:53,227
AND YOU COULD SEE THOSE COPS
WERE JUST SITTING THERE
1156
01:03:53,328 --> 01:03:57,665
SEETHING WITH ANGER
AND RESENTMENT OVER IT.
1157
01:03:57,766 --> 01:04:00,634
UNDER THE FULL GLARE
OF TV LIGHTS AND CAMERAS,
1158
01:04:00,736 --> 01:04:03,538
THE POLICE ATTACKED.
1159
01:04:03,639 --> 01:04:05,706
THEY CLUBBED
INDISCRIMINATELY --
1160
01:04:05,807 --> 01:04:09,077
PROTESTERS, REPORTERS,
BYSTANDERS.
1161
01:04:09,178 --> 01:04:10,411
THE OFFICIAL GOVERNMENT
INVESTIGATION
1162
01:04:10,512 --> 01:04:14,515
WOULD CALL THIS...
A POLICE RIOT.
1163
01:04:14,617 --> 01:04:17,618
[ yelling and screaming ]
1164
01:04:20,422 --> 01:04:24,092
IN A CONFRONTATION THAT WOULD
BE REPLAYED COUNTLESS TIMES,
1165
01:04:24,192 --> 01:04:26,627
CONNECTICUT'S SENATOR
ABRAHAM RIBICOFF
1166
01:04:26,728 --> 01:04:29,797
DENOUNCED MAYOR DALEY'S POLICE.
1167
01:04:29,898 --> 01:04:34,001
WITH GEORGE McGOVERN AS
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES,
1168
01:04:34,102 --> 01:04:37,138
WE WOULDN'T HAVE TO HAVE
GESTAPO STA -- TACTICS
1169
01:04:37,238 --> 01:04:39,040
IN THE STREETS OF CHICAGO.
1170
01:04:39,141 --> 01:04:41,475
[ cheering ]
1171
01:04:47,482 --> 01:04:50,818
Television reporter:
MR. DALEY IS NOT PLEASED
WITH SENATOR RIBICOFF.
1172
01:04:53,355 --> 01:04:56,691
HOW HARD IT IS
TO ACCEPT THE TRUTH.
1173
01:04:56,792 --> 01:05:00,962
[ audience cheering
and booing ]
1174
01:05:01,063 --> 01:05:05,366
AND HE LOOKED AT MAYOR DALEY.
1175
01:05:05,467 --> 01:05:09,303
THAT NIGHT, HUBERT HUMPHREY
WON THE DEMOCRATIC NOMINATION,
1176
01:05:09,404 --> 01:05:11,071
BUT IT WAS A HOLLOW VICTORY.
1177
01:05:11,172 --> 01:05:14,175
YOU HAD HUBERT HUMPHREY WEEPING
IN THE SHOWER
1178
01:05:14,276 --> 01:05:17,344
FROM THE EFFECTS OF TEAR GAS
THAT WAS BEING SPREAD
1179
01:05:17,446 --> 01:05:21,182
IN THE PARK BENEATH
THE CONRAD HILTON HOTEL.
1180
01:05:21,283 --> 01:05:24,752
THE WAY IT PLAYED OUT
WAS EXTREMELY DRAMATIC.
1181
01:05:24,853 --> 01:05:27,654
BUT WHAT PLAYED OUT THERE
WAS -- WAS A FACT,
1182
01:05:27,755 --> 01:05:29,957
THAT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY
WAS -- WAS FINISHED.
1183
01:05:30,058 --> 01:05:31,725
AND NIXON USED
AN EFFECTIVE LINE
1184
01:05:31,827 --> 01:05:34,261
AFTER THAT DEMOCRATIC
CONVENTION.
1185
01:05:34,363 --> 01:05:36,964
HE SAID, LOOK, IF THEY CAN'T
UNITE THEIR PARTY,
1186
01:05:37,065 --> 01:05:39,600
HOW CAN THEY UNITE THE COUNTRY?
1187
01:05:39,701 --> 01:05:41,635
AND HE WAS RIGHT.
1188
01:05:41,737 --> 01:05:43,437
BUT THE TRUTH WAS,
1189
01:05:43,539 --> 01:05:47,074
I DON'T THINK ANYBODY COULD
HAVE UNITED US IN 1968.
1190
01:05:49,178 --> 01:05:52,680
JUST A FEW DAYS BEFORE DALEY
CALLED THE ARMY INTO CHICAGO,
1191
01:05:52,781 --> 01:05:56,350
RUSSIAN TANKS INVADED PRAGUE.
1192
01:05:56,451 --> 01:05:59,787
THEY MADE MAYOR DALEY
LOOK LIKE A PACIFIST.
1193
01:05:59,888 --> 01:06:02,756
MANY ANTI-WAR AMERICANS
IDENTIFIED WITH THE YOUNG,
1194
01:06:02,857 --> 01:06:04,559
FREE-THINKING CZECH STUDENTS
1195
01:06:04,660 --> 01:06:07,795
WHO WANTED TO CHANGE
THE OLD COMMUNIST SYSTEM.
1196
01:06:07,896 --> 01:06:10,898
DUBCEK, WHO REPRESENTED
THE PRAGUE SPRING,
1197
01:06:10,999 --> 01:06:14,401
HE WAS LIKE A --
A MILD REFORMER.
1198
01:06:14,502 --> 01:06:18,639
AND THIS -- THIS TREMENDOUS
MOVEMENT GREW IN PRAGUE
1199
01:06:18,740 --> 01:06:21,742
WHICH THOUGHT THAT IT WAS
GONNA CHANGE THE WORLD,
1200
01:06:21,843 --> 01:06:23,144
JUST LIKE WE DID.
1201
01:06:23,245 --> 01:06:26,848
AND, YOU KNOW, IT DID FINALLY,
AND GOD BLESS 'EM,
1202
01:06:26,948 --> 01:06:29,416
BUT THEY PAID A BIG PRICE
OF ALMOST 30 YEARS
1203
01:06:29,518 --> 01:06:31,452
BEFORE IT FINALLY HAPPENED.
1204
01:06:34,555 --> 01:06:37,024
PREOCCUPIED WITH THE WAR
IN VIETNAM,
1205
01:06:37,125 --> 01:06:40,594
THE UNITED STATES TOOK NO
ACTION TO STOP THE RUSSIANS.
1206
01:06:40,695 --> 01:06:42,964
THE CZECHS HAD LITTLE
TO DEFEND THEMSELVES
1207
01:06:43,065 --> 01:06:45,599
BEYOND THEIR OWN POWERS
OF PERSUASION.
1208
01:06:45,700 --> 01:06:48,569
INVITED BY THE CZECH AUTHOR
MILAN KUNDERA
1209
01:06:48,670 --> 01:06:50,304
TO OBSERVE WHAT WAS HAPPENING,
1210
01:06:50,405 --> 01:06:54,741
CARLOS FUENTES AND OTHER
WRITERS CAME TO PRAGUE.
1211
01:06:54,842 --> 01:07:02,150
WE WERE WITNESSES TO THE FACT
THAT THIS WAS A REVOLUTION
1212
01:07:02,251 --> 01:07:05,352
TO GIVE SOCIALISM A HUMAN FACE,
AS DUBCEK HAD SAID,
1213
01:07:05,454 --> 01:07:08,122
AND THIS OTHER REVOLUTION
OF THE YEAR 1968
1214
01:07:08,223 --> 01:07:10,157
WAS TRAMPLED
BY THE SOVIET UNION,
1215
01:07:10,258 --> 01:07:13,660
WHICH DID NOT WANT SOCIALISM
WITH ANY FACE.
1216
01:07:13,762 --> 01:07:16,430
IT WANTED SOVIET IMPERIAL
DOMINATION
1217
01:07:16,531 --> 01:07:18,265
OF ITS PERIMETER OF DEFENSE.
1218
01:07:18,366 --> 01:07:21,401
TO HAVE A POLICY THAT CARES
FOR THE SOCIETY,
1219
01:07:21,503 --> 01:07:23,136
THAT TAKES CARE OF THE SOCIETY,
1220
01:07:23,238 --> 01:07:25,673
BUT IT ALSO RESPECTS
PERSONAL FREEDOM.
1221
01:07:25,774 --> 01:07:27,174
THIS IS WHAT THE CZECHS WANTED,
1222
01:07:27,275 --> 01:07:29,744
AND OF COURSE THE SOVIET UNION
WOULD NOT TOLERATE IT.
1223
01:07:29,845 --> 01:07:31,212
AND IT WAS THE BEGINNING
OF THE END, I THINK,
1224
01:07:31,313 --> 01:07:33,247
FOR THE SOVIET EMPIRE.
1225
01:07:33,348 --> 01:07:35,483
TWENTY YEARS LATER,
THE VELVET REVOLUTION
1226
01:07:35,584 --> 01:07:38,619
ENDED SOVIET DOMINATION
OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
1227
01:07:38,720 --> 01:07:42,456
AND PLAYWRIGHT VACLAV HOVEL,
A VETERAN OF THE PRAGUE SPRING,
1228
01:07:42,557 --> 01:07:45,559
BECAME PRESIDENT
OF A DEMOCRATIC COUNTRY.
1229
01:07:54,169 --> 01:07:58,873
IN 1968, HERE WAS PARIS,
CHICAGO, PRAGUE,
1230
01:07:58,974 --> 01:08:01,375
AND FINALLY MEXICO CITY.
1231
01:08:01,477 --> 01:08:04,578
THIS PLAZA, THE SCENE OF
ANOTHER BLOODY CONFRONTATION.
1232
01:08:04,679 --> 01:08:06,747
IT HAD BEEN BUILDING
ALL SUMMER.
1233
01:08:06,848 --> 01:08:08,616
MEXICAN STUDENTS
WERE ON THE MARCH,
1234
01:08:08,717 --> 01:08:11,351
CHALLENGING AN AUTHORITARIAN
GOVERNMENT
1235
01:08:11,453 --> 01:08:13,387
THAT CLAIMED TO BE DEMOCRATIC.
1236
01:08:13,488 --> 01:08:16,923
ON THE NIGHT OF OCTOBER 2nd,
STUDENTS FILLED THE PLAZA.
1237
01:08:17,025 --> 01:08:19,426
SOLDIERS WITH FIXED BAYONETS
SURROUNDED THEM.
1238
01:08:19,527 --> 01:08:20,861
SUDDENLY, WITHOUT WARNING,
1239
01:08:20,962 --> 01:08:24,565
A HELICOPTER HOVERING OVERHEAD
OPENED FIRE.
1240
01:08:24,666 --> 01:08:25,733
THEY WANTED SOMETHING
CALLED FREEDOM.
1241
01:08:25,833 --> 01:08:26,466
IMAGINE.
1242
01:08:26,568 --> 01:08:27,768
AS SIMPLE AS THAT.
1243
01:08:27,870 --> 01:08:30,270
THEY WANTED FREEDOM, AND THEY
WENT OUT IN THE STREETS
1244
01:08:30,371 --> 01:08:31,605
TO DEMAND THIS FREEDOM,
1245
01:08:31,706 --> 01:08:34,174
AND THE ANSWER OF THE GOVERNMENT
WAS TO MOW THEM DOWN
1246
01:08:34,275 --> 01:08:37,210
ON OCTOBER 2, 1968,
AT TLATELOLCO,
1247
01:08:37,311 --> 01:08:40,081
THE PLAZA OF THE FREE CULTURES,
TLATELOLCO, THE SAME PLACE
1248
01:08:40,182 --> 01:08:44,852
WHERE PEDRO de ALVARADO HAD
MASSACRED THE AZTECS IN 1521.
1249
01:08:44,953 --> 01:08:47,521
THE MASSACRE,
KNOWN AS THE NIGHT OF SORROW,
1250
01:08:47,622 --> 01:08:51,125
WAS THE WORST SINGLE DISASTER
OF 1968.
1251
01:08:51,226 --> 01:08:53,561
BUT THE WORLD BARELY NOTICED.
1252
01:08:53,662 --> 01:08:56,630
THE MEXICAN GOVERNMENT SHROUDED
THE MASSACRE IN SECRECY.
1253
01:08:58,934 --> 01:09:00,200
ONLY RECENTLY HAS IT BEEN
1254
01:09:00,301 --> 01:09:03,037
OFFICIALLY ACKNOWLEDGED
AND INVESTIGATED.
1255
01:09:03,137 --> 01:09:05,973
BUT IT WAS A TURNING POINT
IN MEXICAN HISTORY, THE NIGHT
1256
01:09:06,074 --> 01:09:10,244
WHEN ONE-PARTY RULE LOST
WHATEVER LEGITIMACY IT HAD.
1257
01:09:12,680 --> 01:09:14,348
FROM THIS TERRIFYING EVENT,
1258
01:09:14,449 --> 01:09:18,352
IN WHICH OVER 500 YOUNG
MEN AND WOMEN DIED,
1259
01:09:18,453 --> 01:09:22,389
A NEW MEXICO WAS BORN,
A NEW DEMOCRATIC MEXICO
1260
01:09:22,490 --> 01:09:25,792
THAT HAS FINALLY FLOWERED
IN THESE DAYS IN THE 1990s.
1261
01:09:25,893 --> 01:09:27,261
IT TOOK A LONG TIME,
1262
01:09:27,362 --> 01:09:31,531
BUT IT WOULD NOT HAVE HAPPENED
WITHOUT THE EVENTS OF 1968.
1263
01:09:31,633 --> 01:09:33,834
THE MASSACRE TOOK PLACE
JUST BEFORE THE OLYMPICS
1264
01:09:33,935 --> 01:09:36,803
IN MEXICO CITY AND HORRIFIED
HARRY EDWARDS,
1265
01:09:36,905 --> 01:09:40,407
WHO WAS ORGANIZING A BOYCOTT
OF THE GAMES BY BLACK ATHLETES.
1266
01:09:40,508 --> 01:09:42,509
THERE WERE SO MANY PEOPLE
BEING PICKED UP,
1267
01:09:42,610 --> 01:09:44,044
SO MANY PEOPLE BEING KILLED
1268
01:09:44,145 --> 01:09:47,581
THAT THEY WERE LITERALLY HAULING
OUT CORPSES IN FISH NETS
1269
01:09:47,683 --> 01:09:50,351
ON THE HELICOPTERS
LIKE THEY DID IN VIETNAM,
1270
01:09:50,452 --> 01:09:55,056
BECAUSE THEY DID NOT WANT
MASS FUNERALS AND SO FORTH,
1271
01:09:55,156 --> 01:09:56,657
EITHER JUST PRIOR TO
1272
01:09:56,758 --> 01:10:00,027
AND MOST CERTAINLY NOT
DURING THE OLYMPIC GAMES.
1273
01:10:00,128 --> 01:10:02,696
THE WORLD HEARD VERY LITTLE
ABOUT THE STUDENT MASSACRE,
1274
01:10:02,797 --> 01:10:06,233
BUT NO ONE MISSED THE BLACK
POWER PROTESTS AT THE OLYMPICS
1275
01:10:06,335 --> 01:10:10,036
BY AMERICAN SPRINTERS
TOMMY SMITH AND JOHN CARLOS.
1276
01:10:10,137 --> 01:10:15,276
SMITH AND CARLOS' DEMONSTRATION
WAS NOT ANTI-AMERICAN.
1277
01:10:15,377 --> 01:10:18,345
IT WAS PRO HUMAN RIGHTS
1278
01:10:18,446 --> 01:10:23,450
AND MOST SPECIFICALLY,
PRO BLACK RIGHTS.
1279
01:10:23,551 --> 01:10:28,688
PEOPLE EITHER WEPT AND CHEERED
1280
01:10:28,789 --> 01:10:33,694
OR THEY WERE OUTRAGED
TO THE RAFTERS.
1281
01:10:33,795 --> 01:10:36,596
SMITH AND CARLOS WERE EXPELLED
FROM THE OLYMPICS,
1282
01:10:36,698 --> 01:10:39,199
BUT THEIR BLACK POWER SALUTE
BECAME ONE OF THE MOST
1283
01:10:39,301 --> 01:10:42,669
PROVOCATIVE AND ENDURING IMAGES
OF 1968.
1284
01:10:49,778 --> 01:10:53,113
ANOTHER PROTEST MOVEMENT WOULD
EMERGE BY SUMMER'S END.
1285
01:10:53,214 --> 01:10:55,549
SPEARHEADED BY VETERANS
OF THE ANTI-WAR
1286
01:10:55,650 --> 01:10:57,284
AND CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTS,
1287
01:10:57,385 --> 01:10:59,854
IT TAPPED INTO A DEEP WELL
OF ANGER
1288
01:10:59,955 --> 01:11:03,424
AT THE INEQUALITIES
BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN.
1289
01:11:03,525 --> 01:11:06,293
ONE EARLY PARTICIPANT
WAS SUSAN BROWNMILLER,
1290
01:11:06,394 --> 01:11:10,931
A TV NEWS WRITER WHO THOUGHT
SHE WAS FINISHED WITH ACTIVISM.
1291
01:11:11,033 --> 01:11:13,634
A FRIEND OF MINE SAID TO ME
ONE DAY, YOU KNOW,
1292
01:11:13,735 --> 01:11:15,068
WOMEN ARE MEETING,
1293
01:11:15,169 --> 01:11:18,072
AND THEY'RE REALLY TALKING
ABOUT WOMEN'S ISSUES.
1294
01:11:18,173 --> 01:11:21,475
AND I SAID, I DON'T BELIEVE IT.
1295
01:11:21,576 --> 01:11:24,311
AND SHE SAID, WELL, THERE'S
A MEETING NEXT TUESDAY.
1296
01:11:24,413 --> 01:11:26,180
MAYBE YOU'D WANT TO COME.
1297
01:11:26,280 --> 01:11:27,781
EVERYONE GOES AROUND THE ROOM
1298
01:11:27,883 --> 01:11:30,084
AND SPEAKS FROM THEIR OWN
EXPERIENCE.
1299
01:11:30,184 --> 01:11:34,721
AND THEY BEGAN TO TALK
ABOUT UNWANTED PREGNANCY
1300
01:11:34,823 --> 01:11:37,991
AND HOW EACH OF THEM
HAD COPED WITH IT.
1301
01:11:38,092 --> 01:11:42,363
AND IT WAS MY TURN.
1302
01:11:42,464 --> 01:11:45,365
AND...I WAS OLDER.
1303
01:11:45,466 --> 01:11:48,402
YOU KNOW, I WAS IN MY THIRTIES,
THEY WERE IN THEIR TWENTIES.
1304
01:11:48,503 --> 01:11:51,739
AND I'M A COMPETITIVE PERSON,
AND I'M THINKING TO MYSELF,
1305
01:11:51,840 --> 01:11:54,374
THEY'RE TALKING
ABOUT ONE ABORTION, HUH?
1306
01:11:54,475 --> 01:12:00,481
SO I SAID, I'VE HAD THREE
ABORTIONS, ALL ILLEGAL,
1307
01:12:00,582 --> 01:12:03,150
AND THEN I STARTED TO CRY.
1308
01:12:03,251 --> 01:12:07,187
AND I SAID, I GUESS
I'M LUCKY TO BE ALIVE.
1309
01:12:07,288 --> 01:12:09,056
AND WHAT WAS SO ASTONISHING
ABOUT THAT MOMENT
1310
01:12:09,157 --> 01:12:11,892
IS THAT MY BEST FRIEND JAN, WHO
HAD BROUGHT ME TO THIS MEETING,
1311
01:12:11,993 --> 01:12:13,627
DIDN'T KNOW ABOUT THOSE
ABORTIONS.
1312
01:12:13,728 --> 01:12:14,729
YOU TOLD NOBODY.
1313
01:12:14,829 --> 01:12:16,530
YOU KNOW, YOU MADE YOUR
ARRANGEMENTS,
1314
01:12:16,631 --> 01:12:17,898
YOU WENT OFF SECRETLY.
1315
01:12:17,999 --> 01:12:24,705
IN 1968 IN NEW YORK, IT WAS
A FIRST FOR WOMEN TO SAY,
1316
01:12:24,806 --> 01:12:27,675
YEAH, I HAD
AN ILLEGAL ABORTION.
1317
01:12:27,776 --> 01:12:29,910
Woman:
WHAT HAS THAT GO TO DO WITH...
1318
01:12:30,011 --> 01:12:32,813
FROM THE PRIVACY OF
CONSCIOUSNESS-RAISING GROUPS,
1319
01:12:32,914 --> 01:12:35,749
THE WOMEN'S LIBERATION MOVEMENT
QUICKLY CATAPULTED ITSELF
1320
01:12:35,850 --> 01:12:38,018
INTO THE PUBLIC ARENA.
1321
01:12:38,119 --> 01:12:40,320
WITH PICKET SIGNS
IN THEIR HANDS
1322
01:12:40,421 --> 01:12:44,024
AND GUERILLA-THEATER TACTICS
UP THEIR SLEEVES, 100 WOMEN
1323
01:12:44,125 --> 01:12:47,528
CONVERGED ON THE MISS AMERICA
PAGEANT IN ATLANTIC CITY.
1324
01:12:47,629 --> 01:12:50,564
BUT FIRST, THEY HAD NOTIFIED
THE PRESS,
1325
01:12:50,665 --> 01:12:52,633
WHICH TURNED OUT IN FORCE.
1326
01:12:52,734 --> 01:12:57,037
THE MISS AMERICA CONTEST WAS SO
MIND-BOGGLING TO REPORTERS
1327
01:12:57,138 --> 01:13:00,507
BECAUSE NO ONE HAD THOUGHT
THAT MAYBE SOME OF US
1328
01:13:00,608 --> 01:13:03,310
DIDN'T LIKE THE IDEA
OF A BEAUTY CONTEST
1329
01:13:03,411 --> 01:13:07,748
WHERE WOMEN PARADED IN BATHING
SUITS AND HIGH-HEELED SHOES.
1330
01:13:07,849 --> 01:13:11,485
Bert Parks:
¶ MISS AMERICA
1331
01:13:11,586 --> 01:13:14,521
YES SIREE, BOYS,
STEP RIGHT UP.
1332
01:13:14,622 --> 01:13:17,658
HOW MUCH AM I OFFERED
FOR THIS NO. 1 PIECE
1333
01:13:17,758 --> 01:13:20,560
OF PRIME AMERICAN PROPERTY?
1334
01:13:20,662 --> 01:13:23,396
SHE SINGS IN THE KITCHEN,
HUNDREDS OF ...
1335
01:13:23,497 --> 01:13:25,799
WE, THE RADICAL ACTIVISTS,
1336
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:29,336
KNEW HOW TO PUT ON A GOOD DEMO,
YOU KNOW.
1337
01:13:29,437 --> 01:13:33,640
IT WAS THE RADICAL MOVEMENT'S
FIRST NATIONAL ACTION.
1338
01:13:33,742 --> 01:13:35,275
Woman:
¶ COME JOIN THE FIGHT
1339
01:13:35,376 --> 01:13:37,211
¶ COME JOIN THE FIGHT
1340
01:13:37,312 --> 01:13:38,745
¶ WE'RE GONNA HAVE...
1341
01:13:38,846 --> 01:13:42,616
THE DEMONSTRATORS HAD HOPED
TO BURN BRAS, LIKE DRAFT CARDS.
1342
01:13:42,717 --> 01:13:45,820
BUT THE CITY REFUSED
TO GRANT THEM A FIRE PERMIT.
1343
01:13:45,920 --> 01:13:49,923
FAMOUS FOR A BRA-BURNING
THAT NEVER HAPPENED,
1344
01:13:50,024 --> 01:13:53,360
THE PROTEST GENERATED ENORMOUS
PUBLICITY AND DEBATE.
1345
01:13:53,461 --> 01:13:55,829
DESPITE THE LACK
OF ACTUAL FLAMES,
1346
01:13:55,930 --> 01:13:57,898
THE MISS AMERICA PAGEANT
PROTEST
1347
01:13:57,999 --> 01:14:01,435
SPARKED A SOCIAL REVOLUTION
THAT IS STILL UNDERWAY.
1348
01:14:03,271 --> 01:14:08,341
Hank Thompson:
¶ I CAUGHT YOU CHEATIN'
AND RUNNIN' AROUND ¶
1349
01:14:08,443 --> 01:14:10,677
¶ THERE'S A SMILE
UPON YOUR FACE ¶
1350
01:14:10,778 --> 01:14:12,646
¶ WHILE ANOTHER
TAKES MY PLACE ¶
1351
01:14:12,747 --> 01:14:16,116
¶ AND THERE'LL BE LAUGHTER
INSTEAD OF TEARS ¶
1352
01:14:16,217 --> 01:14:18,919
MORE THAN EVER, CONSERVATIVE
AMERICANS THOUGHT THE COUNTRY
1353
01:14:19,020 --> 01:14:21,655
AND THE WORLD WERE ON THE VERGE
OF A NERVOUS BREAKDOWN.
1354
01:14:21,756 --> 01:14:23,757
THEY WANTED LAW AND ORDER.
1355
01:14:23,858 --> 01:14:26,427
GEORGE WALLACE WAS THEIR MAN.
1356
01:14:26,528 --> 01:14:30,830
[ crowd cheering
and horns blowing ]
1357
01:14:30,932 --> 01:14:37,438
WELL, I'M FOR WALLACE BECAUSE
I FEEL THAT ALL THROUGH HISTORY,
1358
01:14:37,539 --> 01:14:41,975
WHENEVER TIMES BECAME SO
DIFFICULT, A LEADER HAS AROSE,
1359
01:14:42,076 --> 01:14:44,111
AND THIS IS THE LEADER.
1360
01:14:47,214 --> 01:14:49,816
INDEPENDENT PRESIDENTIAL
CANDIDATE GEORGE WALLACE
1361
01:14:49,917 --> 01:14:52,686
HAD ONCE DECLARED,
SEGREGATION FOREVER.
1362
01:14:52,787 --> 01:14:55,121
NOW THE ALABAMA GOVERNOR
WAS HOLDING RALLIES
1363
01:14:55,223 --> 01:14:57,658
AS FAR NORTH AS SAN FRANCISCO,
1364
01:14:57,759 --> 01:15:02,128
AND POLLS IN OCTOBER SHOWED HIM
WINNING 20% OF THE VOTE.
1365
01:15:02,230 --> 01:15:03,898
WHAT DO YOU THINK'S WRONG
WITH AMERICA?
1366
01:15:03,998 --> 01:15:05,132
WITH AMERICA?
1367
01:15:05,233 --> 01:15:06,533
THE RIOTING.
1368
01:15:06,634 --> 01:15:08,769
THE TROUBLE IN THE STREETS,
THE TROUBLE IN OUR SCHOOLS,
1369
01:15:08,870 --> 01:15:11,872
THE SUPREME COURT,
WHICH IS ALMOST --
1370
01:15:11,973 --> 01:15:14,141
WELL, LET'S SAY,
WE THINK IS PRO-COMMUNIST.
1371
01:15:14,242 --> 01:15:15,308
WE WANT WALLACE!
1372
01:15:15,409 --> 01:15:16,911
WE WANT WALLACE!
1373
01:15:17,011 --> 01:15:18,579
WE WANT WALLACE!
1374
01:15:18,680 --> 01:15:21,281
NOW LET'S TALK ABOUT LAW
AND ORDER A MOMENT,
1375
01:15:21,382 --> 01:15:23,050
AND WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT IT.
1376
01:15:23,151 --> 01:15:24,584
BUT REALLY YOU DON'T HAVE
TO TALK ABOUT IT,
1377
01:15:24,685 --> 01:15:27,120
YOU SEE IT ALL
AROUND YOU ALL THE TIME,
1378
01:15:27,221 --> 01:15:28,689
THE BREAKDOWN OF LAW AND ORDER.
1379
01:15:28,790 --> 01:15:32,392
THE REACTION THAT HE STIRRED
SCARED ME,
1380
01:15:32,493 --> 01:15:33,793
BECAUSE HE HAD THE CAPACITY
1381
01:15:33,895 --> 01:15:37,031
OF JUST WORKING UP A CROWD
TO A -- TO A FRENZY.
1382
01:15:37,132 --> 01:15:39,165
WHEN THAT SAME GROUP
FROM BERKELEY
1383
01:15:39,266 --> 01:15:41,368
WERE GROVELIN' AROUND
IN THEIR BEARDS AND FILTH
1384
01:15:41,469 --> 01:15:43,570
IN SELMA, ALABAMA,
FOR EIGHT WEEKS,
1385
01:15:43,671 --> 01:15:47,941
THE WASHINGTON POST SAID,
IT IS A GREAT AND HOLY CRUSADE.
1386
01:15:48,042 --> 01:15:49,710
AND NOW THEY'VE CREATED
THEMSELVES
1387
01:15:49,811 --> 01:15:51,378
A FRANKENSTEIN MONSTER
1388
01:15:51,479 --> 01:15:54,414
AND THE CHICKENS
ARE COMIN' HOME TO ROOST
1389
01:15:54,515 --> 01:15:56,082
ALL OVER THIS COUNTRY.
1390
01:15:56,183 --> 01:15:59,619
[ applause ]
1391
01:15:59,720 --> 01:16:03,824
WALLACE ENJOYED RESPONDING TO
THE PROTESTERS WHO HECKLED HI.
1392
01:16:03,925 --> 01:16:06,026
COME UP HERE
AFTER I'VE COMPLETED MY SPEECH
1393
01:16:06,127 --> 01:16:07,994
AND I'LL AUTOGRAPH
YOUR SANDALS FOR YA.
1394
01:16:08,096 --> 01:16:09,930
I'LL LET YA -- I'LL DO THAT.
1395
01:16:10,031 --> 01:16:10,964
AND I'LL...
1396
01:16:11,065 --> 01:16:13,801
[ applause ]
1397
01:16:13,902 --> 01:16:16,236
OH, YEAH, A GOOD HAIRCUT'D
HELP YOU.
1398
01:16:16,338 --> 01:16:18,171
I THINK THAT SOLVES
YOUR PROBLEM.
1399
01:16:18,272 --> 01:16:19,773
A GOOD BARBER COULD CURE YOU.
1400
01:16:19,874 --> 01:16:23,010
IT WAS REALLY THE BEGINNING
OF WHAT IS TODAY
1401
01:16:23,111 --> 01:16:26,814
THE -- THE PHENOMENON
OF THE ANGRY WHITE MAN.
1402
01:16:26,915 --> 01:16:28,782
AND I'LL TELL YA, YOU OUGHT
TO TAKE THEM PEOPLE OVER THERE
1403
01:16:28,883 --> 01:16:32,119
AND PUT 'EM IN A BUNCH OF CAGES
AND SHIP 'EM OFF IN A SHIP
1404
01:16:32,220 --> 01:16:35,489
AND DUMP 'EM, OR TAKE 'EM
TO VIETNAM, GET 'EM OFF,
1405
01:16:35,590 --> 01:16:36,956
PUT THEM ON THE FRONT LINES,
1406
01:16:37,057 --> 01:16:39,459
BRING OUR BOYS BACK
AND A-BOMB THEM GUYS.
1407
01:16:39,560 --> 01:16:43,263
IT ALSO CONTAINED AN ELEMENT
OF ECONOMIC POPULISM
1408
01:16:43,364 --> 01:16:45,032
THAT WAS VERY IMPORTANT.
1409
01:16:45,133 --> 01:16:46,599
OF COURSE, HIS PEOPLE WERE
TRYING TO BEAT THE HELL
1410
01:16:46,701 --> 01:16:50,303
OUT OF ME, SO IT'S HARD FOR ME
TO SEE THEIR ECONOMIC AGENDA.
1411
01:16:50,404 --> 01:16:54,975
¶ GOD BLESS AMERICA
1412
01:16:55,076 --> 01:17:00,581
¶ MY HOME, SWEET HOME
1413
01:17:06,287 --> 01:17:08,322
THE MORE MAINSTREAM
LAW-AND-ORDER CANDIDATES,
1414
01:17:08,423 --> 01:17:09,723
NIXON AND AGNEW,
1415
01:17:09,824 --> 01:17:12,625
BUILT UP A COMMANDING LEAD
OVER HUBERT HUMPHREY.
1416
01:17:12,727 --> 01:17:16,496
NIXON RAN A VERY CONTROLLED,
ALMOST ANTISEPTIC CAMPAIGN,
1417
01:17:16,597 --> 01:17:19,066
DOMINATED BY MADISON AVENUE
ADVISORS
1418
01:17:19,167 --> 01:17:23,203
WHO RECOMMENDED CAREFULLY
ORCHESTRATED APPEARANCES.
1419
01:17:23,304 --> 01:17:26,974
IT WOULD LATER BE DESCRIBED AS
THE SELLING OF THE PRESIDENT.
1420
01:17:29,543 --> 01:17:32,079
THE HUMPHREY CAMPAIGN
WAS STALLED.
1421
01:17:32,180 --> 01:17:34,314
HE WAS AFRAID TO BREAK
WITH PRESIDENT JOHNSON
1422
01:17:34,416 --> 01:17:37,317
AND SPEAK OUT AGAINST THE WAR.
1423
01:17:37,418 --> 01:17:39,687
HE'S A TRULY TRAGIC FIGURE.
1424
01:17:39,788 --> 01:17:44,057
I MEAN, HE'S A REAL VISIONARY
FROM 1948 ON.
1425
01:17:44,158 --> 01:17:46,727
HE MAKES HIS FIRST NAME
WITH A FANTASTIC SPEECH
1426
01:17:46,828 --> 01:17:48,695
IN FAVOR OF CIVIL RIGHTS
IN 1948
1427
01:17:48,797 --> 01:17:50,564
AT THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL
CONVENTION,
1428
01:17:50,665 --> 01:17:52,399
AND THROUGHOUT THE '50s
AND '60s
1429
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:55,068
HE'S A REAL BEACON
OF LIBERALISM.
1430
01:17:55,169 --> 01:17:57,237
BUT JOHNSON TREATS HIM TERRIBLY.
1431
01:17:57,338 --> 01:17:59,673
AS LYNDON JOHNSON
PUT IT VERY SPECIFICALLY,
1432
01:17:59,774 --> 01:18:03,777
DON'T WORRY ABOUT HUBERT, I'VE
GOT HIS PECKER IN MY POCKET.
1433
01:18:03,878 --> 01:18:05,913
AFTER THE DEBACLE IN CHICAGO,
1434
01:18:06,014 --> 01:18:08,749
THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT
WAS BOYCOTTING HUMPHREY.
1435
01:18:08,850 --> 01:18:10,951
THERE WERE SOME OF US
WHO ALREADY WERE THINKING,
1436
01:18:11,052 --> 01:18:13,920
YOU KNOW, NIXON WOULD NOT BE
THE END OF THE WORLD.
1437
01:18:14,021 --> 01:18:15,588
PEOPLE LIKE I.F. STONE
HAD ARGUED,
1438
01:18:15,690 --> 01:18:17,290
YOU GET A BETTER SHOT AT PEACE
1439
01:18:17,391 --> 01:18:19,325
WITH A REPUBLICAN
THAN WITH A DEMOCRAT
1440
01:18:19,426 --> 01:18:21,728
BECAUSE THEY DON'T HAVE TO
WORRY ABOUT BEING RED-BAITED.
1441
01:18:21,829 --> 01:18:22,929
BUT IT WOULD NEVER HAVE
ENTERED MY MIND
1442
01:18:23,030 --> 01:18:27,601
TO VOTE FOR HUBERT HUMPHREY,
WHO WAS,
1443
01:18:27,702 --> 01:18:30,503
AS FAR AS I WAS CONCERNED, WAS
DEEPLY IMPLICATED IN THE WAR.
1444
01:18:30,604 --> 01:18:34,641
PEOPLE THREW EXCREMENT AT HIM
AND CALLED HIS WIFE A WHORE.
1445
01:18:34,742 --> 01:18:35,742
AND THE GREAT IRONY, OF COURSE,
1446
01:18:35,843 --> 01:18:37,677
WAS THAT
THROUGHOUT THE FALL CAMPAIGN,
1447
01:18:37,778 --> 01:18:39,346
ALL OF THE ANTI-WAR
DEMONSTRATORS
1448
01:18:39,447 --> 01:18:44,484
CONTINUOUSLY HARASSED HUMPHREY
AND IGNORED NIXON ALTOGETHER.
1449
01:18:44,585 --> 01:18:47,253
AND THAT WAS A TRAGEDY.
1450
01:18:47,355 --> 01:18:50,590
THIS IS ONE OF THE GREATEST
MISTAKES OF THE '60s,
1451
01:18:50,691 --> 01:18:52,592
IN MY VIEW.
1452
01:18:52,693 --> 01:18:54,761
THE ELECTION WAS SO CLOSE
1453
01:18:54,862 --> 01:18:57,798
THAT YOU CAN ATTRIBUTE
MANY FACTORS
1454
01:18:57,899 --> 01:18:59,466
TO THE MARGIN OF DIFFERENCE,
1455
01:18:59,567 --> 01:19:05,038
BUT CERTAINLY ONE OF THE FACTORS
WAS THAT THOSE WHO WERE --
1456
01:19:05,140 --> 01:19:11,011
WHO HATED THE WAR DECIDED TO BE
SO PURE AS TO SIT IT OUT.
1457
01:19:11,112 --> 01:19:12,846
I WAS ONE OF THEM.
1458
01:19:12,947 --> 01:19:16,216
I KNOW VERY FEW PEOPLE WHO VOTED
IN THAT YEAR, AND WE WERE WRONG.
1459
01:19:16,218 --> 01:19:22,923
ONE OF THE MISSED OPPORTUNITIES
IN THE MOVEMENT DURING THE WAR
1460
01:19:23,024 --> 01:19:27,794
WAS NOT TO IMAGINE HOW MANY
INSIDERS THERE WERE
1461
01:19:27,895 --> 01:19:30,731
THAT ESSENTIALLY AGREED
WITH THEM,
1462
01:19:30,832 --> 01:19:33,700
AND TO HAVE PRESSED THEM
TO CHALLENGE THEM MORE,
1463
01:19:33,801 --> 01:19:35,334
TO SPEAK OUT MORE OPENLY.
1464
01:19:35,436 --> 01:19:37,171
AND IT'S NOT
UNTIL SEPTEMBER 30th,
1465
01:19:37,271 --> 01:19:38,739
IN A FAMOUS SPEECH
IN SALT LAKE CITY,
1466
01:19:38,840 --> 01:19:41,407
WHERE HE FINALLY PUTS A LITTLE
BIT OF DISTANCE
1467
01:19:41,509 --> 01:19:43,476
BETWEEN HIMSELF
AND THE PRESIDENT AND SAYS,
1468
01:19:43,577 --> 01:19:46,412
I WILL BE IN FAVOR
OF A BOMBING HALT,
1469
01:19:46,513 --> 01:19:48,815
AND THE NEXT DAY HE'S
AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE,
1470
01:19:48,916 --> 01:19:51,885
AND THERE'S THIS INCREDIBLE SIGN
IN THE CROWD SAYING,
1471
01:19:51,986 --> 01:19:54,154
IF YOU MEAN IT, WE'RE WITH YOU.
1472
01:19:54,255 --> 01:19:57,391
I THINK IF HE HAD RENOUNCED
THE WAR
1473
01:19:57,492 --> 01:20:02,062
AND THE JOHNSON WAR POLICY
MAYBE A FEW WEEKS SOONER,
1474
01:20:02,163 --> 01:20:03,730
HE MIGHT VERY WELL HAVE
WON THAT ELECTION.
1475
01:20:03,831 --> 01:20:05,999
HE CAME VERY, VERY CLOSE.
1476
01:20:06,100 --> 01:20:08,768
RICHARD NIXON WON
BY A RAZOR-THIN MARGIN,
1477
01:20:08,869 --> 01:20:11,371
LESS THAN ONE PERCENT
OF THE VOTE.
1478
01:20:11,472 --> 01:20:14,874
THE VIETNAM WAR WOULD LAST
SEVEN MORE YEARS.
1479
01:20:14,976 --> 01:20:18,244
JOHNSON'S WAR WOULD BECOME
NIXON'S WAR.
1480
01:20:18,345 --> 01:20:21,415
THE POLITICAL DIVISIONS
THAT ERUPTED IN 1968
1481
01:20:21,515 --> 01:20:24,284
WOULD SOON WIDEN INTO CHASMS.
1482
01:20:24,385 --> 01:20:29,522
'68 IS THE CUSP
BETWEEN THE HOPE AND THE RAGE,
1483
01:20:29,623 --> 01:20:33,193
AND IT'S IN MANY WAYS THE YEARS
WHEN THE MOST BENIGN HOPES
1484
01:20:33,294 --> 01:20:35,495
BURNED OUT
OR WERE OBLITERATED.
1485
01:20:56,016 --> 01:20:58,184
RICHARD NIXON
WAS NOW PRESIDENT,
1486
01:20:58,285 --> 01:21:01,121
AND RONALD REAGAN
WAS GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA.
1487
01:21:01,222 --> 01:21:02,889
TOGETHER THEY WOULD LEAD
A BACKLASH
1488
01:21:02,990 --> 01:21:06,627
AGAINST REBELLIOUS STUDENTS
AND THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT.
1489
01:21:10,098 --> 01:21:12,199
AS 1969 DAWNED,
1490
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:15,335
THE MOST SUSTAINED STUDENT
DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE DECADE
1491
01:21:15,436 --> 01:21:17,471
WERE ALREADY UNDERWAY,
1492
01:21:17,572 --> 01:21:21,041
NOT AT AN ELITE SCHOOL,
BUT AT A STATE COLLEGE,
1493
01:21:21,142 --> 01:21:23,643
AND NOT OVER THE WAR,
BUT OVER IDENTITY.
1494
01:21:23,744 --> 01:21:27,414
[ crowd chanting ]
1495
01:21:29,316 --> 01:21:31,118
THE ORIGINS OF COLLEGE
AND UNIVERSITY
1496
01:21:31,219 --> 01:21:33,720
ETHNIC STUDIES DEPARTMENTS
NATIONWIDE
1497
01:21:33,821 --> 01:21:37,424
WERE FORGED IN THE HEAT
OF A 134-DAY STRIKE
1498
01:21:37,525 --> 01:21:40,027
AT SAN FRANCISCO STATE COLLEGE.
1499
01:21:40,128 --> 01:21:42,129
[ crowd shouting ]
1500
01:21:47,468 --> 01:21:51,037
GOVERNOR REAGAN SENT HIS
EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT, ED MEESE,
1501
01:21:51,138 --> 01:21:54,975
TO SAN FRANCISCO TO SUPPORT THE
COLLEGE'S TOUGH NEW PRESIDENT,
1502
01:21:55,076 --> 01:21:56,843
S.I. HAYAKAWA.
1503
01:21:56,945 --> 01:21:58,679
ONE OF MY JOBS WAS TO MAKE SURE
1504
01:21:58,780 --> 01:22:01,815
THAT PRESIDENT HAYAKAWA
WAS SAFE,
1505
01:22:01,916 --> 01:22:03,216
BECAUSE THERE WAS SOME THOUGHT
1506
01:22:03,317 --> 01:22:05,151
THAT THEY MIGHT TRY
TO STORM HIS OFFICE,
1507
01:22:05,252 --> 01:22:09,089
SO WE HAD THE NECESSARY POLICE
AND STATE RESOURCES THERE
1508
01:22:09,190 --> 01:22:12,092
TO PROTECT HIM.
1509
01:22:12,192 --> 01:22:14,060
DISSIDENT FORCES DECIDED
THAT THEY WOULD STAGE
1510
01:22:14,161 --> 01:22:15,861
A MAJOR DEMONSTRATION.
1511
01:22:15,963 --> 01:22:18,565
Public address speaker:
...THE SAN FRANCISCO
POLICE DEPARTMENT.
1512
01:22:18,666 --> 01:22:23,469
THE PERSONS DEMONSTRATING HERE
ARE UNLAWFULLY ASSEMBLED.
1513
01:22:27,541 --> 01:22:29,843
PRESIDENT HAYAKAWA PERSONALLY
GOT ON TOP OF THE TRUCK
1514
01:22:29,944 --> 01:22:33,613
AND PULLED OUT THE WIRES
AND SILENCED THE SOUND TRUCK.
1515
01:22:33,714 --> 01:22:37,450
S.I. HAYAKAWA, IN ESSENCE,
BECAME SORT OF A HIT MAN
1516
01:22:37,551 --> 01:22:39,085
FOR RONALD REAGAN.
1517
01:22:39,186 --> 01:22:44,190
Crowd:
STRIKE, STRIKE, STRIKE, STRIKE,
STRIKE, STRIKE, STRIKE, STRIKE!!
1518
01:23:01,709 --> 01:23:03,410
THE STRIKING STUDENTS
ULTIMATELY WON
1519
01:23:03,511 --> 01:23:05,345
THE BLACK STUDIES DEPARTMENT,
1520
01:23:05,446 --> 01:23:08,281
BUT IN THE PROCESS,
700 WERE ARRESTED.
1521
01:23:13,553 --> 01:23:15,455
COLLEGE PRESIDENT S.I. HAYAKAWA
1522
01:23:15,556 --> 01:23:18,224
WENT ON TO BECOME
A UNITED STATES SENATOR.
1523
01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:29,536
GOVERNOR REAGAN FOUND
THE CONFLICT A USEFUL TRIAL RUN
1524
01:23:29,637 --> 01:23:32,638
FOR HIS NEXT CHALLENGE
IN NEARBY BERKELEY,
1525
01:23:32,740 --> 01:23:35,308
WHERE ANTI-WAR STUDENTS
AND COUNTERCULTURE YOUTHS
1526
01:23:35,410 --> 01:23:38,945
JOINED FORCES TO CLAIM SOME
UNDEVELOPED UNIVERSITY LAND
1527
01:23:39,046 --> 01:23:40,847
AS THEIR OWN.
1528
01:23:43,951 --> 01:23:46,586
THE GREAT HOPE IMPLICIT
IN THE PEOPLE'S PARK
1529
01:23:46,687 --> 01:23:49,823
IS THAT IN OUR LEISURE TIME,
SO TO SPEAK,
1530
01:23:49,924 --> 01:23:53,994
WE WILL MAKE
THE SOCIAL REVOLUTION.
1531
01:23:54,095 --> 01:23:56,096
THE SPIRIT WHICH BUILT
THE PEOPLE'S PARK
1532
01:23:56,197 --> 01:24:00,500
IS STRONGER THAN GAS AND CLUBS.
1533
01:24:00,601 --> 01:24:03,069
IT IS EVEN STRONGER
THAN UNIVERSITIES.
1534
01:24:03,170 --> 01:24:06,038
Man on bullhorn:
I WANT TO INFORM YOU
THAT THIS PROPERTY IS PRIVATE.
1535
01:24:06,140 --> 01:24:07,507
IT IS POSTED.
1536
01:24:07,608 --> 01:24:11,678
YOU ARE NOW TRESPASSING.
1537
01:24:11,779 --> 01:24:14,648
AND SO THE UNIVERSITY SET OUT
TO REMOVE THE PEOPLE
1538
01:24:14,749 --> 01:24:17,050
WHO WERE LOUNGING AROUND
ON THE PROPERTY
1539
01:24:17,151 --> 01:24:19,118
OFF OF THE PROPERTY
AND PUT UP FENCES
1540
01:24:19,220 --> 01:24:22,321
SO THAT THEY COULD
BEGIN THE CONSTRUCTION.
1541
01:24:22,422 --> 01:24:27,394
LEFTIST ORGANIZERS, SOME
STUDENTS, SOME NON-STUDENTS,
1542
01:24:27,495 --> 01:24:29,662
DECIDED THAT THEY WOULD
USE THAT AS THE PRETEXT
1543
01:24:29,763 --> 01:24:32,632
FOR A DEMONSTRATION
AND A PROTEST.
1544
01:24:36,137 --> 01:24:38,971
THEY -- THEY TRIED TO KILL
POLICE OFFICERS.
1545
01:24:39,072 --> 01:24:42,742
THEY HURLED SPIKES FROM THE TOP
OF BUILDINGS ON THE POLICE.
1546
01:24:45,880 --> 01:24:48,981
GOVERNOR REAGAN, EXPRESSING TE
FURY THAT MANY OFFICIALS FELT
1547
01:24:49,083 --> 01:24:51,184
AT YOUTHFUL DEFIANCE, STATED,
1548
01:24:51,285 --> 01:24:54,587
IF IT TAKES A BLOODBATH,
LET'S GET IT OVER WITH.
1549
01:24:54,688 --> 01:24:56,689
NO MORE APPEASEMENT.
1550
01:25:03,296 --> 01:25:06,433
ALAMEDA COUNTY SHERIFFS
SHOT OVER 50 PROTESTERS
1551
01:25:06,534 --> 01:25:08,668
WITH BUCKSHOT.
1552
01:25:08,769 --> 01:25:10,937
ONE PROTESTER DIED.
1553
01:25:11,038 --> 01:25:12,372
WHAT HAPPENED TO JAMES RECTOR
1554
01:25:12,473 --> 01:25:15,809
WAS THE RESULT OF HIS BEING
INVOLVED IN ILLEGAL ACTIVITY.
1555
01:25:17,878 --> 01:25:20,112
REAGAN CALLED IN
THE NATIONAL GUARD,
1556
01:25:20,213 --> 01:25:23,316
WHICH QUELLED THE DISTURBANCE.
1557
01:25:23,417 --> 01:25:25,352
THEY OCCUPIED BERKELEY
FOR A MONTH,
1558
01:25:25,453 --> 01:25:27,787
LEAVING THE BAY AREA
ACTIVIST COMMUNITY
1559
01:25:27,888 --> 01:25:30,623
BROKENHEARTED AND DEMORALIZED.
1560
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:42,769
THAT SUMMER,
ONE DREAM WAS REALIZED
1561
01:25:42,870 --> 01:25:45,037
AND ANOTHER VANQUISHED.
1562
01:25:45,139 --> 01:25:47,674
ON JULY 20th,
THE SPACE PROGRAM,
1563
01:25:47,775 --> 01:25:49,576
FOUNDED BY PRESIDENT
JOHN KENNEDY,
1564
01:25:49,677 --> 01:25:52,478
TRIUMPHED WITH A WALK
ON THE MOON.
1565
01:25:52,579 --> 01:25:56,048
THE DAY BEFORE,
JFK'S ONLY SURVIVING BROTHER,
1566
01:25:56,149 --> 01:26:00,787
SENATOR TED KENNEDY, SAVED HIS
OWN LIFE AFTER A CAR ACCIDENT.
1567
01:26:00,888 --> 01:26:03,123
BUT HIS PRESIDENTIAL PROMISE
DIED,
1568
01:26:03,224 --> 01:26:05,725
ALONG WITH HIS DROWNED
COMPANION.
1569
01:26:05,826 --> 01:26:09,929
BUT I REALLY DIDN'T BECOME
TOTALLY DISPIRITED
1570
01:26:10,030 --> 01:26:14,234
UNTIL TED KENNEDY WENT OFF
THE BRIDGE AT CHAPPAQUIDDICK.
1571
01:26:14,335 --> 01:26:15,602
TED HAS BEEN A TERRIFIC SENATOR.
1572
01:26:15,703 --> 01:26:17,103
WHATEVER ELSE
YOU MIGHT SAY ABOUT HIM,
1573
01:26:17,204 --> 01:26:18,972
HE'S BEEN A TERRIFIC SENATOR.
1574
01:26:19,073 --> 01:26:22,074
AND HE WAS THE LAST PERSON
WHO SCARED NIXON.
1575
01:26:22,175 --> 01:26:24,110
AND ONCE TED
WENT OFF THAT BRIDGE,
1576
01:26:24,211 --> 01:26:25,578
NIXON VEERED TO THE RIGHT.
1577
01:26:25,679 --> 01:26:28,882
AND THAT WAS THAT,
AND I KNEW IT,
1578
01:26:28,983 --> 01:26:32,452
AND FOR ME,
THAT WAS WHEN THE '60s ENDED.
1579
01:26:42,763 --> 01:26:44,764
FOR AMERICA'S COUNTERCULTURE,
1580
01:26:44,865 --> 01:26:49,736
THE '60s WERE ABOUT TO PEAK
ON A FARM IN UPSTATE NEW YORK.
1581
01:26:49,836 --> 01:26:54,807
THERE'S PEOPLE AS FAR AS THE EYE
CAN SEE IN EVERY DIRECTION:
1582
01:26:54,909 --> 01:26:58,445
UNDER EVERY TREE, UNDER EVERY
LEAF, ON EVERY ROAD.
1583
01:26:58,546 --> 01:27:00,313
AND I REMEMBER BEING
IN THIS HELICOPTER
1584
01:27:00,414 --> 01:27:04,117
AND THE DOOR WAS OPEN AND THIS
BIG COP LOOKED DOWN AND SAID,
1585
01:27:04,218 --> 01:27:06,952
THERE'S A LOT OF HIPPIES
DOWN THERE.
1586
01:27:07,054 --> 01:27:08,888
AND I'M GOING, WELL, YEAH.
1587
01:27:08,989 --> 01:27:11,024
AND THE OLD COP NEXT TO HIM
GOING, YEAH.
1588
01:27:11,125 --> 01:27:12,258
AND THE FIRST COP SAID,
1589
01:27:12,359 --> 01:27:14,794
I BET THEY'RE DOING
LOTS OF ILLEGAL STUFF.
1590
01:27:14,895 --> 01:27:17,430
THE NEXT ONE SAYS, YEAH.
1591
01:27:17,531 --> 01:27:20,533
AND THE FIRST ONE SAID, I'M NOT
GOING IN THERE OR NOTHING, NO.
1592
01:27:20,634 --> 01:27:24,003
AND I SUDDENLY REALIZED, MAN,
THIS WAS GONNA BE A PARTY.
1593
01:27:24,104 --> 01:27:26,038
THIS WAS GONNA BE FUN.
1594
01:27:26,040 --> 01:27:30,776
[ guitar playing rock and roll ]
1595
01:27:30,877 --> 01:27:32,512
DESPITE OVERCROWDING
AND RAIN,
1596
01:27:32,613 --> 01:27:35,381
THE PARTY LASTED
FOR THREE DAYS.
1597
01:27:35,482 --> 01:27:39,953
EMCEE WAVY GRAVY ANNOUNCED TO
A SEA OF BODIES IN MUD
1598
01:27:40,054 --> 01:27:43,756
THAT FESTIVAL ORGANIZERS WOULD
BE SERVING BREAKFAST IN BED
1599
01:27:43,857 --> 01:27:47,027
FOR 400,000.
1600
01:27:47,128 --> 01:27:50,029
WOODSTOCK IS DISTINGUISHABLE
NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS
1601
01:27:50,130 --> 01:27:52,064
THE LARGEST POP FESTIVAL
OF ITS TIME,
1602
01:27:52,166 --> 01:27:54,300
BUT IT WAS ALSO, IN EFFECT,
THE LAST.
1603
01:28:04,945 --> 01:28:06,245
FOUR MONTHS LATER,
1604
01:28:06,346 --> 01:28:08,915
A FESTIVAL PROMOTED
AS WOODSTOCK WEST
1605
01:28:09,016 --> 01:28:10,884
TURNED INTO ANTI-WOODSTOCK.
1606
01:28:10,985 --> 01:28:12,919
[ crowd yelling ]
1607
01:28:16,557 --> 01:28:19,759
THE ROLLING STONES HEADLINED
A CONCERT AT ALTAMONTE,
1608
01:28:19,860 --> 01:28:21,193
EAST OF SAN FRANCISCO,
1609
01:28:21,295 --> 01:28:24,731
WHERE THE COUNTERCULTURE
HAD SO FAMOUSLY BLOSSOMED.
1610
01:28:24,831 --> 01:28:28,768
[ Rock and roll music playing ]
1611
01:28:28,869 --> 01:28:32,238
THE ALTAMONTE CONCERT
ENDED IN VIOLENCE AND DISARRAY.
1612
01:28:32,339 --> 01:28:34,674
SOMETHING SEEMED TO HAVE GONE
TERRIBLY WRONG.
1613
01:28:37,278 --> 01:28:38,845
GANGSTERS MOVED IN,
1614
01:28:38,946 --> 01:28:42,281
KILOS OF WEED GOT EXCHANGED
FOR BRICKS,
1615
01:28:42,382 --> 01:28:44,417
PEOPLE WERE SHOT,
THERE WERE MURDERS,
1616
01:28:44,518 --> 01:28:45,885
THERE WAS THIS AND THAT.
1617
01:28:45,986 --> 01:28:49,188
THE WHOLE TENOR OF THINGS GOT
UGLIER AND HARDER AND MEANER.
1618
01:28:49,289 --> 01:28:51,591
MARRED BY VIOLENCE
AND DRUG ABUSE,
1619
01:28:51,692 --> 01:28:55,562
ALTAMONTE SEALED THE FATE
OF LARGE-SCALE FREE CONCERTS.
1620
01:28:55,663 --> 01:28:57,764
THE EXPANSIVE SPIRIT
OF THE LOVE GENERATION
1621
01:28:57,865 --> 01:29:00,299
WOULD NEVER BE
QUITE THE SAME AGAIN.
1622
01:29:00,400 --> 01:29:02,234
A LOT OF US FELL
RIGHT OFF THE EDGE,
1623
01:29:02,335 --> 01:29:06,472
AND I WAS ONE OF 'EM,
1624
01:29:06,573 --> 01:29:10,243
AND A LOT OF US WERE
REALLY HURT BY HARD DRUGS.
1625
01:29:19,252 --> 01:29:22,121
THE COUNTERCULTURE PAID A PRICE
FOR ITS EXCESSES.
1626
01:29:22,222 --> 01:29:26,258
IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS,
JANICE JOPLIN, JIMI HENDRIX,
1627
01:29:26,360 --> 01:29:30,897
AND JIM MORRISON WOULD BE DEAD,
ALL FROM DRUG ABUSE.
1628
01:29:30,998 --> 01:29:33,599
MANY FORMER URBAN DWELLERS
SOUGHT TO BUILD A NEW LIFE
1629
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:35,401
IN THE COUNTRY.
1630
01:29:35,502 --> 01:29:37,503
COMMUNAL LIVING
AND HOMEGROWN FOOD
1631
01:29:37,604 --> 01:29:41,006
WOULD BE THE ANTIDOTE
TO THE EXCESSES OF THE CITY.
1632
01:29:41,108 --> 01:29:44,877
AND THERE CAME A MOVEMENT
TO BECOME LAND-BASED,
1633
01:29:44,978 --> 01:29:48,881
TO GET BELOW THE SKIN OF
ASPHALT, AS SOMEBODY CALLED IT.
1634
01:29:48,982 --> 01:29:52,151
WHERE I LIVE HERE
NOW IN MENDOCINO COUNTY,
1635
01:29:52,252 --> 01:29:56,088
MANY, MANY PEOPLE
CAME HERE IN THE '60s
1636
01:29:56,189 --> 01:30:00,560
IN FULL RETREAT
FROM THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT,
1637
01:30:00,661 --> 01:30:03,395
DECIDING THAT IF WE'RE GOING
TO CREATE A NEW SOCIETY,
1638
01:30:03,496 --> 01:30:06,332
WE JUST HAVE TO FORGET
THEIR SOCIETY
1639
01:30:06,433 --> 01:30:08,668
AND GO START ONE OF OUR OWN.
1640
01:30:33,226 --> 01:30:35,227
AS NIXON'S FIRST YEAR
IN THE WHITE HOUSE
1641
01:30:35,329 --> 01:30:38,031
CAME TO A CLOSE,
THE NUMBER OF AMERICANS
1642
01:30:38,132 --> 01:30:42,235
BEING KILLED IN VIETNAM
REMAINED HIGH.
1643
01:30:42,335 --> 01:30:46,906
WE WANTED TO END THE WAR, BUT
YOU CAN'T TURN THIS THING OFF
1644
01:30:47,007 --> 01:30:51,077
AS IF IT WERE
A TELEVISION CHANNEL.
1645
01:30:51,178 --> 01:30:54,547
NIXON'S NEW STRATEGY
WAS VIETNAMIZATION.
1646
01:30:54,648 --> 01:30:57,383
HE BEGAN TO WITHDRAW
AMERICAN TROOPS,
1647
01:30:57,484 --> 01:31:00,820
ANNOUNCING THAT SOUTH VIETNAM
WOULD TAKE OVER THE GROUND WA.
1648
01:31:03,824 --> 01:31:06,191
PRIVATELY,
HE BEGAN DIRECT NEGOTIATIONS
1649
01:31:06,292 --> 01:31:08,127
WITH THE NORTH VIETNAMESE,
1650
01:31:08,229 --> 01:31:12,398
EXCLUDING SOUTH VIETNAM'S
PRESIDENT THIEU.
1651
01:31:12,499 --> 01:31:15,668
SIMULTANEOUSLY, HE ORDERED
MASSIVE SECRET BOMBINGS
1652
01:31:15,769 --> 01:31:19,438
IN LAOS AND CAMBODIA.
1653
01:31:19,539 --> 01:31:21,707
[ whistling ]
1654
01:31:21,808 --> 01:31:24,943
[ bomb exploding ]
1655
01:31:25,044 --> 01:31:29,115
WHAT WE ATTEMPTED TO DO WAS
TO EXTRICATE THE UNITED STATES
1656
01:31:29,216 --> 01:31:33,185
FROM VIETNAM, BUT TO DO IT IN
SUCH A WAY THAT IT WOULD NOT
1657
01:31:33,286 --> 01:31:36,422
AFFECT OUR INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSIBILITIES
1658
01:31:36,523 --> 01:31:39,025
AROUND THE WORLD.
1659
01:31:39,126 --> 01:31:44,831
MORE PEOPLE DIE, MORE AMERICANS,
AND NO DOUBT VIETNAMESE,
1660
01:31:44,932 --> 01:31:50,737
DIE DURING THE NIXON WE'RE-ON-
OUR-WAY-GETTING-OUT YEARS
1661
01:31:50,837 --> 01:31:53,940
THAN DURING THE KENNEDY
AND JOHNSON YEARS PUT TOGETHER.
1662
01:31:57,444 --> 01:32:01,648
A NATIONWIDE MORATORIUM
ON OCTOBER 15, 1969,
1663
01:32:01,749 --> 01:32:05,585
CALLED FOR IMMEDIATE WITHDRAWAL
FROM VIETNAM.
1664
01:32:05,686 --> 01:32:08,554
WITH PROTESTS IN EVERY CITY
ACROSS THE COUNTRY,
1665
01:32:08,655 --> 01:32:12,091
IT BECAME THE LARGEST
ONE-DAY DEMONSTRATION EVER
1666
01:32:12,192 --> 01:32:14,093
IN A WESTERN DEMOCRACY.
1667
01:32:14,194 --> 01:32:16,596
UNKNOWN TO ITS PARTICIPANTS,
THE MORATORIUM
1668
01:32:16,697 --> 01:32:20,132
WOULD SIGNIFICANTLY ALTER
NIXON'S WAR PLANS.
1669
01:32:20,234 --> 01:32:22,335
¶ FREEDOM
1670
01:32:22,436 --> 01:32:23,936
¶ FREEDOM...
1671
01:32:24,037 --> 01:32:27,874
HE WAS MAKING SECRET THREATS
AT ESCALATION TO NORTH VIETNAM,
1672
01:32:27,975 --> 01:32:31,410
SECRETLY FROM THE AMERICAN
PUBLIC, BUT NOT AT ALL SECRET,
1673
01:32:31,512 --> 01:32:34,180
OF COURSE, FROM THE TARGET
OF THESE THREATS.
1674
01:32:34,281 --> 01:32:37,916
IN SHORT, HE MADE THOSE THREATS
EXPLICITLY TO THE SOVIETS
1675
01:32:38,018 --> 01:32:41,386
FOR THE VIETNAMESE AND DIRECTLY
TO THE VIETNAMESE,
1676
01:32:41,488 --> 01:32:43,756
THAT HE WAS PREPARED
TO USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS.
1677
01:32:43,857 --> 01:32:46,726
THE MARCH OF THE MORATORIUM
IN CITIES ACROSS THE COUNTRY
1678
01:32:46,826 --> 01:32:52,165
ON OCTOBER 15th, JUST BEFORE HIS
SECRET ULTIMATUM, WAS TOO LARGE.
1679
01:32:52,266 --> 01:32:55,701
TWO MILLION PEOPLE ON ONE DAY
ACROSS THE COUNTRY
1680
01:32:55,803 --> 01:32:59,472
CONVINCED HIM REASONABLY
THAT THIS WAS NOT THE TIME
1681
01:32:59,573 --> 01:33:01,807
TO ESCALATE THE WAR
AND IN PARTICULAR NOT THE TIME
1682
01:33:01,908 --> 01:33:05,511
TO USE NUCLEAR WEAPONS FOR THE
FIRST TIME SINCE HIROSHIMA.
1683
01:33:05,612 --> 01:33:09,715
¶ ALL WE ARE SAYING
1684
01:33:09,816 --> 01:33:14,253
¶ IS GIVE PEACE A CHANCE...
1685
01:33:14,354 --> 01:33:18,457
IT WAS PRETTY CLEAR
THAT THERE WAS SO MUCH PROTEST
1686
01:33:18,558 --> 01:33:21,594
IN -- WITHIN OUR COUNTRY THAT --
1687
01:33:21,695 --> 01:33:27,200
THAT IT WAS VERY DIFFICULT
TO CONDUCT THE WAR AT ALL.
1688
01:33:27,301 --> 01:33:30,603
NIXON'S PUBLIC RESPONSE,
A SPEECH HE WROTE HIMSELF,
1689
01:33:30,704 --> 01:33:32,438
WAS A MASTER STROKE.
1690
01:33:32,539 --> 01:33:35,875
AND SO TONIGHT, TO YOU,
1691
01:33:35,976 --> 01:33:40,079
THE GREAT, SILENT MAJORITY
OF MY FELLOW AMERICANS,
1692
01:33:40,180 --> 01:33:42,614
I ASK FOR YOUR SUPPORT.
1693
01:33:42,716 --> 01:33:45,284
I PLEDGED IN MY CAMPAIGN
FOR THE PRESIDENCY
1694
01:33:45,385 --> 01:33:50,623
TO END THE WAR IN A WAY
THAT WE COULD WIN THE PEACE.
1695
01:33:50,724 --> 01:33:52,725
I HAVE INITIATED
A PLAN OF ACTION
1696
01:33:52,826 --> 01:33:55,327
WHICH WILL ENABLE ME
TO KEEP THAT PLEDGE.
1697
01:33:55,428 --> 01:33:58,063
LET US BE UNITED FOR PEACE.
1698
01:33:58,164 --> 01:34:01,767
LET US ALSO BE UNITED
AGAINST DEFEAT,
1699
01:34:01,868 --> 01:34:04,437
BECAUSE LET US UNDERSTAND,
1700
01:34:04,538 --> 01:34:10,709
NORTH VIETNAM CANNOT DEFEAT
OR HUMILIATE THE UNITED STATES.
1701
01:34:10,810 --> 01:34:13,880
ONLY AMERICANS CAN DO THAT.
1702
01:34:13,980 --> 01:34:16,381
AND SO THEN THE PRESS
ATTACKED IT, SAVAGED IT,
1703
01:34:16,483 --> 01:34:17,850
AND SO I WROTE NIXON A MEMO.
1704
01:34:17,951 --> 01:34:19,785
I SAID, IT'S TIME
TO ATTACK THE MEDIA.
1705
01:34:19,886 --> 01:34:21,287
AND I SAID, THE VICE PRESIDENT
OF THE UNITED STATES
1706
01:34:21,387 --> 01:34:25,290
OUGHT TO DELIVER THIS SPEECH,
AND SO I WROTE THAT AGNEW SPEECH
1707
01:34:25,391 --> 01:34:28,261
AND THERE WAS ONE EDITOR
FOR THAT AGNEW SPEECH,
1708
01:34:28,362 --> 01:34:29,996
RICHARD MILLHOUSE NIXON,
1709
01:34:30,097 --> 01:34:33,466
AND HE SAID, THIS'LL TEAR THE
SCAB OFF THOSE BASTARDS,
1710
01:34:33,567 --> 01:34:36,635
AND WE BROKE OUT LAUGHING.
1711
01:34:36,736 --> 01:34:38,570
AND IT DID.
1712
01:34:38,672 --> 01:34:43,275
PERHAPS THE PLACE TO START
LOOKING FOR A CREDIBILITY GAP
1713
01:34:43,377 --> 01:34:45,844
IS NOT IN THE OFFICES
OF THE GOVERNMENT IN WASHINGTON
1714
01:34:45,945 --> 01:34:49,048
BUT IN THE STUDIOS
OF THE NETWORKS IN NEW YORK.
1715
01:34:49,149 --> 01:34:51,383
HE WAS THE POINT MAN
FOR RICHARD NIXON
1716
01:34:51,484 --> 01:34:54,954
AND RICHARD NIXON'S WAR AGAINST
THE COUNTERCULTURES,
1717
01:34:55,055 --> 01:34:57,523
AND THEN WITH SPEECHES
BY WILLIAM SAPPHIRE
1718
01:34:57,624 --> 01:35:00,259
AND PAT BUCHANAN,
HE BECAME EVENTUALLY
1719
01:35:00,360 --> 01:35:03,963
THE HERO OF THE RIGHT WING
FOR HIS ATTACKS ON THE PRESS.
1720
01:35:04,064 --> 01:35:08,400
LIKE NIXON'S SILENT MAJORITY,
AGNEW'S FAMOUS PHRASES,
1721
01:35:08,501 --> 01:35:12,404
EFFETE SNOBS AND NATTERING
NABOBS OF NEGATIVISM,
1722
01:35:12,506 --> 01:35:14,740
SERVED TO FURTHER POLARIZE
THE COUNTRY.
1723
01:35:14,841 --> 01:35:16,275
TWO, FOUR, SIX, EIGHT,
1724
01:35:16,376 --> 01:35:18,210
ORGANIZE AND SMASH THE STATE!
1725
01:35:18,311 --> 01:35:19,845
TWO, FOUR, SIX, EIGHT,
1726
01:35:19,946 --> 01:35:22,181
ORGANIZE AND SMASH THE STATE!
1727
01:35:22,282 --> 01:35:24,584
EXACTLY ONE MONTH
AFTER THE MORATORIUM,
1728
01:35:24,684 --> 01:35:28,121
700,000 AMERICANS
CONVERGED ON WASHINGTON.
1729
01:35:28,222 --> 01:35:30,889
THE ADMINISTRATION
HAD ALREADY ORDERED THE FBI
1730
01:35:30,990 --> 01:35:32,825
TO MONITOR THE DEMONSTRATION,
1731
01:35:32,926 --> 01:35:37,096
CONVINCED THAT IT WAS
INFLUENCED BY COMMUNISTS.
1732
01:35:37,197 --> 01:35:40,399
[ shouting ]
1733
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:44,236
WHILE A HANDFUL TRIED TO STORM
THE SOUTH VIETNAMESE EMBASSY,
1734
01:35:44,337 --> 01:35:46,605
YALE CHAPLAIN
WILLIAM SLOANE COFFIN
1735
01:35:46,707 --> 01:35:51,009
AND DR. BENJAMIN SPOCK LED
A PEACEFUL MARCH AGAINST DEATH
1736
01:35:51,111 --> 01:35:53,746
FROM ARLINGTON CEMETERY
TO THE WHITE HOUSE.
1737
01:35:53,847 --> 01:35:56,282
ATTORNEY GENERAL JOHN MITCHELL
SAID,
1738
01:35:56,382 --> 01:35:59,251
IT LOOKED LIKE
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.
1739
01:35:59,353 --> 01:36:02,388
THERE WAS A VERY DEEP SENSE
OF PATRIOTISM
1740
01:36:02,489 --> 01:36:05,757
THAT ANIMATED MANY OF US,
NOT ALL OF US, YOU KNOW.
1741
01:36:05,859 --> 01:36:10,462
SURE, THERE WAS A CERTAIN AMOUNT
OF DEFIANCE, REVOLT,
1742
01:36:10,564 --> 01:36:13,866
ADOLESCENCE, IF YOU WILL,
BUT THAT'S OVERDONE.
1743
01:36:13,967 --> 01:36:18,804
Man on loudspeaker:
...FIRST CONTINGENT
IN THIS MARCH AGAINST DEATH.
1744
01:36:18,905 --> 01:36:21,707
THERE ARE FACILITIES
IN THE WHITE HOUSE,
1745
01:36:21,808 --> 01:36:24,242
IN CASE OF A BOMBING ATTACK.
1746
01:36:24,343 --> 01:36:27,313
I MOVED INTO ONE OF THESE
FACILITIES FOR A FEW DAYS
1747
01:36:27,414 --> 01:36:31,217
AND SLEPT IN THE BASEMENT
OF THE WHITE HOUSE,
1748
01:36:31,318 --> 01:36:38,557
AND, YOU KNOW, THE WHITE HOUSE
WAS RINGED BY STUDENTS
1749
01:36:38,658 --> 01:36:40,159
THAT WERE PROTESTING.
1750
01:36:40,260 --> 01:36:42,961
IT DIDN'T INTERFERE
WITH WHAT WE WERE DOING,
1751
01:36:43,062 --> 01:36:46,265
BUT IT WAS UNCOMFORTABLE.
1752
01:36:46,366 --> 01:36:47,566
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR,
1753
01:36:47,667 --> 01:36:48,967
SAY IT AGAIN, STOP THE WAR!
1754
01:36:49,068 --> 01:36:50,202
ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR,
1755
01:36:50,303 --> 01:36:52,304
SAY IT AGAIN, STOP THE WAR!
1756
01:37:01,481 --> 01:37:04,249
[ birds chirping ]
1757
01:37:04,351 --> 01:37:07,586
THE FOLLOWING SPRING,
ON APRIL 30, 1970,
1758
01:37:07,687 --> 01:37:08,954
PRESIDENT NIXON ANNOUNCED
1759
01:37:09,055 --> 01:37:12,057
THAT AMERICAN TROOPS
HAD ENTERED CAMBODIA.
1760
01:37:21,234 --> 01:37:22,968
BY EARLY 1970,
1761
01:37:23,070 --> 01:37:27,506
ANTI-WAR SENTIMENT
IS SO SWEEPING IN AMERICA,
1762
01:37:27,607 --> 01:37:30,977
NOT ONLY IN PUBLIC OPINION BUT
ON THE CAMPUSES IN PARTICULAR,
1763
01:37:31,078 --> 01:37:33,479
THAT IT DOESN'T REQUIRE
ANY LEADERSHIP.
1764
01:37:33,580 --> 01:37:36,581
PROTESTS ERUPTED ON CAMPUSES
NATIONWIDE.
1765
01:37:36,682 --> 01:37:39,051
THE MURDER OF FOUR STUDENTS
AT KENT STATE
1766
01:37:39,152 --> 01:37:42,154
AND TWO AT JACKSON STATE
BY NATIONAL GUARDSMEN
1767
01:37:42,255 --> 01:37:46,091
SHOCKED AND FURTHER DIVIDED
THE NATION.
1768
01:37:46,192 --> 01:37:49,228
IT WAS AS IF THE RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN THE GENERATIONS
1769
01:37:49,329 --> 01:37:53,966
HAD CRACKED UP
ON SOME FUNDAMENTAL LEVEL.
1770
01:37:54,067 --> 01:37:56,769
AND, YES, IT WAS --
IT WAS ABOUT THE VIETNAM WAR.
1771
01:37:56,870 --> 01:37:58,671
IT WAS ABOUT RACE.
1772
01:37:58,772 --> 01:38:00,239
IT WAS ABOUT POVERTY.
1773
01:38:00,340 --> 01:38:05,244
BUT THESE THINGS SEEMED
TO BE REFLECTIONS OF A FAILURE
1774
01:38:05,345 --> 01:38:08,780
ON THE PART OF THE OLDER
GENERATION THAT WAS SO PROFOUND.
1775
01:38:08,881 --> 01:38:13,952
THE MOVEMENT WAS MOVING LEFT AND
THE COUNTRY WAS MOVING RIGHT.
1776
01:38:14,053 --> 01:38:17,089
THE COUNTRY WAS POLARIZING.
1777
01:38:17,190 --> 01:38:19,658
INCREASING NUMBERS
OF WHITE RADICALS
1778
01:38:19,759 --> 01:38:22,795
BEGAN TO ASPIRE TO THE MORE
CONFRONTATIONAL MODEL
1779
01:38:22,896 --> 01:38:24,463
OF THE BLACK PANTHERS.
1780
01:38:24,564 --> 01:38:26,766
I HAVE THESE BLACK PANTHERS
UP HERE WITH GUNS
1781
01:38:26,866 --> 01:38:28,200
ON THE SECOND FLOOR.
1782
01:38:28,301 --> 01:38:29,167
AM I UNDER ARREST?
1783
01:38:29,268 --> 01:38:30,035
[ shouting ]
AM I UNDER ARREST?
1784
01:38:30,136 --> 01:38:31,637
PLACE HIM UNDER ARREST.
1785
01:38:31,738 --> 01:38:34,239
[ shouting ]
TAKE YOUR HANDS OFF ME
IF I'M NOT UNDER ARREST.
1786
01:38:34,340 --> 01:38:37,176
THE PANTHERS RAN ON TWO LEVELS,
YOU KNOW.
1787
01:38:37,277 --> 01:38:44,483
I MEAN, WE NOW KNOW THAT HUEY
WAS KIND OF A SCHIZOPHRENIC GUY,
1788
01:38:44,584 --> 01:38:50,055
A BRILLIANT IDEALIST AND A THUG.
1789
01:38:50,156 --> 01:38:53,659
AND THERE WERE THOSE TWO STRAINS
OF THE PANTHERS.
1790
01:38:53,760 --> 01:38:56,862
THEY WOULD DO
BREAKFAST PROGRAMS FOR KIDS
1791
01:38:56,963 --> 01:38:59,197
AND THEN THEY WOULD DO THUGGERY.
1792
01:38:59,299 --> 01:39:02,335
IN AMERICA, THE BLACK PEOPLE
ARE TREATED VERY MUCH
1793
01:39:02,435 --> 01:39:05,671
AS ARE THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE,
OR ANY OTHER COLONIZED PEOPLE
1794
01:39:05,772 --> 01:39:07,339
BECAUSE WE'RE USED,
WE'RE BRUTALIZED.
1795
01:39:07,440 --> 01:39:11,944
THE POLICE IN OUR COMMUNITY
OCCUPY OUR AREA; OUR COMMUNITY
1796
01:39:12,045 --> 01:39:14,413
IS A FOREIGN-TROOP-OCCUPIED
TERRITORY.
1797
01:39:18,051 --> 01:39:21,620
THEY MOVED LARGELY
FROM A SERVICE AND SELF-DEFENSE
1798
01:39:21,721 --> 01:39:24,523
KIND OF ORGANIZATION
INTO AN ORGANIZATION
1799
01:39:24,624 --> 01:39:27,860
THAT ADOPTED WHAT WAS
ESSENTIALLY A SIEGE MENTALITY.
1800
01:39:27,961 --> 01:39:30,562
LET US ARM OURSELVES
TO DEFEND OURSELVES,
1801
01:39:30,663 --> 01:39:32,531
BECAUSE IF WE DON'T,
WE'RE ALL DEAD.
1802
01:39:32,632 --> 01:39:35,501
AND, OF COURSE,
THAT'S THE WAY THAT --
1803
01:39:35,602 --> 01:39:37,336
THAT THINGS ULTIMATELY
PLAYED OUT.
1804
01:39:37,437 --> 01:39:39,705
HUEY NEWTON.
1805
01:39:39,806 --> 01:39:43,809
HUEY NEWTON FELL APART,
STARTED ABUSING DRUGS.
1806
01:39:43,910 --> 01:39:45,510
AND ONE DAY I WALKED
IN THE HOUSE
1807
01:39:45,611 --> 01:39:46,711
OVER THERE WHERE I STAYED,
1808
01:39:46,812 --> 01:39:49,348
AND HE'S GOT A BIG BRICK
OF COCAINE.
1809
01:39:49,449 --> 01:39:50,282
I SAYS, WHAT IS THIS?
1810
01:39:50,383 --> 01:39:51,717
OH, YOU DON'T UNDERSTAND.
1811
01:39:51,818 --> 01:39:54,286
HE'S HALF OUT -- WE GOTTA RAISE
SOME MONEY FOR THE PARTY.
1812
01:39:54,388 --> 01:39:56,488
I SAYS, NOT LIKE THIS, HUEY.
1813
01:39:56,589 --> 01:39:57,623
I SAID, NOT LIKE THIS.
1814
01:39:57,724 --> 01:39:59,258
I SAID, THIS IS CHEAP.
1815
01:39:59,359 --> 01:40:01,427
I SAID, DO YOU REALIZE
POLITICALLY
1816
01:40:01,528 --> 01:40:03,795
THEY WILL DESTROY US
WITH THIS BULLSHIT?
1817
01:40:03,896 --> 01:40:06,298
WITH THE DEMISE
OF THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY,
1818
01:40:06,399 --> 01:40:09,835
INTO THAT GAP
STEPPED THE GANGS,
1819
01:40:09,936 --> 01:40:12,304
THE DRUG TRAFFICKERS
AND SO FORTH.
1820
01:40:12,405 --> 01:40:18,710
THE CRIPS AND THE BLOODS
ARE A DIRECT CHILD, IF YOU WERE,
1821
01:40:18,811 --> 01:40:21,914
OF THE DEMISE
OF THE BLACK PANTHER PARTY.
1822
01:40:22,015 --> 01:40:23,849
WHILE THE PANTHERS COLLAPSE,
1823
01:40:23,950 --> 01:40:26,652
FUELED BY FBI
COUNTERINTELLIGENCE TACTICS,
1824
01:40:26,753 --> 01:40:28,053
TOOK YEARS,
1825
01:40:28,154 --> 01:40:31,656
WHITE RADICALS SELF-DESTRUCTED
ALMOST OVERNIGHT.
1826
01:40:41,334 --> 01:40:43,435
A TINY HANDFUL
OF WHITE RADICALS,
1827
01:40:43,536 --> 01:40:46,405
INCLUDING A GROUP THAT CALLED
ITSELF THE WEATHER UNDERGROUN,
1828
01:40:46,506 --> 01:40:48,674
CALLED FOR ARMED REVOLUTION.
1829
01:40:48,775 --> 01:40:51,109
BUT FOR MOST
OF THE ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT,
1830
01:40:51,211 --> 01:40:54,680
THIS SEEMED BOTH FUTILE
AND MORALLY IRRESPONSIBLE.
1831
01:40:58,484 --> 01:41:02,888
THIS WAS VERY PAINFUL
TO SEE PEOPLE WHO YOU TRUSTED
1832
01:41:02,989 --> 01:41:06,225
AND WERE CLOSE TO
SORT OF SEEM TO FLIP OUT
1833
01:41:06,326 --> 01:41:07,993
AND START SAYING THINGS LIKE,
1834
01:41:08,094 --> 01:41:11,396
IF YOU'RE NOT READY TO PICK UP
THE GUN, YOU'RE NOT SERIOUS.
1835
01:41:11,398 --> 01:41:14,733
I MEAN, IT JUST SOUNDED CRAZY.
1836
01:41:14,834 --> 01:41:18,637
WE GREW UP REALLY BELIEVING IN
AMERICA AND WHAT IT STOOD FOR.
1837
01:41:18,738 --> 01:41:22,140
VIETNAM CAME ALONG AND,
A, I THINK MOST IMPORTANTLY,
1838
01:41:22,241 --> 01:41:24,810
IT VIOLATED OUR VIEW OF AMERICA
1839
01:41:24,911 --> 01:41:27,345
BECAUSE WE WERE KILLING
INNOCENT PEASANTS;
1840
01:41:27,446 --> 01:41:30,749
BUT, B, ON A VERY DEEP
PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVEL,
1841
01:41:30,850 --> 01:41:34,553
TO REALIZE THAT YOUR ELDERS
ARE PREPARED TO SEE YOU DIE
1842
01:41:34,654 --> 01:41:36,588
FOR AN UNWORTHY CAUSE,
1843
01:41:36,689 --> 01:41:38,924
FOR SOMETHING YOU DON'T
WANNA GO DIE FOR,
1844
01:41:39,025 --> 01:41:42,594
I THINK THREW US
INTO A MORAL ABYSS.
1845
01:42:02,782 --> 01:42:04,649
AMERICANS WERE SHOCKED
BY THE TRIAL
1846
01:42:04,750 --> 01:42:06,785
OF LIEUTENANT WILLIAM CALLEY.
1847
01:42:06,886 --> 01:42:08,553
CALLEY WAS ACCUSED
AND CONVICTED
1848
01:42:08,654 --> 01:42:10,255
OF MASSACRING VILLAGERS
1849
01:42:10,356 --> 01:42:13,158
IN THE VIETNAMESE VILLAGE
OF MY LAI.
1850
01:42:13,260 --> 01:42:15,493
SOON AFTER, IT WAS REVEALED
THAT THE U.S.
1851
01:42:15,594 --> 01:42:19,231
HAD BEEN SECRETLY BOMBING
LAOS AND CAMBODIA.
1852
01:42:19,332 --> 01:42:21,433
[ bomb exploding ]
1853
01:42:21,534 --> 01:42:24,870
AMBASSADOR SULLIVAN, IN THAT
COOL, DIGNIFIED WAY HE HAS,
1854
01:42:24,971 --> 01:42:27,506
SAID, WE -- THE UNITED STATES
HAS NEVER BOMBED
1855
01:42:27,607 --> 01:42:31,209
ANY CIVILIAN TARGETS IN LAOS,
AND I HEAR THIS VOICE.
1856
01:42:31,310 --> 01:42:34,312
IT WAS ONE OF THESE, YOU KNOW,
OUT-OF-BODY EXPERIENCES
1857
01:42:34,413 --> 01:42:36,915
OF SENATOR KENNEDY GOING,
WELL, EXCUSE ME, AMBASSADOR,
1858
01:42:37,016 --> 01:42:39,918
BUT I UNDERSTAND
THERE'S A YOUNG MAN IN THE ROOM
1859
01:42:40,019 --> 01:42:42,554
WHO'S JUST BEEN RETURNED
FROM LAOS.
1860
01:42:42,655 --> 01:42:44,957
AND I SUDDENLY STAND UP,
YOU KNOW,
1861
01:42:45,058 --> 01:42:47,492
AND I REMEMBER
MY HEART CHURNING,
1862
01:42:47,593 --> 01:42:50,162
BUT I WAS SURPRISED WHEN I SAW
THE FOOTAGE RECENTLY
1863
01:42:50,263 --> 01:42:51,129
THAT I WAS VERY CALM.
1864
01:42:51,230 --> 01:42:52,831
I WAS EVEN SMOKING A CIGARETTE.
1865
01:42:52,932 --> 01:42:54,799
AND I SAID, YOU KNOW,
1866
01:42:54,901 --> 01:42:57,169
AMBASSADOR SULLIVAN IS SIMPLY
NOT TELLING THE TRUTH.
1867
01:42:57,270 --> 01:42:59,471
I'VE INTERVIEWED THOUSANDS
OF PEASANTS.
1868
01:42:59,572 --> 01:43:01,973
EVERY SINGLE ONE SAYS
THEIR VILLAGE WAS DESTROYED,
1869
01:43:02,074 --> 01:43:03,475
PEOPLE HAVE BEEN MURDERED.
1870
01:43:03,577 --> 01:43:05,844
IT'S SIMPLY NOT TRUE
THAT WE'RE NOT BOMBING LAOS.
1871
01:43:05,979 --> 01:43:07,612
[ bomb exploding ]
1872
01:43:11,318 --> 01:43:15,220
OF THE 27 MILLION YOUNG MEN
OF DRAFT AGE DURING THE WAR,
1873
01:43:15,321 --> 01:43:21,760
SLIGHTLY OVER TWO MILLION,
OR 6%, SAW COMBAT IN VIETNAM.
1874
01:43:21,861 --> 01:43:24,997
A SMALL BUT VOCAL MINORITY
OF VIETNAM VETS
1875
01:43:24,999 --> 01:43:27,232
RETURNED TO SPEAK OUT
AGAINST THE WAR.
1876
01:43:30,536 --> 01:43:33,372
IN APRIL, 1971,
THEY BROUGHT THEIR MESSAGE
1877
01:43:33,473 --> 01:43:37,475
TO WASHINGTON, D.C. AND THE
NATION'S TELEVISION CAMERAS.
1878
01:43:52,625 --> 01:43:55,093
VIETNAM VETERANS MARCHED
ON THE SUPREME COURT,
1879
01:43:55,195 --> 01:43:56,294
CALLING FOR THE COURT
1880
01:43:56,395 --> 01:43:58,897
TO DECLARE THE WAR
UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
1881
01:43:58,998 --> 01:44:01,567
YOU MUST STOP DEMONSTRATING
IMMEDIATELY
1882
01:44:01,668 --> 01:44:05,537
AND LEAVE THE PREMISES
OR YOU WILL BE ARRESTED.
1883
01:44:05,638 --> 01:44:08,273
ANOTHER GROUP OF VETERANS,
INCLUDING JOHN KERRY,
1884
01:44:08,374 --> 01:44:10,743
TESTIFIED BEFORE CONGRESS.
1885
01:44:10,843 --> 01:44:15,480
FINALLY, THIS ADMINISTRATION HAS
DONE US THE ULTIMATE DISHONOR.
1886
01:44:15,582 --> 01:44:18,316
THEY HAVE ATTEMPTED TO DISOWN US
1887
01:44:18,417 --> 01:44:21,086
AND THE SACRIFICES WE MADE
FOR THIS COUNTRY.
1888
01:44:37,770 --> 01:44:39,771
THE VETERANS COMING BACK
FROM VIETNAM
1889
01:44:39,873 --> 01:44:41,373
AND PROTESTING AGAINST THE WAR,
1890
01:44:41,474 --> 01:44:44,843
AND FORMING VETERANS
AGAINST THE WAR,
1891
01:44:44,944 --> 01:44:49,848
TO ME, THAT WAS PERHAPS
THE MOST POWERFUL EVIDENCE
1892
01:44:49,949 --> 01:44:51,883
THAT THE GOVERNMENT CAN HAVE
1893
01:44:51,984 --> 01:44:54,586
TO HAVE TO DO SOMETHING
ABOUT STOPPING THE WAR.
1894
01:44:54,687 --> 01:44:56,989
THE DEMONSTRATION CULMINATED
WITH A GROUP OF VETERANS
1895
01:44:57,090 --> 01:45:00,559
RETURNING THE COMBAT MEDALS
THEY HAD EARNED IN VIETNAM.
1896
01:45:00,660 --> 01:45:02,761
I RETURN MY VIETNAM
SERVICE RIBBON...
1897
01:45:06,065 --> 01:45:09,067
ONE BRONZE STAR FOR HEROISM,
WHICH WAS REALLY ASININE...
1898
01:45:12,338 --> 01:45:13,706
ONE PURPLE HEART.
1899
01:45:13,807 --> 01:45:16,942
I'D LIKE TO SAY JUST ONE THING
TO THE PEOPLE OF VIETNAM:
1900
01:45:17,043 --> 01:45:18,610
GOD, I'M SORRY.
1901
01:45:18,711 --> 01:45:21,713
[ applause and cheering ]
1902
01:45:42,067 --> 01:45:43,068
WE DID END THE WAR.
1903
01:45:43,169 --> 01:45:45,671
WE DIDN'T JUST TRY TO; WE DID.
1904
01:45:45,772 --> 01:45:49,607
THE REAL DEBATE BETWEEN US AND
OUR CRITICS CONCERNED MONTHS.
1905
01:45:49,709 --> 01:45:51,910
COULD IT HAVE BEEN ENDED
A YEAR EARLIER?
1906
01:45:52,011 --> 01:45:52,945
SIX MONTHS EARLIER?
1907
01:45:53,046 --> 01:45:54,379
HOW DO I KNOW?
1908
01:45:54,481 --> 01:45:58,116
IT WAS NOT UNTIL 1973
THAT A CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT
1909
01:45:58,217 --> 01:46:01,586
WAS SIGNED AND THE LAST
U.S. TROOPS CAME HOME.
1910
01:46:04,423 --> 01:46:07,259
BUT THE SEEDS FOR NIXON'S
POLITICAL DEMISE WERE SOWN
1911
01:46:07,360 --> 01:46:11,163
BY A MASSIVE LEAK OF SECRET
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS.
1912
01:46:11,264 --> 01:46:14,699
THE DOCUMENTS WOULD COME TO BE
KNOWN AS THE PENTAGON PAPERS.
1913
01:46:14,801 --> 01:46:16,768
THE MAN WHO LEAKED
THE DOCUMENTS
1914
01:46:16,869 --> 01:46:19,004
WAS DANIEL ELLSBERG.
1915
01:46:19,105 --> 01:46:22,940
IF I HADN'T BELIEVED THAT
THE WAR WAS ABOUT TO GET LARGER,
1916
01:46:23,042 --> 01:46:26,744
I WOULDN'T HAVE EXPOSED MYSELF
TO A LIFE IN PRISON
1917
01:46:26,845 --> 01:46:28,713
JUST TO SET
THE RECORD STRAIGHT.
1918
01:46:28,814 --> 01:46:33,285
AND HE TOLD US ABOUT HOW
HE AND TONY RUSSO,
1919
01:46:33,386 --> 01:46:35,354
WHILE THEY WERE
WITH THE RAND CORPORATION,
1920
01:46:35,455 --> 01:46:40,659
HAD SECRETLY COPIED 7,000 PAGES
OF THIS TOP-SECRET DOCUMENT,
1921
01:46:40,760 --> 01:46:43,828
WHICH BECAME KNOWN
AS THE PENTAGON PAPERS,
1922
01:46:43,930 --> 01:46:47,399
AND HOW THEY WERE GOING
TO REVEAL IT TO THE PUBLIC.
1923
01:46:47,500 --> 01:46:52,870
ELLSBERG IS ONE OF THE BRIGHTEST
PEOPLE I HAVE EVER MET.
1924
01:46:52,972 --> 01:46:54,773
I KNEW HIM AT HARVARD.
1925
01:46:54,874 --> 01:46:57,075
AT THAT TIME
HE WAS A HARD-LINER,
1926
01:46:57,176 --> 01:46:59,611
AND HE HAD GONE TO VIETNAM
1927
01:46:59,712 --> 01:47:02,514
TO HELP ORGANIZE
ANTI-GUERILLA ACTIVITIES
1928
01:47:02,615 --> 01:47:05,450
AND EVEN TO PARTICIPATE
IN THEM.
1929
01:47:05,552 --> 01:47:08,253
WHEN HE CAME BACK, HE TURNED.
1930
01:47:08,354 --> 01:47:12,324
I HAD SECRET INSIDE INFORMATION
FROM MY WORK IN THE WHITE HOUSE
1931
01:47:12,425 --> 01:47:16,194
FOR HENRY KISSINGER AT THE VERY
BEGINNING OF THE ADMINISTRATION.
1932
01:47:16,295 --> 01:47:18,263
BUT NIXON HAD NEVER INTENDED
TO GET OUT
1933
01:47:18,364 --> 01:47:20,098
WITH ANYTHING
OTHER THAN SUCCESS.
1934
01:47:20,199 --> 01:47:25,637
NOT ONE OF THOSE 15,000 PENTAGON
PAPERS DID ANY DAMAGE TO NIXON.
1935
01:47:25,738 --> 01:47:29,475
ALL THOSE PAPERS,
EVERY LAST ONE OF THEM,
1936
01:47:29,576 --> 01:47:33,111
DEALT WITH THE JOHNSON
AND KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION.
1937
01:47:33,212 --> 01:47:35,213
THE PENTAGON PAPERS OFFERED
A DETAILED
1938
01:47:35,314 --> 01:47:39,050
AND DEVASTATING INDICTMENT
OF U.S. POLICY IN VIETNAM.
1939
01:47:39,151 --> 01:47:40,519
THEY REVEALED THE LIES
1940
01:47:40,620 --> 01:47:43,321
KENNEDY AND JOHNSON HAD TOLD
THE PUBLIC,
1941
01:47:43,422 --> 01:47:45,991
THE YEARS OF SECRET
BOMBING RAIDS IN LAOS
1942
01:47:46,092 --> 01:47:48,860
AND THE CIA
INTELLIGENCE REPORTS THAT
1943
01:47:48,961 --> 01:47:52,296
CONSISTENTLY UNDERCUT OFFICIAL
PRESIDENTIAL STATEMENTS
1944
01:47:52,398 --> 01:47:54,265
CHARACTERIZING THE WAR.
1945
01:47:54,366 --> 01:47:55,767
THAT WAS THEIR GREAT CLAIM.
1946
01:47:55,869 --> 01:47:57,969
WE KNOW STUFF YOU DON'T KNOW.
1947
01:47:58,070 --> 01:47:59,604
REMEMBER THAT?
1948
01:47:59,705 --> 01:48:01,906
NOW I WOULD SAY WE KNEW
EVERYTHING THAT THEY KNEW.
1949
01:48:02,008 --> 01:48:03,441
WE GOT THE DOCUMENTS AND WE SEE
1950
01:48:03,542 --> 01:48:06,878
THERE WAS ABSOLUTELY NO LOGICAL
JUSTIFICATION FOR WHAT THEY DID,
1951
01:48:06,979 --> 01:48:09,013
AND THEY KNEW IT ALL ALONG,
YOU KNOW.
1952
01:48:09,114 --> 01:48:10,282
IT'S ASTOUNDING.
1953
01:48:10,383 --> 01:48:12,184
PRESIDENT NIXON SET OUT
TO DESTROY
1954
01:48:12,285 --> 01:48:14,819
DANIEL ELLSBERG'S REPUTATION.
1955
01:48:14,920 --> 01:48:16,454
THE WHITE HOUSE PLUMBERS,
1956
01:48:16,555 --> 01:48:19,324
SO NAMED FOR THEIR ASSIGNMENT
TO STOP LEAKS,
1957
01:48:19,425 --> 01:48:22,894
BROKE INTO THE OFFICE
OF ELLSBERG' PSYCHIATRIST.
1958
01:48:22,995 --> 01:48:24,796
THEY ESCAPED THAT TIME.
1959
01:48:24,897 --> 01:48:28,600
BUT A YEAR LATER, DURING THE
1972 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN,
1960
01:48:28,701 --> 01:48:30,168
THE PLUMBERS WERE CAUGHT
1961
01:48:30,269 --> 01:48:32,437
BREAKING INTO DEMOCRATIC
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS
1962
01:48:32,538 --> 01:48:35,106
IN THE WATERGATE BUILDING.
1963
01:48:35,207 --> 01:48:37,008
WHAT SURPRISED ME
WAS WATERGATE.
1964
01:48:37,109 --> 01:48:42,147
I COULD NOT BELIEVE
THAT ANYBODY THAT SUCCESSFUL,
1965
01:48:42,248 --> 01:48:46,885
AND OBVIOUSLY HE COULD SEE THE
SUCCESS HE WAS ABOUT TO HAVE,
1966
01:48:46,986 --> 01:48:48,920
WOULD GET HIMSELF
INTO A MESS LIKE THAT.
1967
01:48:49,021 --> 01:48:50,589
THAT WAS --
THAT WAS UNBELIEVABLE.
1968
01:48:50,690 --> 01:48:53,891
AND I TAKE IT TO BE
AN EXPRESSION
1969
01:48:53,993 --> 01:48:56,461
OF THE DEEPEST INSECURITY,
PERSONAL INSECURITY.
1970
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:05,403
ON AUGUST 8, 1974,
UNDER THREAT OF IMPEACHMENT,
1971
01:49:05,504 --> 01:49:09,241
RICHARD M. NIXON RESIGNED AS
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
1972
01:49:13,246 --> 01:49:14,846
WITHOUT THE VIETNAM WAR,
THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN,
1973
01:49:14,947 --> 01:49:18,416
OF COURSE, NO PENTAGON PAPERS
AND NO -- NO WATERGATE.
1974
01:49:18,517 --> 01:49:20,185
IT WORKS THE OTHER WAY, TOO.
1975
01:49:20,286 --> 01:49:23,621
WITHOUT WATERGATE, THE WAR
WOULD HAVE GONE ON FOR YEARS.
1976
01:49:28,728 --> 01:49:30,362
BUT THE IMPACT OF THE '60s
1977
01:49:30,463 --> 01:49:33,231
WAS NOT LIMITED
TO AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY.
1978
01:49:33,566 --> 01:49:37,536
THE ENVIRONMENTAL, GAY RIGHTS
AND WOMEN'S MOVEMENTS,
1979
01:49:37,637 --> 01:49:41,239
ALL BORN IN THE '60s, WOULD
IN THE DECADES THAT FOLLOWED
1980
01:49:41,341 --> 01:49:45,643
GROW HUGE AND HAVE A PROFOUND
IMPACT ON AMERICAN SOCIETY.
1981
01:49:45,744 --> 01:49:48,880
YOU WENT FROM CIVIL RIGHTS
TO ANTI-WAR TO WOMEN TO GAY.
1982
01:49:48,981 --> 01:49:51,649
I MEAN, YOU CAN TRACE THAT.
1983
01:49:51,751 --> 01:49:54,319
THE LARGEST-EVER DEMONSTRATION
FOR WOMEN'S RIGHTS
1984
01:49:54,420 --> 01:49:57,923
UNDERSCORED THE RAPID ADVANCES
WOMEN SEEMED TO BE MAKING.
1985
01:49:58,024 --> 01:49:59,224
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1986
01:49:59,325 --> 01:50:01,559
PASSED THE EQUAL RIGHTS
AMENDMENT,
1987
01:50:01,661 --> 01:50:04,395
AND NEW ABORTION LAWS
IN NEW YORK STATE
1988
01:50:04,496 --> 01:50:05,931
WOULD HELP LAY THE GROUNDWORK
1989
01:50:06,032 --> 01:50:08,266
FOR NATIONWIDE ABORTION
PROTECTION
1990
01:50:08,367 --> 01:50:12,571
IN ROE V. WADE
THREE YEARS LATER.
1991
01:50:12,672 --> 01:50:15,473
THE '60s ARE ONE OF THESE
AMAZING MOMENTS IN HISTORY --
1992
01:50:15,574 --> 01:50:19,044
THERE ARE NOT VERY MANY
OF THEM -- WHEN DOWN
1993
01:50:19,144 --> 01:50:22,713
A NUMBER OF CHANNELS COME
PEOPLE OF VERY DIFFERENT SORTS
1994
01:50:22,814 --> 01:50:25,684
WHO SIMULTANEOUSLY GET IT
INTO THEIR HEADS
1995
01:50:25,785 --> 01:50:28,352
THAT THE WORLD DOESN'T
HAVE TO BE WHAT IT WAS
1996
01:50:28,453 --> 01:50:29,788
OR WHAT IT'S ASSUMED TO BE.
1997
01:50:29,889 --> 01:50:31,857
ON BALANCE, THE '60s
ARE A SUCCESS
1998
01:50:31,958 --> 01:50:35,093
BECAUSE OF WHAT THEY DID
FOR BLACK PEOPLE AND FOR WOMEN
1999
01:50:35,194 --> 01:50:38,062
AND FOR GAY PEOPLE, AND EVEN
FOR HANDICAPPED PEOPLE.
2000
01:50:38,164 --> 01:50:40,265
I MEAN, IT REALLY --
IT EMPOWERS EVERYBODY.
2001
01:50:40,366 --> 01:50:41,866
WE HAVE REASON TO LOOK BACK
AND THEN FEEL GOOD
2002
01:50:41,967 --> 01:50:44,770
ABOUT THE WORK
THAT WE HAVE ENGAGED IN,
2003
01:50:44,871 --> 01:50:47,605
THE BLOOD WE'VE SHED,
EVEN LIVES THAT WE'VE LOST,
2004
01:50:47,707 --> 01:50:50,508
ALL HAS BEEN ULTIMATELY
FOR THE GOOD.
2005
01:50:57,383 --> 01:50:59,250
FORMER ACTIVISTS
REMEMBER THE '60s
2006
01:50:59,352 --> 01:51:01,719
AS A TIME
WHEN THEY FELT EMPOWERED,
2007
01:51:01,820 --> 01:51:04,355
A TIME WHEN CHANGE
SEEMED POSSIBLE
2008
01:51:04,456 --> 01:51:07,325
AND IDEALISM FLOURISHED.
2009
01:51:07,426 --> 01:51:10,729
BUT OTHERS REMEMBER THOSE DAYS
VERY DIFFERENTLY.
2010
01:51:10,830 --> 01:51:14,332
FOR THEM, THE '60s WERE
A DISTURBING TIME, A TIME
2011
01:51:14,433 --> 01:51:18,203
WHEN AMERICA'S FUNDAMENTAL
VALUES SEEMED THREATENED.
2012
01:51:18,304 --> 01:51:22,507
I THINK THERE'S AN AMOUNT
OF BITTERNESS AND ANIMOSITY
2013
01:51:22,608 --> 01:51:26,311
THAT OUR GENERATION'S
GONNA CARRY TO ITS GRAVE.
2014
01:51:26,412 --> 01:51:30,582
IT TORE THE NATION APART,
AND I THINK, TO SOME DEGREE,
2015
01:51:30,683 --> 01:51:32,751
WE'RE STILL SUFFERING
FROM THAT.
2016
01:51:32,852 --> 01:51:34,252
IT WAS THE AGE OF SELFISHNESS.
2017
01:51:34,353 --> 01:51:35,887
IT WAS THE AGE
OF SELF-INDULGENCE.
2018
01:51:35,988 --> 01:51:39,524
IT WAS THE AGE
OF ANTI-AUTHORITY.
2019
01:51:39,625 --> 01:51:43,428
IT WAS AN AGE IN WHICH PEOPLE
DID ALL KINDS OF WRONG THINGS.
2020
01:51:43,529 --> 01:51:45,296
THAT WAS THE START, REALLY,
OF THE DRUG PROBLEM
2021
01:51:45,398 --> 01:51:46,530
IN THE UNITED STATES.
2022
01:51:46,632 --> 01:51:48,566
TO PEOPLE WHO WERE
OF A CONSERVATIVE BEND,
2023
01:51:48,667 --> 01:51:50,068
EVERYTHING SEEMED
THREATENING,
2024
01:51:50,169 --> 01:51:52,503
AND IT ALL SEEMED
INDISTINGUISHABLY THREATENING,
2025
01:51:52,604 --> 01:51:53,938
INDISSOLUBLY THREATENING.
2026
01:51:54,039 --> 01:51:58,443
YOU KNOW, THE BEATLES SAYING
THEY WERE AS POPULAR AS JESUS.
2027
01:51:58,544 --> 01:52:01,712
YOU MIGHT AS WELL BE
TRASHING THE AMERICAN FLAG.
2028
01:52:01,814 --> 01:52:04,182
YOU MIGHT AS WELL BE
DODGING THE DRAFT.
2029
01:52:04,283 --> 01:52:06,384
TO THEM IT ALL LOOKED
LIKE THE SAME THING.
2030
01:52:06,485 --> 01:52:09,354
ME AND MY FRIENDS WHO WERE,
YOU KNOW, TAKING DRUGS
2031
01:52:09,455 --> 01:52:12,157
AND PRACTICING ALL SORTS
OF EXCESS WERE ALSO
2032
01:52:12,258 --> 01:52:16,061
DEDICATING OUR LIVES TO LEARNING
ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT,
2033
01:52:16,162 --> 01:52:18,963
LEARNING ABOUT HOW TO GROW
CHEMICAL-FREE FOOD,
2034
01:52:19,064 --> 01:52:20,698
LEARNING ABOUT WHAT HEALTH IS,
2035
01:52:20,799 --> 01:52:24,268
STUDYING ACUPUNCTURE, BECOMING
NURSES, BECOMING HEALERS.
2036
01:52:24,370 --> 01:52:27,538
THE FACT THAT THESE
IDEAS AND PREMISES
2037
01:52:27,639 --> 01:52:30,675
THAT HAVE SO AFFECTED
MAINSTREAM CULTURE CAME
2038
01:52:30,776 --> 01:52:35,880
OUT OF CONTRADICTORY PEOPLE IS
NOT A REASON TO INVALIDATE THEM.
2039
01:52:35,981 --> 01:52:38,850
IT SHOULD BE AN URGE
FOR YOU TO DO BETTER.
2040
01:52:38,951 --> 01:52:40,018
WE DID THE BEST WE COULD.
2041
01:52:40,118 --> 01:52:42,020
WE CAME FROM A DIFFERENT
GENERATION.
2042
01:52:42,121 --> 01:52:47,058
I KNOW THAT MY GENERATION WORKED
TO MAKE THINGS BETTER
2043
01:52:47,159 --> 01:52:51,129
FOR ALL PEOPLE, AND THAT'S ABOUT
THE BEST YOU CAN DO IN LIFE.
2044
01:52:51,230 --> 01:52:53,698
IT'S IMPORTANT FOR THE YOUTH
OF A GENERATION
2045
01:52:53,799 --> 01:52:57,902
TO FEEL THAT THEY CAN CHANGE
THE WORLD, 'CUZ THEY REALLY CAN,
2046
01:52:58,003 --> 01:53:00,238
BECAUSE THE YOUTH OF THE WORLD
2047
01:53:00,339 --> 01:53:02,274
ARE THE CONSCIENCE
OF THE WORLD
2048
01:53:02,375 --> 01:53:08,880
AND WE DEPEND ON THEM
TO MAKE THINGS CHANGE.
2049
01:53:08,981 --> 01:53:10,715
AND THAT WAS A TIME
OF TREMENDOUS CHANGE,
2050
01:53:10,816 --> 01:53:13,251
WHERE YOUTH
WERE TREMENDOUSLY MOTIVATED.
2051
01:53:13,352 --> 01:53:16,354
IT WOULD BE GOOD
TO SEE THAT HAPPEN AGAIN.
2052
01:53:36,976 --> 01:53:40,979
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