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00:00:02,080 --> 00:00:04,480
Five, four, three, two, one!

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00:00:04,480 --> 00:00:06,080
CHEERING

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00:00:08,160 --> 00:00:11,400
Happy New Year! Happy New Year!

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00:00:13,600 --> 00:00:16,080
It is all fun on
the underground as well.

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00:00:16,080 --> 00:00:19,520
It is the beginning of 2013.

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00:00:19,520 --> 00:00:22,960
London Underground
is 150 years old this year.

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00:00:22,960 --> 00:00:26,400
What about happy new year?
Come on!

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00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:28,480
LAUGHTER

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00:00:31,960 --> 00:00:34,520
The city would be
unthinkable without it.

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00:00:34,520 --> 00:00:40,440
London is the greatest place
on the Earth. It is the place to be.

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The Bible talks about heaven,
this is heaven.

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00:00:42,960 --> 00:00:44,280
Come through, my bredren.

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00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,040
The Tube will be
spending its anniversary year

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00:00:50,040 --> 00:00:52,760
celebrating its own history.

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00:00:52,760 --> 00:00:55,600
It is our 150th birthday,

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00:00:55,600 --> 00:00:58,880
we were the first subterranean
railway in the world.

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They are sending a steam train
back underground...

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..and inviting royalty to inspect
the latest upgrade work.

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150 years I've worked at Farringdon
and I have never met a Royal.

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On the Tube, history is everywhere.

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Down every tunnel.

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Makes you realise how much
we owe to these people, I think.

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In every sign and design.

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And in the lives of the unsung
people who built it

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and run it today.
Worst shift in my bloody life.

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There are little-known stories of
ambition, innovation and troubles.

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The money in the ticket machines had
actually melted into one block.

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That is how hot it was.

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With access to all
areas of the network,

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this is the Tube's hidden history...

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First-time users would come through
here and just think, "Wow, this is
it. We are underground."

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00:02:01,280 --> 00:02:04,200
..revealing why the Tube
was first built

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00:02:04,200 --> 00:02:07,360
and how it's shaped London
ever since.

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This man is more responsible than
many people for modern London.

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00:02:37,240 --> 00:02:38,880
150 years ago,

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the very first underground train
arrived at this station.

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Farringdon, the original terminus.

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5am, and like his colleagues,
every morning for 150 years,

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station supervisor
Iain McPherson is opening up.

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00:03:02,400 --> 00:03:04,040
Let's open the show!

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You are kidding me!

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Right. OK then. OK, mate. Right.

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Looks like I am going to
have to do points.

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There is a track failure and it looks
like I will have to go on the track.

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The signals, our points,
are failing.

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It is probably because of the rain.

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Oh, God, I can't believe it.

48
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Today! Of all days.

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Rain has been causing
problems at Farringdon

50
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since the Underground began.

51
00:03:47,920 --> 00:03:52,120
Today, Iain suspects it has caused
the electrical points to fail.

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Just, aye, hold it there.
All of the signals are at red now.

53
00:04:02,120 --> 00:04:07,640
Nothing can move. The track is live.
It is only 630 volts.

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Iain needs to go on the track to
secure the points.

55
00:04:13,520 --> 00:04:18,600
But at 630 volts DC,
putting a foot wrong could be fatal.

56
00:04:30,640 --> 00:04:37,080
Jesus Christ! This is the worst
shift I have ever had to
experience

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00:04:37,080 --> 00:04:39,520
in my bloody life!

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Farringdon is prone to flooding.

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The track is
built along the bed of a river.

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We are on the bed
of the River Fleet in effect.

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It is now, in the 21st-century, it
is down in sewers below but

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when there is heavy rain it
floods.

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And hence, even today,
constant signal failures

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00:05:03,480 --> 00:05:05,920
because of all the water egress.

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00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:09,800
The Victorians always, if there was
a cheap answer,

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they usually went for it.
It has got to be said.

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In the 1850s, London was
facing a now familiar problem.

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'The problem which no big town
in the world has been able to

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'beat is one of too much
surface traffic.

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'Snarl-ups and the delays

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'they cause are unpleasant
facts of modern city life.

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'Traffic hold-ups make running
to time all too much a matter
of chance,

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'causing bunching, slow running and
a lot of passenger irritation.'

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In 1800, London was 1 million people.
By 1850 London was 2.5 million.

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That's a 150 percent increase
in population, it just exploded.

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And there was no room to move.

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00:06:03,480 --> 00:06:06,280
The Industrial Revolution
had created new factories,

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00:06:06,280 --> 00:06:10,120
and sucked in workers
from the countryside.

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00:06:10,120 --> 00:06:12,160
The financial centre was
flourishing,

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00:06:12,160 --> 00:06:15,080
and London had become the
largest city in the world.

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You had a total of around
300,000 people altogether
coming into the city

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every day on buses,
carts, and walking.

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During the boom years
of the railways, a law was passed

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stopping stations from being
built in the centre of London.

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Rail companies had been forced to
build their main stations like

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Paddington, Euston and King's Cross
along the edge of the central area.

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With no other way to reach
the square mile from the stations,

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the streets were full. London was
choking on its own success.

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00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:15,720
Looking on at the influx
of labourers into London was

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the great, great, great-grandfather
of this woman, Caroline Hutton.

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00:07:21,400 --> 00:07:23,720
Looking at London,
it must have changed completely,

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because there were more
machines there was less

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need for people in the country,

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and because there was less need
for people in the country they were

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coming up to London, they were coming
up to London to make more machines.

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00:07:34,600 --> 00:07:36,600
It is a vicious circle, isn't it?
It goes on and on.

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Charles Pearson was a wealthy lawyer
who had risen up through

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the city's ranks.

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00:07:41,120 --> 00:07:45,560
By 1839 he had become the solicitor
for the City of London.

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Pearson was concerned
about the problem of transport

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for London's new labourers.

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With no way to commute in
or out of the city

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they were being crammed, 30 or 40
per house, into slum dwellings.

104
00:08:02,320 --> 00:08:08,360
He spoke about how recent arrivals
pined for the countryside.

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"The passion for a country residence
is increasing to an extent that

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"it would be impossible to persons
who do not mix much with
the poor to know.

107
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"You cannot find a place
where they do not get a broken teapot

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"in which to stuff, as soon as
spring comes, some flower or
something to give them

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"an idea of
green fields and the country."

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Oh! Verbose!

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It suggests that he has great
sympathy with people,

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with the poor who like the country.

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And perhaps are even
thinking about their fathers who came

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up from the country, who knows?
Who were labourers in fields

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and actually had flowers and things
around them.

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In 1845, Pearson had a brainwave.

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His idea was to run trains in drains
under the streets of London,

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connecting the stations
ringed around the city and providing

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a way for workers to travel from
better houses further away.

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00:09:11,800 --> 00:09:15,160
Pearson spent eight years lobbying
city authorities for permission

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to build the railway on the grounds
of social reform, with no success.

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In 1853, he changed tack,
making the case that business would

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leave London if transport
didn't improve.

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Finally, the House of Commons
approved a bill,

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allowing Pearson's railway
to go ahead.

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00:09:34,080 --> 00:09:37,680
Do you feel like people are
generally aware of the existence of
Charles Pearson?

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00:09:39,800 --> 00:09:41,360
No, not really.

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He is not a name that sticks out, not
like Brunel or someone like that.

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So it is a shame. It is a shame.

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00:09:50,920 --> 00:09:54,640
Pearson persuaded a ragbag of
investors to back the risky venture.

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A private company called
the Metropolitan Railway was formed.

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Work would begin on the next phase,
construction.

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00:10:04,640 --> 00:10:07,960
But building the railway brought its
own problems.

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00:10:07,960 --> 00:10:13,640
In the 1850s, the area around
Farringdon was one of the poorest in
the country.

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00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:21,280
Not a salubrious place
to be in at all.

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So by the time of the 1840s and
1850s,

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00:10:25,320 --> 00:10:27,080
it was not a pleasant place to be.

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00:10:27,080 --> 00:10:34,200
They say Fagan's Den in
Oliver Twist was actually based,

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00:10:34,200 --> 00:10:38,440
well, they reckon
Turnmill Street or Cowcross Street.

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00:10:38,440 --> 00:10:41,720
If you wanted to be murdered
in London

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00:10:41,720 --> 00:10:47,200
you came to the Clerkenwell
area in the 18th and 19th century.

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00:10:48,680 --> 00:10:52,480
The first underground lines were
built just under the surface,

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00:10:52,480 --> 00:10:54,920
using a technique called
cut and cover.

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00:10:54,920 --> 00:10:59,760
They dug a trench,
placed the railway inside, and
put a roof on top.

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00:11:03,120 --> 00:11:07,880
It was impossible to do it without
causing considerable
disturbance on the surface.

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00:11:10,080 --> 00:11:14,480
A terminus at Farringdon, still
half a mile from the
city, was chosen.

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00:11:15,880 --> 00:11:19,480
Let's get it as far into the city
at the lowest possible cost

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00:11:19,480 --> 00:11:23,520
and the furthest end it could get,
Farringdon.

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Any further would have started
to cost big bucks.

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00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:32,440
With little by way of compensation,
over 12,000 people were moved out

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00:11:32,440 --> 00:11:36,400
of their homes to construct the line
between King's Cross and Farringdon.

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The middle classes saw it as good

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00:11:39,800 --> 00:11:44,080
because it was cleaning out slums,
it was getting rid of scum.

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And cleaning up the city.

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00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:50,120
It was seen as socially improving
because you are environmentally

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00:11:50,120 --> 00:11:56,240
improving the area by demolishing
all of these dens of iniquity.

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00:11:56,240 --> 00:12:02,520
The gin dens, the brothels. And all
the rest of it. So overall,

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00:12:02,520 --> 00:12:07,200
society, London in particular,
definitely benefited.

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00:12:07,200 --> 00:12:11,880
But there were always casualties and,
as usual,

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00:12:11,880 --> 00:12:15,520
it was usually the poor.

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00:12:15,520 --> 00:12:18,560
And it usually is the poor
that suffer. That's life.

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00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:25,080
Progress marched
on for the railway,

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00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:28,720
and a line was constructed
from Paddington, east to Farringdon.

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The company then
turned its attention to the actual

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00:12:33,400 --> 00:12:35,440
trains that might run on it.

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00:12:35,440 --> 00:12:38,400
Various outlandish schemes
had been suggested.

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A smokeless way,
running on atmospheric power.

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00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:46,200
Trains pulled by
hydraulics and cables.

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00:12:47,480 --> 00:12:50,440
Instead, they chose
a cheaper option.

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Steam.

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00:12:57,160 --> 00:13:00,680
Special locomotives were designed,
with condensing boilers meant

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to trap the steam rather than
release it into the tunnels.

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00:13:08,560 --> 00:13:12,200
Today, steam is returning to
the Underground.

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00:13:13,440 --> 00:13:16,040
They will be running a
steam train packed with

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00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:18,480
VIPs around the oldest
stretch of the circle.

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We have an older carriage
which is a Jubilee carriage

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00:13:25,960 --> 00:13:28,840
for Queen Victoria's Jubilee,
no less.

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00:13:28,840 --> 00:13:30,520
It was a chicken shed

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00:13:30,520 --> 00:13:35,840
about 20 or 30 years ago and now is
a beautiful first-class carriage.

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00:13:35,840 --> 00:13:39,000
It is our 150th birthday,

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00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:42,920
we were the first subterranean
railway in the world.

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00:13:42,920 --> 00:13:46,520
Chief operating officer
Howard Collins wants to celebrate
the Underground's past,

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00:13:46,520 --> 00:13:49,800
without making the Tube
look like it is stuck there.

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00:13:51,640 --> 00:13:55,480
I have this reoccurring, almost
nightmare, that an American tourist

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00:13:55,480 --> 00:13:59,320
would saunter onto the Tube
and think, "Gee, haven't improved
much in the UK!

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00:13:59,320 --> 00:14:01,560
"They still have steam down there."

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00:14:01,560 --> 00:14:04,960
Think about it, 1863, there was a
civil war in America still going on.

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00:14:04,960 --> 00:14:07,800
Queen Victoria hadn't
been around that long on the throne.

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00:14:13,680 --> 00:14:17,800
In a West London train depot,
an original Metropolitan Railway
locomotive

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00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:19,400
is being coaxed back to life.

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00:14:26,720 --> 00:14:30,200
Heritage operations manager
Andy Barr is in charge of getting

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00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:33,040
her back to the track
she left over 100 years ago.

193
00:14:33,040 --> 00:14:36,240
So much of this technology
has not changed.

194
00:14:36,240 --> 00:14:39,560
The essentials are still the same.

195
00:14:39,560 --> 00:14:44,640
Some source of combustion,
heats up some sort of source,

196
00:14:44,640 --> 00:14:48,280
usually water, always water,
and that makes the thing go forward.

197
00:14:48,280 --> 00:14:51,920
They are very, very, very
simple machines.

198
00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:55,600
Exactly 150 years ago,

199
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,840
the Metropolitan Railway was ready
for its grand opening.

200
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:07,200
They invited 79-year-old
Prime Minister Lord Palmerston

201
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:11,000
but he declined, saying he hoped to
remain above ground a little longer.

202
00:15:12,240 --> 00:15:16,000
Undeterred, the company held
a gala banquet at Farringdon station

203
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,440
for the investors and all
the politicians they could muster.

204
00:15:21,240 --> 00:15:23,880
Morning, Leon. How are you?
That is a lovely tie.

205
00:15:23,880 --> 00:15:25,040
Hi, Nick.

206
00:15:26,760 --> 00:15:29,960
In 150 years, not much has changed.

207
00:15:29,960 --> 00:15:33,200
Stephen, morning, an historic day.

208
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:39,280
Good morning. If it all goes wrong,
you just sack me, sack me!

209
00:15:39,280 --> 00:15:43,040
Except today, the investors and
politicians are one and the same.

210
00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:46,200
There's more Lords in one compartment
than in the House of Lords.

211
00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:48,640
Thank you. That's great.

212
00:15:50,640 --> 00:15:53,280
On 9th January 1863,

213
00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:57,320
the first ever Underground train
pulled away from Paddington station.

214
00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:21,280
It was so popular on its first day

215
00:16:21,280 --> 00:16:24,320
that Farringdon had to close
due to overcrowding.

216
00:16:34,520 --> 00:16:37,560
Howard is leading
from the front today.

217
00:16:39,480 --> 00:16:45,680
Money can't buy this.
This is the best position to be in.

218
00:16:45,680 --> 00:16:49,160
I suppose it's one of the perks
of being the boss of the Underground.

219
00:16:49,160 --> 00:16:52,160
I'm sure these chaps won't mind
if I blow the whistle.

220
00:16:52,160 --> 00:16:54,000
WHISTLE TOOTS

221
00:16:55,840 --> 00:16:57,000
How was that?

222
00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:58,200
That was great!

223
00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:14,760
Oh, look.

224
00:17:24,240 --> 00:17:25,920
Look at the smoke!

225
00:17:29,520 --> 00:17:32,000
Imagine it used to
be like that all the time.

226
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:37,280
Imagine that back and forward every
few minutes, 100 odd years ago.

227
00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:09,400
In its first year, the railway was
so in demand that services were

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00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:11,600
increased to a train
every ten minutes.

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00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:16,280
But with more trains,
passengers began to

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00:18:16,280 --> 00:18:19,240
complain about the sulphurous
atmosphere underground.

231
00:18:22,360 --> 00:18:25,520
The company reacted by running
a vigorous PR campaign,

232
00:18:25,520 --> 00:18:28,440
promoting the health benefits
of steam and smoke.

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00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:37,560
Passengers piled on

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00:18:37,560 --> 00:18:41,680
and the Metropolitan paid a healthy
dividend to the shareholders.

235
00:18:41,680 --> 00:18:46,360
# Take that night train to Memphis
Take that night train to Memphis

236
00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:49,880
# When you arrive at the station... #

237
00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:53,120
In the next few years,
driven by steam and profit,

238
00:18:53,120 --> 00:18:54,960
other companies joined in.

239
00:18:56,760 --> 00:19:00,040
The District Railway opened in 1868

240
00:19:00,040 --> 00:19:03,000
and a reluctant joint-venture
between rival companies

241
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,040
drew a circle around
the centre of London by 1884.

242
00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:11,720
So far, all the Underground lines
were shallow,

243
00:19:11,720 --> 00:19:13,680
running only metres below ground.

244
00:19:17,360 --> 00:19:19,480
In 1890, all that would change

245
00:19:19,480 --> 00:19:22,640
thanks to a revolutionary
piece of equipment.

246
00:19:27,400 --> 00:19:31,960
It's still here, abandoned in
disused tunnels underneath Moorgate.

247
00:19:40,960 --> 00:19:43,000
Paul Cowell is station supervisor.

248
00:19:44,560 --> 00:19:45,640
The echoes of history.

249
00:19:45,640 --> 00:19:46,640
HE LAUGHS

250
00:19:58,920 --> 00:20:02,720
This big shield here, that's what
they used to build it with.

251
00:20:02,720 --> 00:20:04,800
I think it's called
the Great Head Shield.

252
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,160
Look, it says it on there -
Great Head Shield.

253
00:20:09,400 --> 00:20:13,240
Great Head, Great Head Shield.
They just left it all there.

254
00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:18,520
The Great Head Shield was
the tunnelling machine

255
00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:20,200
pioneered by the Brunel family,

256
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,440
that made it possible to dig through
the clay deep under London.

257
00:20:26,160 --> 00:20:28,480
Labourers would
crouch in the compartments

258
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:30,120
and dig out the clay with shovels.

259
00:20:32,640 --> 00:20:38,080
I think what they did, they worked
in front of it, digging it out,

260
00:20:38,080 --> 00:20:39,960
then the holes that they dug,

261
00:20:39,960 --> 00:20:42,960
this was pushed
while they are digging it out,

262
00:20:42,960 --> 00:20:46,760
and then all the spoil was taken out
and then they just go through

263
00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:50,240
the whole process again and start
digging a little bit at a time.

264
00:20:51,840 --> 00:20:55,240
The shield gradually pushed forward
while the labourers dug

265
00:20:55,240 --> 00:20:57,960
and protected the earth around it
from collapse.

266
00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:01,840
It's very,
very similar to what they do today.

267
00:21:01,840 --> 00:21:07,240
It's just that men aren't used to
do it, it's a bloke sitting behind
it, pushing a button and off it goes.

268
00:21:07,240 --> 00:21:08,320
BANGING

269
00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:11,760
Oh, that's the pumps. I should have
warned you about the pumps!

270
00:21:14,240 --> 00:21:19,400
In 1890, the City and South London
Railway pioneered the machine,

271
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:22,320
digging the first railway tunnel
under the River Thames,

272
00:21:22,320 --> 00:21:23,760
from Stockwell to the City.

273
00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:32,920
Your body must have ached like hell
at the end of the day,

274
00:21:32,920 --> 00:21:37,760
once you've done probably
a 12-hour day of digging in wet soil.

275
00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:43,320
Makes you realise how much
we owe to these people, I think.

276
00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:45,000
It does cross my mind, though.

277
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,320
Would they be proud of us,
like we are proud of them? I wonder.

278
00:21:49,560 --> 00:21:53,240
You would like to think they would,
but who knows?

279
00:21:55,560 --> 00:21:59,480
There are now dozens of disused
stations and tunnels under London,

280
00:21:59,480 --> 00:22:01,520
abandoned as demand has changed.

281
00:22:08,760 --> 00:22:11,120
You've still got some old
wartime posters.

282
00:22:11,120 --> 00:22:14,440
There's not much left of them now,
but there's still a few there.

283
00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,720
The deep Tube line
was a great success.

284
00:22:42,720 --> 00:22:45,840
With little regulation,
there was a frenzy of investment

285
00:22:45,840 --> 00:22:48,560
with more companies
opening new lines,

286
00:22:48,560 --> 00:22:51,840
like the Waterloo & City Railway
in 1898

287
00:22:51,840 --> 00:22:54,480
and the Central London Railway
in 1900.

288
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,520
But one other innovation
drove this extraordinary expansion.

289
00:23:13,240 --> 00:23:16,880
Every new deep level line had trains
running not on steam,

290
00:23:16,880 --> 00:23:18,120
but on electricity...

291
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:26,080
..like the one driven by
modern-day Piccadilly line driver,
Dylan Glenister.

292
00:23:33,560 --> 00:23:36,640
That must have
been quite an experience -

293
00:23:36,640 --> 00:23:40,120
rather than seeing
Maxim arc lamps outside,

294
00:23:40,120 --> 00:23:43,920
to see electric lamps
and electric bulbs,

295
00:23:43,920 --> 00:23:48,240
to get into a railway carriage
and have electric lighting in it.

296
00:23:48,240 --> 00:23:50,600
For the kids,
it must have been a real treat.

297
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:53,080
MUSIC: "Malambo No 1"
by Yma Sumac

298
00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:07,040
Probably better than their front
room, do you know what I mean?

299
00:24:07,040 --> 00:24:10,720
They probably thought,
"This is great,
why can't our house be like this?"

300
00:24:10,720 --> 00:24:13,560
I love all that. It's like
everything was in its infancy.

301
00:24:21,640 --> 00:24:25,360
Dylan's particular passion is
the array of unique tiling patterns

302
00:24:25,360 --> 00:24:27,800
found in the early
Underground stations.

303
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:32,040
At home he has a collection
of over 800 discarded tiles.

304
00:24:32,040 --> 00:24:36,400
In the early days - 1905, 1906 -
a lot of Londoners...

305
00:24:36,400 --> 00:24:40,240
Not all of them, but most of them
couldn't read or write.

306
00:24:40,240 --> 00:24:41,960
They had quite a poor education.

307
00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:46,520
The only way, apparently,
that they could identify
which station they were at

308
00:24:46,520 --> 00:24:50,800
was by recognising the colours
or the patterns on the platform.

309
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,720
If they were travelling to
Covent Garden, they'd think,

310
00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:57,240
"I need to get off at the station
with the orange bands over the top."

311
00:24:57,240 --> 00:25:01,680
Or, "I'm getting off
at Gloucester Road, that is the one
with the green and white patterns."

312
00:25:03,520 --> 00:25:06,640
But it's a great little legacy,
to still see that.

313
00:25:06,640 --> 00:25:11,880
It makes perfect sense. What more
simpler method could you use?

314
00:25:11,880 --> 00:25:13,440
"What station are you from?"

315
00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:16,560
"The one with the orange bits
going over the top." It's great.

316
00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:19,320
You can imagine it?
Yeah. "Coming out for a beer, Alf?"

317
00:25:19,320 --> 00:25:23,040
"Yeah, I'll meet you at that station
with the green things over the roof."

318
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:24,440
"Yeah, all right."

319
00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:35,640
Thrusting competition
between the private companies

320
00:25:35,640 --> 00:25:38,400
created a labyrinth of tunnels
underneath London.

321
00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,840
The problem for the passengers
was that the companies
didn't work together.

322
00:25:44,840 --> 00:25:47,600
You had to buy a separate ticket
for each line.

323
00:25:48,840 --> 00:25:50,880
At some stations like Holborn,

324
00:25:50,880 --> 00:25:55,040
you couldn't change lines without
coming up to the surface.

325
00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:58,640
'Of course, I remember what
transport in London used to be like.

326
00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:02,160
'No proper system, cut-throat
competition between rivals,

327
00:26:02,160 --> 00:26:04,680
'stealing each other's customers.

328
00:26:04,680 --> 00:26:08,040
'That's how it was
when I was a schoolboy.

329
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:10,600
'In 1933,
somebody did something about it

330
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,400
'and formed London Transport
as we know it now.'

331
00:26:16,480 --> 00:26:23,400
In 1933, intense public demand
to make the system simpler
led Parliament to create a new body,

332
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:27,640
bringing all the different
private companies together -
London Transport.

333
00:26:29,680 --> 00:26:33,760
It was a public corporation
but commercially funded.

334
00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:37,560
'The chairman, Lord Ashfield,
with his deputy, Frank Pick,

335
00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,880
'felt that now the whole system,
all 2,000 square miles of it,

336
00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:44,280
'was all of a piece,
it ought to look all of a piece.

337
00:26:44,280 --> 00:26:46,920
'All the parts should have
the same sort of style.'

338
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,600
For the Underground, it was to be
a new era of commercial ambition

339
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:54,040
led by visionary design.

340
00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,960
TANNOY: The next station
is St James's Park.

341
00:27:09,960 --> 00:27:11,320
Under the new regime,

342
00:27:11,320 --> 00:27:15,280
crucial jobs would be given
to people like this man.

343
00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:18,400
Mike Ashworth is the Tube's
head of design and heritage.

344
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,880
He is responsible for the look
and feel of the whole system.

345
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:26,520
For him, the past is
part of the present.

346
00:27:26,520 --> 00:27:29,560
I love this. My home station,
I do love this.

347
00:27:30,880 --> 00:27:35,120
This was originally
one of the WHSmith newsagent stores.

348
00:27:35,120 --> 00:27:38,960
This is where you bought your paper
and your magazines
and your cigarettes.

349
00:27:38,960 --> 00:27:41,600
This is actually
one of the last ones that survived.

350
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:44,600
Some of them, you can
still see the lettering on the board.

351
00:27:45,640 --> 00:27:49,280
Mike is on the job from
the moment he sets off for work.

352
00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:54,960
The silly things that annoy me -

353
00:27:54,960 --> 00:27:58,880
this is one of the most useful things
we've ever put on our stations,

354
00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:03,120
and unfortunately, when we come to
fit them, we managed to leave...

355
00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:06,360
One of the things I hate most,
is galvanised junction boxes.

356
00:28:08,040 --> 00:28:11,800
I don't want to sound as if I'm
the conscience of the Underground.

357
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,000
Put that on my gravestone, you know?

358
00:28:14,000 --> 00:28:16,560
"This man cared
so much for London Underground,

359
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:20,760
"he conked out in a fit one day
over a piece of galvanised cable."

360
00:28:20,760 --> 00:28:25,480
But we are a civic monument to
London, we are an international brand

361
00:28:25,480 --> 00:28:29,480
and I want our stations
to be still looking good
in 40, 50, 60 years' time.

362
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:36,480
The secrets of the Underground
in the 1930s are revealed
by Mike's office,

363
00:28:36,480 --> 00:28:39,520
the Tube's Westminster headquarters
at 55 Broadway.

364
00:28:41,240 --> 00:28:46,080
'This is our address,
the headquarters of London Transport.

365
00:28:46,080 --> 00:28:49,840
'It is from here that a goodly
proportion of our day is organised.

366
00:28:49,840 --> 00:28:53,000
'Shunting us to and fro over
the torturous expanse

367
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,880
'of brick and stone which is London -
the largest city in the world.'

368
00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:04,840
Built in 1929, at the time
55 Broadway was the tallest
office block in London.

369
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:08,720
The corridor here
on the seventh floor,

370
00:29:08,720 --> 00:29:11,720
which is
one of the plushest corridors,

371
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:14,280
this used to be
the corridor of power.

372
00:29:17,160 --> 00:29:20,280
Originally,
these were senior officers' rooms.

373
00:29:20,280 --> 00:29:23,360
In fact, tucked away
behind the copier and mail room

374
00:29:23,360 --> 00:29:26,360
there is still
the executive officer's bathroom.

375
00:29:26,360 --> 00:29:28,880
There is still actually a bath
in this building.

376
00:29:28,880 --> 00:29:33,880
It was one man's ambition that drove
the construction of 55 Broadway -

377
00:29:33,880 --> 00:29:37,880
managing director and later
chief executive, Frank Pick.

378
00:29:37,880 --> 00:29:42,960
Pick is, in many respects,
an incredibly complex character.

379
00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:47,080
There is still an awful lot
we don't know and probably
never will know about Frank Pick.

380
00:29:47,080 --> 00:29:49,120
Pick was a shy man.

381
00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:55,400
This rare footage
is one of the only moments
he was ever caught on camera.

382
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:57,520
He's on the right,
leaning on his umbrella.

383
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,600
So, yes, always wrote in green ink.

384
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:09,040
Occasionally, I sometimes buy
a green cartridge for my fountain pen

385
00:30:09,040 --> 00:30:13,680
and sign documents thinking
that I'm Frank Pick.

386
00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:15,360
He was very, very tenacious.

387
00:30:15,360 --> 00:30:18,360
He famously once was on a journey
on the Metropolitan line

388
00:30:18,360 --> 00:30:21,520
and saw some men leaning
against shovels on the trackside.

389
00:30:21,520 --> 00:30:24,880
When he got off the train,
the story goes that he actually wrote

390
00:30:24,880 --> 00:30:28,520
a memo to the line manager to ask
why they were leaning on the shovels.

391
00:30:30,040 --> 00:30:34,840
Pick had been
rising through the ranks since
he started as an assistant in 1906.

392
00:30:36,080 --> 00:30:39,120
He had pioneered early design,
including a font

393
00:30:39,120 --> 00:30:42,160
specially commissioned
from calligrapher, Edward Johnston.

394
00:30:43,600 --> 00:30:46,200
With the characteristic
diamond over the I

395
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,480
and a perfect circle as the O,
it's been in use ever since.

396
00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:55,760
Suddenly in charge of the largest
transport group in the world,

397
00:30:55,760 --> 00:30:57,360
Pick went all-out on design.

398
00:31:00,840 --> 00:31:04,280
'More ephemeral than most art forms,
the poster can afford to be

399
00:31:04,280 --> 00:31:07,520
'up-to-the-minute, stylish,
sometimes even flippant.

400
00:31:08,800 --> 00:31:12,400
'In a series of posters illustrating
the diverse opportunities

401
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:15,240
'that the capital and its
countryside offer the people

402
00:31:15,240 --> 00:31:18,920
'seeking rewarding use of their
leisure, modern artists have made

403
00:31:18,920 --> 00:31:22,600
'the Underground stations
a constantly changing
picture gallery.'

404
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:28,080
This is the man who really introduced
the whole idea of typeface and brand.

405
00:31:28,080 --> 00:31:32,600
This man really is more responsible
than many people for modern London.

406
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:37,360
Innovative posters like this one
drew new passengers
into the Underground.

407
00:31:39,320 --> 00:31:43,040
You think you're lost in London
and you see the Underground symbol,

408
00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:45,280
you know that you're safe,
so to speak.

409
00:31:45,280 --> 00:31:48,880
From there, you know you can get to
where you really need to get to.

410
00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:51,040
This wasn't just some
pleasant pastime,

411
00:31:51,040 --> 00:31:54,640
this wasn't just somebody
with a bit of artistic know-how

412
00:31:54,640 --> 00:31:59,000
indulging himself and going, "I think
we should have some lovely posters."

413
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,840
This is, at the end of the day,
absolutely considered.

414
00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:05,200
This was about making money
for the shareholders of the company,

415
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:07,600
it was about
making the company more effective,

416
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,080
and it was about making
the brand recognisable.

417
00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:11,960
They certainly got it right,

418
00:32:11,960 --> 00:32:16,720
for the simple reason that we haven't
changed that symbol since 1920.

419
00:32:16,720 --> 00:32:21,200
We've occasionally played with it,

420
00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:33,280
The circle and crossbar design
has been the logo
for the Underground since 1908.

421
00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:36,440
'By its easily recognised
visual characteristics,

422
00:32:36,440 --> 00:32:38,760
'London Transport
signposts the traveller

423
00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:41,200
'and speeds him through
this giant sprawl -

424
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,120
'the circle and crossbar
on every bus stop and station.'

425
00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:47,040
London transport is taking
credit for it here.

426
00:32:48,120 --> 00:32:50,120
In reality, nobody knows its origin,

427
00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:53,280
although there are rumours
it was stolen from the Paris Metro.

428
00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:02,120
It was all part of a plan
to aggressively increase
the number of passengers.

429
00:33:02,120 --> 00:33:05,480
Deep level tunnelling was expensive
and had to be paid for.

430
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:10,120
In 1935,
Pick had a big idea to boost income.

431
00:33:23,840 --> 00:33:27,560
He would build cheap overground
extensions to the deep level lines,

432
00:33:27,560 --> 00:33:30,160
drawing people in from further
and further away.

433
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:40,320
In the north London suburb
of Highgate,

434
00:33:40,320 --> 00:33:44,720
there's a disused 1930s station
once intended to form
part of Pick's plan.

435
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:54,080
Dylan is here, on the lookout
for an historic item to add
to his collection.

436
00:33:56,680 --> 00:33:58,560
Found an old milk bottle.

437
00:33:58,560 --> 00:34:04,800
"This bottle costs 4d, please rinse
and return. Contents, one pint."

438
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:08,000
Isn't that amazing? 4d.
It's got to be pre-1971.

439
00:34:10,640 --> 00:34:12,600
What a lovely little thing to find.

440
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:17,840
I wonder if it was
the last pint of milk they drunk
in the old stationmaster's office.

441
00:34:20,240 --> 00:34:24,560
"There you go, Bert,
that's the last cup of tea, mate,
and this station will be finished."

442
00:34:26,200 --> 00:34:28,600
Yeah. Incredible.

443
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:30,240
Everything tells a story.

444
00:34:31,880 --> 00:34:35,640
Built in 1939, this station was
to be the beginning of a new branch

445
00:34:35,640 --> 00:34:39,480
of the Northern line, extending
into the countryside outside London.

446
00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:44,720
The Second World War
interrupted construction

447
00:34:44,720 --> 00:34:47,280
and the platforms here
never saw a Tube train.

448
00:34:54,680 --> 00:34:56,880
It would have been interesting,
just to see

449
00:34:56,880 --> 00:34:59,760
if they did put posters up,
what they would have had there.

450
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:01,120
What do you think?

451
00:35:01,120 --> 00:35:03,360
Actually, I suppose,
being a fairly new station,

452
00:35:03,360 --> 00:35:05,600
it might have had stuff like,
you know,

453
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:08,120
"Buy a new house in Highgate
and escape to the country air.

454
00:35:08,120 --> 00:35:12,480
"New houses from £600.
£40 deposit and pay by instalments"

455
00:35:12,480 --> 00:35:14,840
or something mad like that.

456
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:19,240
I know a lot of the garden suburbs
came about

457
00:35:19,240 --> 00:35:22,640
as the Underground
extending out into the countryside.

458
00:35:22,640 --> 00:35:24,480
With the construction of stations

459
00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:30,680
like Morden, Edgware and Bounds
Green, a major change was occurring.

460
00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,080
And the Underground system,
over which it presided,

461
00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:36,120
had grown since 1914
to look like this.

462
00:35:36,120 --> 00:35:38,280
Instead of meeting demand
for transport,

463
00:35:38,280 --> 00:35:40,280
the Tube was now creating it.

464
00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:44,560
Actively selling the suburban dream
to an aspiring middle class.

465
00:35:44,560 --> 00:35:47,240
New stations to the east,
new stations to the west.

466
00:35:49,240 --> 00:35:52,520
I wouldn't be surprised
if estate agents at the time thought,

467
00:35:52,520 --> 00:35:54,560
"Oh, we've got a bit
of advertising space there.

468
00:35:54,560 --> 00:35:58,080
"Let's advertise the fact
we can sell-off this lovely selection

469
00:35:58,080 --> 00:36:02,840
"of houses, starting from £400, you
know, or a detached house for £600."

470
00:36:02,840 --> 00:36:06,120
You know, all these new families
coming out and thinking,

471
00:36:06,120 --> 00:36:10,480
"Oh, this is great. We're out of
London now. We've got our own house.

472
00:36:10,480 --> 00:36:13,200
"We can afford to buy a car,"
and all that sort of stuff.

473
00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:14,960
It must have been amazing.

474
00:36:21,920 --> 00:36:23,160
I know, I can just imagine,

475
00:36:23,160 --> 00:36:25,840
I'd like to think there was
a poster from, I don't know,

476
00:36:25,840 --> 00:36:29,640
Willard & Co estate agents.
You know, just little houses.

477
00:36:29,640 --> 00:36:35,000
Escape to the countryside.
You know, that dream.

478
00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:38,840
Yeah, we'll have some of that,
you know. No mobile phones then.

479
00:36:38,840 --> 00:36:41,880
It would have been writing the number
on the back of a ticket stub.

480
00:36:41,880 --> 00:36:45,720
Highgate 65992, or something.
Lovely! Off you go.

481
00:36:51,560 --> 00:36:55,120
Nearly 10 million people,
all wanting to go somewhere.

482
00:36:55,120 --> 00:36:57,320
Travelling to work,
travelling for pleasure.

483
00:36:57,320 --> 00:36:59,840
Moving in and out
and through London.

484
00:36:59,840 --> 00:37:01,840
10 million Londoners alone

485
00:37:01,840 --> 00:37:05,280
and visitors on top of that,
all needing transport.

486
00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,120
The Tube was creating new suburbs -
extending the borders of London.

487
00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:22,920
Transport lives by people.

488
00:37:22,920 --> 00:37:26,360
By those who travel on it,
by those who run it.

489
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:29,400
Innumerable passengers,
thousands of vehicles...

490
00:37:31,240 --> 00:37:34,080
But the new suburban stations
created their own problems

491
00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:36,320
for the Tube.

492
00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:39,480
The system had grown up
as a tangle of different lines.

493
00:37:41,280 --> 00:37:45,040
This is how the Underground map
looked in 1932.

494
00:37:49,320 --> 00:37:51,360
That was the year one man
would change the way

495
00:37:51,360 --> 00:37:53,800
we understand the Tube.

496
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:57,920
Harry Beck,
the designer of its now famous map.

497
00:37:57,920 --> 00:38:01,920
Ken Garland is a graphic designer
and was Beck's friend.

498
00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:07,600
Beck left Ken his original drawings
of the map.

499
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:12,440
This is the first edition.

500
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:16,880
It's the first poster version

501
00:38:16,880 --> 00:38:19,560
of Beck's diagram.

502
00:38:19,560 --> 00:38:23,640
It is, to me, amazingly elegant.

503
00:38:25,720 --> 00:38:28,360
It's a strange thing
to say about a diagram

504
00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:31,480
and very few diagrams
could be called elegant

505
00:38:31,480 --> 00:38:33,400
but I think this can.

506
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:36,040
It has, in its colours
and its lettering,

507
00:38:36,040 --> 00:38:42,120
and its configuration,
a sort of rightness about it.

508
00:38:42,120 --> 00:38:44,920
And I love it so much.

509
00:38:44,920 --> 00:38:47,880
Harry Beck was a lowly
electrical draughtsman,

510
00:38:47,880 --> 00:38:51,560
who'd occasionally worked
as a freelancer for the Tube
in the 1920s.

511
00:38:51,560 --> 00:38:54,960
In 1932, he was unemployed.

512
00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:59,560
Then he had a brainwave. A new way
of viewing the Underground.

513
00:38:59,560 --> 00:39:03,400
Based on his experience
of drawing electric circuits.

514
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:07,120
He would emphasise connections
and simplify everything else.

515
00:39:08,560 --> 00:39:11,160
He stretched and shrank distances.

516
00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:15,840
Kept to horizontal,
vertical and diagonal lines

517
00:39:15,840 --> 00:39:19,160
and rounded every angle
to 45 or 90 degrees.

518
00:39:20,920 --> 00:39:24,800
Unsolicited, he sent the sketch
to the Underground headquarters.

519
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:33,080
Hard to believe that the Publicity
Department of the Underground,

520
00:39:33,080 --> 00:39:36,160
or whatever it was called then,
just couldn't understand

521
00:39:36,160 --> 00:39:39,400
how this could mean anything
to the general public.

522
00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:43,080
And they just rejected it.

523
00:39:43,080 --> 00:39:47,320
He went back with it and they said,
"Oh, all right, we'll give it a go."

524
00:39:47,320 --> 00:39:49,960
And this is the go they gave it.

525
00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:55,440
It says on the back,
"a new design for an old map.

526
00:39:55,440 --> 00:39:57,920
"We should welcome your comments.

527
00:39:57,920 --> 00:40:00,120
"Please write
to the publicity manager."

528
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:03,400
It looks to me from this
as thought they weren't at all sure.

529
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,440
They printed a trial quantity.

530
00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,080
They put it in three or four
of the most prominent Tube stations -

531
00:40:10,080 --> 00:40:14,320
Piccadilly Circus,
Tottenham Court Road.

532
00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:17,120
And, later, the following day,

533
00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:19,400
they went to say, "How's it going?"

534
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,880
They said, "Going? They went within
an hour! The public love it!"

535
00:40:26,320 --> 00:40:29,280
Harry Beck's life project had begun.

536
00:40:29,280 --> 00:40:33,360
Although still a freelancer, Beck
would be custodian of the map -

537
00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:37,080
drafting by hand
a new version for every alteration.

538
00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,800
But, in the 1950s,
disagreements emerged between Beck

539
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:47,560
and his employers over geography.

540
00:40:47,560 --> 00:40:48,920
Look at this!

541
00:40:48,920 --> 00:40:52,520
Here's a diagonal going out this way
and a horizontal going that way.

542
00:40:52,520 --> 00:40:56,200
Both of them lead to Wimbledon.

543
00:40:56,200 --> 00:41:01,680
This is a little bit whimsical,
perhaps.

544
00:41:01,680 --> 00:41:05,520
Just a little bit. In this was
the seed of future disagreements.

545
00:41:10,160 --> 00:41:15,320
In 1960, Beck went to his local Tube
station and was met by a new map,

546
00:41:15,320 --> 00:41:17,920
with someone else's signature
at the bottom.

547
00:41:19,280 --> 00:41:24,640
Beck could not believe it.
He was deeply, deeply shocked.

548
00:41:24,640 --> 00:41:30,520
He had thought the diagram was his,
to be modified at his hand

549
00:41:30,520 --> 00:41:33,760
at the suggestions of his clients.

550
00:41:33,760 --> 00:41:37,800
For the last 14 years of his life,
Beck carried on creating maps

551
00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:41,720
at home and sending them
in as the Underground evolved.

552
00:41:41,720 --> 00:41:45,560
They were all politely -
but firmly - rejected.

553
00:41:45,560 --> 00:41:48,160
He and his wife had no children

554
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:53,920
and I formulated a notion
that this was, in a way, his baby.

555
00:41:53,920 --> 00:41:56,720
Could you bring across the next one?

556
00:41:56,720 --> 00:41:58,560
It was that close to him?

557
00:41:58,560 --> 00:42:01,640
It was very, very close.

558
00:42:01,640 --> 00:42:05,440
Why do you think they let Beck go?
God knows!

559
00:42:05,440 --> 00:42:08,320
I think, maybe
they'd had enough of this guy.

560
00:42:08,320 --> 00:42:12,760
This guy's been doing
this bloody diagram ever since 1933.

561
00:42:12,760 --> 00:42:14,800
It's time we had a go.

562
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:19,080
I think they probably, in view
of what's happened on this diagram,

563
00:42:19,080 --> 00:42:22,520
were upset about the separation
of the Wimbledons.

564
00:42:24,760 --> 00:42:28,440
Beck was posthumously recognised
in 1997

565
00:42:28,440 --> 00:42:31,880
and his name now appears
on every map.

566
00:42:35,520 --> 00:42:39,160
It's a bugger to get in.
These are so badly designed.

567
00:42:39,160 --> 00:42:41,800
I've told them about this, you know.

568
00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:48,720
The map gets an update every time
the system changes -

569
00:42:48,720 --> 00:42:51,240
roughly every six months.

570
00:42:51,240 --> 00:42:54,200
The biggest change in this one

571
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:58,320
is the new Outer Circle line.

572
00:42:58,320 --> 00:43:02,520
You can now do an outer circle
without coming into the city centre.

573
00:43:02,520 --> 00:43:06,800
Beck's design has influenced
the look of Metro maps

574
00:43:06,800 --> 00:43:09,240
all over the world.

575
00:43:10,720 --> 00:43:13,520
It takes you north, south,
east, west.

576
00:43:13,520 --> 00:43:15,840
On top or inside, above ground
or below.

577
00:43:15,840 --> 00:43:22,440
It carries you along with 11,999,999
other people every day.

578
00:43:22,440 --> 00:43:25,120
After the war,
the Tube was nationalised.

579
00:43:25,120 --> 00:43:26,880
But it received no subsidy.

580
00:43:26,880 --> 00:43:29,920
Bakerloo line, madam.
Platform five, that way.

581
00:43:33,160 --> 00:43:36,760
In the age of the car,
passenger numbers started dropping.

582
00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:39,560
In the booming economy,

583
00:43:39,560 --> 00:43:43,320
the cash-strapped Tube struggled
to find people to work for it.

584
00:43:44,600 --> 00:43:47,800
'Ours is a crowded island
but, for many years now,

585
00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,960
'there's been full employment.

586
00:43:50,960 --> 00:43:54,200
'You gradually become
more prosperous.'

587
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:58,000
In 1956, they found
a creative solution.

588
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:01,240
Not only did they advertise
for staff across the UK,

589
00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:06,520
they set up recruitment offices
in Barbados and Jamaica.

590
00:44:06,520 --> 00:44:10,240
They even offered to put up
many of the new arrivals in hostels.

591
00:44:13,680 --> 00:44:15,440
'Now, take getting a train away.

592
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:17,840
'New staff had to learn
how to do that

593
00:44:17,840 --> 00:44:19,920
'because there's only one right way.

594
00:44:19,920 --> 00:44:23,040
'But that's not all there is
to working on a platform.

595
00:44:23,040 --> 00:44:26,240
'Rules, regulations, timetables.

596
00:44:26,240 --> 00:44:30,280
'They had to combine common sense
and knowledge with a bit of
psychology.

597
00:44:30,280 --> 00:44:32,680
'And we had to teach them.'

598
00:44:32,680 --> 00:44:35,560
Let the passengers
off the car first, please.

599
00:44:35,560 --> 00:44:39,640
Mind the closing doors. Thank you.
Mind the doors, please. Stand away.

600
00:44:43,320 --> 00:44:45,720
Rasta man, take them
beautiful people away.

601
00:44:45,720 --> 00:44:48,080
Stand clear. Mind the doors.

602
00:44:48,080 --> 00:44:52,040
# We've got to move it, move it.
We've got to move it. #

603
00:44:57,280 --> 00:44:59,760
I'm on my way to do that now, over.

604
00:45:01,880 --> 00:45:04,080
Sorry, ladies and gentlemen.

605
00:45:05,840 --> 00:45:09,400
Customer service assistant
Steve Parkinson, known as Parky,

606
00:45:09,400 --> 00:45:13,560
has been working for the Tube
for 35 years. Very, very soon.

607
00:45:13,560 --> 00:45:16,400
He's dealing with a rush-hour crush

608
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:19,440
of over 21,000 passengers
at Moorgate.

609
00:45:19,440 --> 00:45:22,600
What happens -
if your platform is overcrowded

610
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:27,360
and there's too many people going
down there - it becomes dangerous.

611
00:45:27,360 --> 00:45:30,160
We pay you, my friend. Yes, sir.

612
00:45:30,160 --> 00:45:33,280
Our wages and these people
and the Government.

613
00:45:33,280 --> 00:45:36,680
That's why I'm protecting you, sir.
You're not going on there.

614
00:45:36,680 --> 00:45:39,760
Too many people on it. Somebody will
get killed. Yeah, yeah.

615
00:45:39,760 --> 00:45:42,000
Oh, thanks very much.

616
00:45:42,000 --> 00:45:44,640
A couple of minutes, ladies
and gentlemen. A couple of minutes.

617
00:45:44,640 --> 00:45:46,800
Parky grew up in Jamaica.

618
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:50,720
I come from a village,
somewhere you have never heard of.

619
00:45:50,720 --> 00:45:56,640
And, if my wife sees this,
she would laugh because she says,

620
00:45:56,640 --> 00:46:00,440
"You come from a place
where nobody knows about.

621
00:46:00,440 --> 00:46:04,160
"They cannot pronounce it."

622
00:46:04,160 --> 00:46:07,920
When Parky was 13, recruitment
officers came to his village,

623
00:46:07,920 --> 00:46:11,160
looking for staff
to work for the Tube.

624
00:46:11,160 --> 00:46:13,840
When somebody come around
to make speeches

625
00:46:13,840 --> 00:46:19,160
on top of a pick-up truck
with a loud-hailer, it's excitement.

626
00:46:19,160 --> 00:46:22,800
You know.
Everybody gathering in the village.

627
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:26,680
"Your mother country needs you,
come to England."

628
00:46:26,680 --> 00:46:32,560
In those days, the average wage
was 30 shillings a fortnight.

629
00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:35,800
£1.50 - today's money.

630
00:46:38,080 --> 00:46:43,320
And he tells us, you're going
to get £8, £9, or £10 a week.

631
00:46:43,320 --> 00:46:47,160
You're going to go to England.
That's what people did.

632
00:46:50,120 --> 00:46:53,680
Aged 17, Parky was sent
to London by his parents.

633
00:46:55,680 --> 00:47:00,600
This man was a friendly face among
you. Mixing freely with the crowd.

634
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:03,520
But like many others, he found
the reality of living in London

635
00:47:03,520 --> 00:47:06,240
was worlds away
from his expectations.

636
00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:08,320
I've heard that you've got
rooms going.

637
00:47:08,320 --> 00:47:11,040
I have got a room but I'm afraid I
can't let you in. I beg your pardon.

638
00:47:11,040 --> 00:47:13,080
I've can't let you in.

639
00:47:15,040 --> 00:47:17,800
Well, when I first started
working for London Underground,

640
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:21,280
you couldn't get a job
as a supervisor or manager

641
00:47:21,280 --> 00:47:24,400
or anything of that sort.

642
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:28,240
You were just given the low grade -
the menial grade.

643
00:47:28,240 --> 00:47:30,440
And that's how it is -
that's how it was.

644
00:47:31,480 --> 00:47:35,520
It wouldn't make me angry.
Just make me more determined.

645
00:47:35,520 --> 00:47:37,760
That's why I'm still here.

646
00:47:39,720 --> 00:47:42,840
The United Kingdom
has benefited from it.

647
00:47:44,840 --> 00:47:47,720
In many ways. Have a look around.

648
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:52,160
There we go, ladies and gentlemen.

649
00:47:54,120 --> 00:47:56,440
# A distant echo... #

650
00:47:56,440 --> 00:47:59,200
Nowadays,
around a third of Londoners

651
00:47:59,200 --> 00:48:02,720
and around a third
of TfL staff are non-white.

652
00:48:02,720 --> 00:48:04,760
# To take them home to

653
00:48:04,760 --> 00:48:06,560
# The ones that they love... #

654
00:48:06,560 --> 00:48:08,640
The lip's hanging off, mate.

655
00:48:08,640 --> 00:48:11,080
It's all hanging off. I'm pissed.

656
00:48:11,080 --> 00:48:13,000
You go and enjoy yourself.

657
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:17,760
Look at that! Yeah, man. Thank you,
darling. Have a nice New Year.

658
00:48:17,760 --> 00:48:20,000
Keep it real.

659
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:23,120
# Cold and uninviting... #

660
00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:25,680
Starved of funds
in the '70s and '80s,

661
00:48:25,680 --> 00:48:29,160
the Tube's passenger numbers
were falling.

662
00:48:29,160 --> 00:48:33,040
By 1982, they'd dropped by 30%
from their post-war peak.

663
00:48:34,840 --> 00:48:37,520
The Tube became
a beacon of dishevelled chic

664
00:48:37,520 --> 00:48:39,720
for bands like The Jam.

665
00:48:40,760 --> 00:48:45,840
# I said I was down
in the Tube station at midnight... #

666
00:48:47,640 --> 00:48:51,880
And a source of inspiration
for photographers like Wozzy Dias.

667
00:48:51,880 --> 00:48:56,680
# Down in the Tube station
at midnight. Oh, oh, oh

668
00:48:56,680 --> 00:49:01,880
# Don't want to go down
in the Tube station at midnight... #

669
00:49:01,880 --> 00:49:06,240
But it was still pulling in people
from far and wide to work for it.

670
00:49:07,800 --> 00:49:12,240
This was a briefcase that I bought

671
00:49:12,240 --> 00:49:16,080
when I was the health and safety rep
at King's Cross

672
00:49:16,080 --> 00:49:19,520
many...20 years ago.

673
00:49:19,520 --> 00:49:22,760
Aha, it works! Aha!

674
00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:27,440
Iain grew up in the Scottish
Highlands in the 1970s.

675
00:49:27,440 --> 00:49:30,440
I didn't want to join
the Underground or anything

676
00:49:30,440 --> 00:49:33,560
but unemployment in Scotland was...

677
00:49:33,560 --> 00:49:37,240
This made my father so proud.

678
00:49:37,240 --> 00:49:42,520
The Evening Standard.
11th December, 1990.

679
00:49:42,520 --> 00:49:47,400
It was just about five months
before he died.

680
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:50,440
"This is the face behind
the mystery voice,

681
00:49:50,440 --> 00:49:54,480
"which is currently doing the
impossible on London's Underground -

682
00:49:54,480 --> 00:49:56,560
"making commuters laugh.

683
00:49:56,560 --> 00:49:59,720
"Even the most hard-faced travellers
crack when they hear

684
00:49:59,720 --> 00:50:03,200
"the dulcet Scottish tones
of King Cross platform announcer

685
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,440
"Iain Macpherson,
whose wit and wisdom

686
00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:09,080
"is causing something of a stir."

687
00:50:09,080 --> 00:50:12,320
If there was a signal failure
or anything had happened,

688
00:50:12,320 --> 00:50:14,400
it was like, what do you do?

689
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:16,800
I felt really uncomfortable.

690
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:19,080
I was standing there
in full uniform,

691
00:50:19,080 --> 00:50:21,880
everyone was staring at me
and expecting an answer.

692
00:50:21,880 --> 00:50:24,320
I have no answer.

693
00:50:24,320 --> 00:50:26,760
I told them what I was told.

694
00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:30,400
I said, "You'll never guess
what's happened - again! I know.

695
00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:33,680
"The points have failed at
Baker Street. Can you believe it?"

696
00:50:33,680 --> 00:50:36,280
That bulb has blown at
Great Portland Street again -

697
00:50:36,280 --> 00:50:38,880
the one that blew last Wednesday.

698
00:50:38,880 --> 00:50:42,360
People can see through bullshit.

699
00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:47,680
And they can. And if you make it
all up, it just doesn't work.

700
00:50:47,680 --> 00:50:49,760
If I didn't know, I would say,

701
00:50:49,760 --> 00:50:52,160
"Passenger, I don't know
what's going on."

702
00:50:52,160 --> 00:50:54,400
They told me they liked the honesty

703
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:56,800
because they felt
I was being honest.

704
00:51:07,520 --> 00:51:10,240
On 18th November, 1987,

705
00:51:10,240 --> 00:51:13,880
the years of neglect brought King's
Cross station to a tragic low.

706
00:51:23,240 --> 00:51:26,400
At 7:25pm, an unknown smoker
stubbed a cigarette out

707
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:29,720
on the wooden Piccadilly line
escalator, starting a fire.

708
00:51:35,520 --> 00:51:38,440
In the minutes after the fire began,
staff members failed to operate

709
00:51:38,440 --> 00:51:41,840
the water sprinkler systems
that would have doused it.

710
00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:43,960
There's smoke billowing out
of the exits.

711
00:51:43,960 --> 00:51:46,320
Firemen running all over the place -

712
00:51:46,320 --> 00:51:48,800
trying to get in
to help trapped people.

713
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:53,280
Customers were still
coming into the station,

714
00:51:53,280 --> 00:51:55,760
ten minutes after the fire began.

715
00:51:55,760 --> 00:51:58,040
When I was halfway up that escalator,

716
00:51:58,040 --> 00:52:00,800
almost immediately the fire broke
through into the roof

717
00:52:00,800 --> 00:52:03,840
and debris started falling
and rolling down the escalator.

718
00:52:06,720 --> 00:52:10,760
At 7:45pm, fanned by gusts of air
from trains below,

719
00:52:10,760 --> 00:52:13,080
the fire flashed over -
gushing upstairs

720
00:52:13,080 --> 00:52:15,880
and filling the ticket hall
with heat and smoke.

721
00:52:15,880 --> 00:52:19,280
Here, the oven-like temperatures
had incinerated the ticket kiosks

722
00:52:19,280 --> 00:52:22,520
and melted paint and plastic
from the ticket machines.

723
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:27,600
I mean, the money
in the ticket machines

724
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:34,440
had actually melted into one block
of solid metal.

725
00:52:34,440 --> 00:52:35,840
That's how hot it was.

726
00:52:35,840 --> 00:52:38,960
When the fireball went up
the Piccadilly line

727
00:52:38,960 --> 00:52:40,840
and through the ticket hall.

728
00:52:40,840 --> 00:52:46,560
Threw two firemen about
100-odd yards down the corridor

729
00:52:46,560 --> 00:52:49,840
and slammed them
against the far wall.

730
00:52:51,760 --> 00:52:54,240
31 people died in the fire.

731
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:07,400
The fact of the matter is
that it looks as though

732
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:11,120
the interests of safety
are being sacrificed

733
00:53:11,120 --> 00:53:14,880
from the point of view
of trying to save money.

734
00:53:14,880 --> 00:53:17,400
The escalator mechanism,
where the fire began,

735
00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:19,640
was discovered to be greasy.

736
00:53:19,640 --> 00:53:21,840
The grooves filled
with flammable particles

737
00:53:21,840 --> 00:53:24,320
from years without a deep clean.

738
00:53:24,320 --> 00:53:26,160
For all the Underground's faults,

739
00:53:26,160 --> 00:53:31,200
it had been neglected for so many
years by all political shades.

740
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:36,240
And it woke up, I think,
governments - left and right.

741
00:53:36,240 --> 00:53:38,840
It certainly woke up
London Underground.

742
00:53:43,120 --> 00:53:47,640
After the fire, public money began
being spent on upgrading the system.

743
00:53:58,640 --> 00:54:01,840
It now receives nearly half
its income in the form of subsidy

744
00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:04,480
from the Government.

745
00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:07,080
You'd better work, lift.

746
00:54:07,080 --> 00:54:11,800
Stand clear of the doors.
Don't you say that to me.

747
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:13,840
Thank you.

748
00:54:13,840 --> 00:54:17,120
The Tube is now undergoing
a £10 billion upgrade.

749
00:54:17,120 --> 00:54:19,840
The oldest station on the network,
Farringdon,

750
00:54:19,840 --> 00:54:23,600
is on the way
to becoming the newest.

751
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:26,240
Just make sure these are OK.

752
00:54:26,240 --> 00:54:29,120
All clear.

753
00:54:29,120 --> 00:54:30,920
Today, the renovation work

754
00:54:30,920 --> 00:54:33,720
is receiving a special
anniversary inspection.

755
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:40,680
We're just waiting for Prince
Charles and Camilla to arrive.

756
00:54:42,080 --> 00:54:43,920
Hopefully they'll see our sign.

757
00:54:43,920 --> 00:54:46,160
A bit nerve-wracking.

758
00:54:46,160 --> 00:54:51,200
150 years I've worked at Farrington
and I've never met a Royal.

759
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:55,960
By 2018, Farringdon will see
up to 150 trains an hour,

760
00:54:55,960 --> 00:54:59,960
making it one of the busiest
stations in the country.

761
00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:05,680
Morning! How are we doing?
All right?

762
00:55:05,680 --> 00:55:08,480
Howard Collins
is praying for sunshine.

763
00:55:08,480 --> 00:55:11,520
I hope the rain holds off.

764
00:55:11,520 --> 00:55:13,760
Oh, God, the rain's coming on!

765
00:55:15,520 --> 00:55:18,080
After seeing the construction work,
Charles and Camilla

766
00:55:18,080 --> 00:55:20,480
will take trip on the Tube
from Farringdon

767
00:55:20,480 --> 00:55:22,480
to a revamped King's Cross.

768
00:55:25,960 --> 00:55:27,600
It's quite a big deal.

769
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:31,360
We've never had so many
VIPs at Farringdon before.

770
00:55:33,280 --> 00:55:36,440
It deserves it though, this station.
All these years.

771
00:55:45,040 --> 00:55:50,160
All the flashes and the rain
comes on. Welcome to Farringdon!

772
00:55:50,160 --> 00:55:53,560
Just to spoil it.

773
00:55:53,560 --> 00:55:56,800
Spoil our one moment of fame.

774
00:56:10,040 --> 00:56:12,760
Ladies and gentlemen...

775
00:56:12,760 --> 00:56:18,200
He's really pleasant.
He's very quick but pleasant.

776
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:22,280
He said, "How do you put up
with all of this madness?"

777
00:56:22,280 --> 00:56:26,920
I struggle through.
I struggle through.

778
00:56:26,920 --> 00:56:29,920
Struggle through.
What else can you do?

779
00:56:46,760 --> 00:56:49,560
Since the Tube began,
London's population has grown

780
00:56:49,560 --> 00:56:52,800
from 2.5 million to 8 million.

781
00:56:52,800 --> 00:56:58,640
It's set to grow again -
another million by 2030.

782
00:56:58,640 --> 00:57:01,840
If we're going to continue expanding
at the rate we've been doing,

783
00:57:01,840 --> 00:57:06,320
the Underground has got to expand
and got to continue expanding.

784
00:57:09,920 --> 00:57:13,000
I suppose, one of the ways you could
do it is just have a continuous train

785
00:57:13,000 --> 00:57:15,840
from one end of the line to the
other - similar to an escalator -

786
00:57:15,840 --> 00:57:18,560
that just goes round in a loop
and the end of the train goes under

787
00:57:18,560 --> 00:57:20,920
a big tunnel underneath and comes
back on itself

788
00:57:20,920 --> 00:57:22,560
and pops up at the other end.

789
00:57:22,560 --> 00:57:24,960
Or maybe just take the trains away
and have a conveyor belt

790
00:57:24,960 --> 00:57:27,520
and you just step on it.

791
00:57:30,680 --> 00:57:34,920
The Underground can keep up if the
people are behind the Underground.

792
00:57:34,920 --> 00:57:37,920
If London's behind the Underground.

793
00:57:39,240 --> 00:57:41,640
Or, an even better idea,
just take all the tracks up

794
00:57:41,640 --> 00:57:46,360
and have like a laminated flooring
all along where the track used to be.

795
00:57:46,360 --> 00:57:49,600
When people come into the station,
instead of buying a ticket,

796
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,720
just pay £1
and get a pair of roller skates.

797
00:58:01,360 --> 00:58:05,720
Londoners will essentially still be
Londoners in 150 years' time.

798
00:58:05,720 --> 00:58:08,720
And I'd like to think they'd still
be using the Tube.

799
00:58:08,720 --> 00:58:13,760
So, yeah, especially like this, when
they celebrate Underground 300,

800
00:58:13,760 --> 00:58:17,640
it will still be
the world's oldest Metro system -

801
00:58:17,640 --> 00:58:21,000
it will just be 150 years older
than it is now. So, yeah.

802
00:58:23,680 --> 00:58:26,040
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