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Imagine everything
that's ever happened.

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The whole of history.

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Imagine you could go to any
place, any time,

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00:00:18,080 --> 00:00:21,960
and see what the people then saw,
understand what they thought,

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00:00:21,960 --> 00:00:23,800
and appreciate what they felt.

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What would that tell
you about the human race?

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00:00:29,280 --> 00:00:32,200
And how would that make you feel
about the world you live in today?

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00:00:36,600 --> 00:00:39,600
So much of what we know now goes
directly back to

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England's Golden Age,
the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.

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00:00:45,360 --> 00:00:47,920
A time when England embraced
the whole world.

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It's a period bursting
with icons -

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Shakespeare, the Spanish Armada.

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The Virgin Queen herself.

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Who wouldn't want to travel back
in time and see it first hand?

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But if you did, what you would need
most would be a visitor's handbook.

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Who are these strange people
so like us, but also so different?

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What are their rules,
their customs and attitudes?

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I have spent years piecing these
together, so you don't have to.

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Let me plunge you into a world of
splendour

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and magnificent achievements,
but also of uncertainty and doubt,

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where simple survival
is an art in itself.

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A world of plague,
violence and superstition,

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but also of beauty and wisdom.

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I'll show you this fascinating
period as if it's all around you.

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The sickness and the suffering,

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as well as the
power and the glory.

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Because this is Elizabethan England.

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The concept of time travel
has been around for well over

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a hundred years now, and has become
a key theme of science fiction.

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But apply the idea to history

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and travelling back to
Elizabethan times.

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How would you survive?

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What would you discover?

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You'll travel to the world of the
rich and powerful,

35
00:02:36,160 --> 00:02:38,040
the high and mighty.

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An Elizabethan world
you may recognise,

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and we'll see how you get on
amongst society's elite.

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But it's a world enjoyed by few.

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For most, the reality
is very different.

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In this film, I'm pitching you back,
stripped of money,

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stripped of everything you're used
to, all your creature comforts.

42
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Why?

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Because I want you to see that,
for the poor,

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the most famous images and
the cultural icons don't apply.

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The struggle of everyday
life in Elizabethan times

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will show you just how lucky you are
to be alive.

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You might picture some of
the brilliant images

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of this glorious age -
the Queen and her courtiers,

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or the grand architecture
of the period.

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These things are a world away
from most Elizabethans' lives.

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Spending time with the common people
will show you just how much life

52
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in the 16th century is a
continual struggle to survive.

53
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'You've arrived in England in 1558.

54
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'Elizabeth has just been
crowned queen.

55
00:04:12,080 --> 00:04:16,120
'It's very unlikely you'll land
in a castle or a rich man's house.

56
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'You're much more likely to find
yourself somewhere like this.'

57
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'An open heath. In this case,
Hothfield in Kent.'

58
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'About a quarter of England
is like this -

59
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'wild moors, heaths,
mountains and wasteland.'

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Look at what the
latest tourist websites

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say about places like this.

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There's a recurring theme - beauty.

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"A ruggedly beautiful landscape,"
says one website.

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"A wonderful place," says another.

65
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'You'll need to get used to the fact

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'that Elizabethans see things
very differently from you.

67
00:05:03,960 --> 00:05:06,080
'Even things that seem timeless

68
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'are riddled with meanings that
you'll have to learn quickly.'

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There is no word for "landscape"
in the English language.

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Elizabethans use the word "country".

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Something that you're in,
not something you look at.

72
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'You certainly won't find
any Elizabethans

73
00:05:20,800 --> 00:05:22,800
'painting pictures
of the countryside.'

74
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'You may see it as pretty
and romantic.

75
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'I urge you to drop those
notions straight away.'

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The heaths, woods and moorlands
are dangerous places.

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There are no roads across them -
only trackways and muddy paths.

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Elizabethan people see
them as horrific.

79
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Anything but beautiful.

80
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'Given that this is what the locals
think of such places,

81
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'I suggest you find shelter,
and quickly.'

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THUNDERCLAP

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'Dotted around the countryside
you'll find small thatched cottages,

84
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'some already hundreds
of years old.'

85
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'And when you first spot one,

86
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'don't have any ideas of
an idyllic rural lifestyle.'

87
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'The family you'll meet here
is very poor indeed.'

88
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'It's not unusual to find as many
as seven or eight people

89
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'living in a house like this.'

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Imagine you've come to stay with
one of your ancestors in the 1560s.

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And you're going to stay here.

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Well, the thing that will strike
you most is that it is dark.

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Very dark.

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You can't just turn on a light
in a house like this.

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In fact, it's very unlikely
you'll see colours indoors at all.

96
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It's just too dark.

97
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You'll go to sleep in darkness,
and you'll wake in darkness.

98
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'Inside, you'll find
it's very basic.

99
00:07:32,200 --> 00:07:33,960
'Just one room with an earth floor.

100
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'In the middle, you'll see a fire,
permanently lit,

101
00:07:38,760 --> 00:07:42,760
'but what will really hit you is the
thick smoke filling the whole room.'

102
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'To prevent you suffocating, they've
made an opening in the roof.'

103
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'And the windows are no more than
just holes in the wall.'

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Because the windows are unglazed,
covered only by a shutter,

105
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they let in the cold,

106
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so they're small to retain
as much heat as possible.

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Even in the summer months,

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very little light is going
to enter your home.

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Candles, you might think,
are the obvious answer.

110
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'Modern set designers love them,
our movies are full of them,

111
00:08:18,480 --> 00:08:21,880
'but real Elizabethan cottages
aren't.

112
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'Candles are expensive,

113
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'and a poor family simply
can't afford lots of light.

114
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'This family's only possessions
are a few pots,

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'some spoons and ladles,
a basket and a bench.

116
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'You'll find yourself
sleeping on the floor,

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'or if you're lucky, on one of
their thin straw mattresses.'

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'In this world of darkness,
you won't just see differently,

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'you'll listen differently, too.'

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You pay attention to the things
you hear -

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the small sounds of the house.

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The crackling of the fire.

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The sighing of a child
in the cradle.

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The raindrops on the roof.

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Another important point to
understand from the outset is how

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hierarchical Elizabethan society is,

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and how firmly people
stick to class divisions.

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It's explained in this book
from 1577.

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A Description Of England, by a
clergyman called William Harrison.

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'Elizabethans see their rigid class
system as being ordained by God.'

131
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'Even at the lower end
of the social scale,

132
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'there's a definite class system.'

133
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'Harrison describes the
ordinary sort of people

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'that you'll meet on the road,
or in a village ale house.

135
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'Most countrymen fall into
one of three categories.

136
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'A yeoman might own or lease

137
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'his farm, and employs workers.

138
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'A husbandman rents the land
that he works on.

139
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'Labourers simply work
on other people's farms.'

140
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'A dark, smoke-filled house
is one reason

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'why these people spend the
whole day out of doors.'

142
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'As an unknown poor person
looking for work in the countryside,

143
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'your options are
extremely limited.

144
00:10:54,840 --> 00:10:57,480
'Your best bet is to
go from farm to farm,

145
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'offering your services
as a labourer.

146
00:11:00,480 --> 00:11:03,400
'If you ask around among the
local yeomen and husbandmen,

147
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'you might find someone who will
employ you on a casual basis,

148
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'and allow you to sleep in a barn.

149
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'But be prepared for a hard slog.'

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The working day starts at dawn
and continues until sunset.

151
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And if you are employed
as a labourer,

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what's your reward for
this hard day's toil?

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Just a groat.

154
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'You may be disappointed to see
your first day's pay

155
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'is a thin coin roughly the same
size as a modern 20p piece.'

156
00:11:35,280 --> 00:11:38,720
'Made of pure silver, the groat
has been a part of English currency

157
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'since medieval times.

158
00:11:41,160 --> 00:11:43,800
'You will also hear it referred
to as fourpence.'

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00:11:47,040 --> 00:11:48,680
What does this sum really mean?

160
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Well, for a start, there is
no simple conversion rate

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for Elizabethan money into
21st century currency.

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Just as hearing and seeing have
changed over the centuries,

163
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so have the relative
values of things.

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When a labourer earns fourpence
per day, a chicken costs fourpence,

165
00:12:05,880 --> 00:12:08,160
and a lemon, threepence.

166
00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:10,240
If chickens were as valuable to us

167
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in the 21st century as they are
to people in the 16th,

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they would cost about £100 each,
and a single lemon would cost £75.

169
00:12:20,120 --> 00:12:22,320
'So lemon chicken's off the menu,

170
00:12:22,320 --> 00:12:25,080
'but what can you buy
on wages of four pence a day?

171
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'A loaf of bread and a small amount
of butter and cheese every day.

172
00:12:30,520 --> 00:12:35,000
'Four small pieces of meat
and three pieces of fish per week.

173
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'And enough ale to forget
your concerns each night.'

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It all adds up to about 6,000
calories per day,

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which is enough for a working man
and his wife.

176
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But it leaves nothing for firewood,
nothing for rent,

177
00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:52,440
nothing for clothing and
nothing for the children.

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Unless you grow vegetables
in your garden,

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and make your own clothes, and
forego some of that food for rent,

180
00:12:57,960 --> 00:12:59,480
you won't be able to raise a family.

181
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'As you can see,

182
00:13:02,400 --> 00:13:07,120
'the Elizabethan labourer in the
same situation as you is trapped.

183
00:13:07,120 --> 00:13:11,360
'Rights that you probably take for
granted, like marriage and children,

184
00:13:11,360 --> 00:13:14,120
'have to be weighed up against
the threat of starvation.

185
00:13:15,240 --> 00:13:19,080
'For many people, hardship simply
forces you back on the road.'

186
00:13:24,720 --> 00:13:27,800
Wherever you go,
you'll notice sheep.

187
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Millions of them.

188
00:13:30,840 --> 00:13:33,480
There are three times as many
sheep as there are people.

189
00:13:35,720 --> 00:13:38,200
And something else will strike you.

190
00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,080
The modern sheep that you're used to
weigh around 200lbs.

191
00:13:43,280 --> 00:13:47,280
Swiss visitor Thomas Platter
tells us that in 1599,

192
00:13:47,280 --> 00:13:50,760
they weighed just 40lbs,
a fifth of the size.

193
00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:55,400
'As you walk along the lanes,

194
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:57,080
'you won't bump into
that many country folk.

195
00:13:58,520 --> 00:13:59,760
'In Elizabethan England,

196
00:13:59,760 --> 00:14:03,240
'there are only about 60 people
per square mile.

197
00:14:03,240 --> 00:14:05,160
'Today there are over a thousand.

198
00:14:09,240 --> 00:14:11,840
'There is just so much space.

199
00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:14,720
'In 1589, the government
is able to decree

200
00:14:14,720 --> 00:14:18,840
'that all new rural houses must have
four acres of land with them.'

201
00:14:21,640 --> 00:14:24,080
'For that, believe it or not,
is thought to be

202
00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,120
'the right amount for the needs
of an Elizabethan family.'

203
00:14:29,560 --> 00:14:33,120
'But the landowners are less than
keen to surrender control of so much

204
00:14:33,120 --> 00:14:37,120
'of their land, so that piece of
legislation is largely ignored.'

205
00:14:42,360 --> 00:14:47,040
Apart from the houses, what are you
going to see in an ordinary village?

206
00:14:47,040 --> 00:14:51,080
Well, beehives and haycocks,
sawpits and dung heaps.

207
00:14:51,080 --> 00:14:53,040
And dung here is interesting,

208
00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:55,760
because to you and me,
it smells like dirt.

209
00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:57,480
It's excrement, after all.

210
00:14:57,480 --> 00:15:00,000
But to an Elizabethan,
it smells sweet,

211
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:02,000
because you need it to grow wheat.

212
00:15:05,840 --> 00:15:09,120
'Get used to the smell,
because it's everywhere.

213
00:15:09,120 --> 00:15:13,000
'In fact, you'll find yourself
contributing to it.

214
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:16,520
'Sooner or later you'll need
to spend an Elizabethan penny.

215
00:15:18,120 --> 00:15:22,040
'If you are out in the countryside,
the solution is obvious.

216
00:15:22,040 --> 00:15:25,000
'But when you arrive in the village,
it's a different matter.

217
00:15:26,360 --> 00:15:29,760
'Toilets as you know them
haven't been invented yet.

218
00:15:29,760 --> 00:15:32,760
'People in your situation,
with little or no wealth,

219
00:15:32,760 --> 00:15:35,360
'might just pee in a bucket
in the corner of a room.

220
00:15:35,360 --> 00:15:37,400
'Or they might have an outhouse
or a privy,

221
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:41,680
'which is basically a hole in the
ground with a seat above it.

222
00:15:41,680 --> 00:15:43,640
'You may well have heard
that Elizabethans

223
00:15:43,640 --> 00:15:46,080
'toss their excrement
out of the window.

224
00:15:46,080 --> 00:15:50,200
'But don't worry, it doesn't happen.
In fact, it's against the law.'

225
00:15:53,280 --> 00:15:56,480
'If you head to Ingatestone
in Essex in 1564

226
00:15:56,480 --> 00:15:59,120
'you'll probably smell it
before you see it.'

227
00:16:02,440 --> 00:16:04,400
'The construction of
new village privies

228
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,040
'is causing something of a stink.'

229
00:16:08,680 --> 00:16:11,200
A number of local people build
privies over the stream

230
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:12,760
running through the village.

231
00:16:12,760 --> 00:16:16,200
The idea is sound. Elizabethan
physicians recommend

232
00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:19,320
building your loo over running
water, to take away the excrement.

233
00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:25,120
'Some towns have communal
facilities, built over rivers,

234
00:16:25,120 --> 00:16:26,560
'with numerous stalls.

235
00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:29,200
'Public loos for private benefit.

236
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,440
'In smaller towns, you'll come
across individual privies,

237
00:16:32,440 --> 00:16:34,280
'built hanging over a riverbank.'

238
00:16:39,960 --> 00:16:42,400
'But the problem for the people
of Ingatestone

239
00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,400
'is that their waste
is dropping from the privies

240
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:49,600
'into a small stream and sitting
there in the shallow water.'

241
00:16:52,920 --> 00:16:55,200
'And the Lord of the Manor
at Ingatestone

242
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,520
'just happens to be
Sir William Petre.'

243
00:17:00,360 --> 00:17:03,760
He's a proud man and a pioneer
of household hygiene.

244
00:17:03,760 --> 00:17:05,760
He doesn't want people
smelling excrement

245
00:17:05,760 --> 00:17:08,840
or coming across dead animals as
they pass through his village.

246
00:17:08,840 --> 00:17:11,680
He forbids such things,
and heavily fines offenders.

247
00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:16,520
'Sir William Petre is not
the only gentleman

248
00:17:16,520 --> 00:17:19,400
'with firm ideas about sanitation.

249
00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:23,320
'30 years later, the Queen's godson,
Sir John Harrington,

250
00:17:23,320 --> 00:17:26,280
'builds the first flushing toilet
at his house near Bath.'

251
00:17:29,120 --> 00:17:31,960
'Queen Elizabeth is so impressed
that she has one of

252
00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:34,960
'her godson's toilets installed
at Richmond Palace.'

253
00:17:52,600 --> 00:17:55,560
Unfortunately, other gentlemen
are not convinced.

254
00:17:56,760 --> 00:18:00,400
Wealthy and poor alike have
another 300 years to wait

255
00:18:00,400 --> 00:18:01,520
for a flushing loo.

256
00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:10,160
'Normally, when travelling across a
strange country, you'd use a map.

257
00:18:10,160 --> 00:18:13,320
'Unfortunately, on this trip,
that's not an option.'

258
00:18:18,280 --> 00:18:21,360
There are no published maps of
England until Christopher Saxton

259
00:18:21,360 --> 00:18:24,960
produces an atlas of the
whole kingdom in 1579.

260
00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:27,640
That's a good 20 years
into Elizabeth's reign.

261
00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:30,960
But even then, his great work isn't
going to help you very much.

262
00:18:30,960 --> 00:18:34,320
Every county map is as detailed
and as large as this one.

263
00:18:34,320 --> 00:18:36,760
They're expensive,
and you can't just slip them

264
00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:38,400
into your back pocket.

265
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:41,400
Instead, it won't surprise you
to hear the common way

266
00:18:41,400 --> 00:18:43,920
of finding your way around
is simply to ask directions.

267
00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:49,600
'But when you hear the answer,
the accent will sound strange.

268
00:18:49,600 --> 00:18:52,600
'Elizabethan speech patterns
are very different

269
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:53,840
'from those you're used to.'

270
00:18:55,640 --> 00:18:58,920
'This is a genuine Elizabethan
account of a conversation

271
00:18:58,920 --> 00:19:01,920
'between a traveller and a ploughman
working in a field.'

272
00:19:05,480 --> 00:19:08,440
I pray thee, set me my right way
out of the village.

273
00:19:09,640 --> 00:19:11,480
Hold at the right hand
until you come to the

274
00:19:11,480 --> 00:19:13,960
corner of the wood,
then turne at the left.

275
00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:18,200
Have we no thieves in the forest?

276
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:21,280
No, sir. The provost-marshal
hung the other day

277
00:19:21,280 --> 00:19:23,320
halfe a dozen at the gibbet,

278
00:19:23,320 --> 00:19:26,320
which you see before you
at the top of that hill.

279
00:19:26,320 --> 00:19:28,800
Truly I feare lest we be robbed.

280
00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,680
We shall spurre a little
harder for it waxeth night.

281
00:19:34,240 --> 00:19:38,000
Everywhere you'll see grim reminders
that finding your way isn't just

282
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,960
about getting to your destination,
it's about getting there alive.

283
00:20:03,440 --> 00:20:05,560
In England, if you keep travelling,

284
00:20:05,560 --> 00:20:07,480
sooner or later,
you'll come to the sea.

285
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,160
In the Middle Ages, people avoided
living close to the sea

286
00:20:12,160 --> 00:20:15,000
if they could,
for fear of foreign dangers,

287
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:17,280
as well as a belief
that it was unhealthy.

288
00:20:18,520 --> 00:20:22,400
But attacks from pirates are no
longer the threat that they were.

289
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:24,480
The Queen's navy patrols
the channel.

290
00:20:27,360 --> 00:20:29,680
Villages on the south coast,
in particular, are growing.

291
00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:36,240
A whole new attitude to the sea
is developing.

292
00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:39,040
Increasingly, it's seen as
a place of opportunity,

293
00:20:39,040 --> 00:20:41,200
so fishermen live closer
to their livelihoods,

294
00:20:41,200 --> 00:20:43,920
and so do all the people who help
them - the net makers,

295
00:20:43,920 --> 00:20:46,240
the boat builders and, of course,
all their families.

296
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:51,200
'Elizabethans eat over a hundred
different types of fish.

297
00:20:52,440 --> 00:20:56,120
'Along with familiar ones like
cod and plaice,

298
00:20:56,120 --> 00:20:58,600
'the wealthy eat porpoise
and conger eel.

299
00:21:00,160 --> 00:21:03,000
'The poor make do with other eels
and oysters,

300
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:04,440
'which they eat in pies.

301
00:21:05,680 --> 00:21:08,480
'When a whale is beached,
that's soon on the menu, too.'

302
00:21:13,160 --> 00:21:16,000
The sailors don't just cast
their nets in the English Channel.

303
00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:21,080
Elizabethan fishermen go as far
afield as Iceland...

304
00:21:23,160 --> 00:21:24,360
..and Newfoundland.

305
00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:32,240
And the fish isn't just
for domestic consumption.

306
00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:34,360
The Cornish, for example,
start making money

307
00:21:34,360 --> 00:21:36,000
selling pilchards to the Spanish.

308
00:21:38,560 --> 00:21:41,960
Anyone would think the Elizabethans
are obsessed with fish.

309
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:48,680
The major factor influencing this
is that its illegal to eat meat

310
00:21:48,680 --> 00:21:51,360
on Wednesdays, Fridays
and Saturdays,

311
00:21:51,360 --> 00:21:55,520
and throughout Advent and Lent.
This means people eat a lot of fish.

312
00:21:56,640 --> 00:21:58,680
'Towards the end of Queen
Elizabeth's reign,

313
00:21:58,680 --> 00:22:03,320
'the English consumed approximately
2,500 tonnes of fish every week.'

314
00:22:05,160 --> 00:22:08,200
'That's five times as much
per person as we eat today.'

315
00:22:12,520 --> 00:22:15,520
'You may have heard that
Elizabethans don't travel.

316
00:22:15,520 --> 00:22:17,160
'That's a myth.

317
00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:20,200
'You'll pass a large number
of people on the roads,

318
00:22:20,200 --> 00:22:21,800
'most heading into
towns and cities.'

319
00:22:25,480 --> 00:22:30,040
London has over 200,000 people
crammed within its walls by 1603.

320
00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:33,800
It's the third largest city
in Europe, after Naples and Paris.

321
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:38,480
But the next largest town, Norwich,
has just 15,000 people.

322
00:22:38,480 --> 00:22:41,640
York and Bristol each have
about 12,000, and Newcastle

323
00:22:41,640 --> 00:22:44,640
is the only other English town
with a population of 10,000.

324
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,440
'On arrival in any town,
you'll be drawn instantly

325
00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:05,280
'to the hustle and bustle
of the market.'

326
00:23:10,720 --> 00:23:14,520
'A town can double in size on market
day with all its many visitors.'

327
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:25,600
Every town has at least one market,
open at least one day a week.

328
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:28,200
Unless you are a completely
self-sufficient farmer,

329
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:29,640
this is where you'll need to come

330
00:23:29,640 --> 00:23:32,120
to buy eggs, butter, cheese,
meat and fish.

331
00:23:32,120 --> 00:23:34,400
This is also where
you'll come to buy stuff.

332
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:38,480
'You'll certainly recognise
some of what's on sale,

333
00:23:38,480 --> 00:23:40,640
'but you will need to know
what things are called.

334
00:23:42,480 --> 00:23:45,720
'Another word for calf-length boots
is a pair of buskins.

335
00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:49,960
'Biggins are close-fitting caps.'

336
00:23:52,840 --> 00:23:55,240
'Knee-length breeches
are known as slops.'

337
00:23:59,880 --> 00:24:01,720
'People spend many hours
at the market,

338
00:24:01,720 --> 00:24:03,960
'and so various fast foods
are available.'

339
00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:08,520
'Cooked meats, pasties and pies
are all on offer,

340
00:24:08,520 --> 00:24:10,120
'and perhaps even sweetmeats.'

341
00:24:11,520 --> 00:24:14,520
'They're pricey, so you might
stretch only to some herbs

342
00:24:14,520 --> 00:24:16,960
'or an onion to make a potage
or a soup.'

343
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,520
'You'll notice women with baskets
wandering around.

344
00:24:21,520 --> 00:24:24,440
'They're selling oysters,
seafood, herbs.'

345
00:24:24,440 --> 00:24:26,320
'Things that have a short
shelf-life.

346
00:24:27,320 --> 00:24:31,320
'Also look out for a man carrying
a flame from door to door.

347
00:24:31,320 --> 00:24:34,480
'Most people find it too difficult
to do battle with a tinderbox

348
00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:37,680
'and a piece of flint, so they
buy their fire instead.'

349
00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,640
'Walking away from the market,

350
00:24:58,640 --> 00:25:01,040
'you'll find that your options
are limited.

351
00:25:01,040 --> 00:25:03,240
'Townsmen tend to live
self-contained lives

352
00:25:03,240 --> 00:25:04,200
'in their homes.'

353
00:25:09,320 --> 00:25:12,040
'If you want to join them socially,
you'll need to do so

354
00:25:12,040 --> 00:25:15,080
'at an ale house,
and that will require money.'

355
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:20,760
'If you've no money,

356
00:25:20,760 --> 00:25:24,000
'then you'll get short shrift
as an unwelcome beggar.'

357
00:25:29,920 --> 00:25:33,120
'The best you can hope for is
a small charitable donation

358
00:25:33,120 --> 00:25:36,560
'from the community,
to speed you on your way home.'

359
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,520
At the heart of every community
is this - the church.

360
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:47,760
Perhaps the hardest thing
to get to grips with

361
00:25:47,760 --> 00:25:49,680
when visiting Elizabethan England

362
00:25:49,680 --> 00:25:52,680
is the extent to which religion
is central to everyone's life.

363
00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:57,160
It is compulsory for everyone over
the age of 14 to attend church

364
00:25:57,160 --> 00:25:59,800
every Sunday, but you must also go

365
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,800
on no fewer than 19 saints' feast
days through the year.

366
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:43,240
'England has a chequered religious
history in the 16th century.

367
00:26:43,240 --> 00:26:46,480
'It starts when Elizabeth's father,
Henry VIII,

368
00:26:46,480 --> 00:26:49,160
'renounces the Roman Catholic
Church in 1534.'

369
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,040
'He doesn't convince
everyone however.

370
00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:58,520
'There are still many fervent
Catholics in England

371
00:26:58,520 --> 00:27:00,080
'when Elizabeth comes
to the throne.

372
00:27:01,320 --> 00:27:04,800
'But equally, there are many
who support reform.

373
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:07,400
'The most extreme of these
are the Puritans,

374
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:10,240
'who promote strict guidelines
for a purer life.'

375
00:27:29,760 --> 00:27:33,000
'Elizabeth chooses to make England
a Protestant kingdom,

376
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,840
'but not to follow all the
demands of the Puritans.'

377
00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,520
'In 1559, she is declared
the Supreme Governor

378
00:27:41,520 --> 00:27:42,800
'of the Church of England.'

379
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,880
'It's a change that causes
Catholics despair and fear.

380
00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:51,080
'The Puritans aren't too
pleased about it, either.'

381
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,960
In 1563, a bill is introduced
into Parliament

382
00:27:57,960 --> 00:28:00,560
to make England a Puritan nation.

383
00:28:00,560 --> 00:28:03,680
The Puritans want to ban a number
of sports and pastimes.

384
00:28:03,680 --> 00:28:05,920
They want to get rid of
ecclesiastical vestments

385
00:28:05,920 --> 00:28:09,600
and church music, and even
to outlaw wedding rings.

386
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,600
That bill is defeated
by just one vote.

387
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,080
And there are other factors
causing confusion, too.

388
00:28:16,080 --> 00:28:19,000
A new comet,
seen in the sky in 1572,

389
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,440
undermines the entire
scientific understanding

390
00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:26,320
of how the universe works, including
where heaven might be located.

391
00:28:26,320 --> 00:28:29,960
Caught in the crossfire of all these
confusions and discoveries,

392
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:33,520
many people are uncertain that
England is still a Godly nation.

393
00:28:36,080 --> 00:28:38,400
'If you're thinking you'll just
opt out of the rivalry

394
00:28:38,400 --> 00:28:40,840
'between Catholics and Protestants,

395
00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:44,520
'and that you'll just say you're
an atheist, think again.

396
00:28:44,520 --> 00:28:47,400
'Everyone in Elizabethan England
hates atheists.'

397
00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:53,240
Being an atheist in the 16th century
is really not possible

398
00:28:53,240 --> 00:28:55,880
for the simple reason that people
can't see how creation

399
00:28:55,880 --> 00:28:59,320
can exist without there
being a creator.

400
00:28:59,320 --> 00:29:03,600
In other words, not believing in God
is like not believing in trees.

401
00:29:04,840 --> 00:29:08,880
To the Elizabethans, everything
can be explained through God.

402
00:29:12,240 --> 00:29:14,960
'That sense of God being
all-powerful

403
00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:18,200
'only makes things worse
for the Catholics.

404
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:19,400
'What do you do?

405
00:29:19,400 --> 00:29:22,720
'Do you deny the Protestant religion
and risk arrest?

406
00:29:22,720 --> 00:29:26,520
'Or do you follow the official line
and risk your eternal soul?'

407
00:29:30,520 --> 00:29:34,880
From 1581, anyone trying to persuade
somebody to join the Catholic church

408
00:29:34,880 --> 00:29:37,920
can be held guilty of high treason,
and executed.

409
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:43,800
Anyone regularly missing church
services can be fined £20 a month.

410
00:29:43,800 --> 00:29:47,120
And £20 is what it takes
a labourer four years to earn.

411
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:51,720
'Be very careful.

412
00:29:51,720 --> 00:29:57,040
'There are no policemen, but there
are informants, everywhere.'

413
00:29:58,440 --> 00:30:01,720
'Many people will be happy to
report you to the authorities

414
00:30:01,720 --> 00:30:04,120
'for any wrongdoing, or even
just as a precaution.'

415
00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,640
'The dangers of the town are much
greater that you realise.

416
00:30:11,640 --> 00:30:13,360
'After dark, it's terrifying.

417
00:30:14,520 --> 00:30:18,000
'In a world where so many have so
little, it's hardly surprising.'

418
00:30:26,240 --> 00:30:29,200
Where there is poverty,
there is also crime.

419
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:31,360
Half the entire Elizabethan
population

420
00:30:31,360 --> 00:30:33,240
is under the age of 22.

421
00:30:33,240 --> 00:30:37,440
For comparison, the middle mark
in modern times is 39.

422
00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:40,120
People have so much less life
experience,

423
00:30:40,120 --> 00:30:43,520
and, being younger, they are more
aggressive and hot-headed.

424
00:30:43,520 --> 00:30:44,640
And they are also armed.

425
00:30:45,720 --> 00:30:48,600
Most young men carry a dagger,
and many will wear a sword.

426
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,240
'Keep your eyes open
and your wits about you.

427
00:31:04,240 --> 00:31:07,560
'Starving young ruffians form gangs
that roam the highways.'

428
00:31:11,080 --> 00:31:13,760
'Add to the fact they
drink nothing but beer

429
00:31:13,760 --> 00:31:15,640
'and you have a dangerous
combination.'

430
00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:22,480
'In 1566, a new publication,
A Warning For Common Cursitors,

431
00:31:22,480 --> 00:31:24,960
'is one of the most popular books
of the day.

432
00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:28,320
'It's a rich lexicon of thieves

433
00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:29,840
'and their nefarious habits,

434
00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:31,880
'for not all rogues are the same.'

435
00:31:34,320 --> 00:31:36,760
'Be careful of the "courtesy man".

436
00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:40,000
'He's well-dressed, he'll offer
to show you around town,

437
00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:42,200
'buy you drinks, and he'll lead you

438
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:44,040
'straight into the arms
of his gang.'

439
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:54,000
'In the gloom you may notice
a young man walking with a staff.

440
00:31:54,960 --> 00:31:57,480
'It might be the "angler".

441
00:31:57,480 --> 00:32:01,280
'He'll use a hook on the end to grab
anything he can see of value

442
00:32:01,280 --> 00:32:02,760
'from an open window.

443
00:32:04,360 --> 00:32:07,440
'The local Godfather is known
as the "upright man".

444
00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,080
'He organises the other
criminals in town.

445
00:32:12,080 --> 00:32:15,520
'His female companion is called
a "doxy".

446
00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:17,400
'She lures in lustful young men

447
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,040
'to places where they can be
stripped and then easily robbed.'

448
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,640
'Desperate times
call for desperate measures.

449
00:32:33,640 --> 00:32:37,240
'And there is no doubt that
the poor are desperate.

450
00:32:37,240 --> 00:32:39,520
'But if poverty tempts you
to throw in your lot

451
00:32:39,520 --> 00:32:42,360
'with the Elizabethan underworld,
just bear in mind

452
00:32:42,360 --> 00:32:46,000
'that the penalty for
any felony is death,

453
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:49,480
'and that includes the theft of
just 13 pence worth of goods.'

454
00:32:53,240 --> 00:32:56,760
'Helping yourself to a fine-looking
shirt off a washing line,

455
00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:59,560
'or a couple of silver spoons
from a rich man's house

456
00:32:59,560 --> 00:33:01,480
'can lead you straight
to the gallows.

457
00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:06,680
'There are, in total, five different
ways in which you can be executed.'

458
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:15,080
The first is straightforward
hanging on a gallows.

459
00:33:15,080 --> 00:33:19,320
The second is the traitor's death of
hanging, drawing and quartering,

460
00:33:19,320 --> 00:33:21,680
Third, there's beheading.

461
00:33:21,680 --> 00:33:24,040
Fourth, burning at the stake.

462
00:33:24,040 --> 00:33:27,080
And fifth, peine forte et dure.

463
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:33,760
That last one means
"hard and strong punishment".

464
00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:34,800
You are laid on the ground,

465
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,120
and a sharp rock is placed
under your spine.

466
00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:42,280
Heavy weights are then added,
one by one, to a board on your body.

467
00:33:43,840 --> 00:33:47,360
It could well take 12 hours for
you to be crushed to death.

468
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:57,040
The strange thing is that you can
only die this way if you choose to.

469
00:33:57,040 --> 00:33:58,720
I know what you're thinking.

470
00:33:58,720 --> 00:34:02,160
Who on earth in their right mind
would opt for such a terrible death?

471
00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:05,040
Well, one of the reasons is this.

472
00:34:05,040 --> 00:34:07,480
Peine fort et dure is the
statutory punishment

473
00:34:07,480 --> 00:34:11,160
if you refuse to plead guilty
or not guilty.

474
00:34:11,160 --> 00:34:13,520
If you plead not guilty
and are convicted,

475
00:34:13,520 --> 00:34:16,240
then the state can take all your
property and possessions.

476
00:34:16,240 --> 00:34:20,080
However, if you refuse to plead,
you cannot be tried

477
00:34:20,080 --> 00:34:23,320
and so your inheritance passes
intact to your heirs.

478
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:29,360
'If you arrive in York in 1586
you'll see that

479
00:34:29,360 --> 00:34:32,920
'there are also religious reasons
to refuse to plead.

480
00:34:32,920 --> 00:34:36,920
'Margaret Clitheroe is charged with
harbouring Catholic priests,

481
00:34:36,920 --> 00:34:40,360
'and if found guilty, her young
children will be interrogated

482
00:34:40,360 --> 00:34:43,280
'to find out where the priests
are hiding.

483
00:34:43,280 --> 00:34:46,880
'So she refuses to plead,
and is crushed to death.

484
00:34:46,880 --> 00:34:48,560
'She is 29 years old.'

485
00:34:59,080 --> 00:35:01,480
'Elizabethan people do not see
going to prison

486
00:35:01,480 --> 00:35:03,120
'as a punishment in itself.

487
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:08,000
'Prisons are just places to hold
people until they stand trial

488
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,400
'and can be executed or released.'

489
00:35:13,560 --> 00:35:17,760
'You, however, may well think
prisons are punishments.

490
00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:20,240
'You'll have no bedding
and no toilet,

491
00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:22,200
'and you're likely to share
a crammed cell.'

492
00:35:27,520 --> 00:35:30,840
'Some crimes end up in mutilation.

493
00:35:30,840 --> 00:35:33,640
'A writer, for example, may have
his hand cut off

494
00:35:33,640 --> 00:35:35,480
'for producing a treasonable book.

495
00:35:36,840 --> 00:35:39,680
'Alternatively, you may
be flogged at a post,

496
00:35:39,680 --> 00:35:41,280
'or branded with a red hot iron.'

497
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:48,200
But there are some mercies.

498
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:50,840
Women are no longer boiled
alive for poisoning

499
00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:52,480
as they were in the reign
of Henry VIII.

500
00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:55,640
That's thought to be
unnecessarily cruel.

501
00:35:55,640 --> 00:35:57,160
They are burned alive instead.

502
00:36:09,760 --> 00:36:12,640
'The level of cruelty involved
in capital punishment

503
00:36:12,640 --> 00:36:14,880
'won't come as a great surprise
to you.

504
00:36:14,880 --> 00:36:17,240
'What might force
your eyes open wide

505
00:36:17,240 --> 00:36:19,720
'are the things Elizabethans
do for fun.

506
00:36:22,120 --> 00:36:24,280
'Take baiting, for example.

507
00:36:24,280 --> 00:36:27,840
'It's a struggle for survival,
in which bulls or bears fight

508
00:36:27,840 --> 00:36:31,280
'against packs of savage dogs,
for the amusement of the crowd.'

509
00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:45,520
You might find yourself asking,

510
00:36:45,520 --> 00:36:47,920
why is cruelty to animals
so popular?

511
00:36:47,920 --> 00:36:50,560
Perhaps it has something to do
with the ancient connection

512
00:36:50,560 --> 00:36:52,200
between blood and food.

513
00:36:52,200 --> 00:36:55,440
Or maybe it's the sacrifice
of a noble animal.

514
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:57,760
However, I suspect that
there's another reason,

515
00:36:57,760 --> 00:36:59,920
one that will undoubtedly strike you

516
00:36:59,920 --> 00:37:03,560
when listening to hundreds of people
yelling encouragement to an animal

517
00:37:03,560 --> 00:37:05,400
on which they've placed a bet.

518
00:37:05,400 --> 00:37:07,840
It's the thrill of a life
and death struggle,

519
00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:10,480
combined with the allure
of money and chance.

520
00:37:17,640 --> 00:37:20,680
'Standing on the packed terraces
overlooking the baiting ring,

521
00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:23,480
'this is like no sporting event
you've ever been to.'

522
00:37:30,720 --> 00:37:33,720
Seen through modern eyes,
bear baiting is frankly, horrific.

523
00:37:33,720 --> 00:37:35,680
The smell is indescribable.

524
00:37:35,680 --> 00:37:39,200
The bears froth at the mouth as
they grow increasingly exhausted,

525
00:37:39,200 --> 00:37:40,640
covered in their own blood,

526
00:37:40,640 --> 00:37:44,000
and the blood of the dogs they've
killed trying to defend themselves.

527
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:49,080
'One of the best descriptions of
the scene comes from the pen of

528
00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:53,640
'Thomas Platter, who goes to see the
bear baiting at Southwark in 1599.'

529
00:37:56,760 --> 00:38:00,040
'A large bear on a long rope
was bound to a stake.

530
00:38:01,240 --> 00:38:05,200
'Then a number of great English
mastiffs were brought in,

531
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:07,360
'and shown first to the bear,

532
00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:10,120
'which they afterwards baited,
one after another.'

533
00:38:12,320 --> 00:38:15,880
'Although they were much struck
and mauled by the bear,

534
00:38:15,880 --> 00:38:20,560
'they did not give in and had to be
pulled off by sheer force.'

535
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:26,200
'And even if you've managed
to stomach all that,

536
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:29,880
'you will surely find the last event
of the day truly distressing.'

537
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:37,240
A monkey is placed in the
saddle of an old horse

538
00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:40,040
and a pack of young dogs
are set upon them.

539
00:38:40,040 --> 00:38:44,200
The Venetian Allesandro Magno
writes, "It is a fine sight to see

540
00:38:44,200 --> 00:38:46,360
"the horse run, kicking and biting,

541
00:38:46,360 --> 00:38:49,600
"and the monkey grip the saddle
tightly and scream,

542
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:51,160
"being bitten many times."

543
00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:03,200
'As you make your way
around the country,

544
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,480
'you'll discover that cruelty
goes much further

545
00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:07,480
'than cruelty to animals.

546
00:39:08,920 --> 00:39:10,520
'Cruelty to children
is quite normal.

547
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:15,200
'At home, it's a father's duty
to whip his sons

548
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:17,240
'so they learn to respect
authority.

549
00:39:18,440 --> 00:39:22,360
'In school, teachers see it as part
of their duty to beat pupils

550
00:39:22,360 --> 00:39:25,360
'with a birch or whack their hands
with a wooden rod.'

551
00:39:28,840 --> 00:39:32,880
'And if you come across one of
the few child-rearing manuals
that exists,

552
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:35,920
'you'll see that it clearly
recommends regular flogging.'

553
00:39:39,560 --> 00:39:43,680
'In his diary, London cloth merchant
Henry Machyn writes graphically

554
00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:45,720
'about the abuse of a young boy.'

555
00:40:09,240 --> 00:40:13,280
'Searching for work may likewise
lead you into a world of cruelty,

556
00:40:13,280 --> 00:40:16,960
'especially if you take a job as
a servant in a wealthy household.'

557
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:22,760
'Servants cannot refuse
their masters anything,

558
00:40:22,760 --> 00:40:25,280
'and there are numerous
stories of abuse.'

559
00:40:29,680 --> 00:40:34,040
'Be extremely careful if you accept
a job in the home of John Lawrence.

560
00:40:34,040 --> 00:40:36,800
'That's precisely what
young Jane Wright did.'

561
00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,600
"She was enticed by him
and his wife that night,

562
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:50,440
"as at other times to come to bed
naked with the two of them,

563
00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:53,520
"at which times he has carnal
knowledge of her,

564
00:40:53,520 --> 00:40:57,680
"her said dame lying in bed with
him, and warranting her

565
00:40:57,680 --> 00:41:00,000
"that she should have no harm,

566
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:03,040
"and that the other maids
used to do the like before."

567
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:17,600
'After being forced to have sex,
Jane becomes pregnant

568
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:20,120
'and is reported to the archdeacon.

569
00:41:20,120 --> 00:41:24,000
'Like many young women, she is found
guilty of the crime of adultery.

570
00:41:26,720 --> 00:41:30,280
'She is sentenced to stand in the
local church porch in a white sheet

571
00:41:30,280 --> 00:41:31,840
'and confess her fault,

572
00:41:31,840 --> 00:41:33,840
'praying God and the congregation
to forgive her.'

573
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:40,920
'Sadly, it gets worse.

574
00:41:42,120 --> 00:41:45,680
'By law, your master has the right
to punish you, and the all-male

575
00:41:45,680 --> 00:41:48,640
'juries of the land are determined
to protect that right.

576
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,040
'If you were accidentally beaten
to death, they would often find

577
00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:57,280
'someone else guilty of your murder,
even someone who doesn't exist.'

578
00:42:11,720 --> 00:42:14,960
'This world of grand houses,
great paintings,

579
00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:19,040
'exploration and scientific
discovery,

580
00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:22,080
'celebrated as the gateway
to our modern world,

581
00:42:22,080 --> 00:42:26,160
'and recognisable as the country
we all take pride in today,

582
00:42:26,160 --> 00:42:28,960
'is, in many ways,
a horrifying place.'

583
00:42:32,040 --> 00:42:34,160
'It's not that everything
is different,

584
00:42:34,160 --> 00:42:37,320
'rather that some differences
are so extreme

585
00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:40,360
'they challenge our assumptions
about human dignity.'

586
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:45,640
'If you've ever found yourself
thinking that times change

587
00:42:45,640 --> 00:42:46,720
'and values don't...

588
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:49,440
'..think again.'

589
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:58,920
This brings us on to the equality
of the sexes.

590
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:03,920
If you suggest this idea to any
God-fearing Elizabethan man,

591
00:43:03,920 --> 00:43:06,520
he'll simply shake his head
with disbelief.

592
00:43:06,520 --> 00:43:09,880
According to religious commentators
of the day, God created men

593
00:43:09,880 --> 00:43:14,480
and women unequal for a purpose,
so that men can command women.

594
00:43:14,480 --> 00:43:18,320
They point to men's greater strength
and size as evidence.

595
00:43:18,320 --> 00:43:21,400
Although you'll feel significantly
taller than the people around you,

596
00:43:21,400 --> 00:43:24,800
you'll notice the difference
in height between the sexes

597
00:43:24,800 --> 00:43:26,680
is the same as today.

598
00:43:26,680 --> 00:43:29,320
But that's pretty much the only
thing that's stayed the same.

599
00:43:30,400 --> 00:43:33,960
Elizabethans see this as proof
of men's superiority.

600
00:43:35,800 --> 00:43:41,400
Physician Simon Forman lists 70
diseases that occur only in women.

601
00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:44,160
It's confirmation that God
wants to punish them

602
00:43:44,160 --> 00:43:47,240
for Eve's crime of offering
Adam the forbidden fruit.

603
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:59,800
'As a woman, you face a life of
subservience and physical hardship.

604
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:02,680
'Marriage doesn't save
you from this fate.

605
00:44:02,680 --> 00:44:04,480
'In fact, it makes it worse.'

606
00:44:07,480 --> 00:44:10,000
'Much of your time is spent
in darkness.

607
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:14,600
'If the baby screams in the night,
you'll have to get up in the cold.

608
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:18,080
'By day, you'll have to keep the
fire going, and cook meals

609
00:44:18,080 --> 00:44:21,000
'with what few ingredients
are available.

610
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:24,280
'You'll clean the house,
and not only mend the clothes,

611
00:44:24,280 --> 00:44:26,360
'but make them, as well.

612
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:28,600
'And, of course,
you must please your husband.'

613
00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:33,920
If you are a married woman,

614
00:44:33,920 --> 00:44:37,360
all the authority in your household
rests with your husband.

615
00:44:37,360 --> 00:44:40,600
All your property is
legally owned by him.

616
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,480
You can't say or do anything
contrary to his interests.

617
00:44:43,480 --> 00:44:47,680
You can't allow somebody to enter
your house without his permission.

618
00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:49,120
You can't even make a will.

619
00:44:50,280 --> 00:44:53,440
Your husband may beat or punish
you as much as he wants,

620
00:44:53,440 --> 00:44:55,800
as long as he doesn't
actually kill you.

621
00:44:55,800 --> 00:44:59,720
Few Elizabethan men will feel any
shame about striking their wives,

622
00:44:59,720 --> 00:45:02,760
and if the reason is
disobedience or adultery,

623
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:04,360
other women might actually approve.

624
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:12,160
In 1600, our physician friend,
Simon Forman,

625
00:45:12,160 --> 00:45:15,640
records that he suspects his wife
of adultery.

626
00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:19,400
When he confronts her, she shouts
back with howling and weeping.

627
00:45:20,720 --> 00:45:22,440
He notes in his diary that

628
00:45:22,440 --> 00:45:25,880
he had to hit her, "two or three
times until she would be quiet."

629
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:35,280
Maybe you'll be fortunate enough
to have a long and happy marriage,

630
00:45:35,280 --> 00:45:37,760
a husband who doesn't beat you,
and children.

631
00:45:39,920 --> 00:45:43,160
Sadly for you, having little ones
is a death trap.

632
00:45:44,560 --> 00:45:48,240
Today, just one woman
in every 12,000 pregnancies

633
00:45:48,240 --> 00:45:50,680
dies in childbirth.

634
00:45:50,680 --> 00:45:55,160
In the 16th century, one in 50
pregnancies kills the mother.

635
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:00,040
So why marry?

636
00:46:01,160 --> 00:46:06,120
Because for you the alternative
is poverty and starvation.

637
00:46:06,120 --> 00:46:08,760
Ironically, in a land
ruled by an unmarried woman,

638
00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:12,000
society expects you to find a man
to take care of you.

639
00:46:29,440 --> 00:46:33,160
You may be thinking
that society has hardships enough -

640
00:46:33,160 --> 00:46:36,480
death in childbirth, violence,

641
00:46:36,480 --> 00:46:39,360
poor sanitation, the death penalty.

642
00:46:40,440 --> 00:46:44,720
But there's one cause of suffering
that's a threat to everyone.

643
00:46:44,720 --> 00:46:46,120
The weather.

644
00:46:47,680 --> 00:46:49,040
And we're not talking here

645
00:46:49,040 --> 00:46:51,400
about a few spots of rain
on your wedding day.

646
00:46:56,280 --> 00:46:58,720
One bad summer and the crops fail.

647
00:46:58,720 --> 00:47:01,400
Food becomes scarce and prices rise.

648
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:04,440
Whole families
suffer from malnutrition.

649
00:47:04,440 --> 00:47:07,120
If the harvest fails
for two years in succession,

650
00:47:07,120 --> 00:47:09,080
they starve to death.

651
00:47:09,080 --> 00:47:11,200
If it fails for three years
in a row,

652
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:15,160
as it does
in the years 1594 to 1597,

653
00:47:15,160 --> 00:47:16,280
thousands die.

654
00:47:22,040 --> 00:47:24,720
The famine devastates the country.

655
00:47:24,720 --> 00:47:27,160
Many people lose everything.

656
00:47:27,160 --> 00:47:30,840
You may well find yourself
homeless and penniless.

657
00:47:30,840 --> 00:47:33,760
In which case, don't expect
to be given any shelter.

658
00:47:40,960 --> 00:47:45,880
The mismatch of medieval legislation
and 16th century overpopulation

659
00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:47,880
result in
the extraordinary situation

660
00:47:47,880 --> 00:47:51,000
that it's actually illegal
to look after a homeless person

661
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:53,200
who's not from the same parish
as you.

662
00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:54,440
You can be fined a pound

663
00:47:54,440 --> 00:47:57,960
for taking in a perfectly innocent
homeless couple.

664
00:47:57,960 --> 00:48:01,200
As a consequence, lots of people
end up walking for miles

665
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:04,200
up and down the country,
searching for work or food,

666
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:06,600
constantly being moved on.

667
00:48:06,600 --> 00:48:07,840
There are even cases

668
00:48:07,840 --> 00:48:10,240
of people migrating to Kent on foot

669
00:48:10,240 --> 00:48:13,200
from as far away
as Lancashire and Yorkshire.

670
00:48:15,720 --> 00:48:18,360
Homeless and wandering
from town to town,

671
00:48:18,360 --> 00:48:20,880
you're now classed as a vagrant.

672
00:48:20,880 --> 00:48:23,840
An act of 1572 states that

673
00:48:23,840 --> 00:48:26,480
all vagrants should be
grievously whipped

674
00:48:26,480 --> 00:48:29,600
and have an inch-wide hole
burnt through the right ear

675
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:33,000
unless someone takes them in
as a servant.

676
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:37,840
Normally, by law, you'll be whipped
out of town as soon as you arrive.

677
00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:41,280
A second offence means
that you can be hanged for vagrancy.

678
00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:54,400
In 1597, three years into the worst
famine seen in living memory,

679
00:48:54,400 --> 00:48:57,440
the kingdom is poised to make
a genuinely profound reform.

680
00:49:00,880 --> 00:49:02,240
Across the country,

681
00:49:02,240 --> 00:49:05,480
there is a feeling that something
has to be done to help the poor.

682
00:49:07,920 --> 00:49:09,960
In October, Elizabeth's government

683
00:49:09,960 --> 00:49:13,440
passes an act
for the relief of the poor.

684
00:49:13,440 --> 00:49:16,040
For the first time,
people are taxed locally

685
00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:18,720
and the money given
to parish overseers

686
00:49:18,720 --> 00:49:20,320
to provide for the destitute.

687
00:49:23,600 --> 00:49:26,440
The burning of holes in ears
is stopped.

688
00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:28,800
Vagrants are no longer
threatened with hanging.

689
00:49:31,760 --> 00:49:32,720
It has to count

690
00:49:32,720 --> 00:49:35,600
as one of the turning points
in English social history.

691
00:49:39,000 --> 00:49:41,040
From now on, helping the poor

692
00:49:41,040 --> 00:49:44,440
isn't just a matter
of individual acts of charity.

693
00:49:44,440 --> 00:49:47,480
It's a civic duty
that everyone shares.

694
00:49:48,720 --> 00:49:52,000
The new law establishes
the system of caring for the poor

695
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:53,800
for the next 200 years.

696
00:50:07,440 --> 00:50:12,280
As a poor person, life may seem
much better under the new laws.

697
00:50:12,280 --> 00:50:16,560
But lurking in the shadows
there's another ever-present threat,

698
00:50:16,560 --> 00:50:18,400
especially for the poor.

699
00:50:22,640 --> 00:50:24,440
Death is the thing that all fear,

700
00:50:24,440 --> 00:50:26,960
and due to the high levels
of disease in society,

701
00:50:26,960 --> 00:50:29,960
it features very prominently
in daily life.

702
00:50:29,960 --> 00:50:33,040
Most children lose one parent
by the time they grow up,

703
00:50:33,040 --> 00:50:35,040
and most parents
lose half their children.

704
00:50:36,280 --> 00:50:38,480
In Stratford, in the 1560s,

705
00:50:38,480 --> 00:50:42,160
there are, on average,
63 children baptised every year

706
00:50:42,160 --> 00:50:43,600
and there are 43 buried.

707
00:50:48,320 --> 00:50:51,720
There are just so many diseases
you can catch.

708
00:50:51,720 --> 00:50:56,000
There are many others in addition to
those you're already familiar with.

709
00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:59,400
The one you'll certainly hear most
about from people in the street

710
00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:00,800
is the plague.

711
00:51:03,520 --> 00:51:06,560
This isn't the big killer
it was in the 14th century.

712
00:51:06,560 --> 00:51:09,880
Then it wiped out a third of Europe
in one fell swoop.

713
00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:13,560
In Elizabethan times, it flares up
in towns every ten years or so

714
00:51:13,560 --> 00:51:16,480
and just kills
an eighth of the population.

715
00:51:16,480 --> 00:51:18,520
That's a quarter of a million people

716
00:51:18,520 --> 00:51:21,760
wiped out by one disease
in this reign alone.

717
00:51:33,960 --> 00:51:37,400
Add to that the bloody flux -
dysentery -

718
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:39,840
the burning ague - typhus -

719
00:51:39,840 --> 00:51:42,720
typhoid fever and smallpox,

720
00:51:42,720 --> 00:51:46,160
and you can see why travelling
to the past is bad for your health.

721
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:51,720
With regard to plague,
you have the major advantage

722
00:51:51,720 --> 00:51:54,880
of knowing that a flea bite
causes the disease,

723
00:51:54,880 --> 00:51:57,600
so you know changing bedclothes
is good advice.

724
00:51:59,960 --> 00:52:02,880
Swelling in your armpits, neck,
leg or groin?

725
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:05,040
Thirsty all the time
and pulse racing?

726
00:52:06,240 --> 00:52:09,160
A physician may well
correctly diagnose plague,

727
00:52:09,160 --> 00:52:12,480
but then he will advise you
to fumigate your room.

728
00:52:12,480 --> 00:52:16,000
Simon Forman's recipe
against the plague is simple.

729
00:52:16,000 --> 00:52:17,440
Don't eat onions.

730
00:52:17,440 --> 00:52:19,880
I wouldn't trust that one either,
if I were you.

731
00:52:22,280 --> 00:52:26,320
The 1578 Plague Orders decree
that if plague is found in a house,

732
00:52:26,320 --> 00:52:28,480
it is to be boarded up and guarded

733
00:52:28,480 --> 00:52:32,040
until everyone inside is either dead
or has survived for six weeks.

734
00:52:48,720 --> 00:52:51,360
It has been known for some people
feeling the symptoms

735
00:52:51,360 --> 00:52:53,040
to dig their own graves

736
00:52:53,040 --> 00:52:55,560
and to lie down in them,
waiting for death.

737
00:53:00,600 --> 00:53:03,760
Illnesses change,
like all natural things.

738
00:53:03,760 --> 00:53:05,280
Smallpox, for example,

739
00:53:05,280 --> 00:53:08,800
isn't yet the terrifying disease
it becomes in the next century.

740
00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:12,280
Elizabeth herself catches it in 1562
and survives.

741
00:53:16,640 --> 00:53:18,520
Influenza, too, is very different

742
00:53:18,520 --> 00:53:21,000
from the strains with which
you are no doubt familiar.

743
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:24,480
It's often said that
the Spanish flu outbreak of 1919

744
00:53:24,480 --> 00:53:27,040
kills more people
than die in the First World War.

745
00:53:27,040 --> 00:53:29,720
Well, that may well be true,
but proportionately

746
00:53:29,720 --> 00:53:35,000
the influenza outbreak of 1557-1559
kills twice as many people

747
00:53:35,000 --> 00:53:38,280
as die in the First World War
and the Spanish flu put together.

748
00:53:39,480 --> 00:53:43,320
In those years, one in 12 of
the whole population dies from flu.

749
00:53:49,760 --> 00:53:52,880
So what can you do to avoid
what seems like certain death?

750
00:53:54,520 --> 00:53:57,160
Some medical manuals
have strange recipes.

751
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:03,320
For example, live swallow chicks
ground up in a pestle and mortar.

752
00:54:03,320 --> 00:54:05,080
But the more serious ailments

753
00:54:05,080 --> 00:54:07,720
will require the attention
of a physician.

754
00:54:07,720 --> 00:54:09,560
And then you might get a surprise.

755
00:54:09,560 --> 00:54:11,600
Because the medicines he prescribes

756
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:14,840
won't just depend
upon the nature of your illness.

757
00:54:14,840 --> 00:54:17,320
They'll also depend
upon how wealthy you are.

758
00:54:17,320 --> 00:54:21,480
Expensive medicines with the best
ingredients are given to the rich.

759
00:54:21,480 --> 00:54:23,560
The poor receive
a cheap alternative.

760
00:54:25,280 --> 00:54:31,080
Other medical books recommend
worms, mercury,

761
00:54:31,080 --> 00:54:33,880
the powdered skull
of a man killed in war

762
00:54:33,880 --> 00:54:34,840
or even...

763
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:40,840
..the unwashed wool that grows
between the hind legs
of a black sheep.

764
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:46,680
One thing you'll soon grasp

765
00:54:46,680 --> 00:54:49,360
is that there's
no hard and fast dividing line

766
00:54:49,360 --> 00:54:52,000
between superstition and knowledge.

767
00:54:53,240 --> 00:54:56,880
Don't be surprised if you're told
not to lend fire to your neighbour

768
00:54:56,880 --> 00:54:58,800
because otherwise
your horse will die.

769
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:06,800
This ability to believe
that anything is possible

770
00:55:06,800 --> 00:55:09,080
affects society's superstitions.

771
00:55:09,080 --> 00:55:11,760
Some people believe
that dreams can be interpreted

772
00:55:11,760 --> 00:55:13,560
to reveal their destinies.

773
00:55:13,560 --> 00:55:17,280
Others go to astrologers to seek
the future written in the stars.

774
00:55:17,280 --> 00:55:19,040
Should they marry a certain man?

775
00:55:19,040 --> 00:55:21,040
Should they make
a property investment?

776
00:55:21,040 --> 00:55:23,280
Has the ship carrying their son
sunk?

777
00:55:28,760 --> 00:55:31,600
Seeing how credulous
Elizabethan people are

778
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:33,360
may well make you reflect

779
00:55:33,360 --> 00:55:36,680
that we are nowhere near
so open-minded in the modern world.

780
00:55:40,120 --> 00:55:43,920
Science has taught us
to rule out the reality of magic

781
00:55:43,920 --> 00:55:46,840
or the possibility
that lucky charms work.

782
00:55:49,920 --> 00:55:51,800
In this way,
you can see that witchcraft

783
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:54,240
is just one of a series
of Elizabethan beliefs

784
00:55:54,240 --> 00:55:56,680
with which you will find yourself
out of step.

785
00:55:56,680 --> 00:55:58,840
But the really important thing
to understand

786
00:55:58,840 --> 00:56:01,360
is that it is recognised in law.

787
00:56:01,360 --> 00:56:03,320
If you deny that witchcraft exists,

788
00:56:03,320 --> 00:56:05,520
people will look at you
as if you're mad.

789
00:56:07,800 --> 00:56:11,240
It is possible to be a witch
and a good Christian.

790
00:56:11,240 --> 00:56:13,920
You'll find that even the clergy
employ witches.

791
00:56:32,720 --> 00:56:34,520
For most of Elizabeth's reign,

792
00:56:34,520 --> 00:56:38,880
it's only against the law to try
to kill someone with witchcraft.

793
00:56:38,880 --> 00:56:42,200
If you use a witch to find something
that you've lost, for instance,

794
00:56:42,200 --> 00:56:44,080
there's no law against that.

795
00:56:46,120 --> 00:56:49,000
This journey as a poor person
through Elizabethan England

796
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:51,360
has shown you many strange things.

797
00:56:51,360 --> 00:56:55,400
But witchcraft is probably
the strangest of them all.

798
00:56:55,400 --> 00:56:58,760
If your neighbour claims
you said threatening things to her

799
00:56:58,760 --> 00:57:01,200
and then one of her relatives dies,

800
00:57:01,200 --> 00:57:04,040
you'll be arrested and tried.

801
00:57:04,040 --> 00:57:06,520
And then, think about this.

802
00:57:06,520 --> 00:57:09,120
How on earth are you
going to defend yourself?

803
00:57:10,560 --> 00:57:13,800
If you're found guilty,
you won't be burnt at the stake.

804
00:57:13,800 --> 00:57:18,440
Unlike Catholic countries, England
does not burn people for witchcraft.

805
00:57:18,440 --> 00:57:20,280
You'll be hanged instead.

806
00:57:27,040 --> 00:57:30,480
With disease wracking the kingdom,
religious doubt in the air,

807
00:57:30,480 --> 00:57:32,680
and confusion over
whether English people

808
00:57:32,680 --> 00:57:34,320
are heading to heaven or to hell,

809
00:57:34,320 --> 00:57:37,360
and suffering and poverty
throughout the kingdom,

810
00:57:37,360 --> 00:57:41,400
there is only one point
of certainty, one reassurance -

811
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:43,440
the figure of Queen Elizabeth
herself.

812
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:51,960
As you've seen, for the poor,
life is a continual struggle.

813
00:57:51,960 --> 00:57:54,680
For those higher up,
it may be better,

814
00:57:54,680 --> 00:57:56,840
but it is still fraught with danger.

815
00:57:58,480 --> 00:58:02,920
Next time, I'll take you to
the world of the rich and powerful,

816
00:58:02,920 --> 00:58:05,360
show you
how you can dress to impress...

817
00:58:07,440 --> 00:58:09,760
..and try to keep you safe

818
00:58:09,760 --> 00:58:11,760
from the highwaymen.

819
00:58:34,400 --> 00:58:37,360
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