1
00:00:03,057 --> 00:00:06,022
We've all seen the pictures and read
the stories in the history books
2
00:00:06,047 --> 00:00:08,302
about the kings and queens with
their power and privilege
3
00:00:08,327 --> 00:00:09,912
and silks and furs.
4
00:00:12,736 --> 00:00:14,112
But, in this series,
5
00:00:14,137 --> 00:00:16,312
I want to discover the other side of
history.
6
00:00:16,337 --> 00:00:18,511
I'm already quite nervous.
7
00:00:18,536 --> 00:00:21,302
Besides, we don't often hear about
8
00:00:21,327 --> 00:00:25,112
how ordinary British people lived
their lives.
9
00:00:26,377 --> 00:00:27,942
From the Tudors...
10
00:00:27,967 --> 00:00:30,752
You'll see why it did
attract my attention!
11
00:00:30,777 --> 00:00:32,232
Disgusting!
12
00:00:32,257 --> 00:00:33,261
TRAIN WHISTLE
13
00:00:33,286 --> 00:00:34,461
...to the Victorians.
14
00:00:34,486 --> 00:00:36,222
Throw a stone in Victorian London,
15
00:00:36,247 --> 00:00:38,381
you will hit a drunken cabman.
There's that many of them.
16
00:00:38,406 --> 00:00:39,721
We are not amused.
17
00:00:41,536 --> 00:00:42,902
From the Georgians...
18
00:00:42,927 --> 00:00:44,742
You take the saw... Oh, my God.
19
00:00:44,767 --> 00:00:46,902
It's horrible
just seeing you do that.
20
00:00:48,526 --> 00:00:52,792
...to the people who really fought
the Second World War.
21
00:00:52,817 --> 00:00:58,022
James could hear the ping of bullets
and the clatter of shrapnel.
22
00:00:58,047 --> 00:00:59,872
One thing's for sure,
23
00:00:59,897 --> 00:01:03,822
these people knew the meaning of the
word "tough".
24
00:01:03,847 --> 00:01:07,022
I'll be finding the truth about
their daily lives,
25
00:01:07,047 --> 00:01:08,711
what they ate...
26
00:01:08,736 --> 00:01:10,341
How long would that have lasted?
27
00:01:10,366 --> 00:01:12,381
Up to three years.
28
00:01:12,406 --> 00:01:14,952
...how they made a living...
29
00:01:14,977 --> 00:01:17,952
There's even value in a rat when
it's dead.
30
00:01:17,977 --> 00:01:20,432
...and those vital necessities of
life.
31
00:01:20,457 --> 00:01:22,162
What did you do if you wanted to
pee?
32
00:01:22,187 --> 00:01:23,381
Go in the bucket.
33
00:01:23,406 --> 00:01:24,992
The bucket?
34
00:01:25,017 --> 00:01:28,432
This is British history from the
bottom up.
35
00:01:28,457 --> 00:01:29,672
You've got to admit,
36
00:01:29,697 --> 00:01:30,872
I am terrifying.
37
00:01:37,217 --> 00:01:40,952
This time, I'm going back 500 years
to England
38
00:01:40,977 --> 00:01:43,261
in the reign of Henry VIII.
39
00:01:43,286 --> 00:01:45,542
A time of sex scandals,
40
00:01:45,567 --> 00:01:49,802
executions and codpieces.
41
00:01:49,827 --> 00:01:51,261
Ooh, I say!
42
00:01:51,286 --> 00:01:54,312
The history books are full of his
antics.
43
00:01:54,337 --> 00:01:58,391
But what about the people who really
made the country tick?
44
00:01:58,416 --> 00:02:02,232
They may not have been well dressed
or had any money,
45
00:02:02,257 --> 00:02:06,952
but their lives are full of
surprises, love and courage.
46
00:02:10,257 --> 00:02:11,982
During Henry's reign,
47
00:02:12,007 --> 00:02:15,082
living in towns was going out of
fashion
48
00:02:15,107 --> 00:02:17,302
and it's not at all hard to see why.
49
00:02:17,327 --> 00:02:20,672
The streets were paved with
evil-smelling mud
50
00:02:20,697 --> 00:02:24,672
and, inside, floors became layered
with spittle, vomit,
51
00:02:24,697 --> 00:02:27,082
urine and bits of fish.
52
00:02:28,376 --> 00:02:31,912
But even for the Tudors, there was
someone you really didn't
53
00:02:31,937 --> 00:02:33,622
want to live next to.
54
00:02:33,647 --> 00:02:35,232
A knacker.
55
00:02:35,257 --> 00:02:39,432
No giggling, please, because a
knacker was a very important person
56
00:02:39,457 --> 00:02:41,122
in Tudor society.
57
00:02:41,147 --> 00:02:44,952
He was the bloke who went round
collecting dead animals,
58
00:02:44,977 --> 00:02:47,432
then taking them home, skinning
them,
59
00:02:47,457 --> 00:02:50,672
chopping them up and making
money out of them
60
00:02:50,697 --> 00:02:52,622
in whatever way he could.
61
00:02:52,647 --> 00:02:57,391
Now, there aren't any specific names
of actual Tudor knackers
62
00:02:57,416 --> 00:02:58,702
in the records.
63
00:02:58,727 --> 00:03:01,832
We're going to call our one Thomas
Grimes.
64
00:03:01,857 --> 00:03:03,682
Here's Tom.
65
00:03:03,707 --> 00:03:06,341
Skinning a carcass to make saddles.
66
00:03:06,366 --> 00:03:11,162
His whole house would have been full
of little bits of bleeding animal
67
00:03:11,187 --> 00:03:14,242
and it would have permeated such a
stink
68
00:03:14,267 --> 00:03:18,322
that it would have been foul, even
by Tudor standards.
69
00:03:18,347 --> 00:03:23,242
Nevertheless, he would have had a
way of making a steady income.
70
00:03:23,267 --> 00:03:29,042
Enough for clothes and food and
maybe even a long-suffering wife.
71
00:03:29,067 --> 00:03:33,261
# Did you know that, baby, it's true
72
00:03:33,286 --> 00:03:38,391
# You're the one that I've been here
waiting for. #
73
00:03:38,416 --> 00:03:40,712
This is how Tom's day would go.
74
00:03:40,737 --> 00:03:44,341
He'd leave home about 6.00am, like
most Tudor men,
75
00:03:44,366 --> 00:03:49,192
pick up his cart, head off out of
town towards the local farms.
76
00:03:51,977 --> 00:03:57,432
The big moneymakers for Tom were
dead or dying cattle and horses.
77
00:03:57,457 --> 00:03:59,622
Hmm...
78
00:03:59,647 --> 00:04:02,882
This one's got potential, poor old
thing.
79
00:04:05,697 --> 00:04:08,752
Even in town there could be
opportunities.
80
00:04:08,777 --> 00:04:12,962
You'd find dogs, cats, even the
occasional horse.
81
00:04:12,987 --> 00:04:15,912
Hang on. What have we got down here?
82
00:04:17,286 --> 00:04:19,112
Look at this.
83
00:04:20,286 --> 00:04:22,591
A rat.
84
00:04:22,616 --> 00:04:25,531
There's even value in a rat when
it's dead.
85
00:04:29,496 --> 00:04:32,802
Back at base, Tom would skin
carcasses for leather,
86
00:04:32,827 --> 00:04:35,632
boil them to get the fat out for
candles,
87
00:04:35,657 --> 00:04:37,552
extract gelatine for glue
88
00:04:37,577 --> 00:04:41,471
and grind up the bones
to make fertiliser.
89
00:04:41,496 --> 00:04:45,242
And, after years hacking about with
all his flesh,
90
00:04:45,267 --> 00:04:47,322
he became pretty good at it
91
00:04:47,347 --> 00:04:50,912
and wasn't bothered by the smell and
sight of blood.
92
00:04:50,937 --> 00:04:55,132
And these skills were about to open
new horizons for Tom,
93
00:04:55,157 --> 00:04:57,682
all thanks to his king.
94
00:04:57,707 --> 00:05:01,222
Because Henry was making a lot of
enemies
95
00:05:01,247 --> 00:05:05,652
and Tom was just the sort of chap he
needed
96
00:05:05,677 --> 00:05:07,222
as an executioner.
97
00:05:10,767 --> 00:05:14,972
Whenever the paranoid monarch, Henry
VIII, threw all his toys
98
00:05:14,997 --> 00:05:19,162
out of his cot and demanded the
head of some hapless noble,
99
00:05:19,187 --> 00:05:22,012
it could mean a very big payday,
100
00:05:22,037 --> 00:05:24,371
involving one of these.
101
00:05:24,396 --> 00:05:27,962
Although the reality is, wasn't it,
john, that most criminals were hung
102
00:05:27,987 --> 00:05:30,802
rather than having their heads
chopped off? That's true.
103
00:05:30,827 --> 00:05:32,992
Hanging was for the ordinary people.
104
00:05:34,857 --> 00:05:38,601
It was only people of royal or noble
blood who were actually decapitated.
105
00:05:38,626 --> 00:05:41,401
I mean, decapitation was a whole
different business.
106
00:05:41,426 --> 00:05:44,682
John White is a historian of crime
and punishment
107
00:05:44,707 --> 00:05:47,432
and he's studied Tudor executions.
108
00:05:47,457 --> 00:05:49,922
So, how does Tom, my knacker, come
into it?
109
00:05:49,947 --> 00:05:52,401
Well, you see, the axe was often a
messy business.
110
00:05:52,426 --> 00:05:55,782
So, in order to perfect the process,
you needed to have somebody who,
111
00:05:55,807 --> 00:05:59,601
day by day, was proficient in
chopping flesh with an axe
112
00:05:59,626 --> 00:06:02,072
and wasn't bothered by a bit of
blood and gore.
113
00:06:04,777 --> 00:06:09,672
I can see that at least when Tom
started to be an executioner
114
00:06:09,697 --> 00:06:12,391
he might feel pretty shaky about
doing this job,
115
00:06:12,416 --> 00:06:15,271
particularly if it was someone who
was high nobility.
116
00:06:15,296 --> 00:06:18,562
Well, on the basis that decapitation
is for people who are noble and royal,
117
00:06:18,587 --> 00:06:21,172
you could be intimidated by the
sheer process,
118
00:06:21,197 --> 00:06:23,632
because there you are in front of an
enormous crowd
119
00:06:23,657 --> 00:06:25,521
booing and jeering...
120
00:06:25,546 --> 00:06:27,902
They like a good death. Yeah.
121
00:06:27,927 --> 00:06:31,042
It could be a great lord and
somebody that, you know,
122
00:06:31,067 --> 00:06:32,882
literally frightens you and you're
now going
123
00:06:32,907 --> 00:06:34,172
to have to publicly kill them.
124
00:06:34,197 --> 00:06:36,072
Would you get decent money for this
job?
125
00:06:36,097 --> 00:06:38,531
Well, you get paid more than being
a knacker because,
126
00:06:38,556 --> 00:06:40,322
as an executioner, there are
benefits.
127
00:06:40,347 --> 00:06:41,892
The clothes that the condemned wore,
128
00:06:41,917 --> 00:06:43,252
they would become his.
129
00:06:43,277 --> 00:06:44,832
But it was also the custom
130
00:06:44,857 --> 00:06:48,762
that the condemned would pay, almost
like a tip, to do me a good job.
131
00:06:48,787 --> 00:06:51,712
What would the relationship have
been like between Tom
132
00:06:51,737 --> 00:06:53,632
and his audience?
133
00:06:53,657 --> 00:06:57,202
Well, they would cheer him if he did
a good execution.
134
00:06:57,227 --> 00:07:01,242
They would boo him if he conducted
a poor execution.
135
00:07:01,267 --> 00:07:03,401
And would he have been patted on the
back in the street?
136
00:07:03,426 --> 00:07:04,992
0h, no, no, no, no, no.
137
00:07:05,017 --> 00:07:07,962
You see, as a knacker, he'd be the
lowest of the low.
138
00:07:07,987 --> 00:07:11,762
As an executioner, he'd be even
lower than that.
139
00:07:11,787 --> 00:07:13,601
Everybody knows who he was.
140
00:07:13,626 --> 00:07:15,281
He'd be jeered.
141
00:07:15,306 --> 00:07:16,722
He was a social pariah.
142
00:07:16,747 --> 00:07:20,432
So almost the underclass, the
untouchables.
143
00:07:20,457 --> 00:07:24,082
Tom's tale is a really miserable
one.
144
00:07:24,107 --> 00:07:26,842
Scavenging to earn a living...
145
00:07:26,867 --> 00:07:28,401
A rat.
146
00:07:28,426 --> 00:07:31,242
...being looked down on
147
00:07:31,267 --> 00:07:33,481
and then the only way of making more
money
148
00:07:33,506 --> 00:07:35,351
is to become a figure of hate.
149
00:07:36,817 --> 00:07:41,122
Despite all this, we know that many
executioners were proud
150
00:07:41,147 --> 00:07:45,432
of the contribution that they made
towards Tudor society
151
00:07:45,457 --> 00:07:46,872
and that, by and large,
152
00:07:46,897 --> 00:07:49,432
ordinary people believed that the
death penalty
153
00:07:49,457 --> 00:07:52,442
was the bedrock of their system of
justice.
154
00:07:54,267 --> 00:07:55,642
But, coming up...
155
00:07:55,667 --> 00:07:58,882
...a punishment even worse than
decapitation.
156
00:07:58,907 --> 00:08:01,042
Death by boiling.
157
00:08:03,097 --> 00:08:06,512
And the latest thing to wear in the
fields.
158
00:08:06,537 --> 00:08:09,692
I didn't realise that ordinary
people had codpieces.
159
00:08:18,109 --> 00:08:21,443
During the reign of Henry VIII, one
bad harvest
160
00:08:21,468 --> 00:08:24,474
could spell ruin, even death.
161
00:08:24,499 --> 00:08:26,724
Everyone was constantly famished.
162
00:08:27,929 --> 00:08:32,183
So, imagine that you're an ordinary,
poor Tudor person
163
00:08:32,208 --> 00:08:36,604
constantly obsessed by where the
next meal is coming from
164
00:08:36,629 --> 00:08:40,113
and suddenly you're given the
opportunity of a new life
165
00:08:40,138 --> 00:08:44,034
where, every day, you're faced with
a banquet.
166
00:08:44,059 --> 00:08:48,544
I'm talking about a career
in the culinary profession.
167
00:08:48,569 --> 00:08:50,754
Not only was it a proper paid job,
168
00:08:50,779 --> 00:08:52,954
but you'd be fed and surrounded
169
00:08:52,979 --> 00:08:56,904
by a bounty of delicious food which
often needed testing.
170
00:08:59,148 --> 00:09:01,443
Yes, but be careful what you wish
for,
171
00:09:01,468 --> 00:09:04,044
because this tale has a bitter
ending.
172
00:09:05,659 --> 00:09:09,914
Richard Roose began working in a
kitchen in the early 1500s,
173
00:09:09,939 --> 00:09:14,164
around the time young Henry VIII was
getting to know the ropes as king.
174
00:09:14,189 --> 00:09:18,154
Richard was probably too poor to
attend school
175
00:09:18,179 --> 00:09:22,524
so, at age seven, when a kitchen boy
was wanted at his Lord's manor house,
176
00:09:22,549 --> 00:09:24,394
he jumped at it.
177
00:09:24,419 --> 00:09:27,084
Before sun up on his first day,
178
00:09:27,109 --> 00:09:30,474
he was sent off by his mum to walk
several miles
179
00:09:30,499 --> 00:09:33,274
across the fields to his new life.
180
00:09:34,659 --> 00:09:39,113
It was a chance that offered Richard
career development and, who knows?
181
00:09:39,138 --> 00:09:42,443
Maybe even the opportunity to meet
the rich and famous.
182
00:09:42,468 --> 00:09:46,084
# You can be my flip-flop... #
183
00:09:46,109 --> 00:09:50,524
If he was lucky, little Richard got
to stay in the big house
184
00:09:50,549 --> 00:09:55,164
with the other staff with a proper
bed and windows with glass in.
185
00:09:57,388 --> 00:10:02,134
But he probably only saw his mum
once a week on his day off.
186
00:10:02,159 --> 00:10:05,233
Mark Milton Ville is a Tudor cooking
expert.
187
00:10:08,248 --> 00:10:10,193
So, he's just started here. Mm-hm.
188
00:10:10,218 --> 00:10:12,724
What kind of jobs would he have been
doing?
189
00:10:12,749 --> 00:10:15,164
Well, if he is a boy of the kitchen,
then it's right down the bottom
190
00:10:15,189 --> 00:10:17,363
to start with. There's going to be a
lot of sweeping that
191
00:10:17,388 --> 00:10:19,274
and go and get me some wood,
chopping wood.
192
00:10:19,299 --> 00:10:22,604
So, he's going to do a lot of really
menial stuff, pot washing.
193
00:10:22,629 --> 00:10:24,243
Not very nice, I'm afraid.
194
00:10:24,268 --> 00:10:26,624
Cleaning all those cauldrons.
How do you clean them?
195
00:10:26,649 --> 00:10:29,034
Because they didn't have squeegee
soap bottles in those days.
196
00:10:29,059 --> 00:10:31,584
No, no squeegee, but they have
plenty of soap.
197
00:10:31,609 --> 00:10:34,223
Oh, they do? It's very easy to make,
it was made commercially.
198
00:10:34,248 --> 00:10:36,944
And even if you want to just make
some yourself in the kitchen,
199
00:10:36,969 --> 00:10:40,944
you take a pan full of fats and
bacon fat and pour a little
200
00:10:40,969 --> 00:10:42,944
bit of ash in it.
201
00:10:42,969 --> 00:10:46,484
Richard would have been expected to
use the soap to wash his hands
202
00:10:46,509 --> 00:10:48,534
before the day's work began.
203
00:10:48,559 --> 00:10:53,084
To clean his teeth he'd have used
candle soot, chalk or salt.
204
00:10:53,109 --> 00:10:55,474
What kind of hours would he have
been working?
205
00:10:55,499 --> 00:10:57,243
Probably starting quite early in the
morning.
206
00:10:57,268 --> 00:10:59,464
So, they're gonna be down here
between five and six getting
207
00:10:59,489 --> 00:11:02,323
everything ready because the main
meal of the day is gonna be sent
208
00:11:02,348 --> 00:11:05,524
over to the house by half past
10 or 11.
209
00:11:05,549 --> 00:11:07,343
But there was only two cooked meals
a day.
210
00:11:07,368 --> 00:11:08,864
The last one's out by 3.30.
211
00:11:08,889 --> 00:11:11,313
So, after that, it's clear up,
set it all down
212
00:11:11,338 --> 00:11:13,844
and, once he gets a bit older, a pot
of beer.
213
00:11:13,869 --> 00:11:16,564
It's really quite pleasant,
isn't it? Yeah.
214
00:11:16,589 --> 00:11:18,764
# You're the dish of the day, I'm
going to dig right in. #
215
00:11:18,789 --> 00:11:22,193
I'm beginning to warm to the idea
of being a Tudor cook.
216
00:11:22,218 --> 00:11:25,193
And we haven't even got to the food
yet.
217
00:11:25,218 --> 00:11:28,084
He's going to be working with so
much more fresh meat
218
00:11:28,109 --> 00:11:30,394
than anybody outside in a farm's
getting.
219
00:11:30,419 --> 00:11:32,274
It's going to be fresh meat almost
every day.
220
00:11:32,299 --> 00:11:34,203
So, it's just going to wow him.
221
00:11:34,228 --> 00:11:36,914
Perhaps it was access to all that
rich food,
222
00:11:36,939 --> 00:11:39,193
but Richard grew a little curvy
223
00:11:39,218 --> 00:11:41,804
and must have made a name for
himself
224
00:11:41,829 --> 00:11:44,844
because he was soon headhunted to be
cook
225
00:11:44,869 --> 00:11:47,684
for the Bishop of Rochester.
226
00:11:49,709 --> 00:11:53,394
This should have been a major
opportunity for Richard
227
00:11:53,419 --> 00:11:57,644
but the country was in the middle of
a major political crisis
228
00:11:57,669 --> 00:12:00,193
and Richard soon found himself in
hot water.
229
00:12:00,218 --> 00:12:01,884
Quite literally.
230
00:12:03,629 --> 00:12:06,884
In 1527, Henry VIII asked the Pope
231
00:12:06,909 --> 00:12:09,714
if he could divorce his queen,
Catherine.
232
00:12:09,739 --> 00:12:12,554
She was knocking on a bit, hadn't
given him a son,
233
00:12:12,579 --> 00:12:15,764
and besides, Henry had met someone
new,
234
00:12:15,789 --> 00:12:17,744
gorgeous Anne Boleyn,
235
00:12:17,769 --> 00:12:22,044
who, as Henry noted, had a nice
pair of pretty duckies.
236
00:12:22,069 --> 00:12:25,924
But some people in England failed to
support Henry...
237
00:12:25,949 --> 00:12:28,094
...including...
238
00:12:28,119 --> 00:12:30,534
...yes, the Bishop of Rochester.
239
00:12:30,559 --> 00:12:33,814
The bishop's opposition to Henry's
divorce was about to have
240
00:12:33,839 --> 00:12:37,243
a devastating impact on his cook.
241
00:12:37,268 --> 00:12:40,443
It all started on February 18th 1531
242
00:12:40,468 --> 00:12:42,714
when the bishop held a banquet
243
00:12:42,739 --> 00:12:44,884
and he wasn't feeling great that
evening
244
00:12:44,909 --> 00:12:46,514
so he didn't eat anything.
245
00:12:46,539 --> 00:12:48,764
But his guests scoffed away.
246
00:12:48,789 --> 00:12:50,174
And, by morning,
247
00:12:50,199 --> 00:12:53,644
17 of them were ill and two had
died.
248
00:12:55,278 --> 00:12:58,284
Immediately rumours abounded.
249
00:12:58,309 --> 00:13:00,524
Everybody thought it was poison
250
00:13:00,549 --> 00:13:03,524
and the finger was pointed at the
cook that night
251
00:13:03,549 --> 00:13:05,924
who was Richard Roose.
252
00:13:05,949 --> 00:13:11,003
They said that he had deliberately
attempted to murder the bishop
253
00:13:11,028 --> 00:13:13,993
on the instructions of a vengeful
Anne Boleyn.
254
00:13:15,799 --> 00:13:18,694
More likely, it was just a bad
case of food poisoning.
255
00:13:20,348 --> 00:13:24,113
But Henry was hopping mad that the
name of his sweet Anne
256
00:13:24,138 --> 00:13:27,313
had been dragged through the mud.
257
00:13:27,338 --> 00:13:31,764
So, he sent Richard to the Tower
to be tortured until, guess what?
258
00:13:31,789 --> 00:13:34,684
He confessed to it all being his
fault.
259
00:13:34,709 --> 00:13:37,614
It sounds like things were pretty
grim for Richard
260
00:13:37,639 --> 00:13:40,564
but they were about to get a whole
lot grimmer.
261
00:13:40,589 --> 00:13:43,884
Henry passed a law, especially for
Richard,
262
00:13:43,909 --> 00:13:47,054
permitting a new form of execution.
263
00:13:47,079 --> 00:13:50,534
Death by boiling.
264
00:13:50,559 --> 00:13:52,534
But it wouldn't be a simple matter
265
00:13:52,559 --> 00:13:54,824
of 12 minutes in the pan
and you're done.
266
00:13:54,849 --> 00:13:56,133
A TIMER RINGS
267
00:13:56,158 --> 00:14:00,534
No, it's recorded that Richard was
locked in a chain
268
00:14:00,559 --> 00:14:04,714
and pulled up and down with a gibbet
at diverse times
269
00:14:04,739 --> 00:14:07,123
till he was dead.
270
00:14:07,148 --> 00:14:10,404
And that took two long hours.
271
00:14:10,429 --> 00:14:15,564
Documents from the time recalled how
Henry VIII joked to his courtiers,
272
00:14:15,589 --> 00:14:17,914
"I've cooked the cook.
273
00:14:17,939 --> 00:14:19,574
"Ha-ha-ha!"
274
00:14:19,599 --> 00:14:23,123
It was a world away from what
kitchen boy Richard had imagined
275
00:14:23,148 --> 00:14:26,044
all those years ago, when all he had
to worry about
276
00:14:26,069 --> 00:14:27,534
was the washing up.
277
00:14:31,766 --> 00:14:35,230
So, a top tip for survival in
Henry's England would be...
278
00:14:35,255 --> 00:14:37,661
...don't ruffle the king's ruff.
279
00:14:40,846 --> 00:14:42,701
Which you'd think would be easy,
280
00:14:42,726 --> 00:14:45,471
given that most people lived
in the countryside
281
00:14:45,496 --> 00:14:51,230
in simple houses with thatched roofs
and walls made of sticks and dung,
282
00:14:51,255 --> 00:14:53,131
minding their own business.
283
00:14:55,356 --> 00:14:58,861
This is what life was like for the
vast majority of people
284
00:14:58,886 --> 00:15:03,100
in Tudor England, a world away from
the sex scandals
285
00:15:03,125 --> 00:15:07,100
and skulduggery and fabulous
costumes that you saw in the course
286
00:15:07,125 --> 00:15:09,781
of King Henry VIII.
287
00:15:09,806 --> 00:15:13,541
Take, for example, a Yorkshire
farmer, Richard Jenkinson,
288
00:15:13,566 --> 00:15:16,141
and his wife, whose name isn't
recorded,
289
00:15:16,166 --> 00:15:17,621
so let's call her Anne.
290
00:15:17,646 --> 00:15:22,190
This might be the couple out in the
field at harvest time.
291
00:15:22,215 --> 00:15:25,261
Richard must be as worn out as his
trousers.
292
00:15:26,616 --> 00:15:31,621
Like 90% of the Tudors, Richard's
family spent most of their time
293
00:15:31,646 --> 00:15:35,581
in the great outdoors teasing a
living from the soil,
294
00:15:35,606 --> 00:15:38,421
and it was long, long hours.
295
00:15:38,446 --> 00:15:41,781
They could start from as early as
five o'clock in the morning
296
00:15:41,806 --> 00:15:43,671
and not finish till they lost the
fight
297
00:15:43,696 --> 00:15:46,701
which, in the summer months, might
be ten o'clock.
298
00:15:46,726 --> 00:15:50,901
In contrast to their king, who
pigged out on banquets every day,
299
00:15:50,926 --> 00:15:52,811
there were just two simple meals.
300
00:15:52,836 --> 00:15:54,821
Something to munch in the fields,
301
00:15:54,846 --> 00:15:56,671
perhaps bread and cheese,
302
00:15:56,696 --> 00:15:58,190
and, at the end of the day,
303
00:15:58,215 --> 00:16:00,180
one hot meal to look forward to.
304
00:16:01,776 --> 00:16:05,060
This is the kind of thing that Anne
would have prepared for their tea.
305
00:16:05,085 --> 00:16:08,190
This is pottage made out of turnips
and beans,
306
00:16:08,215 --> 00:16:10,980
thickened with a few bread crumbs
307
00:16:11,005 --> 00:16:13,871
and maybe just a sprinkle of local
herbs.
308
00:16:13,896 --> 00:16:15,531
On special occasions,
309
00:16:15,556 --> 00:16:17,951
they might even eat a chicken.
310
00:16:19,786 --> 00:16:23,551
At night, totally exhausted from the
labours of the day,
311
00:16:23,576 --> 00:16:27,381
Richard and Anne would fall asleep
on their crude mattress
312
00:16:27,406 --> 00:16:30,701
made of straw with the kids just a
few yards from them.
313
00:16:30,726 --> 00:16:33,831
With five or six, it would be a
squeeze.
314
00:16:33,856 --> 00:16:38,100
And, if they had any precious
animals, like a prize pig,
315
00:16:38,125 --> 00:16:40,701
that could sleep in the room, too.
316
00:16:40,726 --> 00:16:44,131
You couldn't afford to let it slope
off.
317
00:16:44,156 --> 00:16:47,860
And pigs are notoriously difficult
to house train.
318
00:16:47,885 --> 00:16:51,901
So, as you can imagine, the room
would've stunk like crazy.
319
00:16:51,926 --> 00:16:56,300
But, more important, if you spent a
lot of time in the proximity
320
00:16:56,325 --> 00:17:00,551
of farm animals, you ran the risk of
contracting killer diseases.
321
00:17:00,576 --> 00:17:05,951
It's no wonder that the average life
expectancy was just 35 years.
322
00:17:07,376 --> 00:17:11,141
There was no NHS and Tudor medicine
was rubbish.
323
00:17:11,166 --> 00:17:15,631
Problem with gout? Apply worms,
pig's marrow and herbs boiled
324
00:17:15,656 --> 00:17:17,310
with a red-haired dog.
325
00:17:17,335 --> 00:17:19,951
Bit deaf? Stick a hare's gall
bladder
326
00:17:19,976 --> 00:17:22,060
and some fox grease in your ear.
327
00:17:24,085 --> 00:17:27,110
With a fire in the middle of the
room and no chimney,
328
00:17:27,135 --> 00:17:28,911
the place would have been full of
smoke.
329
00:17:28,936 --> 00:17:31,980
So, the children might well have had
respiratory infections
330
00:17:32,005 --> 00:17:35,100
but people and animals would be snug
together
331
00:17:35,125 --> 00:17:38,031
and hopefully the thatch wouldn't
catch fire.
332
00:17:43,135 --> 00:17:46,271
If they were lucky, the next day
would be a Sunday
333
00:17:46,296 --> 00:17:47,901
and their only day off.
334
00:17:49,125 --> 00:17:51,860
But there was no let up for Anne
because she'd also
335
00:17:51,885 --> 00:17:53,601
have to make everybody's clothes...
336
00:17:56,265 --> 00:18:00,070
...starting with a bit of fleece
straight off a sheep's back.
337
00:18:00,095 --> 00:18:04,961
Marion Knights, a Tudor technology
expert, knows Anne's secret.
338
00:18:04,986 --> 00:18:07,781
How do we get it from that into
some kind of yarn
339
00:18:07,806 --> 00:18:09,711
that we can make something out of?
340
00:18:09,736 --> 00:18:11,870
Well, that's where this comes in.
341
00:18:11,895 --> 00:18:13,631
Ah! The spindle.
342
00:18:13,656 --> 00:18:15,070
This is the drop spindle.
343
00:18:15,095 --> 00:18:16,271
How does it work?
344
00:18:16,296 --> 00:18:19,911
Well, basically, you just spin it.
345
00:18:19,936 --> 00:18:24,601
So, this twiddles round and I can
feel when there's enough twist
346
00:18:24,626 --> 00:18:26,860
because it nips my finger up here.
347
00:18:26,885 --> 00:18:29,860
Then you can start pulling this out
a bit more.
348
00:18:29,885 --> 00:18:33,110
It is very slow. It is very labour
intensive and slow, yes.
349
00:18:33,135 --> 00:18:35,060
How often would people have been
doing this?
350
00:18:35,085 --> 00:18:37,221
Erm, every time she'd got an empty
pair of hands
351
00:18:37,246 --> 00:18:39,860
she would have got the spindle out.
352
00:18:39,885 --> 00:18:42,060
You know, waiting for the pot to
boil,
353
00:18:42,085 --> 00:18:43,951
waiting for the baby to wake up,
354
00:18:43,976 --> 00:18:46,951
standing at the well, waiting her
turn.
355
00:18:46,976 --> 00:18:51,180
This was the only way she could
clothe her family.
356
00:18:51,205 --> 00:18:54,671
Anne would also have done her own
weaving.
357
00:18:54,696 --> 00:18:56,821
So, what sort of outfit would she
have made
358
00:18:56,846 --> 00:18:59,231
for her husband, Richard?
359
00:18:59,256 --> 00:19:02,031
I'm meeting clothing expert
Ninya Mikhaila.
360
00:19:02,056 --> 00:19:05,120
The thing that sticks out for me
more than anything else
361
00:19:05,145 --> 00:19:07,041
is how robust all this is.
362
00:19:07,066 --> 00:19:09,261
I would have thought that he would
have been in rags.
363
00:19:09,286 --> 00:19:12,110
Well, no, I don't suppose he'd last
very long in the field in rags.
364
00:19:12,135 --> 00:19:15,060
It is very robust. He's got a warm,
woollen layer on the top.
365
00:19:15,085 --> 00:19:18,601
And, in fact, the whole thing is
lined in another layer of wool. Oh!
366
00:19:18,626 --> 00:19:20,541
Yeah, you'd be all right in the
fields in this. Yeah.
367
00:19:20,566 --> 00:19:22,190
And what's all this under here?
368
00:19:22,215 --> 00:19:25,031
Well, yeah, it's a bit startling,
isn't it? It's got red.
369
00:19:25,056 --> 00:19:27,491
I wasn't expecting that!
370
00:19:27,516 --> 00:19:30,041
There was a very strong belief in
this period that red
371
00:19:30,066 --> 00:19:31,940
was the colour that kept you healthy
372
00:19:31,965 --> 00:19:34,681
and it was a good colour to wear
near to your skin.
373
00:19:34,706 --> 00:19:37,221
And then you've got this shirt
underneath, look. Yes.
374
00:19:37,246 --> 00:19:40,631
So, everyone, man, woman and child
always has a linen layer next
375
00:19:40,656 --> 00:19:43,351
to their skin. And that's the bit
you can wash, which none
376
00:19:43,376 --> 00:19:45,391
of these could be washed in water.
377
00:19:45,416 --> 00:19:46,831
Big question.
378
00:19:46,856 --> 00:19:49,431
Vest and pants? No pants, I'm
afraid.
379
00:19:49,456 --> 00:19:51,221
Most men used their shirt,
380
00:19:51,246 --> 00:19:53,951
which was long and split at the
sides.
381
00:19:53,976 --> 00:19:56,141
So, you could tuck the front
this way, and the back that way,
382
00:19:56,166 --> 00:19:59,110
and that was basically your pants.
You'd be nice and warm. Yeah.
383
00:19:59,135 --> 00:20:00,341
What about the women?
384
00:20:00,366 --> 00:20:02,031
Women? Absolutely no pants.
385
00:20:02,056 --> 00:20:03,551
Long skirts? Don't need them.
386
00:20:03,576 --> 00:20:05,431
All the time that we've been
talking,
387
00:20:05,456 --> 00:20:10,421
there's been one item of clothing
that's been catching my eye here.
388
00:20:10,446 --> 00:20:12,117
Excuse me about this.
389
00:20:12,142 --> 00:20:15,413
You'll see why it did attract my
attention.
390
00:20:15,438 --> 00:20:17,613
I don't know what you're
talking about.
391
00:20:17,638 --> 00:20:19,683
Are you sure?
392
00:20:19,708 --> 00:20:23,453
I didn't realise that ordinary
people had codpieces. Yeah.
393
00:20:23,478 --> 00:20:27,133
By this day, it was just completely
standard wear on men's hose.
394
00:20:27,158 --> 00:20:30,563
So that they were taking in the
fashion of the richer people
395
00:20:30,588 --> 00:20:32,813
and incorporating it into their own?
Exactly.
396
00:20:32,838 --> 00:20:35,453
I mean, it does seem like a weird
fashion, but in the 15th century
397
00:20:35,478 --> 00:20:37,483
the codpiece didn't exist. Yeah.
398
00:20:37,508 --> 00:20:41,493
It starts as just a simple flap
that's used to cover the fly.
399
00:20:41,518 --> 00:20:45,733
Yeah. And then human, maybe male,
nature comes in and it becomes a bit
400
00:20:45,758 --> 00:20:48,553
more exaggerated and a bit more
padded and embellished
401
00:20:48,578 --> 00:20:50,972
until it is, by this stage, just
standard,
402
00:20:50,997 --> 00:20:53,603
almost like the one the king's
wearing.
403
00:20:53,628 --> 00:20:56,553
But King Henry's influence on
Richard and Anne
404
00:20:56,578 --> 00:20:59,803
was about to extend even beyond
codpieces.
405
00:20:59,828 --> 00:21:04,013
It was the summer of 1513, just four
years into the reign
406
00:21:04,038 --> 00:21:05,393
of young King Henry.
407
00:21:11,508 --> 00:21:14,763
One morning, Richard got up as
usuaL
408
00:21:14,788 --> 00:21:18,172
went down to the river to fetch a
bucket of water,
409
00:21:18,197 --> 00:21:21,032
probably had a quick pee in the
hedge on the way,
410
00:21:21,057 --> 00:21:25,323
when suddenly he was stopped by one
of his landowner's servants
411
00:21:25,348 --> 00:21:29,172
who gave him a message, or more
likely an order.
412
00:21:29,197 --> 00:21:33,912
The lives of Richard and his family
were about to be turned upside down
413
00:21:33,937 --> 00:21:38,082
by the activities of his firebrand
king, Henry VIII.
414
00:21:39,508 --> 00:21:42,373
Richard was being called up for
military service.
415
00:21:44,428 --> 00:21:45,842
Coming UP---
416
00:21:45,867 --> 00:21:48,403
Richard is sent to fight for
Henry VIII,
417
00:21:48,428 --> 00:21:51,453
with nothing more than a hedge
trimmer,
418
00:21:51,478 --> 00:21:53,273
and can this brave seaman
419
00:21:53,298 --> 00:21:55,603
stop the Mary Rose from sinking?
420
00:22:03,977 --> 00:22:05,682
During the reign of Henry VII,
421
00:22:05,707 --> 00:22:08,733
an Englishman could be called up at
any time
422
00:22:08,758 --> 00:22:10,653
to serve his king in battle
423
00:22:10,678 --> 00:22:15,093
and, in 1513, that's exactly what
happened to a Yorkshire farmer
424
00:22:15,118 --> 00:22:16,882
called Richard Jenkins.
425
00:22:19,188 --> 00:22:23,223
The young Henry VIII looked like
this and he dreamt
426
00:22:23,248 --> 00:22:25,253
of being a great warrior king
427
00:22:25,278 --> 00:22:27,963
and ruling both Scotland and France.
428
00:22:27,988 --> 00:22:33,733
So, aged 22, he took his toughest
troops and invaded France.
429
00:22:33,758 --> 00:22:37,163
James IV of Scotland couldn't
believe his luck.
430
00:22:37,188 --> 00:22:41,253
With Henry gone, England could be
his.
431
00:22:41,278 --> 00:22:43,963
So, it fell to Henry's queen,
Catherine,
432
00:22:43,988 --> 00:22:45,892
to recruit an army for him.
433
00:22:45,917 --> 00:22:48,053
25,000 soldiers...
434
00:22:48,078 --> 00:22:50,373
...including Richard.
435
00:22:51,638 --> 00:22:55,503
Poor farmers like him had to provide
their own weapons.
436
00:22:55,528 --> 00:22:58,053
Luckily, Richard had just the thing.
437
00:23:01,967 --> 00:23:05,583
Because, in Tudor times, there were
sheep everywhere.
438
00:23:05,608 --> 00:23:06,942
Hello!
439
00:23:06,967 --> 00:23:08,253
THE SHEEP BAAS
440
00:23:08,278 --> 00:23:09,653
Bear with me here.
441
00:23:09,678 --> 00:23:12,892
You see, in order to stop them
wandering all over the fields
442
00:23:12,917 --> 00:23:14,762
and eating the turnips,
443
00:23:14,787 --> 00:23:18,812
these things began to appear
throughout the Tudor landscape.
444
00:23:18,837 --> 00:23:20,443
Hedgerows.
445
00:23:20,468 --> 00:23:23,892
And, to trim those, you needed one
of these things,
446
00:23:23,917 --> 00:23:28,333
a billhook, which was a simple
slashing, scything tool,
447
00:23:28,358 --> 00:23:31,892
which you just made the hedges
tidy with.
448
00:23:34,478 --> 00:23:37,973
With a few modifications, Richard's
hedge trimmer...
449
00:23:40,398 --> 00:23:43,053
...was fashioned into a lethal
weapon.
450
00:23:46,717 --> 00:23:50,942
His local blacksmith simply tweaked
the billhook design
451
00:23:50,967 --> 00:23:54,183
with a series of nasty twists and
turns.
452
00:23:59,717 --> 00:24:01,333
Now, Richard was ready...
453
00:24:03,398 --> 00:24:04,932
...to take on the Scots.
454
00:24:09,688 --> 00:24:14,043
To find out how, I'm visiting the
Royal Armouries in Leeds
455
00:24:14,068 --> 00:24:16,213
and meeting curator Andy Dean.
456
00:24:17,678 --> 00:24:19,613
Richard wouldn't have been able
to escape
457
00:24:19,638 --> 00:24:21,133
from going into the army, would he?
458
00:24:21,158 --> 00:24:23,373
No. I mean, it's part of that feudal
system.
459
00:24:23,398 --> 00:24:24,942
So, they knew that if the call came,
460
00:24:24,967 --> 00:24:26,223
there was no getting out of it
461
00:24:26,248 --> 00:24:28,533
and possibly your wives
and your children would come
462
00:24:28,558 --> 00:24:31,293
along with you. Oh, really?
Why would they do that?
463
00:24:31,318 --> 00:24:32,892
Well, it's part of the baggage
train.
464
00:24:32,917 --> 00:24:35,543
And women had a vital role before
the battle and after the battle.
465
00:24:35,568 --> 00:24:37,303
I mean, obviously picking up the
bits.
466
00:24:37,328 --> 00:24:41,053
But, of course, you're more likely
to fight if you feel comfortable.
467
00:24:41,078 --> 00:24:43,483
You have your loved ones around you.
468
00:24:43,508 --> 00:24:45,772
And, of course, you don't sort of
just go somewhere, fight
469
00:24:45,797 --> 00:24:48,812
and come home again. You might be
away for 40 days.
470
00:24:48,837 --> 00:24:52,733
And so, having family around you,
then maybe there's a greater reason
471
00:24:52,758 --> 00:24:55,333
for the ordinary man to fight
harder. Yeah.
472
00:24:56,478 --> 00:24:58,333
To get to the battle,
473
00:24:58,358 --> 00:25:03,093
Richard, Anne and the kids had to
walk about 150 miles,
474
00:25:03,118 --> 00:25:05,772
sleeping in the fields each night.
475
00:25:05,797 --> 00:25:07,383
They couldn't carry much food
476
00:25:07,408 --> 00:25:10,243
so the army often looted from
villages along the way.
477
00:25:11,707 --> 00:25:13,613
Of course, going to war would have
been terrible,
478
00:25:13,638 --> 00:25:16,093
but it would have been a bit of an
adventure too.
479
00:25:16,118 --> 00:25:20,022
Remember, Richard had probably only ever
been about ten miles from his home before.
480
00:25:20,047 --> 00:25:21,942
And suddenly off he goes.
481
00:25:21,967 --> 00:25:24,533
And he can bring his wife and kids.
482
00:25:24,558 --> 00:25:27,343
It would have been like some sort of
weird summer holiday,
483
00:25:27,368 --> 00:25:29,043
except he might have got killed.
484
00:25:30,787 --> 00:25:35,942
Richard would have to summon up the
courage to confront
485
00:25:35,967 --> 00:25:37,493
one of these guys.
486
00:25:41,917 --> 00:25:44,022
So noisy and heavy!
487
00:25:46,488 --> 00:25:47,772
I'd have wet myself.
488
00:25:52,418 --> 00:25:54,593
What am I going to do against this
guy?!
489
00:25:54,618 --> 00:25:56,313
I don't think this is going to be
much use.
490
00:25:56,338 --> 00:25:57,853
He's almost impervious.
491
00:25:57,878 --> 00:25:59,822
But, if you came across this guy,
492
00:25:59,847 --> 00:26:02,663
actually you and your mates
have got the perfect weapon.
493
00:26:02,688 --> 00:26:04,263
You can see where the gaps are.
494
00:26:04,288 --> 00:26:06,543
Where would you thrust this spike?
Bang! Exactly.
495
00:26:06,568 --> 00:26:08,853
So, it's gone through his eye
socket, into his brain.
496
00:26:08,878 --> 00:26:10,843
Now, it's called a billhook
for a reason.
497
00:26:10,868 --> 00:26:12,692
What would you do with the hook
here?
498
00:26:12,717 --> 00:26:14,012
No idea. All right.
499
00:26:14,037 --> 00:26:16,673
Well, I would wrap this around the
back of his neck.
500
00:26:16,698 --> 00:26:18,183
Haul him to the ground.
501
00:26:18,208 --> 00:26:20,892
Richard would need nerves of steel,
502
00:26:20,917 --> 00:26:23,692
but he did also have some
protection.
503
00:26:23,717 --> 00:26:27,733
This would be the most basic jack
of plates.
504
00:26:27,758 --> 00:26:32,863
The plates inside the linen garment
could be made out of horn or...
505
00:26:32,888 --> 00:26:36,063
This is really heavy, actually. Well,
it needs to be heavy, but not so heavy
506
00:26:36,088 --> 00:26:39,692
it limits you and it's protecting,
obviously, your engine,
507
00:26:39,717 --> 00:26:40,983
heart, lungs.
508
00:26:41,008 --> 00:26:43,333
So, your engine is protected, but
your computer's not.
509
00:26:43,358 --> 00:26:45,812
So we need something for the top end
of you, as well.
510
00:26:45,837 --> 00:26:48,423
And, again... Let's have a computer
cover. Yeah.
511
00:26:48,448 --> 00:26:52,663
And there will be an armoury and
there'll be 50, 100 of these.
512
00:26:52,688 --> 00:26:55,053
And you would get one of these and
you'd pad it to make it your own.
513
00:26:55,078 --> 00:26:56,493
On it goes.
514
00:26:56,518 --> 00:26:59,343
You've got your billhook, you've got
your jack of plates.
515
00:26:59,368 --> 00:27:04,173
And now we have 20 other blokes all
lined up who are motivated.
516
00:27:04,198 --> 00:27:07,022
You've suddenly become a very
important part of the army.
517
00:27:07,047 --> 00:27:09,253
You've got to admit, I am
terrifying.
518
00:27:11,238 --> 00:27:14,383
When they finally arrived to fight
the Battle of Flodden,
519
00:27:14,408 --> 00:27:16,902
the English army face stiff odds,
520
00:27:16,927 --> 00:27:20,663
attacking uphill against greater
numbers.
521
00:27:20,688 --> 00:27:22,853
And the Scots had bigger cannons.
522
00:27:22,878 --> 00:27:24,203
A CANNON BOOMS
523
00:27:24,228 --> 00:27:27,093
If the Scots won and captured a
chunk of England,
524
00:27:27,118 --> 00:27:30,053
it could have been the end of Henry
VIII.
525
00:27:30,078 --> 00:27:33,623
Richard watched in awe as he waited
for his turn.
526
00:27:33,648 --> 00:27:37,853
On one side, you've got the Scots
with their long pikes,
527
00:27:37,878 --> 00:27:41,333
which were brilliant against knights
in armour on horseback,
528
00:27:41,358 --> 00:27:45,782
but weren't nearly as good when it
came to close fighting.
529
00:27:45,807 --> 00:27:48,822
And they were up against Richard and
the other Tudor farmer soldiers
530
00:27:48,847 --> 00:27:53,782
armed with equipment better suited
to hand-to-hand combat,
531
00:27:53,807 --> 00:27:57,673
billhooks, which were stabbing
and scything weapons.
532
00:27:57,698 --> 00:28:01,263
Richard and his comrades began to
push the Scots back.
533
00:28:01,288 --> 00:28:04,103
Finally, in one last desperate move,
534
00:28:04,128 --> 00:28:09,983
the Scottish King charged down right
into the heart of the English ranks.
535
00:28:10,008 --> 00:28:12,623
But the infantry held firm.
536
00:28:12,648 --> 00:28:15,343
They pulled him off his horse
and slaughtered him.
537
00:28:17,057 --> 00:28:18,973
King James IV of Scotland,
538
00:28:18,998 --> 00:28:21,923
killed by common farmers
with billhooks.
539
00:28:26,078 --> 00:28:28,843
The English army had won a famous
victory
540
00:28:28,868 --> 00:28:31,353
and Richard could now return home.
541
00:28:31,378 --> 00:28:34,673
With his adapted hedge trimmer,
our simple farmer
542
00:28:34,698 --> 00:28:39,413
had helped save Henry VIII
from a humiliating defeat,
543
00:28:39,438 --> 00:28:42,782
one that could have ended his entire
reign.
544
00:28:44,857 --> 00:28:46,113
Phew!
545
00:28:49,438 --> 00:28:52,053
And with all that blood,
sweat and toil,
546
00:28:52,078 --> 00:28:54,782
the Tudors needed to let their hair
down.
547
00:28:56,418 --> 00:28:58,582
And "fun", for our Tudor ancestors,
548
00:28:58,607 --> 00:29:01,673
was pretty much the same as it is
today for us.
549
00:29:01,698 --> 00:29:02,853
Festivals...
550
00:29:02,878 --> 00:29:04,193
Is this the way to Glastonbury?
551
00:29:04,218 --> 00:29:05,393
...football..
552
00:29:05,418 --> 00:29:06,772
On me head, son!
553
00:29:06,797 --> 00:29:08,423
...and, most important of all,
554
00:29:08,448 --> 00:29:11,253
a glass of ale down the pub.
555
00:29:11,278 --> 00:29:13,652
And if you lived in Leatherhead,
Surrey,
556
00:29:13,677 --> 00:29:16,063
this could have been your local.
557
00:29:16,088 --> 00:29:20,753
500 years ago, presiding over
everything from the brewing
558
00:29:20,778 --> 00:29:24,423
of the beer through to the ladling
it out to the guests,
559
00:29:24,448 --> 00:29:26,223
was a woman.
560
00:29:26,248 --> 00:29:28,063
Elynor Rummyn.
561
00:29:28,088 --> 00:29:29,623
Can I have a pint, please?
562
00:29:32,448 --> 00:29:36,032
This is Elynor, still welcoming
customers to the pub.
563
00:29:37,998 --> 00:29:41,582
And The Running Horse is a modern
twist on the pub's original name,
564
00:29:41,607 --> 00:29:42,993
Rummyn's House.
565
00:29:45,088 --> 00:29:47,133
Elynor's life was tough.
566
00:29:47,158 --> 00:29:49,343
She'd be up at dawn
seven clays a week
567
00:29:49,368 --> 00:29:51,293
fetching water from the river
568
00:29:51,318 --> 00:29:54,393
and cleaning up from the night
before.
569
00:29:54,418 --> 00:29:57,423
She had a kitchen over here
somewhere,
570
00:29:57,448 --> 00:29:59,623
set away from the pub,
571
00:29:59,648 --> 00:30:02,633
and in here she would have made
bread and cooked all the meals
572
00:30:02,658 --> 00:30:04,073
for the family.
573
00:30:04,098 --> 00:30:08,143
And, round here, you would have had
pigs and chickens,
574
00:30:08,168 --> 00:30:11,782
and there would have been lots of
herbs growing so that she could
575
00:30:11,807 --> 00:30:15,423
produce the meat and the medicine
for her family.
576
00:30:15,448 --> 00:30:19,933
But the most important part of her
workplace was here.
577
00:30:19,958 --> 00:30:22,702
This would have been where she did
the brewing.
578
00:30:24,318 --> 00:30:26,943
Elynor's ale was old school even
then.
579
00:30:26,968 --> 00:30:29,902
After the barley was malted, she'd
have added her own
580
00:30:29,927 --> 00:30:32,582
signature mix of herbs like thyme,
581
00:30:32,607 --> 00:30:36,633
rosemary, nettle, yarrow and
mugwort.
582
00:30:36,658 --> 00:30:41,143
It would have been a murky brown
brew and tasted sour and smoky.
583
00:30:42,168 --> 00:30:44,303
And it would go off pretty quickly
584
00:30:44,328 --> 00:30:46,393
because Elynor didn't use hops,
585
00:30:46,418 --> 00:30:49,383
which are important for preserving
been
586
00:30:49,408 --> 00:30:53,213
She produced about ten gallons a
week for her family
587
00:30:53,238 --> 00:30:56,933
and all the rest was put on sale
because, in those clays,
588
00:30:56,958 --> 00:31:00,303
everybody drank ale, even children,
589
00:31:00,328 --> 00:31:04,652
partly because it was thought to be
more nutritious than water,
590
00:31:04,677 --> 00:31:07,503
certainly didn't give you the gyp
like water did,
591
00:31:07,528 --> 00:31:09,193
and it made you feel good.
592
00:31:14,408 --> 00:31:18,303
We know all about Elynor from a
bloke who stopped off
593
00:31:18,328 --> 00:31:20,983
at the pub one night for a drink.
594
00:31:21,008 --> 00:31:25,183
And he happened to be Henry VIII's
poet laureate.
595
00:31:25,208 --> 00:31:27,623
A bloke by the name of John Skelton.
596
00:31:27,648 --> 00:31:29,832
And he wrote this poem about Elynor.
597
00:31:29,857 --> 00:31:32,383
From our point of view, it's
brilliant
598
00:31:32,408 --> 00:31:36,383
because it describes an ordinary
person in great detail.
599
00:31:37,797 --> 00:31:41,223
You may think he wrote it because he
was besotted by her beauty
600
00:31:41,248 --> 00:31:42,543
but, in fact,
601
00:31:42,568 --> 00:31:45,863
what he says was, "Her face all
boozy,
602
00:31:45,888 --> 00:31:49,553
"comely crinkled, wonderfully
wrinkled...
603
00:31:49,578 --> 00:31:52,343
"..like a roast pig's ear
604
00:31:52,368 --> 00:31:54,293
"bristling with hair."
605
00:31:54,318 --> 00:31:56,423
That's charming, isn't it?
606
00:31:57,857 --> 00:32:01,473
Skelton goes on insulting Elynor
for about 600 lines.
607
00:32:05,368 --> 00:32:08,553
But it wasn't just her looks
that he was slagging off.
608
00:32:08,578 --> 00:32:11,143
This was full-scale character
assassination.
609
00:32:11,168 --> 00:32:14,542
According to Skelton, she was a
sexual deviant.
610
00:32:14,567 --> 00:32:16,512
She was a dodgy businesswoman.
611
00:32:16,537 --> 00:32:20,022
She cut her ale with all sorts
of disgusting stuff.
612
00:32:20,047 --> 00:32:21,382
Look at this.
613
00:32:22,606 --> 00:32:26,742
"And sometimes she blends the dung
of her hens."
614
00:32:28,287 --> 00:32:30,472
I can't imagine Skelton came back
for a second pint.
615
00:32:30,497 --> 00:32:31,462
Can you?
616
00:32:32,887 --> 00:32:35,142
So, what's the truth about Elynor?
617
00:32:35,167 --> 00:32:38,062
Jaega Wise, 2018 Brewer Of The Year,
618
00:32:38,087 --> 00:32:41,352
has studied the ancient craft
of ale-making
619
00:32:41,377 --> 00:32:43,581
all the way back to Tudor times.
620
00:32:45,367 --> 00:32:48,661
Why does the poem slag her off so
much?
621
00:32:48,686 --> 00:32:52,032
It's implied quite heavily that
she's doing things like
622
00:32:52,057 --> 00:32:55,632
watering down the ale or cheating
customers.
623
00:32:55,657 --> 00:32:58,192
Do you think she really did cheat
the customers?
624
00:32:58,217 --> 00:32:59,581
Yeah.
625
00:32:59,606 --> 00:33:03,831
She was fined two pennies for
serving false measures
626
00:33:03,856 --> 00:33:06,732
and she was lucky
that she was fined.
627
00:33:06,757 --> 00:33:09,482
One of the other punishments would
have been a thorough ducking
628
00:33:09,507 --> 00:33:10,992
in the local pond.
629
00:33:11,017 --> 00:33:13,192
Like a witch? Yeah, like a witch.
630
00:33:13,217 --> 00:33:15,232
That's one of the things that
strikes me about the poem.
631
00:33:15,257 --> 00:33:17,992
She does come across as a bit
witchy, doesn't she?
632
00:33:18,017 --> 00:33:24,112
There is said to be a relationship
between witches and ale wives.
633
00:33:24,137 --> 00:33:28,382
It's true that ale wives would have
used a big cauldron,
634
00:33:28,407 --> 00:33:30,632
may well have had a cat for pest
control,
635
00:33:30,657 --> 00:33:34,282
and they did put a broom outside the
pub to show the beer was ready.
636
00:33:36,177 --> 00:33:40,432
But why would anyone want to
demonise women like Elynor?
637
00:33:40,457 --> 00:33:44,942
What begins to happen is the brewing
industry begins to become
638
00:33:44,967 --> 00:33:47,742
professional and, when that happens,
639
00:33:47,767 --> 00:33:51,022
the ale wives are a considerable
threat.
640
00:33:51,047 --> 00:33:53,392
So, what do you do when you're under
threat?
641
00:33:53,417 --> 00:33:56,102
You spread rumours about them.
You spread lies about them.
642
00:33:56,127 --> 00:33:58,921
You want to make their product
sell less than your product.
643
00:33:58,946 --> 00:34:00,581
What about Mr Rummyn?
644
00:34:00,606 --> 00:34:02,272
We don't hear much about him.
645
00:34:02,297 --> 00:34:04,461
I imagine him as some
drunken old sot
646
00:34:04,486 --> 00:34:07,112
sitting in the corner
while his wife coins it all in.
647
00:34:07,137 --> 00:34:08,512
Yes.
648
00:34:08,537 --> 00:34:11,791
And there is a reason why ale wives
are called ale "wives"
649
00:34:11,816 --> 00:34:14,102
and not ale "women".
650
00:34:14,127 --> 00:34:17,072
It's because most of them were
probably married
651
00:34:17,097 --> 00:34:22,142
and Elynor would have had a certain
amount of financial freedom
652
00:34:22,167 --> 00:34:25,142
but it all belonged
to their husbands.
653
00:34:25,167 --> 00:34:29,192
So, Elynor did all that hard work,
didn't directly receive
654
00:34:29,217 --> 00:34:33,812
any financial reward and risked a
ducking in the local pond.
655
00:34:37,377 --> 00:34:40,342
I wish I could have been standing
here 500 years ago,
656
00:34:40,367 --> 00:34:45,461
watching the real Elynor presiding
over her little boozy kingdom.
657
00:34:45,486 --> 00:34:48,711
But, as for this poem,
I feel split down the middle
658
00:34:48,736 --> 00:34:52,942
about it because, on one hand,
it's funny. It's bawdy.
659
00:34:52,967 --> 00:34:56,502
It brings to life a working woman
in the Tudor period.
660
00:34:56,527 --> 00:34:57,911
But, on the other hand,
661
00:34:57,936 --> 00:34:59,552
it takes the mick out of her.
662
00:34:59,577 --> 00:35:01,272
It slags her off.
663
00:35:01,297 --> 00:35:05,352
And that kind of writing about
working women at that time
664
00:35:05,377 --> 00:35:08,461
helped drive a nail in the coffin
of their lives,
665
00:35:08,486 --> 00:35:11,352
and it meant that they were cut off
from their work
666
00:35:11,377 --> 00:35:15,512
and all the opportunities that go
with it for centuries to come.
667
00:35:18,127 --> 00:35:19,352
Coming UP---
668
00:35:19,377 --> 00:35:21,272
Come on! Open the door!
669
00:35:21,297 --> 00:35:24,742
The tough life and tragic end of a
seaman who lived on board
670
00:35:24,767 --> 00:35:27,711
the pride of Henry VIII's Navy...
671
00:35:27,736 --> 00:35:29,002
...the Mary Rose.
672
00:35:29,027 --> 00:35:30,232
Oh, wow.
673
00:35:38,634 --> 00:35:40,399
Over the course of his reign,
674
00:35:40,424 --> 00:35:42,770
Henry VIII managed to annoy the
Pope,
675
00:35:42,795 --> 00:35:45,690
the French, the Scots
676
00:35:45,715 --> 00:35:48,960
and, it seems, most people in
Europe.
677
00:35:48,985 --> 00:35:50,570
# How did it happen?
678
00:35:50,595 --> 00:35:52,170
They'd had quite enough of Henry...
679
00:35:52,195 --> 00:35:54,940
# It's just another oops on me. #
680
00:35:56,475 --> 00:35:59,760
...and now the threat of invasion
hung in the air.
681
00:36:01,674 --> 00:36:04,840
The new situation demanded that
England have a ready
682
00:36:04,865 --> 00:36:08,760
and well-equipped Navy, which meant
that suddenly a lot of ordinary
683
00:36:08,785 --> 00:36:11,729
people had exciting new job
possibilities
684
00:36:11,754 --> 00:36:13,890
and the chance of long-haul travel.
685
00:36:15,304 --> 00:36:20,250
7,000 new seamen were taken on as
Henry expanded the Royal Navy
686
00:36:20,275 --> 00:36:22,479
from five to 40 warships.
687
00:36:25,355 --> 00:36:28,090
So, what kind of life could a novice
sailor
688
00:36:28,115 --> 00:36:31,529
expect in the swashbuckling early
clays of the Navy?
689
00:36:31,554 --> 00:36:36,040
Well, for once, we can answer that
question in incredible detail,
690
00:36:36,065 --> 00:36:38,960
thanks to a remarkable Tudor time
capsule
691
00:36:38,985 --> 00:36:42,320
that emerged from the drink nearly
40 years ago.
692
00:36:47,785 --> 00:36:49,040
In 1982...
693
00:36:49,065 --> 00:36:51,010
It's a wonderful structure
and a wonderful sight.
694
00:36:51,035 --> 00:36:53,279
...salvagers recovered Henry's
flagship,
695
00:36:53,304 --> 00:36:57,080
Mary Rose, which had sunk
back in 1545.
696
00:36:59,544 --> 00:37:03,200
On board were 19,000 artefacts
697
00:37:03,225 --> 00:37:07,399
and the jumbled bones
of 179 sailors.
698
00:37:07,424 --> 00:37:09,479
And, in one corner of a lower deck,
699
00:37:09,504 --> 00:37:12,450
archaeologists found one complete
skeleton.
700
00:37:13,575 --> 00:37:16,040
An ordinary seaman we'll calljohn,
701
00:37:16,065 --> 00:37:19,250
a man who went down with his ship.
702
00:37:19,275 --> 00:37:21,850
So, this is our man! This is John.
703
00:37:21,875 --> 00:37:22,840
This is john.
704
00:37:24,405 --> 00:37:27,609
Alex Hildred is a curator at the
Mary Rose Trust
705
00:37:27,634 --> 00:37:31,570
and first dived the wreck back in
1979.
706
00:37:31,595 --> 00:37:33,810
He doesn't seem hugely tall.
707
00:37:33,835 --> 00:37:34,840
He isn't, actually.
708
00:37:34,865 --> 00:37:37,210
He's about our height, more or less.
709
00:37:37,235 --> 00:37:40,040
About five foot four-ish, maybe five
foot five.
710
00:37:40,065 --> 00:37:43,130
I'm five foot four and a half, so...
Yeah, perfect.
711
00:37:43,155 --> 00:37:45,090
...almost identical.
Almost identical.
712
00:37:45,115 --> 00:37:46,680
What about age?
713
00:37:46,705 --> 00:37:49,770
Age. You can see that the sutures
have all closed.
714
00:37:49,795 --> 00:37:52,200
So he's probably between 20 and 30.
715
00:37:52,225 --> 00:37:56,020
A perfect age for somebody
who's a hardworking individual.
716
00:37:56,045 --> 00:37:58,330
John, who would have looked
something like this,
717
00:37:58,355 --> 00:38:00,640
was one of a crew of over 400.
718
00:38:02,835 --> 00:38:04,640
I can't wait to see his home,
719
00:38:04,665 --> 00:38:06,479
the ship where his body was found.
720
00:38:07,554 --> 00:38:09,250
Are you ready? Yeah.
721
00:38:09,275 --> 00:38:11,880
You know I've never seen this
before? No! Really?
722
00:38:11,905 --> 00:38:12,890
Truly.
723
00:38:15,304 --> 00:38:17,090
Come on! Open the door!
724
00:38:17,115 --> 00:38:19,250
Go on, have a look.
725
00:38:19,275 --> 00:38:20,609
0h!
726
00:38:21,945 --> 00:38:22,920
Oh, wow.
727
00:38:27,585 --> 00:38:30,120
I've so always wanted to see this.
728
00:38:31,945 --> 00:38:35,090
To me, this is like the tomb of
Tutankhamun.
729
00:38:40,475 --> 00:38:42,479
Half the ship rotted away,
730
00:38:42,504 --> 00:38:45,279
but the remaining half's in good
nick.
731
00:38:45,304 --> 00:38:49,100
It's as though the Mary Rose was cut
down the middle, lengthways,
732
00:38:49,125 --> 00:38:52,460
to give us a sneaky look inside
John's home.
733
00:38:52,485 --> 00:38:54,489
Where was he actually found?
734
00:38:54,514 --> 00:38:56,180
He was found just over there.
735
00:38:56,205 --> 00:38:57,980
So, this is the hold of the ship.
736
00:38:58,005 --> 00:39:00,570
And there were four people in there
737
00:39:00,595 --> 00:39:05,640
and five barrels about this high
with tar or pitch in them.
738
00:39:05,665 --> 00:39:07,930
So it looks as though he was
working?
739
00:39:07,955 --> 00:39:10,170
It looks as though he was working.
740
00:39:12,595 --> 00:39:15,900
John had about the most important
job on the ship,
741
00:39:15,925 --> 00:39:19,000
to stop it sinking by keeping it
waterproof.
742
00:39:19,025 --> 00:39:21,729
What's known as "caulking".
743
00:39:21,754 --> 00:39:24,409
At sea, his mission was to
constantly check
744
00:39:24,434 --> 00:39:26,609
that the timbers were watertight
745
00:39:26,634 --> 00:39:30,180
and to repair them with tar and
pitch before the ship sank.
746
00:39:31,835 --> 00:39:34,970
Every day he would have worked a
relentless shift pattern
747
00:39:34,995 --> 00:39:37,690
of four hours on, four hours off,
748
00:39:37,715 --> 00:39:40,279
signalled by the tolling of the
ship's bell.
749
00:39:40,304 --> 00:39:42,200
A BELL RINGS
750
00:39:42,225 --> 00:39:46,450
John may have been a local lad who
learned his craft
751
00:39:46,475 --> 00:39:50,650
from about 14 years of age as an
apprentice at Portsmouth dockyard.
752
00:39:50,675 --> 00:39:52,279
Then around 18,
753
00:39:52,304 --> 00:39:56,499
he'd have had his big chance of a
life of adventure at sea.
754
00:39:56,524 --> 00:39:58,180
Imagine his first day.
755
00:39:58,205 --> 00:40:00,930
He must have been completely
awestruck.
756
00:40:04,675 --> 00:40:07,409
Do you have any idea where John
might have slept?
757
00:40:07,434 --> 00:40:09,920
Likely he would have just slept
anywhere that he could have done.
758
00:40:09,945 --> 00:40:13,010
Maybe on the storage deck above or
on the main deck by the guns.
759
00:40:13,035 --> 00:40:16,330
That's the sort of thing we hear, of
people just crunching themselves up
760
00:40:16,355 --> 00:40:19,100
beside the guns and falling asleep
as much as they can.
761
00:40:19,125 --> 00:40:22,720
I bet everybody would assume that he
would have slept in a hammock.
762
00:40:22,745 --> 00:40:24,200
Hammocks weren't around yet.
763
00:40:24,225 --> 00:40:26,399
So, no, no hammocks.
764
00:40:26,424 --> 00:40:28,619
And, for an ordinary seaman like
john,
765
00:40:28,644 --> 00:40:31,200
there were certainly no cabins or
bunks either.
766
00:40:32,475 --> 00:40:34,619
All right. We've got him up in the
morning.
767
00:40:34,644 --> 00:40:36,900
What about his ablutions?
768
00:40:36,925 --> 00:40:39,850
Well, the only evidence we have for
that are two channels,
769
00:40:39,875 --> 00:40:42,770
if you like, both up on the upper
deck in the stern,
770
00:40:42,795 --> 00:40:45,260
which basically they were like
urinals
771
00:40:45,285 --> 00:40:48,850
and they went out through the side
of the ship with little protruding,
772
00:40:48,875 --> 00:40:51,820
basically, beams which had a hole
in the centre
773
00:40:51,845 --> 00:40:53,720
so everything would go out the side.
774
00:40:56,075 --> 00:40:58,489
Have we got any evidence of the
kinds of things
775
00:40:58,514 --> 00:41:03,000
that he might have done in order to
make his spare time bearable?
776
00:41:03,025 --> 00:41:06,980
Actually, really close to where he
was found, just on the deck above,
777
00:41:07,005 --> 00:41:09,570
we have evidence of two gaming
boards.
778
00:41:09,595 --> 00:41:12,930
Musical instruments. In fact, we had
a fiddle that was found
779
00:41:12,955 --> 00:41:15,130
just by the main mast.
780
00:41:15,155 --> 00:41:17,820
So, we've got a fiddle and a tabor
drum and pipes.
781
00:41:19,235 --> 00:41:21,900
I love the idea that you've got
a ship's band.
782
00:41:21,925 --> 00:41:24,460
You look at something like this and
all you see
783
00:41:24,485 --> 00:41:27,850
in your mind's eye is the serious
nature of running a ship.
784
00:41:27,875 --> 00:41:30,010
But they were grooving away as well.
785
00:41:30,035 --> 00:41:32,419
APPLAUSE AND CHEERING
786
00:41:32,444 --> 00:41:35,690
Also near John's skeleton they found
one of these.
787
00:41:35,715 --> 00:41:38,210
I know what that is. That reminds me
of primary school.
788
00:41:38,235 --> 00:41:40,640
Yeah. Those are one of our most
common objects.
789
00:41:40,665 --> 00:41:45,330
Both the anti-nit combs part, which
are very, very fine,
790
00:41:45,355 --> 00:41:47,619
and then the one for normal
grooming.
791
00:41:47,644 --> 00:41:49,279
He would have had nits, wouldn't he?
792
00:41:49,304 --> 00:41:50,690
Probably.
793
00:41:50,715 --> 00:41:52,700
And you do hear of people throwing
themselves
794
00:41:52,725 --> 00:41:55,210
in the sea to get rid of the nits.
795
00:41:55,235 --> 00:41:58,850
But John might have got comfort from
a special friend.
796
00:41:58,875 --> 00:42:02,050
A small skeleton was found in the
doorway where John
797
00:42:02,075 --> 00:42:04,260
would have picked up his tools.
798
00:42:04,285 --> 00:42:06,970
Interestingly, in the opening of
it, because it was a sliding door,
799
00:42:06,995 --> 00:42:09,850
so almost jammed in the crack was a
small dog.
800
00:42:13,835 --> 00:42:16,619
I know! We called him Hatch because
he wasn't too far away
801
00:42:16,644 --> 00:42:19,619
from the hatches. But he was so far
away that he couldn't get out.
802
00:42:19,644 --> 00:42:21,570
He couldn't get out. No, I know.
803
00:42:21,595 --> 00:42:25,010
And he, actually, is our most
complete skeleton.
804
00:42:25,035 --> 00:42:27,010
I don't want to get too weepy about
this,
805
00:42:27,035 --> 00:42:29,210
but John would have seen him every
day, wouldn't he?
806
00:42:29,235 --> 00:42:31,220
He would have and he was only 18
months old, the dog.
807
00:42:31,245 --> 00:42:32,740
Just a baby, really.
808
00:42:32,765 --> 00:42:34,419
Let's move on before I... Cry.
809
00:42:34,444 --> 00:42:35,780
...show myself up.
810
00:42:40,605 --> 00:42:43,910
This may be one of the great
archaeological treasures
811
00:42:43,935 --> 00:42:48,619
of the world but it's also the place
where young John lived
812
00:42:48,644 --> 00:42:52,010
and worked every day, along with 500
of his mates,
813
00:42:52,035 --> 00:42:54,580
in very dark, cramped conditions.
814
00:42:56,085 --> 00:42:59,369
Imagine, though, how proud he must
have felt
815
00:42:59,394 --> 00:43:02,450
about being a crew member of the
Mary Rose.
816
00:43:04,314 --> 00:43:06,010
But, in July 1545,
817
00:43:06,035 --> 00:43:10,570
the French attacked the English
fleet at Portsmouth.
818
00:43:13,725 --> 00:43:17,210
Henry watched as the Mary Rose went
out to engage the enemy.
819
00:43:19,835 --> 00:43:23,539
All the cannons to starboard fired a
volley together but,
820
00:43:23,564 --> 00:43:24,860
as she turned,
821
00:43:24,885 --> 00:43:27,970
her gun ports fatally dipped beneath
the waterline
822
00:43:27,995 --> 00:43:29,780
and water rushed in.
823
00:43:34,795 --> 00:43:39,180
John's whole world would literally
have been turned upside down.
824
00:43:39,205 --> 00:43:42,810
There would have been things flying
across the room, up, down,
825
00:43:42,835 --> 00:43:45,900
backwards, forwards, smacking him
in the face.
826
00:43:45,925 --> 00:43:49,810
Then a final gush of freezing cold
water.
827
00:43:49,835 --> 00:43:51,379
And then that was it.
828
00:43:51,404 --> 00:43:52,629
No escape.
829
00:43:55,965 --> 00:43:57,930
The Mary Rose sank like a stone.
830
00:43:59,394 --> 00:44:02,299
Only 30 of over 400 crew members
escaped.
831
00:44:03,835 --> 00:44:06,990
John perished where he worked.
832
00:44:07,015 --> 00:44:10,369
I like to think that John would be
pleased to know
833
00:44:10,394 --> 00:44:14,629
that the English Navy finally
managed to repulse the French
834
00:44:14,654 --> 00:44:18,289
and also that he might be a bit
tickled if he knew that,
835
00:44:18,314 --> 00:44:20,299
500 years after he died,
836
00:44:20,324 --> 00:44:22,900
his life would become immortalised.
837
00:44:27,755 --> 00:44:32,260
The Mary Rose had been Henry's
pride and joy for 34 years.
838
00:44:32,285 --> 00:44:34,369
Its end foreshadowed his own.
839
00:44:35,755 --> 00:44:37,450
He died two years later.
840
00:44:38,725 --> 00:44:40,440
And, thanks to his reign,
841
00:44:40,465 --> 00:44:44,619
the lives of ordinary people would
never be the same again.
842
00:44:47,675 --> 00:44:49,700
In the next episode...
843
00:44:49,725 --> 00:44:51,419
Right. Let's go.
844
00:44:51,444 --> 00:44:54,539
...I'll be meeting some Victorian
Britons.
845
00:44:54,564 --> 00:44:57,700
The female miners who hauled coal...
846
00:44:57,725 --> 00:45:01,570
But it wasn't the backbreaking
conditions that shocked everyone.
847
00:45:01,595 --> 00:45:03,530
It was, believe it or not,
848
00:45:03,555 --> 00:45:04,880
the nudity.
849
00:45:04,905 --> 00:45:08,369
...and new experiences that changed
their world.
850
00:45:08,394 --> 00:45:10,810
It's the invention of modern
shopping.
851
00:45:31,955 --> 00:45:33,810
Subtitles by Red Bee Media