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We've all seen the pictures and read
the stories in the history books
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about the kings and queens
with their power and privilege
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and silks and furs.
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DRAMATIC ORCHESTRAL MUSIC /
MUSIC BREAKS OFF IN NEEDLE-SCRATCH
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But in this series, I want to
discover the other side of history...
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I'm already quite nervy.
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...the side we don't often hear about,
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how ordinary British people
lived their lives...
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EXPLOSION / BOING-BOING SOUND EFFECT
"from the Tudors...
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You'll see why
it did attract my attention.
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Disgusting!
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...to the Victorians.
Throw a stone in Victorian London,
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you will hit a drunken cabman,
there's that many of them.
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We are not amused!
EXPLOSION
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From the Georgians...
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Oh, my God. It's horrible
just seeing you do that.
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MAN SCREAMING
MOTORBIKES REV
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...to the people who really fought
the Second World War.
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James could hear the ping of bullets
and the clatter of shrapnel.
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One thing's for sure. These people
knew the meaning of the word "tough".
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WOMAN SCREAMS
'I'll be finding the truth
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'about their daily lives -
what they ate'...
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How long would that have lasted?
Up to three years.
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Agh!
..'how they made a living'...
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There's even value in a rat,
when it's dead.
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...'and those vital necessities
of life.'
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What did you do if you wanted a pee?
Go in the bucket. The bucket?!
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This is British history
from the bottom up.
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You gotta admit, I am terrifying.
MAN GUFFAWING
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WHISTLING / CRASHING SOUND EFFECT
BIRDSONG
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This time I'm heading back
to the Victorian age...
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PENGUINS-CHITTERING SOUND EFFECT
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...when Britain ruled the world...
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They were also...lovely whiskers.
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Now, while you might be thinking
that Victorian Britain
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was made by a bunch
of mustachioed men like him...
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the truth was very different.
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Because the unsung heroes who really
put the great into Great Britain
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were just the ordinary folk
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who had to cope with
the most dramatic changes
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the world has ever seen.
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While Queen Victoria was busy
gazing down from her throne,
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her loyal subjects were hard at work
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in factories up and down the land,
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churning out everything
from steam engines
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to natty clothes and cutlery.
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SPOONS CLATTER
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But life on the factory floor
was cheap.
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A combination of lethal machinery
and long hours
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meant that gruesome accidents...
Agh!
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...even death,
were never very far away.
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And right up there in the list of
most-lethaljobs in Victorian Britain
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was the match girl...
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like Sarah Chapman here,
still called a girl
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when this picture was taken,
when she was almost 30.
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In the late 1800s,
if you went down the Mile End Road,
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turned left at a pub called the Swan
and down a little alleyway,
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you'd come to Sarah Chapman's house.
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She lived in a court
just like this one,
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in a house with her father, Samuel,
her mother, Sarah Ann,
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and her six brothers and sisters.
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One of seven kids,
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Sarah was a feisty young 'un
with a sharp brain.
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We know that, at school,
she learned how to read and write.
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But this, remember,
was Victorian Britain,
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where, at the age of 13,
working-class kids like Sarah
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had to put aside
such fripperies as education
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and get themselves a job.
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And for Sarah,
that meant starting work
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in the same factory
as her mum and sister.
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This is where Sarah worked...
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the Bryant & May match factory.
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Back in those clays, it would have
been frenetic around here,
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with over a thousand women and girls
working here
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six clays a week, every week.
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You see, there was nothing
the Victorians loved more
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than setting fire to things...
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lamps, logs,
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more lamps, and, of course, tobacco.
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Which meant that the humble match
was an invaluable item.
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This is
an old Bryant & May match box,
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and the thing about this match
was that it would strike anywhere...
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8S YOU can SEE.
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Yeah. Very effective.
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'So effective that, by 1860,
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'Bryant & May were churning out
75,000 boxes of the things
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'every day.'
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To keep up with demand,
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match girls like Sarah
were expected to work 14-hour shifts,
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virtually all of it on their feet.
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Can you imagine?!
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Luckily she was promoted,
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and by 19,
Sarah was working as a machinist,
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the person who cut
the matchsticks down to size.
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Argh!
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'If Sarah ever got sick,
that was just tough luck.'
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The factory was perfectly entitled
to discard her like a...
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well, like a spent match!
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WOMAN SOBBING
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For all that, she earned a meagre
wage of five shillings a week,
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which is about £16 a week
in today's money.
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But even that
could be severely reduced
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by harsh fines
on things like sitting down,
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being untidy, dropping a match,
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or even just going to the toilet
without permission.
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Nor was there much let-up
when Sarah finally got home.
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'Sam Johnson is
Sarah's great-great granddaughter,
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'and she's here to tell me
a bit more about her home life.'
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There were seven children
in the family.
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Which is why there's
so many beds here. Exactly, yes.
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Yes, and they would've all been
cramped into a tiny room like this,
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so maybe that's what created
her feisty personality.
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I bet she was the boss
in the bedroom when she was a kid!
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Absolutely, yeah.
Chuck the boys on the floor, and...
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Get the good sleep.
..girls get the beds. Yeah.
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'As for her one day off,
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'well, after a quick breakfast
of bread and dripping,
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'it would be out with the broom
and on with the housework.'
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HE COUGHS / GRUNTS
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The girls,
as soon as they were old enough,
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would have pulled their weight
with the housework,
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so they would do
all the washing of the clothes,
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and cleaning the house and getting
the baking done ready for the week.
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Only then would Sarah finally have
been able to put her feet up
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with a nice cup of tea
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and perhaps a puff on a pipe.
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MUSIC REMINISCENT OF
"HAMLET CIGARS" ADVERT
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The next morning...
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ROOSTER CROWS
SHE GASPS
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And it would be up with the lark
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for the start of another shift
at the factory.
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'But Sarah's life
wasn't just exhausting.
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'It was also blooming dangerous.'
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MATCH STRIKING /
"PSYCHO"-STYLE STABBING VIOLINS
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You see,
unlike today's safety matches,
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matchsticks back then were dipped in
a chemical called white phosphorus.
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It was this
that made the matches catch fire.
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But phosphorus comes with
some horrible side effects,
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and there was one
that Sarah dreaded above all others.
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Girls who'd worked here for some time
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could get a condition
which they called "phossy jaw".
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It was a terrible disease
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that caused the bones around
the mouth to slowly rot away
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and emit a foul-smelling pus.
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SQUELCHING
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As the infection spread,
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it would lead to horrendous
disfigurement, organ failure,
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and eventually death.
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Luckily Sarah escaped
this grisly fate,
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but many of her co-workers,
around one in ten of them, didn't.
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Not that the factory owners
seemed to care.
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MAN CACKLING
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Even Sarah's lunch hour
was full of danger.
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The women and girls were forced to
eat their lunch on the factory floor,
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where phosphorous particles
could easily get into their food.
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There was no other space available,
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and they weren't allowed
to eat outside.
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Health and safety?!
Agh!
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So bad were conditions
in the Bryant & May factory
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that, on the 6th ofjuly, 1888,
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Sarah and her fellow workers
downed matchsticks
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and went on strike.
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By the end ofjuly,
Bryant & May had caved in.
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The whole thing had been
a complete PR disaster for them,
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and they agreed
all the women's demands.
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You can imagine Sarah and her friends
racing out of here,
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absolutely over the moon.
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Coming up, the scandal of
the female miners who hauled coal.
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00:09:01,986 --> 00:09:05,452
But it wasn't the backbreaking
conditions that shocked everyone.
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It was, believe it or
not, the nudity.
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And how a Victorian navvy
risked his life
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to blast a tunnel
through the Scottish mountains...
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which was, of course,
very, very dangerous.
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BIRDSONG
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On the back of the hard graft
of ordinary Victorians,
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the UK became the richest
and most powerful nation on Earth.
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"LAND OF HOPE AND GLORY" PLAYING
MEN CHEERING
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With all that money rolling in,
the Victorians did
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what great empires have always done.
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They built things!
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EXPLOSION
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Huge engineering projects,
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like railways, bridges and tunnels,
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many of them still in use today.
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HISSING
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Building these monster projects
was the job of the navvies,
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big, strapping blokes
like Angus lnnes from Glasgow.
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Now, we don't exactly know
what Angus looked like,
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but we can take a guess,
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because Scottish navvies liked
nothing more than dressing up
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in their spare time,
just like Teddy boys,
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mods and Peaky Blinders
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to let people know who they were.
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They sported moleskin jackets,
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scarlet waistcoats
and bright-blue caps.
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This is the kind of place
where Angus would've lived.
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00:10:32,417 --> 00:10:35,031
He would've rented a room
or part of a room,
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or even part of a bed,
in a boarding house.
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It would all have been pretty grim.
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Most of Angus's time, though,
was spent building things...
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like Glasgow's new sewage system.
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00:10:49,846 --> 00:10:54,422
You see, Victorian Glasgow
was dirtier than a badger's bottom.
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MAN COUGHING
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Its slums were so bad,
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they were almost as disgusting
as London's.
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'Coming home at night from the pub,
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'Angus would've constantly
had to watch his step
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'for fear of treading in
something unmentionable.'
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SQUELCH!
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In this kind of environment,
disease was rife.
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A system of tunnels was needed to get
all the sewage out of the city,
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00:11:19,967 --> 00:11:24,302
and it was navvies like Angus
who were called on to do the work.
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00:11:25,777 --> 00:11:30,392
After a typical navvy's breakfast
of six slices of bacon,
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00:11:30,417 --> 00:11:33,432
a loaf of bread,
one can of condensed milk
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00:11:33,457 --> 00:11:35,672
and two pints of beer,
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00:11:35,697 --> 00:11:39,232
Angus's 12-hour shift would begin
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00:11:39,257 --> 00:11:41,872
the moment his foreman
gave the order.
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HE BLOWS WHISTLE
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His job was to dig the huge trenches
that held the new sewage pipes.
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Using muscle-power alone,
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Angus was expected to shift a hernia-
inducing 20 tons of earth a day.
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HE SIGHS
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The more muck he moved,
the more he was paid.
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Oh!
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00:12:03,577 --> 00:12:06,152
On average
that was about 25 pence a day,
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00:12:06,177 --> 00:12:08,711
the equivalent of about eight quid.
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00:12:08,736 --> 00:12:12,072
But most of that
he would have spent on beer,
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00:12:12,097 --> 00:12:15,422
a mind-boggling gallon a day
of the stuff.
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00:12:16,447 --> 00:12:18,581
Oh! Cheers.
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00:12:19,657 --> 00:12:22,632
This massive sewage pipe
is an impressive example
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00:12:22,657 --> 00:12:26,841
of the kind of work that navvies
were doing here in Glasgow
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00:12:26,866 --> 00:12:28,911
in the 19th century.
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00:12:28,936 --> 00:12:32,002
But to get a more vivid picture
of Angus's life,
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00:12:32,027 --> 00:12:36,711
I'm gonna travel 30 miles north
of here into the Highlands.
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'From census records,
we know that, by the late 1850s,
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00:12:43,587 --> 00:12:46,762
'Angus had upped sticks
and moved here,
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'to the bonny banks of Loch Katrine,
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00:12:50,457 --> 00:12:52,671
'where he was helping
to build a tunnel
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00:12:52,696 --> 00:12:55,502
'to carry clean drinking water
into Glasgow.'
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This is the water tunnel,
which ran for 30 miles
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00:13:00,887 --> 00:13:03,632
straight into the centre of Glasgow.
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00:13:03,657 --> 00:13:07,591
'The census also tells us
that Angus was now married,
243
00:13:07,616 --> 00:13:10,642
'and that his wife, Helen,
and their young family
244
00:13:10,667 --> 00:13:12,671
'were living here too'...
THUNDER RUMBLES
245
00:13:12,696 --> 00:13:15,122
...'no doubt enjoying
the peaceful countryside
246
00:13:15,147 --> 00:13:18,671
'along with
hundreds of other navvies,
247
00:13:18,696 --> 00:13:20,821
'and a bunch of angry locals.'
INSECTS BUZZ
248
00:13:20,846 --> 00:13:22,696
Midges!
249
00:13:22,721 --> 00:13:25,905
'By now, Angus was moving up
in the world,
250
00:13:25,930 --> 00:13:29,866
'and had swapped his shovel
for a much more important job...
251
00:13:30,940 --> 00:13:33,300
...'using explosives'...
EXPLOSION
252
00:13:33,325 --> 00:13:36,270
...'to blast a tunnel
through the mountains.'
253
00:13:36,295 --> 00:13:37,899
EXPLOSION
254
00:13:37,924 --> 00:13:40,110
Which was, of course,
very, very dangerous.
255
00:13:40,135 --> 00:13:41,750
EXPLOSION
256
00:13:41,775 --> 00:13:45,750
In fact, the accident
and death rate for navvies was higher
257
00:13:45,775 --> 00:13:48,140
than for any other group of workers
in the country,
258
00:13:48,165 --> 00:13:50,870
and that included
coalminers and soldiers.
259
00:13:50,895 --> 00:13:54,760
No wonder Angus liked a tipple!
BUZZ OF CONVERSATION
260
00:13:54,785 --> 00:13:56,829
At the end of the day,
261
00:13:56,854 --> 00:13:59,940
exhausted from blowing up
the Scottish countryside...
262
00:14:01,015 --> 00:14:03,300
...Angus would have rejoined
Helen and the kids
263
00:14:03,325 --> 00:14:06,550
at the temporary camp
beside the loch.
264
00:14:06,575 --> 00:14:09,550
'Here to tell me more
about life inside the camp
265
00:14:09,575 --> 00:14:12,750
is local historian, Sion Barrington.
266
00:14:13,804 --> 00:14:18,220
It was a well organised community.
There'd be the cooking squad,
267
00:14:18,245 --> 00:14:20,699
so there'd be no problem
getting beef and lamb and pigs,
268
00:14:20,724 --> 00:14:25,060
and oatmeal... Porridge! There'd be
porridge morning, noon and night.
269
00:14:25,085 --> 00:14:29,649
It's astonishing! I would've assumed
that a navvy working here
270
00:14:29,674 --> 00:14:31,740
would've been three-quarters starved
271
00:14:31,765 --> 00:14:34,500
and having the most miserable time
possible,
272
00:14:34,525 --> 00:14:37,909
but actually, what you're describing
is something... Yeah, it's rigorous.
273
00:14:37,934 --> 00:14:40,110
Yes.
But at least your belly's full.
274
00:14:40,135 --> 00:14:43,709
Were the women able to work? Oh,
the women would be fully employed.
275
00:14:43,734 --> 00:14:46,070
There would be laundry
that would need to be done.
276
00:14:46,095 --> 00:14:49,220
So, lots of meat by day,
booze by night,
277
00:14:49,245 --> 00:14:52,470
and clean pants! And... Absolutely!
SION LAUGHS
278
00:14:53,572 --> 00:14:56,809
After four years
of muck, sweat and beer,
279
00:14:56,834 --> 00:15:01,170
Angus's time at Loch Katrine
finally came to an end.
280
00:15:01,195 --> 00:15:03,240
And in 1859,
281
00:15:03,265 --> 00:15:05,639
the new water channel
he'd helped to build
282
00:15:05,664 --> 00:15:10,000
was opened by none other than
Queen Victoria.
283
00:15:10,025 --> 00:15:14,759
I name this pipeline
the Katrine Aqueduct.
284
00:15:14,784 --> 00:15:18,120
Navvies like Angus
were a special breed.
285
00:15:19,195 --> 00:15:24,050
They were itinerant, rootless,
often very isolated.
286
00:15:24,075 --> 00:15:26,360
It was, like,
you had the working class there,
287
00:15:26,385 --> 00:15:29,100
and somewhere down here
were the navvies,
288
00:15:29,125 --> 00:15:31,559
at the very bottom
of the pecking order.
289
00:15:31,584 --> 00:15:35,260
And yet it was people
like Angus and his like
290
00:15:35,285 --> 00:15:37,809
who built modern Britain
with their bare hands,
291
00:15:37,834 --> 00:15:40,769
and their legacy
is still with us today.
292
00:15:48,545 --> 00:15:52,990
The Industrial Revolution
really took off under the Victorians.
293
00:15:53,015 --> 00:15:56,759
But none of
their fancy steam engines,
294
00:15:56,784 --> 00:15:59,639
cotton mills or water pumps
295
00:15:59,664 --> 00:16:02,930
would've been any use without coal.
296
00:16:04,584 --> 00:16:07,410
Coal powered the Victorian age,
297
00:16:07,435 --> 00:16:09,920
and the mining industry was huge.
298
00:16:11,005 --> 00:16:15,769
In 1841, nearly 220,000 people
worked in the mines.
299
00:16:15,794 --> 00:16:18,050
Most of them were men,
300
00:16:18,075 --> 00:16:21,260
but round about 5,000 of them
were either women
301
00:16:21,285 --> 00:16:23,769
or children as young as five.
302
00:16:25,995 --> 00:16:29,610
Among these women
was one Betty Harris.
303
00:16:29,635 --> 00:16:32,200
We don't have
any actual photos of her,
304
00:16:32,225 --> 00:16:34,769
but she might've looked
a bit like this young lass,
305
00:16:34,794 --> 00:16:38,920
holding what seems to be
a giant tambourine.
306
00:16:42,385 --> 00:16:45,970
Betty and her husband lived in
a small rented cottage
307
00:16:45,995 --> 00:16:49,689
not far from Knowles' Pit
in Bolton...
308
00:16:50,745 --> 00:16:52,840
...a place much like this.
309
00:16:53,865 --> 00:16:57,130
It was all very cosy. The fire
was going all the time, of course.
310
00:16:57,155 --> 00:16:59,649
Well, fuel was everywhere, wasn't it?
311
00:16:59,674 --> 00:17:02,899
And here's a clue. Tiny little seat,
312
00:17:02,924 --> 00:17:04,980
tiny little potty.
313
00:17:05,005 --> 00:17:07,290
They had two children,
and when they were at work,
314
00:17:07,315 --> 00:17:09,420
Betty's cousin looked after them.
315
00:17:13,745 --> 00:17:15,889
In order to keep
Betty's household going,
316
00:17:15,914 --> 00:17:18,070
her cousin did all the housework.
317
00:17:18,095 --> 00:17:21,000
She cleaned the house.
She went shopping every day,
318
00:17:21,025 --> 00:17:23,200
cos fridges hadn't been invented yet.
319
00:17:23,225 --> 00:17:26,620
She cleaned the courtyard.
She did all the washing.
320
00:17:26,645 --> 00:17:29,569
Imagine how difficult it would have
been, keeping things clean
321
00:17:29,594 --> 00:17:32,370
with all that smoke and dust about.
322
00:17:32,395 --> 00:17:36,260
RHYTHMIC SPLASHING
I don't envy her!
323
00:17:36,285 --> 00:17:40,810
But if running a Victorian household
wasn't exactly a barrel of laughs...
324
00:17:40,835 --> 00:17:42,420
BABY CRYING
325
00:17:42,445 --> 00:17:44,730
...working down the mine
was just horrendous.
326
00:17:44,755 --> 00:17:47,368
"HOVIS ADVERT" MUSIC /
MUSIC BREAKS OFF IN NEEDLE-SCRATCH
327
00:17:47,393 --> 00:17:50,808
Six clays a week,
dressed in trousers and jacket,
328
00:17:50,833 --> 00:17:53,538
our Betty
would leave the house at dawn
329
00:17:53,563 --> 00:17:55,838
and head down t'pit,
330
00:17:55,863 --> 00:18:00,068
where she could spend the next
14 hours on her hands and knees
331
00:18:00,093 --> 00:18:02,908
like a beast of burden, hauling coal.
332
00:18:03,983 --> 00:18:06,398
It's hard to imagine anything
more grim.
333
00:18:06,423 --> 00:18:08,647
CRASHING SOUND EFFECTS
334
00:18:09,712 --> 00:18:12,777
To learn more about
Betty's life underground,
335
00:18:12,802 --> 00:18:15,978
I've come to Caphouse Colliery
near Wakefield.
336
00:18:17,313 --> 00:18:19,798
If you'd like to follow me, please,
through these doors... Yep.
337
00:18:19,823 --> 00:18:22,557
'I've been joined by Denise Bates,
338
00:18:22,582 --> 00:18:25,248
'whose great-great-
great-great grandmother
339
00:18:25,273 --> 00:18:28,488
'was a Victorian mining lass
like Betty.'
340
00:18:28,513 --> 00:18:32,970
Can you imagine just shlepping up
and down here every single clay?
341
00:18:32,995 --> 00:18:35,489
I think we sometimes
don't realise we're born.
342
00:18:35,514 --> 00:18:37,580
No, we don't, do we?
343
00:18:37,605 --> 00:18:40,900
'Just like Betty, we're going to have
to crawl on our hands and knees
344
00:18:40,925 --> 00:18:43,300
'to get to the coal face.' Whoa!
345
00:18:43,325 --> 00:18:46,949
Oh! it...really hurts your hands!
346
00:18:48,005 --> 00:18:51,739
Like most of the women and children
who worked in the mines,
347
00:18:51,764 --> 00:18:55,340
Betty's job was to drag
the big, heavy carts
348
00:18:55,365 --> 00:18:58,130
used to carry the coal.
349
00:18:58,155 --> 00:19:01,890
So, this is the conditions that Betty
would've been working in, right?
350
00:19:01,915 --> 00:19:07,689
Oh, definitely. She reported that
she was working in a very nasty pit.
351
00:19:07,714 --> 00:19:11,929
Oh! I can't imagine
what it must've been like
352
00:19:11,954 --> 00:19:14,739
if these were
your...working conditions for...
353
00:19:14,764 --> 00:19:17,050
how many hours a day, do you reckon?
354
00:19:17,075 --> 00:19:19,890
14 hours, depending on demand.
Blimey!
355
00:19:19,915 --> 00:19:22,250
Would you get up to the surface
at lunchtime?
356
00:19:22,275 --> 00:19:24,450
Not a chance. Oh!
HE CHUCKLES
357
00:19:24,475 --> 00:19:27,530
'More likely to have been a hunk
of bread and cheese on the go.'
358
00:19:27,555 --> 00:19:30,569
Is this the coal face here?
Yeah. Looks like it, doesn't it?
359
00:19:30,594 --> 00:19:33,020
Yeah. Yeah.
HE GRUNTS
360
00:19:33,045 --> 00:19:35,180
I don't think
I should've touched that!
361
00:19:35,205 --> 00:19:37,850
HE CHUCKLES / SIGHS
362
00:19:37,875 --> 00:19:40,260
So, tell me about Betty.
363
00:19:40,285 --> 00:19:42,330
She was working for her husband,
364
00:19:42,355 --> 00:19:45,300
which was the practice of females
who mined in Lancashire.
365
00:19:45,325 --> 00:19:48,100
What do you think their relationship
would've been like?
366
00:19:48,125 --> 00:19:51,450
Betty mentions that there's an awful
lot of domestic violence going on,
367
00:19:51,475 --> 00:19:54,689
that there were very many women
who were being beaten by the man
368
00:19:54,714 --> 00:19:57,420
that they worked for, for no other
reason than their inability
369
00:19:57,445 --> 00:20:00,770
to move those trucks
as fast as the men wanted.
370
00:20:00,795 --> 00:20:02,770
CREAKING
What with the heat,
371
00:20:02,795 --> 00:20:04,970
the dust and the regular beatings,
372
00:20:04,995 --> 00:20:08,479
life for Betty
was about as tough as it gets.
373
00:20:09,514 --> 00:20:11,559
When Betty got home from work,
374
00:20:11,584 --> 00:20:14,210
usually around 6:30 or 7:00
in the evening,
375
00:20:14,235 --> 00:20:17,666
she would've been
absolutely exhausted.
376
00:20:17,691 --> 00:20:20,241
She'd have been filthy, sweating...
377
00:20:20,266 --> 00:20:23,261
but she would've been far too tired
to have a wash
378
00:20:23,286 --> 00:20:25,361
before she went to bed.
379
00:20:25,386 --> 00:20:28,540
One thing she'd definitely have done,
though, is have a decent meal.
380
00:20:28,565 --> 00:20:31,790
She'd have needed the calories.
Apart from rent,
381
00:20:31,815 --> 00:20:35,031
virtually all her money went on food.
382
00:20:35,056 --> 00:20:38,961
'Victorian delicacies such as tripe,
383
00:20:38,986 --> 00:20:41,751
'trotters, or budget lamb cuts
384
00:20:41,776 --> 00:20:44,751
'from sheep that had dropped down
dead from disease.'
385
00:20:44,776 --> 00:20:47,041
CRUNCHING SOUND EFFECTS
386
00:20:47,066 --> 00:20:49,521
Come Sunday,
her one and only day off,
387
00:20:49,546 --> 00:20:52,810
Betty was then expected
to catch up on chores
388
00:20:52,835 --> 00:20:56,670
like darning socks
and knitting stockings,
389
00:20:56,695 --> 00:20:58,751
while hubby put his feet up
390
00:20:58,776 --> 00:21:01,361
and contemplated
the serious issues of the world.
391
00:21:01,386 --> 00:21:03,590
SNORING
392
00:21:04,615 --> 00:21:08,031
But Betty's life was about to change.
393
00:21:09,936 --> 00:21:13,261
'In 1838,
a flood at a Yorkshire colliery
394
00:21:13,286 --> 00:21:15,621
'drowned 26 children,
395
00:21:15,646 --> 00:21:19,790
'prompting a report
after a lengthy public enquiry.'
396
00:21:20,825 --> 00:21:23,720
So, the report was published,
and, as you can imagine,
397
00:21:23,745 --> 00:21:26,600
the press were all over it.
398
00:21:26,625 --> 00:21:29,470
Here's some of the daily newspapers
399
00:21:29,495 --> 00:21:32,480
that came out in May 1842.
400
00:21:32,505 --> 00:21:36,161
Some great pictures here. Look.
401
00:21:36,186 --> 00:21:39,720
You've got
"Propelling the loaded wagons",
402
00:21:39,745 --> 00:21:42,470
"Digging out the coal"...
403
00:21:42,495 --> 00:21:45,321
Imagine seeing these
for the first time,
404
00:21:45,346 --> 00:21:49,361
if you didn't know that that kind
of thing went on in your country.
405
00:21:49,386 --> 00:21:52,111
But the revelations didn't end there.
406
00:21:52,136 --> 00:21:55,951
In fact it wasn't the long hours,
407
00:21:55,976 --> 00:21:59,241
the dust, the...awful conditions,
408
00:21:59,266 --> 00:22:03,470
the industrial accidents,
that shocked people.
409
00:22:03,495 --> 00:22:07,161
It was, believe it or not,
the nudity.
410
00:22:07,186 --> 00:22:11,590
"The girls,
they are naked down to the waist."
411
00:22:11,615 --> 00:22:14,470
"Young females,
dressed like boys in trousers,
412
00:22:14,495 --> 00:22:17,401
crawling on all fours."
413
00:22:17,426 --> 00:22:21,091
"Any sight more disgustingly indecent
or revolting
414
00:22:21,116 --> 00:22:24,911
can scarcely be imagined
than these girls at work."
415
00:22:24,936 --> 00:22:28,191
"No brothel can beat it."
416
00:22:29,226 --> 00:22:31,171
Disgusting!
417
00:22:31,196 --> 00:22:33,521
In actual fact,
if it happened at all,
418
00:22:33,546 --> 00:22:36,470
such topless working
was extremely rare.
419
00:22:37,575 --> 00:22:40,521
But still,
the report had a dramatic effect.
420
00:22:40,546 --> 00:22:42,911
HOOTER BLARES
421
00:22:42,936 --> 00:22:46,590
And in 1842,
the Mines and Collieries Act
422
00:22:46,615 --> 00:22:49,751
put a stop to women,
including our Betty,
423
00:22:49,776 --> 00:22:51,991
working underground.
424
00:22:55,006 --> 00:22:59,621
'Coming up, how a Victorian shop girl
got people to part with their cash.'
425
00:22:59,646 --> 00:23:01,251
Ooh, look!
426
00:23:01,276 --> 00:23:03,480
Esther's job was to try
to persuade her customers
427
00:23:03,505 --> 00:23:05,991
to do something entirely new.
428
00:23:06,016 --> 00:23:07,600
HE CLICKS
Come on!
429
00:23:07,625 --> 00:23:12,401
'And why you might think twice about
taking a cab in Victorian London.'
430
00:23:12,426 --> 00:23:17,521
Cab drivers were notorious for
spending hour after hour in the pub.
431
00:23:17,546 --> 00:23:25,546
BIRDSONG
432
00:23:23,496 --> 00:23:25,750
In Victorian Britain,
433
00:23:25,775 --> 00:23:28,471
THE place to be was in the city.
434
00:23:29,565 --> 00:23:33,461
London might have been filthy
and plagued by crime,
435
00:23:33,486 --> 00:23:37,781
but by the 1850s
it was the world's largest city...
436
00:23:37,806 --> 00:23:42,851
and in just 40 years,
its population doubled in size,
437
00:23:42,876 --> 00:23:45,181
just like Queen Victoria's waistline.
438
00:23:45,206 --> 00:23:47,381
We are not amused!
439
00:23:47,406 --> 00:23:50,691
And all those new people
meant lots of work
440
00:23:50,716 --> 00:23:52,740
for London's cabbies.
441
00:23:52,765 --> 00:23:54,771
Keb, sir? Keb?
442
00:23:54,796 --> 00:23:57,031
Men like John Cockram.
443
00:23:57,056 --> 00:24:00,061
John was born in 1833,
444
00:24:00,086 --> 00:24:03,791
and lived in Holborn,
an old-fashioned part of London
445
00:24:03,816 --> 00:24:07,401
full of narrow alleyways
and densely packed housing.
446
00:24:07,426 --> 00:24:10,261
But he was looking to move up
in the world.
447
00:24:11,296 --> 00:24:13,581
The year is 1851,
448
00:24:13,606 --> 00:24:17,831
and 18-year-old John Cockram
wants to set up in business.
449
00:24:17,856 --> 00:24:20,581
He wants to do exactly
what his dad did before him,
450
00:24:20,606 --> 00:24:23,571
and be the driver of a horse and cab.
451
00:24:23,596 --> 00:24:27,221
Hallo, Daniel. You are looking
so beautiful, aren't you?
452
00:24:27,246 --> 00:24:29,550
WHINNYING
453
00:24:29,575 --> 00:24:34,341
But sadly his dad isn't around
anymore to show him the ropes,
454
00:24:34,366 --> 00:24:38,500
because, when John was 11,
his old man had passed away...
455
00:24:39,695 --> 00:24:42,341
BIRDS CAW
..leaving behind a wife,
456
00:24:42,366 --> 00:24:45,261
four kids and huge pile of debt.
457
00:24:45,286 --> 00:24:47,750
CASH-REGISTER SOUND EFFECT
To make ends meet,
458
00:24:47,775 --> 00:24:51,540
the young John had been forced
to become the main breadwinner.
459
00:24:51,565 --> 00:24:54,991
'And, by 18, he's scrimped
and saved enough money
460
00:24:55,016 --> 00:24:57,701
'to buy himself a horse, hire a cab,
461
00:24:57,726 --> 00:25:01,231
'and follow in
his dearly departed dad's footsteps.'
462
00:25:01,256 --> 00:25:03,991
HE GRUNTS
But the problem for John
463
00:25:04,016 --> 00:25:06,151
was that he looked really young,
464
00:25:06,176 --> 00:25:08,351
and on one of his first journeys,
465
00:25:08,376 --> 00:25:10,420
he was accused of being a buck,
466
00:25:10,445 --> 00:25:13,550
which was the slang word
for an unlicensed driver.
467
00:25:13,575 --> 00:25:15,750
But he wasn't.
He was perfectly legal.
468
00:25:15,775 --> 00:25:20,391
He was over 16, and he knew
the highways and byways of London,
469
00:25:20,416 --> 00:25:22,581
which were the two stipulations.
470
00:25:22,606 --> 00:25:24,791
Right, let's go!
HE MAKES CLICKING SOUND
471
00:25:24,816 --> 00:25:26,931
Come on!
HORSE WHINNIES
472
00:25:28,016 --> 00:25:30,191
"BLACK BEAUTY" THEME MUSIC
'Back in the 1850s,
473
00:25:30,216 --> 00:25:34,141
'London streets would have been
filled with horse-drawn cabs
474
00:25:34,166 --> 00:25:39,581
'just like this, leaving great piles
of steaming dung in their wake.'
475
00:25:40,695 --> 00:25:44,221
But while the middle-class passengers
were able to put their feet up
476
00:25:44,246 --> 00:25:46,420
and enjoy the view...
WHIPLASH SOUND EFFECT
477
00:25:46,445 --> 00:25:48,461
...for working-class lads
like young john,
478
00:25:48,486 --> 00:25:52,341
the job was relentless,
six clays a week.
479
00:25:52,366 --> 00:25:55,981
On an average day, he'd start touting
for work about 9:00 AM,
480
00:25:56,006 --> 00:25:58,061
and finish at midnight.
481
00:25:58,086 --> 00:26:01,420
He didn't have a little yellow "for
hire" sign on the top of the cab.
482
00:26:01,445 --> 00:26:04,031
If he wanted to show people
that he was available,
483
00:26:04,056 --> 00:26:06,670
he held up his whip like this.
484
00:26:06,695 --> 00:26:08,670
WHIPLASH SOUND EFFECT
Where to, love?
485
00:26:08,695 --> 00:26:10,791
THUNDER RUMBLES
486
00:26:11,736 --> 00:26:13,791
Sitting on top of his cab,
487
00:26:13,816 --> 00:26:16,481
with only a hat and
a couple of old coats for protection,
488
00:26:16,506 --> 00:26:21,351
John was exposed to
the very worst of London's weather.
489
00:26:21,376 --> 00:26:24,750
Chuckin
all that Victorian soot and smog,
490
00:26:24,775 --> 00:26:26,941
and the lifestyle
of cabbies like John
491
00:26:26,966 --> 00:26:29,760
was about as healthy
as smoking 40 a day.
492
00:26:29,785 --> 00:26:32,071
MAN COUGHING
493
00:26:32,096 --> 00:26:34,430
The money wasn't much better, either.
494
00:26:34,455 --> 00:26:38,121
To make a profit,
he had to work really hard.
495
00:26:38,146 --> 00:26:41,271
You only got sixpence a mile
for a cab like this,
496
00:26:41,296 --> 00:26:43,510
and out of that,
you had to pay yard money
497
00:26:43,535 --> 00:26:47,401
for the stabling and feeding
of the horse. It was a tough old job.
498
00:26:47,426 --> 00:26:49,941
'And it was about to get
a whole lot tougher.'
499
00:26:49,966 --> 00:26:52,861
You see,
horses can be very temperamental...
500
00:26:54,066 --> 00:26:57,510
...as poor old John discovered
one afternoon
501
00:26:57,535 --> 00:27:00,151
shortly after buying
his very own cab,
502
00:27:00,176 --> 00:27:02,831
when his horse suddenly bolted,
503
00:27:02,856 --> 00:27:06,071
causing his new set of wheels
to flip over...
504
00:27:06,096 --> 00:27:08,141
ALL SHOUT AND SCREAM
505
00:27:08,166 --> 00:27:10,300
...leaving John
with a hefty repair bill.
506
00:27:10,325 --> 00:27:12,021
MAN SIGHING
507
00:27:12,046 --> 00:27:15,661
In fact, accidents like this
were pretty common,
508
00:27:15,686 --> 00:27:20,141
and more often than not,
they were caused by the same thing.
509
00:27:21,216 --> 00:27:25,430
Cab drivers were notorious for
spending hour after hour in the pub.
510
00:27:25,455 --> 00:27:29,011
But did they really?
I'll ask a cabbie.
511
00:27:29,036 --> 00:27:32,041
Taxi driver Sean Farrell
writes a blog
512
00:27:32,066 --> 00:27:34,031
on the history of London's cabbies.
513
00:27:36,405 --> 00:27:39,121
So, by law, they should've been
sitting on the box of the cab,
514
00:27:39,146 --> 00:27:43,351
no matter what the weather. Yeah?
In truth, they hid inside a pub.
515
00:27:43,376 --> 00:27:45,841
Presumably
there must've been examples
516
00:27:45,866 --> 00:27:50,581
of cab drivers coming out of the pub
hammered and having accidents.
517
00:27:50,606 --> 00:27:53,390
Oh, they're numerous.
SEAN CHUCKLES
518
00:27:53,415 --> 00:27:56,121
Throw a stone in Victorian London,
you'll hit a drunken cabman.
519
00:27:56,146 --> 00:27:58,310
TONY LAUGHS
There's that many of them.
520
00:27:59,335 --> 00:28:01,481
But not John Cockram,
521
00:28:01,506 --> 00:28:04,121
because john, one of the few cabbies
522
00:28:04,146 --> 00:28:06,560
who refused to work on a Sunday,
523
00:28:06,585 --> 00:28:08,941
didn't approve of the demon drink.
524
00:28:08,966 --> 00:28:12,481
So, while his fellow cabbies
were off getting plastered,
525
00:28:12,506 --> 00:28:15,351
John could be found sitting
on the taxi rank,
526
00:28:15,376 --> 00:28:19,606
reading a book and munching on
a popular Victorian dish,
527
00:28:19,631 --> 00:28:21,824
salted herring.
528
00:28:21,849 --> 00:28:26,264
'And before long, he'd signed up to
an extraordinary new idea...
529
00:28:26,289 --> 00:28:30,714
'a scheme to stop cabbies
from drinking and driving.
530
00:28:30,739 --> 00:28:32,914
'I know! Mad!'
531
00:28:32,939 --> 00:28:35,474
I'm not really allowed in here, am I?
I'm not a cabbie.
532
00:28:35,499 --> 00:28:37,734
You're not,
but I might give you my badge.
533
00:28:38,969 --> 00:28:45,303
In 1875, John attended the opening
of London's very first cab shelter,
534
00:28:45,328 --> 00:28:47,914
a place where cabbies
could wait for customers
535
00:28:47,939 --> 00:28:50,753
without drinking their bodyweight
in beer.
536
00:28:50,778 --> 00:28:52,864
SNORING
537
00:28:54,089 --> 00:28:57,373
It's great in here, isn't it?
Lovely. Nice and compact and bijou.
538
00:28:57,398 --> 00:29:00,293
Yeah. It's a funny shape, though,
isn't it? It's really long and thin.
539
00:29:00,318 --> 00:29:03,423
They're designed to be
the same width and length
540
00:29:03,448 --> 00:29:05,623
as the original
horse and ca-...coach,
541
00:29:05,648 --> 00:29:07,824
so they didn't take up
no more extra space in the road.
542
00:29:07,849 --> 00:29:11,413
Oh, so just go, cab, cab, cab,
little hut, cab, cab?
543
00:29:11,438 --> 00:29:13,204
Exactly.
544
00:29:13,229 --> 00:29:16,303
Do you think it would've been
very similar in Victorian times?
545
00:29:16,328 --> 00:29:18,584
Absolutely.
You've got electric lighting there.
546
00:29:18,609 --> 00:29:20,633
Would've been gas lighting
in them days.
547
00:29:20,658 --> 00:29:24,014
But they got a gas stove. They would
provide hot meals for you,
548
00:29:24,039 --> 00:29:26,303
hot tea, coffee.
You could even bring a steak,
549
00:29:26,328 --> 00:29:28,734
and they would cook it for you,
and charge you accordingly.
550
00:29:28,759 --> 00:29:31,474
And while he was getting
his protein hit,
551
00:29:31,499 --> 00:29:33,664
John could also browse
through a selection
552
00:29:33,689 --> 00:29:35,834
of complimentary books
and newspapers,
553
00:29:35,859 --> 00:29:38,274
keeping his brain fit and alert
554
00:29:38,299 --> 00:29:43,144
to deal with London's roads
and grow his business.
555
00:29:43,169 --> 00:29:46,354
By the time the cab shelters
were built in the 1870s,
556
00:29:46,379 --> 00:29:49,623
John's business was thriving.
He ended up... Cheers, love.
557
00:29:49,648 --> 00:29:53,194
With nearly 30 people
working for him,
558
00:29:53,219 --> 00:29:55,373
and 126 horses.
559
00:29:55,398 --> 00:30:00,553
In fact, when he was 68, he sold up
and retired on the profits.
560
00:30:00,578 --> 00:30:02,734
Not bad for a cabbie, eh?
561
00:30:02,759 --> 00:30:05,144
Cheers, mate.
Cheers.
562
00:30:05,169 --> 00:30:08,633
MUSIC: Dance Of The Hours
by Amilcare Ponchielli
563
00:30:08,658 --> 00:30:11,984
Victorian Britain
was brimming with inventions
564
00:30:12,009 --> 00:30:15,553
and people experimenting
with new ideas.
565
00:30:15,578 --> 00:30:19,373
But forget your lsambard
Kingdom Brunels of this world
566
00:30:19,398 --> 00:30:22,354
and all those boats and bridges
of his,
567
00:30:22,379 --> 00:30:26,584
and consider instead
another great Victorian advance.
568
00:30:26,609 --> 00:30:29,513
It's the invention
of modern shopping.
569
00:30:30,578 --> 00:30:34,403
You see, with all that new industry,
wages were on the up,
570
00:30:34,428 --> 00:30:38,634
and for the first time, working
people had a bit of money to spend.
571
00:30:38,659 --> 00:30:41,183
Go!
WOMEN SCREAM
572
00:30:41,208 --> 00:30:45,434
The canny Victorian shopkeeper
was only too pleased to help.
573
00:30:45,459 --> 00:30:51,544
CASH REGISTER GRINDS / RINGS
574
00:30:51,569 --> 00:30:54,544
was really hotting up.
A hundred years previously,
575
00:30:54,569 --> 00:30:56,744
a window display like this one
576
00:30:56,769 --> 00:30:59,153
would've been
completely unimaginable.
577
00:30:59,178 --> 00:31:01,794
The shops had been small, specialist,
578
00:31:01,819 --> 00:31:04,954
and staffed by
very fierce shopkeepers.
579
00:31:04,979 --> 00:31:07,153
But change was on its way,
580
00:31:07,178 --> 00:31:11,033
and it was pioneered by women
like Esther Brown.
581
00:31:11,058 --> 00:31:13,103
Here she is.
582
00:31:13,128 --> 00:31:16,874
Esther was born in 1878
in Manchester,
583
00:31:16,899 --> 00:31:20,184
where she grew up
in a small terraced house.
584
00:31:21,209 --> 00:31:23,384
Her dad, Joseph, worked on the trams,
585
00:31:23,409 --> 00:31:26,033
while her mum, Margaret,
stayed at home
586
00:31:26,058 --> 00:31:28,893
looking after Esther
and her brother and sister.
587
00:31:28,918 --> 00:31:31,504
SOUND EFFECT OF CHILD GURGLING
588
00:31:32,569 --> 00:31:35,664
The Victorians, though,
didn't really DO childhood,
589
00:31:35,689 --> 00:31:39,153
and by the age of 14,
Esther had left school
590
00:31:39,178 --> 00:31:41,444
and was working on a market stall
591
00:31:41,469 --> 00:31:44,123
selling household bits and bobs.
592
00:31:44,148 --> 00:31:46,194
CROWD LAUGHS
593
00:31:46,219 --> 00:31:49,466
But down the market, things were
a bit...well, downmarket.
594
00:31:50,551 --> 00:31:53,254
And when Esther was offered a job
in a fancy new shop,
595
00:31:53,279 --> 00:31:55,254
she jumped at the chance.
596
00:31:56,839 --> 00:31:59,143
Esther came up this very road
597
00:31:59,168 --> 00:32:02,013
on the first day
of her first proper job.
598
00:32:02,038 --> 00:32:06,534
The year was 1894, and she was 16.
599
00:32:06,559 --> 00:32:08,963
This is Cheetham Hill.
600
00:32:08,988 --> 00:32:11,524
It's not the most salubrious part
of Manchester, is it?
601
00:32:12,599 --> 00:32:15,963
There would've been trams clanging
backwards and forwards,
602
00:32:15,988 --> 00:32:18,969
lots of new immigrant communities.
603
00:32:18,994 --> 00:32:22,490
It would've been noisy,
vibrant, energetic...
604
00:32:22,515 --> 00:32:24,610
and it was Esther's big day.
605
00:32:29,154 --> 00:32:31,670
Her new job was as a shop girl
606
00:32:31,695 --> 00:32:34,129
at Michael Marks's Penny Bazaar,
607
00:32:34,154 --> 00:32:37,490
which was the very first
Marks & Spencer store.
608
00:32:37,515 --> 00:32:40,320
This is the Cheetham Hill M&♪ now.
609
00:32:40,345 --> 00:32:43,360
Well, it was
absolutely nothing like that.
610
00:32:43,385 --> 00:32:46,680
This was virtually
a Victorian pound shop.
611
00:32:46,705 --> 00:32:50,219
They kept the stock under tarpaulin
in the back yard,
612
00:32:50,244 --> 00:32:53,370
and over the front door
there was a big scarlet sign
613
00:32:53,395 --> 00:32:56,400
that said,
"Don't ask the price, it's a penny."
614
00:32:58,525 --> 00:33:03,139
Marks's Penny Bazaar wasn't just
a bargain-hunter's paradise, though.
615
00:33:03,164 --> 00:33:06,009
TONY, AS SHOPPER:
"Oh, that is so lovely."
616
00:33:06,034 --> 00:33:09,959
You see, for years, if a customer
so much as stepped into a shop,
617
00:33:09,984 --> 00:33:12,450
they were expected to buy something.
618
00:33:13,525 --> 00:33:17,240
'But all that was about to change,
with a little help from Esther.'
619
00:33:18,325 --> 00:33:21,040
Esther's job was to try
to persuade her customers
620
00:33:21,065 --> 00:33:23,500
to do something entirely new.
621
00:33:23,525 --> 00:33:27,730
In fact it was so new,
they had to invent a word for it,
622
00:33:27,755 --> 00:33:30,530
and that word was "browsing" -
looking at the goods
623
00:33:30,555 --> 00:33:33,839
without feeling that you had
a compunction to buy them.
624
00:33:33,864 --> 00:33:36,450
Nowadays we're all brilliant
at browsing, aren't we?
625
00:33:36,475 --> 00:33:38,730
But back then, it was a novelty.
626
00:33:38,755 --> 00:33:41,600
Ooh, look! A rolling pin!
I can handle it.
627
00:33:41,625 --> 00:33:47,500
A basket! I can touch it!
628
00:33:47,525 --> 00:33:49,880
Shoplifting became a big problem.
629
00:33:49,905 --> 00:33:53,360
TONY, IN FALSETTO: "I'm sorry!
It must've just fallen in my bag."
630
00:33:53,385 --> 00:33:55,799
Once the customer
had chosen what they wanted...
631
00:33:55,824 --> 00:33:59,160
wooden spoon, maybe,
a chopping board,
632
00:33:59,185 --> 00:34:03,210
four candles...
That's actually what these are!
633
00:34:03,235 --> 00:34:05,780
Then Esther would wrap them all up.
634
00:34:05,805 --> 00:34:08,370
But she wasn't allowed to tot up
the money.
635
00:34:08,395 --> 00:34:11,010
That had to be done by a man.
636
00:34:11,035 --> 00:34:14,520
Leanne, can you demonstrate how
this procedure worked? Certainly.
637
00:34:14,545 --> 00:34:17,130
Five pennies.
Mm-hm. Thank you very much.
638
00:34:17,155 --> 00:34:19,690
So, I then put this in here,
this half a ball.
639
00:34:19,715 --> 00:34:23,880
This would be closed tight.
Now I would put this into the slots,
640
00:34:23,905 --> 00:34:28,579
send it up through the system.
641
00:34:28,604 --> 00:34:30,690
And he would send your change back
the exact same way.
642
00:34:30,715 --> 00:34:33,679
A nice, sensible man who would know
how to add up. Of course.
643
00:34:33,704 --> 00:34:37,410
Of course. Not like the giddy girls
who wouldn't be trusted with that.
644
00:34:37,435 --> 00:34:40,300
While adding up wasn't high
on her list of duties,
645
00:34:40,325 --> 00:34:44,600
Esther was expected to be smart,
polite,
646
00:34:44,625 --> 00:34:46,879
and have the constitution of a...
647
00:34:46,904 --> 00:34:49,570
HORSE WHINNIES / SNORTS
Exactly.
648
00:34:49,595 --> 00:34:52,610
Anyone who's ever worked in retail
knows what it's like,
649
00:34:52,635 --> 00:34:54,530
standing on your feet all day,
650
00:34:54,555 --> 00:34:57,400
but Esther's day
started at six in the morning,
651
00:34:57,425 --> 00:35:01,600
finished ten or 11 at night,
so a 90-hour week,
652
00:35:01,625 --> 00:35:05,129
in big, clumpy shoes, heavy skirt...
653
00:35:05,154 --> 00:35:08,850
stiff back,
smiling nicely all the time...
654
00:35:08,875 --> 00:35:11,300
Must've been so exhausting.
655
00:35:12,605 --> 00:35:15,050
And, of course,
her customers paid her wages,
656
00:35:15,075 --> 00:35:16,370
so they were always, always right.
657
00:35:20,155 --> 00:35:21,730
But Michael Marks
was better than most employers.
658
00:35:21,755 --> 00:35:25,570
At least he installed gas rings
like these in the back office,
659
00:35:25,595 --> 00:35:29,160
so the girls could get some hot food,
660
00:35:29,185 --> 00:35:31,370
such as that shop girl's favourite,
661
00:35:31,395 --> 00:35:34,520
a nice bowl of green-pea soup.
Lovely.
662
00:35:35,595 --> 00:35:40,850
For her efforts,
Esther was paid a modest £25 a year,
663
00:35:40,875 --> 00:35:43,770
around half of what
a male shop assistant earned,
664
00:35:43,795 --> 00:35:46,970
but just enough for the odd trip
to the music hall...
665
00:35:46,995 --> 00:35:49,080
on her one day off.
CROWD LAUGHING
666
00:35:51,315 --> 00:35:54,210
Working in a shop
is so commonplace nowadays
667
00:35:54,235 --> 00:35:58,090
that it's easy to underestimate
how different it would've been
668
00:35:58,115 --> 00:36:00,780
for someone like Esther.
In those clays,
669
00:36:00,805 --> 00:36:04,450
a lot of people thought that
shop girls were a bit tainted,
670
00:36:04,475 --> 00:36:07,889
like prostitutes, you know,
just standing out there in public,
671
00:36:07,914 --> 00:36:10,009
selling stuff to customers.
672
00:36:12,465 --> 00:36:14,340
Happily, though, for Esther,
673
00:36:14,365 --> 00:36:15,719
things were beginning to look up...
674
00:36:16,794 --> 00:36:19,050
...because, as shopping
got more and more popular,
675
00:36:19,075 --> 00:36:23,220
shops began to move into
fancy arcades like this.
676
00:36:23,245 --> 00:36:25,860
And as for the women
who were working in them,
677
00:36:25,885 --> 00:36:28,260
they started to have a career path.
678
00:36:28,285 --> 00:36:30,569
They could end up as shop managers,
679
00:36:30,594 --> 00:36:33,579
and who was one of the first women
to do just that?
680
00:36:33,604 --> 00:36:36,140
Esther Brown.
681
00:36:38,655 --> 00:36:40,610
WHISTLE BLOWS
Coming up,
682
00:36:40,635 --> 00:36:42,810
the train-loving office worker
683
00:36:42,835 --> 00:36:45,709
who recorded every tiny detail
of his life.
684
00:36:45,734 --> 00:36:47,890
Everything seems hunky-dory.
685
00:36:47,915 --> 00:36:52,699
But the diary tells
a very different story.
686
00:36:52,724 --> 00:36:54,699
BIRDSONG
687
00:36:59,595 --> 00:37:01,570
CROWD CHEERING
Before the Victorian age,
688
00:37:01,595 --> 00:37:03,619
travel was a bit of a bore.
689
00:37:03,644 --> 00:37:06,060
"LONE RANGER" THEME MUSIC
(WILLIAM TELL OVERTURE)
690
00:37:06,085 --> 00:37:09,409
The fastest thing around
had four legs and ate straw.
691
00:37:09,434 --> 00:37:11,539
DYNAMIC "LONE RANGER" MUSIC CONTINUES
692
00:37:12,564 --> 00:37:15,619
So no wonder the invention
of the steam train...
693
00:37:15,644 --> 00:37:17,820
HORN BLARES
..got everyone,
694
00:37:17,845 --> 00:37:21,409
including Queen Victoria,
rather excited.
695
00:37:21,434 --> 00:37:24,180
TONY, AS QUEEN VICTORIA:
Albert, I want one.
696
00:37:24,205 --> 00:37:26,650
But trains weren't just for
the rich and famous.
697
00:37:26,675 --> 00:37:29,470
They were used by almost everyone.
698
00:37:31,095 --> 00:37:34,790
Like this ordinary shoemaker's son
from Manchester,
699
00:37:34,815 --> 00:37:37,940
who describes one memorable
train journey in his diary.
700
00:37:37,965 --> 00:37:40,010
It is very strange,
701
00:37:40,035 --> 00:37:43,820
reading the diary of someone
who was born over 200 years ago,
702
00:37:43,845 --> 00:37:46,650
and is so candid about their life.
703
00:37:46,675 --> 00:37:49,169
His name was Edwin Waugh.
704
00:37:49,194 --> 00:37:54,389
He was a secretary, writing letters
in his office in Manchester
705
00:37:54,414 --> 00:37:57,990
in the late 1840s.
He'd just turned 30.
706
00:37:58,015 --> 00:38:00,820
He lived in Hulme with his wife,
707
00:38:00,845 --> 00:38:02,700
who looked after the house
when he was away working,
708
00:38:02,725 --> 00:38:05,789
which is what a Victorian wife
would have done in those days.
709
00:38:05,814 --> 00:38:08,589
Everything seems hunky-dory.
710
00:38:08,614 --> 00:38:12,620
But the diary tells
a very different story.
711
00:38:12,645 --> 00:38:16,219
'Because Edwin
was utterly miserable.'
712
00:38:22,415 --> 00:38:24,460
Oh! Look over there! Mwah!
713
00:38:24,485 --> 00:38:27,940
"Went to Rochdale in the evening
in company with my wife."
714
00:38:27,965 --> 00:38:31,310
"Oh, full of unhappy reflections."
715
00:38:31,335 --> 00:38:33,340
TONY SIGHS
716
00:38:33,365 --> 00:38:37,649
'And then there was work.'
717
00:38:37,674 --> 00:38:39,740
and he hated being two-faced,
718
00:38:39,765 --> 00:38:44,430
trying to squeeze money out of people
who were in debt to his company.
719
00:38:44,455 --> 00:38:49,230
He wrote in his diary,
"I don't have the beggarly eloquence
720
00:38:49,255 --> 00:38:53,430
which can humbug them
into a false generosity."
721
00:38:55,175 --> 00:38:59,070
For his efforts,
Edwin earned about a pound a week...
722
00:38:59,095 --> 00:39:04,060
around 130 quid in today's money.
But often he wasn't paid at all,
723
00:39:04,085 --> 00:39:06,270
prompting him to complain,
724
00:39:06,295 --> 00:39:10,500
"My wife and me had just one ha'penny
between us,
725
00:39:10,525 --> 00:39:13,860
and we knew not where the next meal
was to come from."
726
00:39:14,885 --> 00:39:16,909
For the longsuffering Mrs Waugh,
727
00:39:16,934 --> 00:39:19,020
it all got too much.
728
00:39:20,085 --> 00:39:23,550
After a particularly heated row
with his wife, Mary Ann,
729
00:39:23,575 --> 00:39:25,980
Edwin describes her packing her bags
730
00:39:26,005 --> 00:39:29,750
and heading off
for her aunt Sally's in Rochdale.
731
00:39:29,775 --> 00:39:31,940
She even takes
the rocking chair with her,
732
00:39:31,965 --> 00:39:34,719
so she's clearly not intending
to come home.
733
00:39:34,744 --> 00:39:38,510
Edwin's response is to turn to drink.
734
00:39:41,395 --> 00:39:43,960
But Mary Ann
must've had second thoughts,
735
00:39:43,985 --> 00:39:46,480
because she eventually returned home,
736
00:39:46,505 --> 00:39:49,779
presumably with the rocking chair,
too.
737
00:39:49,804 --> 00:39:51,659
RHYTHMIC CREAKING
738
00:39:51,684 --> 00:39:53,909
To celebrate their reunion,
739
00:39:53,934 --> 00:39:57,430
Edwin splashed out
on a pair of railway tickets
740
00:39:57,455 --> 00:40:00,779
to that home of holiday fun,
Blackpool.
741
00:40:00,804 --> 00:40:04,020
Mary Ann was gonna be SO pleased.
ALARM CLOCK RINGS
742
00:40:06,895 --> 00:40:08,919
On the morning
of the Blackpool excursion,
743
00:40:08,944 --> 00:40:11,860
Edwin gets up early,
tries to wake his wife...
744
00:40:11,885 --> 00:40:14,060
but she won't budge.
745
00:40:14,085 --> 00:40:16,740
He's not gonna let her spoil his day,
though.
746
00:40:16,765 --> 00:40:20,010
So he gets washed, gets all ready...
747
00:40:21,035 --> 00:40:24,990
...and leaves...the house.
748
00:40:25,015 --> 00:40:27,579
Oh, Mary Ann!
749
00:40:27,604 --> 00:40:29,750
When he got to the station,
750
00:40:29,775 --> 00:40:32,550
Edwin was gobsmacked by what he saw.
751
00:40:33,604 --> 00:40:37,020
"I found an astounding gathering
of people,
752
00:40:37,045 --> 00:40:40,000
upwards of 2,000 persons."
753
00:40:40,025 --> 00:40:43,919
You see, to the average
Victorian city dweller,
754
00:40:43,944 --> 00:40:47,270
the lure of the sea
was like human catnip.
755
00:40:48,934 --> 00:40:52,789
And, beginning in the 1840s,
special railway excursions
756
00:40:52,814 --> 00:40:57,020
began ferrying hordes of
overexcited day-trippers
757
00:40:57,045 --> 00:41:01,500
to such far-flung locations
as Brighton, Bangor,
758
00:41:01,525 --> 00:41:04,090
and, in Edwin's case, Blackpool.
759
00:41:04,115 --> 00:41:06,546
Susan'?
SHE LAUGHS
760
00:41:06,571 --> 00:41:08,541
How you doing?
Fine, thank you very much.
761
00:41:08,566 --> 00:41:10,820
We're going off on a holiday!
Yes. It's very exciting.
762
00:41:10,845 --> 00:41:14,051
To tell me more about
Edwin's big day out
763
00:41:14,076 --> 00:41:17,061
is railway historian Susan Major.
764
00:41:18,116 --> 00:41:20,411
Why was he so excited
about this excursion?
765
00:41:20,436 --> 00:41:24,271
He had a particular thing about
the thrill of being in a crowd.
766
00:41:25,366 --> 00:41:28,061
Now, to us,
being in a crowd is a nuisance...
767
00:41:28,086 --> 00:41:30,261
Yeah, yeah.
..but somebody like him,
768
00:41:30,286 --> 00:41:33,341
he felt it made it feel
as if it was one world.
769
00:41:33,366 --> 00:41:36,861
It was a new thing. It was
a modern thing. Oh, definitely.
770
00:41:39,475 --> 00:41:44,141
In Edwin's diary, he does say
that there were 2,000 people.
771
00:41:44,166 --> 00:41:48,371
I thought that was a misprint.
No. These were monster trains,
772
00:41:48,396 --> 00:41:52,650
with monster excursions. Quite often
you'd find more than one engine
773
00:41:52,675 --> 00:41:55,331
pulling up to a hundred carriages.
774
00:41:55,356 --> 00:41:58,271
Er, there could be
three, four engines.
775
00:41:58,296 --> 00:42:03,500
It would've been like being on the
London Tube in the rush hour in June,
776
00:42:03,525 --> 00:42:05,911
wouldn't it?
ENGINE CHUGGING SOUND EFFECT
777
00:42:05,936 --> 00:42:09,051
People must've felt as though
they were being treated as animals.
778
00:42:09,076 --> 00:42:10,180
They felt as if
they were being dehumanised,
779
00:42:10,205 --> 00:42:14,541
so would bleat and moo and baa.
780
00:42:15,606 --> 00:42:16,250
ORGAN RENDITION OF
"I DO LIKE TO BE BESIDE THE SEASIDE"
781
00:42:20,966 --> 00:42:22,611
where he and his fellow passengers
disembarked...
782
00:42:22,636 --> 00:42:27,951
and, like a crowd
of starving penguins,
783
00:42:27,976 --> 00:42:30,151
PENGUINS CHATTER AND SQUAWK
784
00:42:30,176 --> 00:42:34,221
So, Edwin comes down the high street
from the station, and, remember,
785
00:42:34,246 --> 00:42:37,661
because the crowd know they've only
got a limited amount of time here,
786
00:42:37,686 --> 00:42:41,831
they immediately set to work
having a good time.
787
00:42:41,856 --> 00:42:43,820
SEAGULLS CRY
788
00:42:43,845 --> 00:42:47,860
The Blackpool of 1849
didn't yet have its famous tower,
789
00:42:47,885 --> 00:42:50,331
or even a pier, for that matter.
790
00:42:51,406 --> 00:42:54,291
Nonetheless,
Edwin was totally smitten.
791
00:42:55,916 --> 00:42:58,610
The thing he likes
more than anything else, though,
792
00:42:58,635 --> 00:43:01,781
is the donkeys.
DONKEY BRAYING
793
00:43:01,806 --> 00:43:06,021
There's little kids who get on them,
and they won't move.
794
00:43:06,046 --> 00:43:09,431
He says,
"Everybody is having a good time,"
795
00:43:09,456 --> 00:43:11,711
except, presumably, the donkeys.
796
00:43:11,736 --> 00:43:13,901
And then,
towards the end of his stay,
797
00:43:13,926 --> 00:43:18,101
he buys four chops,
raw chops, off some bloke,
798
00:43:18,126 --> 00:43:20,171
and then he goes back into town,
799
00:43:20,196 --> 00:43:24,381
where someone in a shop
fries them up for him for fourpence.
800
00:43:24,406 --> 00:43:27,251
What a way to spend the day!
801
00:43:28,326 --> 00:43:33,091
As for his problems, well,
they now seemed a million miles away.
802
00:43:39,036 --> 00:43:41,541
But things weren't just looking up
for Edwin.
803
00:43:41,566 --> 00:43:45,531
In a momentous time
marked by new railways...
804
00:43:45,556 --> 00:43:48,501
HORN BLARES
..new sewage systems,
805
00:43:48,526 --> 00:43:50,531
and even modern shopping...
806
00:43:50,556 --> 00:43:51,971
Go!
807
00:43:51,996 --> 00:43:56,901
...the Victorian period was
a crucial part of British history,
808
00:43:56,926 --> 00:44:01,581
driven by ordinary women and men
across the land.
809
00:44:04,286 --> 00:44:08,070
'In the next episode,
we're in Georgian times,
810
00:44:08,095 --> 00:44:12,471
'an era of great luxury -
unless, of course, you were poor.'
811
00:44:12,496 --> 00:44:15,261
One of the most horrible things
confronting Elizabeth
812
00:44:15,286 --> 00:44:17,461
would've been
the sheer filthiness of London.
813
00:44:17,486 --> 00:44:19,870
Your life was at the mercy
of the rich.
814
00:44:19,895 --> 00:44:22,740
MAN:
John had no choice.
815
00:44:22,765 --> 00:44:24,820
He'd been press-ganged.
816
00:44:24,845 --> 00:44:26,791
'If you wanted to grab
a piece of the action'...
817
00:44:26,816 --> 00:44:29,021
MAN: Stand and deliver!
..'you risked everything.'
818
00:44:29,046 --> 00:44:31,501
jack was sentenced to death.
819
00:44:31,526 --> 00:44:33,301
BONE-CRUNCHING SOUND EFFECT
820
00:44:33,326 --> 00:44:36,251
JAUNTY ORCHESTRAL INTRO /
MALE VOCALIST SINGS MUSIC-HALL STYLE
821
00:44:38,046 --> 00:44:40,351
# Boiled beef and carrots
822
00:44:40,376 --> 00:44:43,831
# Boiled beef and carrots
823
00:44:43,856 --> 00:44:46,420
# Makes you fat
and it keeps you well
824
00:44:46,445 --> 00:44:48,680
# Don't live like vegetarians
825
00:44:48,705 --> 00:44:51,220
# On food they give to parrots
826
00:44:51,245 --> 00:44:53,751
# From morn till night
blow out your kite
827
00:44:53,776 --> 00:44:55,021
# On boiled beef and carrots #
828
00:44:55,046 --> 00:44:57,471
DRUMBEAT / WHIMSICAL VIOLIN OUTRO
829
00:44:57,496 --> 00:45:05,496
Subtitles by Red Bee Media