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Africa, the birthplace of mankind.

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But it's not the past that
brings me here, it's the future.

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Africa has just been
plugged into broadband,

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and as the worldwide web grows and
spreads across the continent, it's
transforming all that it touches.

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The small town of Abiriw
in Ghana is just one of the latest
to be hooked up to the globe.

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I'm travelling with
Sir Tim Berners-Lee,
the man who invented the web.

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It's 20 years since he made
his breakthrough and now,

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the divide between the digital haves
and have-nots is shrinking fast.

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I think the web is about
connecting humanity.

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Now that we've got to the point that
20-25% of the world are using it,

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then suddenly the question is
what about the other 80%?

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This community centre
may not look like much,

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but it's the new frontier
of this virtual revolution.

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It was a little bit like going
back in time to when people
first came across the web.

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We wouldn't in the early days
have been anything like as
presumptuous as to say,

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"How can we make sure
this gets to the furthest
reaches of rural Africa?"

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But what exactly is it that we've
created over the last 20 years?

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What does it mean?

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Is our wired digital world
a blessing or a curse?

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If the web does take root in Africa,
as it has done elsewhere, then this

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will be the next continent to be
reshaped by the digital revolution.

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But how has the web affected us in
the 20 years since it was created,

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and what does that mean
for the future of the people here

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and the majority of the world
who aren't yet connected?

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The web is the defining technological
revolution of our lifetimes.

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Almost two billion of us
are now online.

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And in the 10 years that I've been
studying the web and writing about it

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as a journalist, I've seen it
take our world and shake it apart.

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The web has created unimaginable
wealth, yet encouraged millions
to work for nothing.

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It's challenged authority,
yet allowed regimes to spy
and censor as never before.

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And it's been blamed for creating
a generation of web addicts,

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yet opened up
new realms of knowledge.

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In this series, I'll be meeting
all the pioneers and key players,

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everybody from Google to Facebook,
Twitter to Amazon.

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The people who've helped bring about
this seemingly unstoppable levelling
of power, culture and values

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that's having such an impact
on all of our daily lives.

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Well, the web is how mankind
communicates nowadays.

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The internet has become a brain,
the smartest brain in the world.

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It is an empowering tool
that has more potential

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than any other that human
civilization has ever developed.

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The world is just going to keep
getting more and more open,

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there's going to be more
information about everything.

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This is astounding technology,
and we should just take a moment

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to celebrate the power
and the reach that it gives us.

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And so this is the story of the web.
But it's more than that.

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This is also the story of how
the web is remaking our world.

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It's been more than two centuries
since we last witnessed anything

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of the same scale and speed

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as the upheaval now being
ushered in by the web.

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The industrial revolution
was powered by what was then
a radical new technology - steam.

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And now the web heralds
the next great revolution.

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Why? Well, because it does for
information what steam once did for
physical force. It supercharges it.

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The web allows anyone to publish
and to distribute words, images,

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videos and software globally,
instantly and virtually for free.

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A quarter of the planet
now uses the web.

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On any given day
in the British Isles,

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over 35 million of us will log on.

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For the first time on television,
using a unique data sample of
eight million of those people,

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we can track exactly how
we are in the grip of the web.

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The web is where we spend our money.

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Around a billion pounds a week.

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Britain's most active e-shoppers?

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In Swansea.

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With Kirkwall in the Orkneys
in second place.

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It's where we fall in love,

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with five million of us
using a dating website every month.

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Manchester and Central London
have proportionally
the most online lonely hearts.

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It's where we get our sexual kicks.

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Surveys have suggested up to
40% of British men view web porn.

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The highest density of visits
to adult sites is in Harrogate,
with Bromley close behind.

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And the web is where
we express opinion.

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18 million of us read blogs.

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Dumfries the least,
West London the most.

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The web is a revolution.

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It's been hailed as the
great levelling of humanity.

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A new frontier that gives
us all equal access,
equal voice, equal potential.

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The pioneers who paved the way
for the web thought of it as the
ultimate empowering tool and so,

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it came wrapped in an attitude,
an online ideology that wants
to give power to the people.

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The internet is a kind of rebellion.

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These people were opposed to the
notion of hierarchy and authority.

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The people who originally
created the internet

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were by and large social misfits who
wanted to go on being social misfits.

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In a way the libertarians have found
their way to a space that is perfect
for them to play out their ideas.

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It has completely blown apart
and levelled access to
communications and collaboration.

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The web is a great leveller,
of course, it's one of the
goals of the web.

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In this film, I want to explore
how the dream of levelling
is playing out through the web.

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How it's overturning long
held notions of ownership,
value and expertise.

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How it's challenging business models

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and how the equality promised by
the web clashes with human nature,

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our innate desire
to profit and control.

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It's about the meaning of this
conflict and about how that has
helped to create the web, this messy,

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beguiling and hugely powerful
phenomenon that we know today.

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The ultimate claim for the web
as an empowering tool is that it
blows open access to knowledge.

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To find out how, I've come to one
of the new pillars of the American
educational establishment.

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No, not an Ivy League college
like Harvard or Princeton,

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but the town of Dixon, New Mexico,
where they're celebrating Labor Day.

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I'm here to meet Einar Kvaran.

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Today, he's playing drums
in his band.

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But at home,
he's a quiet revolutionary.

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Einar is part of a remarkable
endeavour that uses the web

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to allow ordinary people
to create something extraordinary.

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He's a legendary and prolific
contributor to Wikipedia,
the online encyclopaedia

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that's becoming the most important
information source in the world.

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When I first heard about it, I
thought this is the craziest thing,

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this can't possibly even happen.

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How can you have, have something
that anybody in the world can edit?

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How can you trust it?
What's even the point of it?

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More than 65 million people around
the world use Wikipedia each month.

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And instead of just
accessing knowledge,
they can author and edit it.

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The site's 14 million articles are
the result of anonymous contributions

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from people like Einar, who don't
need any formal qualifications.

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I have a list of
something over 1,000 articles.

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If anyone makes an edit
in that article,
it will appear on my checklist.

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And if I disagree with it, I will
undo it, and then if they disagree
with my undoing they can undo it.

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That's kind of the basic premise,
that anybody in the world

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who has access to a computer
can get on and edit the information.

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The idea is that instead of truth,
knowledge and accuracy being agreed
on by experts and handed down

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by an elite from above, it will
slowly emerge from the masses
and come up from below.

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But by challenging centuries
of scholarship,

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this new form of people power
has ignited a huge argument.

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I despise Wikipedia.

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I loathe Wikipedia.

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I'm appalled by Wikipedia.

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I use it throughout the day.

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I think that the web... It's
greatest miracle is of convenience,

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but the price they pay for being so
speedy and available is in accuracy.

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I challenge anybody to find
a better, faster source

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of perfectly acceptable knowledge

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for almost all purposes that you
would require as a normal citizen.

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Wikipedia is a prime example
of how the web seems to empower
each and every one of us.

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It offers something for free,
it undercuts authority,

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and it enables ordinary people
to shape knowledge together.

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In other words,
it fulfils the levelling dreams
of the web's founding fathers.

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To understand how the web gave rise
to Wikipedia, we have to understand

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the web's roots in a culture of
free will and self expression
that can be traced back 40 years.

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# There's something happening here

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# What it is
ain't exactly clear... #

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The levelling ambitions of the
online world can be traced back to
the counter culture of the 1960s.

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And the epicentre of this
hippy idealism? San Francisco.

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# Stop, children, what's that sound?

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# Everybody look
what's going down... #

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ALAN WHICKER: No-one really knows
what's happening in San Francisco,
but this is where it's at.

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Traditional home of the way-out,
today Mecca of happy hippies

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who are cracking the smooth
silhouette of America's materialism

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with that ultimate weapon,
with love.

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# Stop, hey, what's that sound?
Everybody look what's... #

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Amidst the ferment, a particular
strand of a philosophy known as
libertarianism began to take root.

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It was a mix of both left and
right wing ideas and rejected
state control, the legal system

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and censorship, while emphasising the
importance of individual free will.

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And while the counter cultural dream
would fade away in the real world,

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in the 1970s,
it found an unlikely place
where these ideas would flourish.

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Previously, computers had been the
preserve of governments,
the military and large corporations.

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But now, for the first time,
smaller, cheaper models began

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to put the technology
in the hands of the people.

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And something remarkable happened.

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This counter cultural libertarianism
found a new home on what was
the early internet.

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The most concrete legacy of the
counter culture is the internet.

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The values, the organisation,
the rebellion, the resistance

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to authority were all
encapsulated in the internet.

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Cheaper computers allowed the
first online communities to develop.

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The longest surviving and also the
most influential was called The Well.

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Over in the corner, that actually is
The Well, right now.

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It was set up in 1985 near -
where else? - San Francisco.

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And without The Well,
Facebook, Twitter, MySpace

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and all the other web communities
may never have existed.

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A lot of people see The Well

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as kind of a place where
they live and exist in a...

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not really intellectually,
but in an information kind of sense.

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I met a member of The Grateful Dead
on The Well.

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There's a certain percentage
of people in The Well,

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who are what I would call
intelligent misfits,
who've made it work for ourselves.

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It was The Well that took
libertarianism online.

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No-one was more influential in
driving this extraordinary transition
than the man who founded it.

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Stewart Brand once published
the counter culture's bible,
The Whole Earth Catalogue.

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He took part in a legal study of LSD
and hung out with The Black Panthers.

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This is where The Well began
and what went on here has helped
define the entire online world.

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At the time, a fraction of 1% of the
planet had encountered the internet.

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The Well gave many people
their first taste of cyberspace.

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What was it like? There must
have been a sense at that time
that you wanted to change things,

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that you wanted to revolutionise
communication, knowledge,
community, the whole shebang?

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I think the assumption
we were working on

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was that the revolution
was in progress
and we didn't have to push it.

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And mostly what was drawing us
was a sense of curiosity -

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What happens if you poke this, try
that and think of the other thing?

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And part of what we were doing
was basically making a scene

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and so you just had
this overlap of people

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who weren't rich yet,
weren't powerful yet,
but knew how much juice they had

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and what a huge opportunity space
was opening up in front of us.

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Usually I check in news first
to see what kinds of interesting
things are happening,

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and then I go to wherever
there's a controversy brewing.

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If it's lunchtime at the office and
I don't feel like going out,

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I'll log into The Well and go into
The Pets Conference
and talk about my cats.

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If I've have a particularly
stressful day, I go to
the Weird Conference,

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which is where everybody
lets it all hang out.

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There was three or four different
flavours of sex conferences,

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from pretty hardcore
to very gentle.

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There was the True Confessions
Conference, where nobody said

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a bad thing to anybody else,
no matter what they did and they
were fessing up to.

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Many people credit The Well with
infusing the early online world

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with an anything goes attitude,
and it did.

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But for me what really stepped up the
challenge to the established order
was when one particular Well member

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took this attitude
and developed it into a radical
constitution for online freedom.

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This would be a key moment in
creating the web that we know today.

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Cyberspace had found a prophet.

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John Perry Barlow, the lyricist
of cult '60s group The Grateful Dead.

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He took the vague libertarian ideas
espoused by many on The Well
and started to give them real shape.

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And he also caused
The Well's membership to rocket.

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When news leaked out that by joining
The Well you could chat online with a
member of The Grateful Dead,

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fans of the band rushed to join.

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Deadheads had been online since
the very early days of the internet.

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What they spent most of their
time doing

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was arguing with one another
about our deficiencies.

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Ah, the internet! Right, you know.

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Barlow came to believe that
the internet was a challenge
to traditional authority,

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and by setting information free,
it would help set us all free.

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00:17:13,800 --> 00:17:17,880
You know, you don't have to
control people much if you can
control what they believe.

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00:17:17,880 --> 00:17:22,080
And you can control what
they believe if you control
what they have access to.

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If you can control
what they can know,

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00:17:25,080 --> 00:17:28,000
the rest of it
is a very simple matter.

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00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:35,240
Barlow helped start the influential
Electronic Frontier Foundation
that campaigns for freedom online.

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It's based on beliefs
he distilled in his Declaration
Of The Independence Of Cyberspace.

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"Governments
of the industrial world,

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00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:48,720
"you weary giants of flesh and
steel, I come from cyberspace.

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"The new home of mind.

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00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:53,640
"On behalf of the future,

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00:17:53,640 --> 00:17:57,120
"I ask you of the past
to leave us alone.

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00:17:57,120 --> 00:17:59,960
"You are not welcome among us.

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00:17:59,960 --> 00:18:02,800
"You have no sovereignty
where we gather."

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00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:07,960
It wasn't so much as,
"Let the people go,"

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00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:12,440
it was a statement saying,
"Hey, we're already gone, dude."

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00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:14,240
You know.

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00:18:14,240 --> 00:18:17,440
You're going to have a helluva time
trying to catch us.

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00:18:19,280 --> 00:18:22,600
"Your legal concepts of property,

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00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:27,920
"expression, movement
and context do not apply to us.

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00:18:27,920 --> 00:18:32,680
"We will create a civilisation
of the mind in cyberspace.

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"May it be more humane and fair

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00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:40,720
"than the world your governments
have made before."

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00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:49,120
Barlow's manifesto argues that self
expression should have no limits,

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00:18:49,120 --> 00:18:54,000
and he believes
that this free flow of information
would confront authority.

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00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:59,360
Today the world of blogging,
online diaries and
opinionated takes on the news

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00:18:59,360 --> 00:19:05,280
shows that the revolution
in freedom of expression can just as
easily revert to mindless trivia.

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00:19:05,280 --> 00:19:10,000
But some of the world's
estimated 130 million blogs

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00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:16,320
ARE stimulating a new and important
kind of global conversation.

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00:19:16,320 --> 00:19:20,680
The web allows people
to express themselves,

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00:19:20,680 --> 00:19:24,920
receive ideas,
discuss them with others,

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00:19:24,920 --> 00:19:29,120
reflect on them and then come up
with what seem to them better ideas.

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00:19:29,120 --> 00:19:32,520
That's a very exciting
and revolutionary prospect.

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00:19:34,520 --> 00:19:36,200
And, used in the right way,

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00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:41,160
the web can fundamentally alter
the political landscape.

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00:19:42,720 --> 00:19:48,680
Ory Okolloh began as a blogger,
campaigning for civil rights
in Kenya.

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00:19:48,680 --> 00:19:51,120
But soon she developed
a dramatic new way

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00:19:51,120 --> 00:19:56,640
to use the web to document reality
and harness the power of the crowd.

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00:19:56,640 --> 00:20:04,360
She was driven by the
horrific violence in 2008
following elections in Kenya.

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00:20:04,360 --> 00:20:11,160
At the time, I had gone home to
vote for the election. It was my
first time voting actually.

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00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,760
And so, for me, it was
a very emotional moment and

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00:20:14,760 --> 00:20:19,080
I was also covering on my blog the
period leading up to the campaign.

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00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:21,160
It was a very contested election.

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00:20:21,160 --> 00:20:24,800
I think none of us anticipated
the fallout.

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00:20:27,080 --> 00:20:32,760
The results of the
elections were disputed,
amidst allegations of ballot rigging.

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00:20:32,760 --> 00:20:36,240
Tribal violence broke out between
supporters of rival candidates.

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00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,920
The official media struggled
to cover the spreading crisis.

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00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:48,120
So the people were getting
information from their families

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00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,600
and sending it to me
and people locally,

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00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:55,160
and I realised what I was seeing
from the citizens
was not being captured

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00:20:55,160 --> 00:20:58,360
when I turned on the TV,
what I was seeing.

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00:20:58,360 --> 00:21:01,280
I mean, I thought,
clearly if this is just me,

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00:21:01,280 --> 00:21:04,440
one individual
who's getting all this,

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00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:09,200
there must be a
lot of stuff going on that
we're not seeing in the news.

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00:21:09,200 --> 00:21:15,040
Ory pulled together a team and
created a website called Ushahidi.

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00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:20,680
Ushahidi means witness in Swahili and
it allowed ordinary people to report

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attacks and create a minute-by-minute
snapshot of the turmoil.

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00:21:24,680 --> 00:21:32,400
By giving them a voice, it put
pressure on the Kenyan authorities to
take action to stem the violence.

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00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:35,480
The attention was phenomenal,
something we didn't anticipate.

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00:21:35,480 --> 00:21:39,920
And what we quickly grew
to realise was that there was
a need for this kind of platform.

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00:21:39,920 --> 00:21:44,280
And so we realised that
we need to turn this
into a tool that anybody can use.

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Ushahidi reminds me of
the early days of the web.

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It seems to me that with sites like
these we're actually realising

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the potential of the technology
and that the world is grappling
with what that all means.

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00:21:59,840 --> 00:22:01,920
The web's ability to
harness the power

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00:22:01,920 --> 00:22:07,360
of millions of individual voices is
unprecedented in human history.

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00:22:07,360 --> 00:22:11,680
This appears to be the dream
of the great levelling made real,

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00:22:11,680 --> 00:22:17,440
a paradigm shift on a par with the
invention of the printing press.

283
00:22:19,880 --> 00:22:24,800
We talk about the web and
the internet as if they're the
same thing, but they're not.

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00:22:26,320 --> 00:22:29,960
The web is simply the links,
information and web pages delivered

285
00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:33,400
to us over the infrastructure
known as the internet.

286
00:22:36,360 --> 00:22:41,960
The roots of the internet can be
traced back to early 1960s America,

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00:22:41,960 --> 00:22:49,240
when military and university
mainframe computers were hooked
together via the telephone system.

288
00:22:49,240 --> 00:22:54,680
E-mail was born in 1965, and common
standards began to allow files

289
00:22:54,680 --> 00:22:57,840
to be transferred
between networks.

290
00:22:57,840 --> 00:23:01,560
But getting to information
was still extremely difficult.

291
00:23:01,560 --> 00:23:05,320
Users had to know exactly where
it was stored and how to tell

292
00:23:05,320 --> 00:23:10,040
their computer to find it, in effect,
by phoning up another computer.

293
00:23:10,040 --> 00:23:17,400
The web as we experience it today,
where anyone can access almost
anything, just didn't exist.

294
00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:28,600
In this world before websites,
if you went online, you were walled
into small corners of cyberspace.

295
00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:36,160
To create the web as we now know it
would take someone to write
a common language

296
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:40,880
that would link the data stored
on computers around the planet.

297
00:23:40,880 --> 00:23:44,120
A man who would invent
the worldwide web.

298
00:23:46,280 --> 00:23:49,560
I invented the web just because
I needed it, really,

299
00:23:49,560 --> 00:23:52,800
because it was so frustrating
that it didn't exist.

300
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:57,680
Only by creating a global information
network that anyone could access

301
00:23:57,680 --> 00:24:01,000
would the web become
a levelling technology.

302
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:05,720
The story of its development
begins deep underground
more than half a century ago.

303
00:24:05,720 --> 00:24:10,840
This is CERN,
the European Organisation for
Nuclear Research in Geneva,

304
00:24:10,840 --> 00:24:13,480
only yards
from the French frontier.

305
00:24:13,480 --> 00:24:18,800
In 1954, 12 European countries
began collaborating on a project

306
00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:25,720
to smash the atom
and unravel the mystery of the tiny
particles that form its nucleus.

307
00:24:25,720 --> 00:24:29,880
Tim Berners-Lee began
working there in 1980.

308
00:24:29,880 --> 00:24:33,440
It was an exciting environment,
people coming
from different countries,

309
00:24:33,440 --> 00:24:36,800
people coming from different

310
00:24:36,800 --> 00:24:39,920
universities,
working for different people.

311
00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:44,600
And because they didn't all work for
the same company, they weren't all
told to buy the same software

312
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,440
and buy the same computer,
so they came with different sorts
of computer,

313
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:50,080
different sorts of software.

314
00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,520
So their documentation
was all in different systems.

315
00:24:53,520 --> 00:24:58,200
You wouldn't be able to bring up
the information from one thing
at the same time as the other.

316
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:03,080
You'd have to bring up the
information from one and write it
on the back of an envelope

317
00:25:03,080 --> 00:25:06,480
and then go onto the other system
and maybe type it back in.

318
00:25:06,480 --> 00:25:12,400
Berners-Lee began to develop a
radical new system to try and link
all of the different computer systems

319
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:16,520
that were being used by
CERN's multinational workforce.

320
00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:22,280
He submitted a paper in 1989
with the deceptively mundane title

321
00:25:22,280 --> 00:25:27,000
Information Management: A Proposal.
I wrote a memo

322
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:32,960
about the idea and I put it around.

323
00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:37,880
It turned out that my boss had
written, "Vague but exciting"

324
00:25:37,880 --> 00:25:40,240
in the top corner of his copy.

325
00:25:40,240 --> 00:25:45,480
And that was perhaps why he let me
do the project in my spare time.

326
00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:54,880
Berners-Lee took some already
existing software tools
and created something revolutionary.

327
00:25:54,880 --> 00:26:00,000
His "vague but exciting" idea
would become the worldwide web.

328
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:06,760
And at CERN, on the 6th August 1991,
the first website went online.

329
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:09,320
I know that you'd love me to say
that, well,

330
00:26:09,320 --> 00:26:11,920
I got it all wired up
and then there was a big switch

331
00:26:11,920 --> 00:26:16,560
and we threw the switch and the
lights dimmed for a moment,
but then there was this incredible

332
00:26:16,560 --> 00:26:23,000
high-pitched whine and that was the
web taking off, all across the world
people starting to log on and type

333
00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:28,880
in hypertext, and we could feel
the power of all these links
spreading across the planet.

334
00:26:28,880 --> 00:26:33,280
And we just had to hold on tight
and then the calls came in
from the BBC and the New York Times

335
00:26:33,280 --> 00:26:36,160
and The Economist about what it was
that was happening to the world

336
00:26:36,160 --> 00:26:38,880
as the stock market sort of
took this incredible uptake.

337
00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:41,880
And then we turned it off.

338
00:26:41,880 --> 00:26:47,640
No, it was, uh... It started off
in a very small way.

339
00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:54,080
Berners-Lee's system has become
the universal means of
connecting all computer content.

340
00:26:54,080 --> 00:26:58,280
His critical breakthrough
was to marry an existing idea
called hypertext,

341
00:26:58,280 --> 00:27:03,480
a way of linking between
documents, to the infrastructure
and protocols of the internet.

342
00:27:03,480 --> 00:27:08,480
To do this, he assigned documents
a unique address - or URL.

343
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:14,680
These were the first web pages,
created and formatted in a new

344
00:27:14,680 --> 00:27:17,360
universal language called html,

345
00:27:17,360 --> 00:27:23,200
that could link to other web pages
on any networked computer, anywhere.

346
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:28,120
By solving a specific technical
problem, the web opened up an entire

347
00:27:28,120 --> 00:27:31,720
universe of information
to anyone with a computer.

348
00:27:35,280 --> 00:27:37,200
It seemed like a brave new world.

349
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:42,720
It seemed like
a new democracy, it seemed like a
new way of people coming together.

350
00:27:42,720 --> 00:27:45,320
It seemed the most fantastic,

351
00:27:45,320 --> 00:27:50,920
radical and extraordinary
development since Guttenberg in 1450

352
00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:53,880
produced his bible
and his first pieces of print.

353
00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:57,320
The dream that everybody
wanted to be connected,

354
00:27:57,320 --> 00:27:59,800
you know, that goes way, way back.

355
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,720
It's about
letting people share information.

356
00:28:09,640 --> 00:28:15,640
Built into the web's design is
an ability to connect individuals
without great wealth or power.

357
00:28:17,480 --> 00:28:22,800
Today, all around the world,
being connected is empowering people.

358
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:26,000
Like Kudjo Agbevi,
a Ghanaian farmer.

359
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:32,080
First I was illiterate
in the use of the internet.

360
00:28:32,080 --> 00:28:36,680
But a friend introduced it to me
and then he taught me after this

361
00:28:36,840 --> 00:28:41,120
how to browse
and find out all these things.

362
00:28:41,120 --> 00:28:46,000
Kudjo uses the web to learn how to
grow crops more efficiently

363
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:49,120
and to compete
with much bigger farms.

364
00:28:49,120 --> 00:28:54,000
I use the internet to find
the prices of the commodities

365
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,440
and then the market
where it can easily

366
00:28:57,440 --> 00:28:59,440
and cheaply be bought.

367
00:28:59,440 --> 00:29:02,640
But the management and the marketing

368
00:29:02,640 --> 00:29:06,240
of the produce has
greatly been changed.

369
00:29:06,240 --> 00:29:09,720
I feel more connected to the world.

370
00:29:11,720 --> 00:29:15,160
But the web is more than
just an empowering tool.

371
00:29:15,160 --> 00:29:21,400
It's deliberately structured in a way
that resists authority.

372
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:30,800
The web was designed to give
all users equal access.

373
00:29:30,800 --> 00:29:34,200
You don't need permission to
visit a website, or to create one.

374
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:38,640
And when you are on the web,
there are no governments
generating rules and regulations.

375
00:29:38,640 --> 00:29:43,040
There is no centre
and no controlling authority.

376
00:29:43,040 --> 00:29:45,120
It is the ultimate levelling.

377
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:50,680
What we had with the development of
the worldwide web was a technological

378
00:29:50,680 --> 00:29:54,320
solution built at CERN that
meshed with the hippie dream.

379
00:29:54,320 --> 00:29:58,520
Little wonder, then, that the web
was set on a collision course

380
00:29:58,520 --> 00:30:02,520
with conventional notions
of social order and hierarchy.

381
00:30:05,120 --> 00:30:10,200
The revolutionary thing was that
it let people be very free, be
constrained as little as possible.

382
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:15,280
It allows you to publish
anything you like, it allows
you to publish in any format.

383
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:19,160
But the really important thing was
it could be done on a server

384
00:30:19,160 --> 00:30:22,960
without asking anybody else,
without having to register.

385
00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:25,040
For most of Western history,

386
00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:28,800
you had an authority framework
that was vertical,

387
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:30,800
God on top and you on the bottom,

388
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:35,320
and Dad and the Pope and the King,
and whomever, you know, somewhere,

389
00:30:35,320 --> 00:30:38,360
in that great white column.

390
00:30:38,360 --> 00:30:45,960
And suddenly authority, as a
technical matter and as a
political matter, was horizontal.

391
00:30:45,960 --> 00:30:48,320
When you listen to people
like Berners-Lee

392
00:30:48,320 --> 00:30:51,280
and all the rest of the crowd,
they idealise this notion

393
00:30:51,280 --> 00:30:56,680
for the first time in human history
we have created something without
a centre, it can't be controlled.

394
00:30:56,680 --> 00:31:00,600
But the reason we created it is
because these people were opposed

395
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:05,480
to the notion of hierarchy and
authority, so it wasn't an accident.

396
00:31:05,480 --> 00:31:09,160
They created their
ideological wet dream.

397
00:31:11,760 --> 00:31:16,360
And there was one
final thing that turned the web
into a kind of Kryptonite,

398
00:31:16,360 --> 00:31:21,720
threatening to subvert society
and the 20th-century economic model.

399
00:31:21,720 --> 00:31:25,560
It was given away for free.

400
00:31:28,120 --> 00:31:31,840
Tim Berners-Lee is somebody
who invented something
of unbelievable power,

401
00:31:31,840 --> 00:31:35,840
but has turned his back on any
kind of profiting from it, really.

402
00:31:35,840 --> 00:31:41,680
And I think we should celebrate
him, not just his ingenuity
but the worldwide web worked

403
00:31:41,680 --> 00:31:47,800
because he opened it up,
because it was free for all to use.

404
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,120
It is a true open source,
in that sense.

405
00:31:50,120 --> 00:31:54,080
And he should be daily thanked by
everybody who gets any pleasure

406
00:31:54,080 --> 00:32:00,200
or profit out of the worldwide web
for that supreme act of generosity,
selflessness and idealism.

407
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:03,120
Tim created a kind of set of
tools if you like,

408
00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:05,200
which he gave away
to the world and said,

409
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:06,640
"I've created this tool box,

410
00:32:06,640 --> 00:32:08,520
"I'm not quite sure
what to do with it,

411
00:32:08,520 --> 00:32:10,120
"but see what you can do with it."

412
00:32:10,120 --> 00:32:13,280
And by giving that away
rather than controlling it,

413
00:32:13,280 --> 00:32:18,720
he started a whole process of huge
social and cultural innovation.

414
00:32:24,080 --> 00:32:28,400
But the very success of
the web would rouse a giant.

415
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:34,400
The idea that it was a creative
space, where all could participate
equally, would quickly be confronted

416
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:40,480
by a very different model that saw
the web as a place to buy and sell
rather than to share.

417
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:49,640
This kick-started a constant cycle
of revolution and counter-revolution
that still shapes the web today.

418
00:32:49,640 --> 00:32:55,440
And to understand the nature
of this conflict,
we have to jump back in time.

419
00:32:59,080 --> 00:33:06,800
The year was 1975, Pink Floyd was on
the radio, Jaws was at the cinema and
the Vietnam War had just finished.

420
00:33:06,800 --> 00:33:13,400
But it is also the year that a young
Harvard dropout named Bill Gates
arrived in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

421
00:33:17,960 --> 00:33:22,000
Gates had come to New Mexico to
work for a small company called MITS.

422
00:33:23,920 --> 00:33:30,120
And 30 years ago,
some of MITS's biggest customers
were amateur rocket enthusiasts.

423
00:33:43,280 --> 00:33:48,160
We wanted to be able to do something
more than just shoot them up and
have them come back down.

424
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:49,960
And then this corporation created

425
00:33:49,960 --> 00:33:52,760
the first really small
instrumentation packages

426
00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:54,240
so that we could take data,

427
00:33:54,240 --> 00:33:57,640
much like you take data and plug
it in to your computer today.

428
00:34:00,680 --> 00:34:05,680
MITS soon moved on
to more sophisticated electronics,
creating the earliest affordable

429
00:34:05,680 --> 00:34:12,600
home computer, the Altair 8800,
and helping to set in train

430
00:34:12,600 --> 00:34:16,320
the revolution which would
lead to the wired world of today.

431
00:34:18,640 --> 00:34:23,000
The personal computer was
the template on which the web

432
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:29,720
had to be created, you had to have
millions of these common machines
in order for it to make any sense.

433
00:34:29,720 --> 00:34:33,920
Bill Gates was developing BASIC, a
programming language for the Altair.

434
00:34:33,920 --> 00:34:38,840
He saw the potential to make big
money from software at a time when

435
00:34:38,840 --> 00:34:44,040
most personal computer users were
hobbyists who gave it away for free.

436
00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:48,320
He ended up at the
West Coast Computer Fair and
I remember this fellow,

437
00:34:48,320 --> 00:34:50,280
we were all trading software
back then,

438
00:34:50,280 --> 00:34:53,320
and I remember this fellow in a suit
and telling everybody, hey,

439
00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:58,080
you shouldn't be giving away
software to one another, you should
be paid for your development.

440
00:34:58,080 --> 00:35:01,520
And we all laughed at him.
Did you? And now how do you feel?

441
00:35:01,520 --> 00:35:03,080
I think he is a very rich man!

442
00:35:05,440 --> 00:35:10,720
Gates had negotiated a royalty
from each copy of the Altair
software that was sold.

443
00:35:10,720 --> 00:35:17,040
So, when he found out that hobbyists
from the Homebrew Computer Club
in California

444
00:35:17,040 --> 00:35:20,480
were making pirated copies,
he was furious.

445
00:35:20,480 --> 00:35:22,440
Well, we had one copy of the tape

446
00:35:22,440 --> 00:35:25,240
that our club library had bought,
purchased.

447
00:35:25,240 --> 00:35:29,280
And one member of the club took that
tape and borrowed it for two weeks.

448
00:35:29,280 --> 00:35:33,080
And when he came back he
brought back, like, four copies.

449
00:35:33,080 --> 00:35:36,680
Then we got a letter from
Bill Gates, all upset, copyright,
you are copying

450
00:35:36,680 --> 00:35:43,040
software and you shouldn't because
it was basically, you know, hey,
you have to pay for what you use.

451
00:35:43,040 --> 00:35:47,320
When we started Microsoft and some
people were copying the BASIC tape,

452
00:35:47,320 --> 00:35:51,840
I said in a letter, hey,
we will write more software
if more people pay us.

453
00:35:51,840 --> 00:35:54,960
Some things should be free,
and some things should be paid for.

454
00:35:56,680 --> 00:36:02,400
20 years later,
Bill Gates and Microsoft would return
to restage this battle online.

455
00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:07,520
The software for the worldwide web
had been given away for free

456
00:36:07,520 --> 00:36:14,680
because Tim Berners-Lee, like earlier
pioneers, believed the online world
should be about an ideal of sharing.

457
00:36:14,680 --> 00:36:21,080
For Bill Gates, and others like him,
it was simply the biggest business
opportunity of the century.

458
00:36:22,840 --> 00:36:30,600
The early internet
felt like a radical departure
from business as usual.

459
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,680
There was this other dimension
to human experience, which is

460
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:39,360
really hard to relate to today,
that had nothing to do with money.

461
00:36:39,360 --> 00:36:43,040
When business
came on to the internet,

462
00:36:43,040 --> 00:36:47,040
the object of the game
was to monetise this thing.

463
00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:54,440
Before the web, the internet
was administered by a public body,
and business was banned.

464
00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:59,400
This was only overturned in 1994,
and these two opposing ideologies

465
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:04,640
would slug it out in a battle
for the soul of the online world.

466
00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:09,160
The most significant conflict
began in 1995, when Microsoft

467
00:37:09,160 --> 00:37:14,040
launched Internet Explorer,
and set out to beat all competition.

468
00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:19,320
They effectively forced
computer manufacturers to sell
machines with it preinstalled.

469
00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:24,840
From nowhere, Microsoft ended up
with more than 90% of the market.

470
00:37:24,840 --> 00:37:26,600
Hey, this is software.

471
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,320
We can do anything.

472
00:37:29,320 --> 00:37:34,880
Only legal action by governments
prevented total domination,

473
00:37:34,880 --> 00:37:41,120
and the risk of the web becoming a
kind of branded Microsoft experience.

474
00:37:41,120 --> 00:37:45,880
Microsoft is a monopolist, and it
engaged in massive anti-competitive

475
00:37:45,880 --> 00:37:50,520
practices that harmed innovation
and limited consumer choice.

476
00:37:50,520 --> 00:37:54,640
But the legal battle
wasn't just about Microsoft,

477
00:37:54,640 --> 00:38:00,040
it was about two completely different
ideas of what the web should be.

478
00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:04,040
I think, right from the beginning,
there are kind of two competing

479
00:38:04,040 --> 00:38:08,640
views about the web playing out,
which still play out now.

480
00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:14,480
One is that the web is this home
for collaboration, for sharing, for
allowing information to be free,

481
00:38:14,480 --> 00:38:19,440
for people being able to create
things together in open platforms
and sharing ideas.

482
00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:24,080
And that is embedded in the
kind of geek hippie culture of
the Homebrew Computer Club,

483
00:38:24,080 --> 00:38:26,440
right at the start
of all this in the 1970s.

484
00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:30,960
And then there is another,
which is the kind of Bill Gates
Microsoft corporate view,

485
00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:33,800
which is, wait a minute,
how do you pay the mortgage?

486
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:37,240
The legal ruling meant Microsoft
had had its wings clipped.

487
00:38:37,240 --> 00:38:42,760
But the commercial ideology it
represented was in the ascendant.

488
00:38:42,760 --> 00:38:49,760
And in this, the era of the
dot com boom, it seemed the web was
ripe for business exploitation.

489
00:38:49,760 --> 00:38:53,800
But soon the balance of power
would shift once more.

490
00:38:55,840 --> 00:39:00,680
As Internet Explorer popularised the
web, bringing millions online,

491
00:39:00,680 --> 00:39:04,720
people began to learn what the web
could do, for better and for worse.

492
00:39:04,720 --> 00:39:09,240
Its potential, and our potential,
would pose a particular challenge

493
00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:13,880
to traditional notions of
ownership, creativity and power.

494
00:39:13,880 --> 00:39:16,880
The Web's anti-business

495
00:39:16,880 --> 00:39:21,920
levelling potential was about to
re-emerge in a shocking new way.

496
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:29,880
It would undermine centuries-old
notions of copyright and property.

497
00:39:29,880 --> 00:39:35,480
The story begins with an 18-year-old
in a college dorm room.

498
00:39:35,480 --> 00:39:38,160
I started it just because I thought
it was exciting.

499
00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,080
It was just sort of a small project.

500
00:39:40,080 --> 00:39:46,320
It ends a few years later with a
multi-billion dollar industry on its
knees, and more in the firing line.

501
00:39:46,320 --> 00:39:50,200
Real people downloading
Metallica songs.

502
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:54,760
They want to sue everyone between
the ages of, say, 13 and 30?

503
00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:56,120
I don't think so.

504
00:39:56,120 --> 00:40:00,120
I guess I would be lying if I said
that I didn't have any,

505
00:40:00,120 --> 00:40:03,080
or didn't fear,
you know, going to jail.

506
00:40:03,080 --> 00:40:07,800
The music industry would be just
the first of many to discover the web

507
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:11,160
could destroy established
business models.

508
00:40:11,160 --> 00:40:17,920
In 1999, Shawn Fanning released
a small piece of software
on the web called Napster.

509
00:40:17,920 --> 00:40:21,520
He first had the idea for
the software at college.

510
00:40:21,520 --> 00:40:26,400
I got paired up with a room mate who
loved obscure rap music and it was,

511
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:31,920
you know, around that time that I
started envisioning an idea where
people could install a piece of

512
00:40:31,920 --> 00:40:37,920
software that would let them share
their music collections, as well as
access other people's collections.

513
00:40:37,920 --> 00:40:42,280
Napster took advantage of the shift
in music from CD to digital formats,

514
00:40:42,280 --> 00:40:50,160
like MP3s, that were easy to copy and
swap. It allowed web users anywhere
in the world to share music illegally

515
00:40:50,160 --> 00:40:53,960
with one another for free
rather than buy it.

516
00:40:53,960 --> 00:40:59,200
The software
pooled information about the music on
every computer that linked to it.

517
00:40:59,200 --> 00:41:04,560
Users could search this giant
database, hunting for tracks.

518
00:41:04,560 --> 00:41:07,800
When they found what they were
looking for, Napster hooked up

519
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:11,040
the computer storing the file
with the person who wanted it.

520
00:41:12,560 --> 00:41:17,680
At the click of a mouse,
music piracy had gone global.

521
00:41:17,680 --> 00:41:22,520
The levelling sharing dream
of the web had produced
a more sinister outcome,

522
00:41:22,520 --> 00:41:27,040
encouraging thousands of people
to break the law
for the very first time.

523
00:41:28,760 --> 00:41:34,320
The band Metallica became the
music industry's unlikely mouthpiece.

524
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:44,320
Their music is wild and anarchic,
but to top band Metallica,
it is serious business.

525
00:41:44,320 --> 00:41:47,840
When fans download it for free,
Metallica gets angry.

526
00:41:49,360 --> 00:41:52,240
If you have the right
to download my music for free,

527
00:41:52,240 --> 00:41:55,280
then let's say that you are
a plumber or a car mechanic,

528
00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:58,040
or whatever, then I have the right
to call you up

529
00:41:58,040 --> 00:42:01,320
and demand that you come over
and fix my plumbing for free,

530
00:42:01,320 --> 00:42:04,160
or fix my car next time
it is not functioning for free.

531
00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:09,880
I never imagined at the outset that
Napster would change the music
industry at the level that it did.

532
00:42:09,880 --> 00:42:16,680
But they certainly
felt the pain of being forced in to
a world of digital distribution.

533
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:25,240
After two years of legal battles,
in 2001, Napster was restricted
then shut down.

534
00:42:25,240 --> 00:42:28,880
But other more sophisticated
services simply took its place.

535
00:42:28,880 --> 00:42:36,280
Today in Britain, the entertainment
industry claims 95% of music
exchanged online is unpaid for.

536
00:42:36,280 --> 00:42:41,600
And lost revenue from illegal
downloads of films, software,

537
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:44,600
TV and music is worth £531 million.

538
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:48,640
Our computer technology lets us
copy everything instantly.

539
00:42:48,640 --> 00:42:51,240
It is very scary, it means
a new world, a new world to hit.

540
00:42:51,240 --> 00:42:56,640
And it may take decades, it may even
take centuries before we actually
get to the final ending point.

541
00:42:56,640 --> 00:43:00,320
So the web has threatened
the way any traditional industry

542
00:43:00,320 --> 00:43:04,640
based on information
and communication does business.

543
00:43:04,640 --> 00:43:09,040
But this dramatic shift involves
more than just theft and piracy,

544
00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:15,680
it also is a way in which the web
appears to be staying true to its
anti-authority levelling ideals.

545
00:43:17,360 --> 00:43:25,040
The web's essential design, the
ability to share information globally
and instantly at virtually no cost,

546
00:43:25,040 --> 00:43:31,040
wrenched control from the traditional
middle man, the agents, the
publishers, the newspaper editors.

547
00:43:31,040 --> 00:43:37,360
It allowed people to connect directly
with one another, so everyone could
have an audience or a following.

548
00:43:37,360 --> 00:43:43,680
In this brave new connected world,
you didn't have to be
anybody to be a somebody.

549
00:43:43,680 --> 00:43:47,520
When the web first came, it felt
like a whole new world opening up,

550
00:43:47,520 --> 00:43:50,920
because you had a way to be a
publisher that you never had before.

551
00:43:50,920 --> 00:43:54,560
There were only very few
discreet sources,
the publishers of the world,

552
00:43:54,560 --> 00:43:56,880
"I can go here and go there,"
you were limited.

553
00:43:56,880 --> 00:44:03,000
Now someone with an iPhone
can post a video, make a podcast,
connect to someone else.

554
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,560
Anyone with the means of
communication, through a computer,

555
00:44:06,560 --> 00:44:09,480
can have access, potentially,
to a vast audience.

556
00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:15,240
User-generated content is the
jargon for this creative revolution.

557
00:44:15,240 --> 00:44:18,840
It is estimated a fifth of all the
material on the web

558
00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:23,000
is now made up of
content created by amateurs.

559
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:26,040
All human and animal life is there.

560
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:30,000
One of the biggest distributors
is YouTube,

561
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:34,480
a website that allows
anyone to put videos online.

562
00:44:34,480 --> 00:44:37,440
That means everybody
has a chance to be seen.

563
00:44:38,960 --> 00:44:40,520
I think in the past,

564
00:44:40,520 --> 00:44:45,760
again, the traditional models
would survive around scarcity.

565
00:44:45,760 --> 00:44:50,120
Which I don't think necessarily
is healthy for society -

566
00:44:50,120 --> 00:44:55,360
for ultimately a few people to have
the control of the creation of all
the content within the world,

567
00:44:55,360 --> 00:44:58,120
and then have the control
of all the distribution.

568
00:45:00,080 --> 00:45:04,280
YouTube posted its
first video in 2005.

569
00:45:04,280 --> 00:45:11,240
Now the site is viewed more
than a billion times a day,
and has created its own new stars.

570
00:45:11,240 --> 00:45:17,200
I always tell people we are the
stage and they are the performers.

571
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:22,720
But I don't look at us as a service
that's trying to exploit that.

572
00:45:22,720 --> 00:45:27,200
What we are trying to do is
just provide the opportunities
that didn't exist before.

573
00:45:29,040 --> 00:45:33,640
Superficially, sites like YouTube,
with its promise of five minutes of

574
00:45:33,640 --> 00:45:38,880
badly shot fame, appear to be
proof of the web's levelling power.

575
00:45:38,880 --> 00:45:43,680
But for many users, the web is
less about old revolutionary ideals,

576
00:45:43,680 --> 00:45:47,040
and more about a new way
to work within the system.

577
00:45:47,040 --> 00:45:50,800
For people like Master Shortie,
who was recently nominated
for a MOBO award,

578
00:45:50,800 --> 00:45:53,600
it's the perfect promotional tool.

579
00:45:56,760 --> 00:46:00,720
Now, you are promoting yourself,
you are marketing yourself? Yes.

580
00:46:00,720 --> 00:46:05,080
How has the internet made that
possible in a way that you wouldn't
have done before?

581
00:46:05,080 --> 00:46:09,400
I think that is what the
internet is, what made it possible.
I use the web a lot.

582
00:46:09,400 --> 00:46:11,080
From promoting my music

583
00:46:11,080 --> 00:46:14,880
to finding producers to
actually make the music,

584
00:46:14,880 --> 00:46:17,240
and in terms of
promoting and marketing,

585
00:46:17,240 --> 00:46:20,040
I think that is
the main resource that I am using.

586
00:46:20,040 --> 00:46:26,080
Probably the internet is full of,
you know... It is music lovers,
in general.

587
00:46:26,080 --> 00:46:31,360
And so it is like a big community
online with up-and-coming rappers,
singers, musicians, producers.

588
00:46:31,360 --> 00:46:35,520
I'm able to reach loads of people
at one specific time quickly,
at the drop of a hat.

589
00:46:37,040 --> 00:46:40,160
Looked at coldly,
this user-generated,

590
00:46:40,160 --> 00:46:46,800
self-promoted world can seem less a
challenge to established industries,
and more a kind of feeding ground.

591
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:51,880
A way for new voices to be discovered
and incorporated.

592
00:46:51,880 --> 00:46:54,400
You can shatter hierarchies,

593
00:46:54,400 --> 00:46:58,560
the hierarchies of the
music business, for example.

594
00:46:58,560 --> 00:47:01,440
But in the end, once you become
known, you have to sign up

595
00:47:01,440 --> 00:47:04,600
with one of the recording studios,
as in American Idol.

596
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:09,920
The old hierarchies are still there,
they are just scrambling to adapt
themselves to this new situation.

597
00:47:15,640 --> 00:47:19,440
The web does make it easier
to produce and to share,

598
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:24,400
but that doesn't necessarily mean
it is democratising creativity.

599
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:31,960
Examined closely again,
something more intriguing, more
disturbing even, begins to emerge.

600
00:47:31,960 --> 00:47:36,000
And it can be seen most clearly
in the world of the blog.

601
00:47:37,520 --> 00:47:43,960
Once blogging was the preserve of
those who couldn't be heard any other
way, now it has gone mainstream.

602
00:47:43,960 --> 00:47:46,240
This shift tells us
something critical

603
00:47:46,240 --> 00:47:52,160
about the cycle of revolution
and counter-revolution
working through the web today.

604
00:47:52,160 --> 00:47:56,760
I am on my way to meet
a key player in the new media.

605
00:47:56,760 --> 00:48:00,600
Arianna Huffington likes to
think of herself as one of the

606
00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:04,920
biggest cheerleaders for the
democratising power of the web.

607
00:48:04,920 --> 00:48:08,440
Oh, I'm a huge optimist
about the web.

608
00:48:08,440 --> 00:48:11,160
I think the way that it has

609
00:48:12,680 --> 00:48:18,000
provided a forum for millions of
people who otherwise would have been

610
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:22,720
locked out of the conversation
is incredibly significant.

611
00:48:22,720 --> 00:48:25,560
But the reality of
the website Arianna launched

612
00:48:25,560 --> 00:48:29,240
seems more about taming the
web's millions of sprawling voices

613
00:48:29,240 --> 00:48:32,000
than embracing its
democratic potential.

614
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:36,080
The Huffington Post is what is known
as an aggregation site,

615
00:48:36,080 --> 00:48:41,000
it collates and filters
other people's work
from across the web for free.

616
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:48,880
And, ironically, as it has become
more influential, it increasingly
resembles an old-fashioned newspaper.

617
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:53,480
I feel that we are moving towards
a hybrid future

618
00:48:53,480 --> 00:48:58,560
where we combine the best
of traditional media,

619
00:48:58,560 --> 00:49:06,400
accuracy, fairness, and the best
of new media, transparency,
immediacy, accountability.

620
00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:13,200
But in this hybrid world, instead
of everyone having an equal say,

621
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:17,320
increasingly editors
are filtering and excluding opinion.

622
00:49:19,960 --> 00:49:25,840
The hybrid future that I am
envisioning is going to include
millions of voices,

623
00:49:25,840 --> 00:49:30,680
but it's not going to eliminate
editors, in fact, editors will be
more important than ever.

624
00:49:33,280 --> 00:49:38,840
The web's pioneers hoped
it would liberate millions of
fresh new voices.

625
00:49:38,840 --> 00:49:45,960
Instead, people like Arianna
Huffington are the new gatekeepers,
re-establishing the old hierarchies.

626
00:49:48,760 --> 00:49:52,240
I think it reflects the fundamental
intellectual bankruptcy

627
00:49:52,240 --> 00:49:54,240
of the internet,
that someone like

628
00:49:54,240 --> 00:49:57,120
Arianna Huffington
should have come to symbolise

629
00:49:57,120 --> 00:49:59,520
the supposed
revolutionary qualities of it.

630
00:49:59,520 --> 00:50:03,320
She is an interesting woman, but she
is about as revolutionary as my dog.

631
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:10,760
And while the web's promoters
constantly talk up its restless,
promiscuous, creative energy,

632
00:50:10,760 --> 00:50:14,160
the facts suggest this is
not always the case.

633
00:50:14,160 --> 00:50:18,560
The world of blogging, for example,
is going through a crisis.

634
00:50:18,560 --> 00:50:23,160
Of the more than 130 million
blogs active since 2002,

635
00:50:23,160 --> 00:50:26,760
it is estimated over 90%
are now dormant.

636
00:50:28,280 --> 00:50:31,440
This power shift
is no isolated example.

637
00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:34,160
It is a consequence of
the web's unique design.

638
00:50:34,160 --> 00:50:40,280
Its early supporters believed
that a space without rules and
regulations would be more equal.

639
00:50:40,280 --> 00:50:47,240
But it seems to me that as the web
has grown a paradox has emerged,
and the opposite is happening.

640
00:50:47,240 --> 00:50:51,000
The very lack of regulation means
that those with the most resources

641
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:56,120
can shout the loudest, and can impose
their brands and their authority.

642
00:50:56,120 --> 00:51:03,080
To grasp the real distribution
of power on the web,
imagine cyberspace as space.

643
00:51:04,600 --> 00:51:09,160
Seen here for the first time
is a mathematically accurate model

644
00:51:09,160 --> 00:51:11,040
of web traffic in Britain.

645
00:51:11,040 --> 00:51:15,840
This is a galaxy dominated by
a handful of mega brands.

646
00:51:15,840 --> 00:51:21,120
Each month, we search Google
more than 38 million times.

647
00:51:21,120 --> 00:51:24,080
One in three of us
now have a Facebook page.

648
00:51:26,360 --> 00:51:30,200
Ebay gets 21 million visits a month.

649
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,440
Amazon, 16 million.

650
00:51:33,440 --> 00:51:35,600
The web has one search engine,

651
00:51:35,600 --> 00:51:40,600
one marketplace, one bookshop
and one social network that matter.

652
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:45,560
I think you can see it in companies
like Google and YouTube.

653
00:51:45,560 --> 00:51:48,440
The massive aggregation
of new wealth and power

654
00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:51,840
are the tiny elite of people
from mainly Silicon Valley.

655
00:51:51,840 --> 00:51:56,440
When you think about it,
it is odd that there are no
competitors to Facebook.

656
00:51:56,440 --> 00:51:59,400
There is competition for
everything in a capitalist society,

657
00:51:59,400 --> 00:52:01,120
the way Honda competes with Toyota,

658
00:52:01,120 --> 00:52:03,560
you know, the way
Pepsi competes with Coke.

659
00:52:03,560 --> 00:52:07,120
Does that fact demonstrate,
in fact, that the internet is

660
00:52:07,120 --> 00:52:13,760
a limited place for all of its
rhetoric about entrepreneurial
and cultural freedom?

661
00:52:13,760 --> 00:52:18,560
You see with the internet a very
pure manifestation of the way
in which power works.

662
00:52:18,560 --> 00:52:22,800
It lends itself to oligarchy, it
lends itself to a very narrow elite.

663
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:25,320
And the internet is
a perfect reflection of that.

664
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:31,720
And now, 20 years on, with much
of the developing world beginning

665
00:52:31,720 --> 00:52:37,480
to come online, the man who invented
the web is worried about its future.

666
00:52:37,480 --> 00:52:42,680
The concerns that I have are
that there will be some
sort of central control.

667
00:52:42,680 --> 00:52:47,240
And in some countries it is the
government, and in some countries
it's the companies.

668
00:52:47,240 --> 00:52:52,240
And I think we have to be
always vigilant about this,

669
00:52:52,240 --> 00:52:56,200
these threats, or the whole web
will become too frightening to use.

670
00:52:59,120 --> 00:53:04,760
So does the emergence online of
these new power blocks mean the
web's levelling days are over?

671
00:53:04,760 --> 00:53:12,240
Is the idealistic vision of it
as a unique space where we are all
equal simply a nostalgic memory?

672
00:53:15,920 --> 00:53:21,560
This is the man who had the most
ambitious levelling dream of all.

673
00:53:21,560 --> 00:53:26,000
My journey has come full circle,
returning to Wikipedia.

674
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:31,880
Its creator wanted to unleash the
power of the crowd to democratise
all of human knowledge.

675
00:53:31,880 --> 00:53:37,400
Jimmy Wales
is the man behind the world's
user-generated information source.

676
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:43,000
Wikipedia in many ways does
break down a lot of hierarchical
assumptions that people have.

677
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:46,680
It turns out that it is easier
to get quality when you have more

678
00:53:46,680 --> 00:53:50,960
people participating, and when you
judge the quality of someone's work

679
00:53:50,960 --> 00:53:55,400
on its own merits rather than
paying too much attention
to their credentials.

680
00:53:55,400 --> 00:53:57,360
But as Wikipedia has grown,

681
00:53:57,360 --> 00:54:01,440
it has struggled to keep its
dream of empowerment alive.

682
00:54:03,360 --> 00:54:07,160
It has been forced to toughen up
its rules to prevent pages
being hijacked.

683
00:54:09,520 --> 00:54:16,120
Instead of truth
emerging by consensus,
increasingly it has to be policed.

684
00:54:16,120 --> 00:54:21,040
We used to be criticised for being
too egalitarian, now we're
criticised for being too elitist.

685
00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:25,800
And somewhere in the middle
we passed the day when everything
was fine, and no-one noticed.

686
00:54:25,800 --> 00:54:28,520
A whole system has evolved
that attempts to reconcile

687
00:54:28,520 --> 00:54:34,720
open access to Wikipedia with the
need for accuracy and authority.

688
00:54:34,720 --> 00:54:39,800
Editors can lock pages,
a few thousand administrators
can delete them.

689
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:43,720
12 members of the arbitration
committee adjudicate on disputes.

690
00:54:43,720 --> 00:54:48,680
And at the top of the tree,
there is Jimmy Wales himself.

691
00:54:48,680 --> 00:54:54,840
We are actually more
structured like the British system
than anything else.

692
00:54:54,840 --> 00:54:56,920
You know, where we have this

693
00:54:56,920 --> 00:54:59,760
very interesting mix of

694
00:55:01,840 --> 00:55:04,960
democracy and aristocracy
and checks and balances.

695
00:55:04,960 --> 00:55:09,560
So do you think that
it is human nature for elites
and hierarchies to emerge?

696
00:55:11,320 --> 00:55:15,720
Um, I don't even like the terms
that you are asking the question.

697
00:55:15,720 --> 00:55:19,960
Because I think when we talk about
elites and hierarchies, people are

698
00:55:19,960 --> 00:55:26,440
thinking, or they will tend to think
in terms of top down structures,
authoritarian type structures.

699
00:55:26,440 --> 00:55:30,680
Whereas what I see happening is
that communities can come together,

700
00:55:30,680 --> 00:55:34,400
create norms and standards
and institutions for
dealing with those things.

701
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:38,720
But it also involves drawing some
lines, saying at some point you are
not being constructive

702
00:55:38,720 --> 00:55:41,000
and you are not really...
We don't want you here.

703
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:50,480
We have seen how the rampant piracy
on Napster, the creative freedom
offered by blogging and YouTube,

704
00:55:50,480 --> 00:55:54,880
and the amateur scholarship on
Wikipedia can level the world.

705
00:55:54,880 --> 00:56:01,080
But even in these revolutionary
web spaces, a counter-revolution has
inevitably followed.

706
00:56:01,080 --> 00:56:05,640
The web is being colonised
by new gatekeepers and new elites.

707
00:56:05,640 --> 00:56:10,560
And so the real question for me is
whether the web is inherently unequal

708
00:56:10,560 --> 00:56:15,640
simply because it mirrors
the inequalities and
the hierarchies in our world.

709
00:56:21,160 --> 00:56:23,080
Somebody has to be in charge,
you know.

710
00:56:23,080 --> 00:56:26,600
It was what I was taught
in the army and I believe it.

711
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:29,200
That there has got to be somebody
who is responsible

712
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:31,800
for everything that the system does
and fails to do.

713
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:36,000
Hierarchies will emerge.
I mean, you know,

714
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:38,880
it's a rare species that
doesn't have a pecking order.

715
00:56:41,000 --> 00:56:46,480
I think the web will
really take on the contours of what
culture has always been.

716
00:56:46,480 --> 00:56:48,960
There will be hierarchies,
there will be elites.

717
00:56:48,960 --> 00:56:51,920
Like all technology, the internet is
not a cure for human nature,

718
00:56:51,920 --> 00:56:55,360
it is an amplification
of human nature,
both the good and the bad.

719
00:56:58,560 --> 00:57:03,960
I have talked about it being open
and free in the sense of freedom,

720
00:57:03,960 --> 00:57:05,640
and decentralised.

721
00:57:05,640 --> 00:57:11,600
But I think it would be very wrong
to assume that, if you connect
a country, it will become equal.

722
00:57:14,720 --> 00:57:18,560
For me, the most important
question about the web today

723
00:57:18,560 --> 00:57:23,320
is whether its idealistic beginnings
have been relegated to history.

724
00:57:23,320 --> 00:57:29,640
I don't think so, because
I believe the web is more than a
simple reflection of our world.

725
00:57:29,640 --> 00:57:34,560
Instead,
it is endlessly reinventing itself

726
00:57:34,560 --> 00:57:41,000
and, by placing so much power in
the hands of the people who use it,
whenever one part of the web is

727
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:47,600
closed down,
colonised and controlled, the
technology opens up new frontiers.

728
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,880
It is a space
of perpetual innovation.

729
00:57:50,880 --> 00:57:55,640
No-one can stop it,
but we do need to take care of it.

730
00:57:55,640 --> 00:57:58,560
This virtual revolution
is an extraordinary

731
00:57:58,560 --> 00:58:03,320
challenge and responsibility,
and an extraordinary opportunity.

732
00:58:09,320 --> 00:58:17,280
Watch the interviews we used to make
this documentary on our website

733
00:58:17,280 --> 00:58:20,240
and follow the links
to the Open University

734
00:58:20,240 --> 00:58:23,960
to hear more from those reshaping
the web and the world.

735
00:58:23,960 --> 00:58:30,000
Next time, the web's clash with power
and the birth of
a dangerous new politics.

736
00:58:37,280 --> 00:58:41,040
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

737
00:58:41,040 --> 00:58:45,040
E-mail: subtitling@bbc.co.uk