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Let us pray that peace

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be now restored to the world

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and that God will preserve it always.

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These proceedings are closed.

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The final United Nations
victory has been won.

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The war is over. Peace is here.

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The crowd of two million
review the greatest

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00:00:53,557 --> 00:00:56,151
parade of victorious arms ever
witnessed.

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This is the news that
electrified the world.

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Unconditional surrender
of a new world of peace.

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Today the guns are silent.

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The skies no longer rain death.

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The entire world lies quietly at peace.

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On the way American
infantrymen once again

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hit the road toward Korea's
capital city of Seoul.

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US Marines were ordered into the
Dominican Republic.

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The US Marines have also taken center
stage in South Vietnam.

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This is what the war in
Vietnam is all about.

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The first wave of marines
landed in Grenada.

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Twelve hundred US Marines would land
in Grenada for several days.

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Most of the Libyans were terrified with
last night’s heavy bombing raid.

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President Bush's decision to neutralize
Panama’s General Manuel Noriega.

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Saddam Hussein's
reign of terror is over.

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The war in Iraq.

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Since World War II, we have
seen a dramatic escalation

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in the United States' military actions
around the globe.

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Ranging from missile strikes and rapid
troop deployments

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to all out wars and occupations.

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The reasons for these military
interventions have varied,

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each involving complex geopolitical
interests in

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different parts of the world at different
times in US history.

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But the public face of these wars has
not reflected this complexity.

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Over the past five decades

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the liberation and debate about US
Military actions

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have largely been left to a closed circle
of elite Washington policy makers,

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politicians and bureaucrats whose
rationales for war have come into public view

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only with the release of lea ked or
declassified documents,

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often years after the bombs have been
dropped and the troops have come home.

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In real time, officials have explained
and justified these military operations

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to the American people by withholding
crucial information

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about the actual reasons and potential
costs of military action.

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Again and again choosing to present
an easier version of war's reality.

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A steady and remarkably consistent
story line designed not to inform

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but to generate and maintain support
and enthusiasm for war.

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Nationally syndicated columnist and
author Norman Solomon began to notice the

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basic contours of this official storyline
during the war in Vietnam.

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As a teenager I read about
the war in Vietnam as it escalated.

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I saw the footage on television.

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In combat there are no niceties.

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A dead enemy soldier is simply an
object to be examined for documents

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and then removed as quickly as
possible - sometimes crudely.

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People that I knew began to
go to Vietnam

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in uniform of the US military and as
time went on I began to wonder,

54
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particularly as I became draft age,

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about the truthfulness of the
statements coming from

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the White House and top
officials in Washington.

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We fight for the principle of
self-determination,

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that the people of South Vietnam should
be able to choose their own course.

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Choose it in free elections, without
violence, without terror and without fear.

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And through that process
I began to really wonder

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a bout whether we were getting more
truth or lies.

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In the years since, Solomon
has focused his attention on

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a set of striking parallels between the
selling of the Vietnam War and the

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way Presidents have rallied public
support for subsequent military actions.

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Looking back on the Vietnam
War, as I did many times,

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I had a very eerie feeling that while
the names of the countries changed

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and of course each
circumstance was different

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there were some parallels that cried
out for examination.

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Rarely if ever does a war just kind of
fall down from the sky.

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The foundation needs to be laid and
the case is built - often with deception.

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In the background was
the growing struggle

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between two great powers to shape
the post-war world.

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Already an iron curtain had dropped
around Poland,

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Hungary, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria.

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It can't happen here? This is what it
looks like if it should.

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Chief of Police is hustled off to jail.

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Public utilities are seized by
fifth columnists.

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Editor who operates under a free
press, he goes to jail too.

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This will account for some of the enemy,
but some will get through to your home.

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The use of propaganda to arouse
public support for war is not new.

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Leaders throughout history have turned
to propaganda to transform populations

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understandably weary of the costs of
war into war's most ardent supporters.

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Invoking images of nationalism and
channeling fear and anger

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00:07:04,563 --> 00:07:07,395
towards perceived
enemies and threats.

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00:07:07,497 --> 00:07:10,232
And in the United States
since World War II,

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government attempts to win public
support for military actions

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have followed a similar pattern.

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We are living in an era marked by the
growth of socialism.

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Its basic Godless philosophy.

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Lying. Dirty.

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Its goal of world conquest.

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Shrewd. Godless.

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Its insidious tactics.

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Murderous. Determined.

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And its cunning strategy.

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00:07:35,392 --> 00:07:39,726
It's an international criminal
conspiracy.

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It's the same sort of
message that's utilized today

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and often identical techniques.

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States like these and their terrorist
allies constitute an axis of evil,

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arming to threaten
the peace of the world.

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These are barbaric people.

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Servants of evil. The cult of evil.

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00:08:03,119 --> 00:08:07,351
A monumental struggle
of good versus evil.

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But good will prevail.

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Whether it's the Soviet
Union or Al Qaeda,

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it provides a way to legitimize
US plans for war.

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00:08:18,902 --> 00:08:23,173
You have the comparisons between the
enemy leader and Hitler.

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President Bush calls Saddam Hussein a
little Hitler again today.

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We are dealing with Hitler revisited.

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Bin Laden and his terrorist allies have
made their intentions

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as clear as Lenin and
Hitler before them.

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We don't get information that would
help us put the images in perspective.

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This mad dog of the Middle East.

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I find that he's not only a barbarian
but he's flakey.

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The drug indicted, drug-related
indicted dictator of Panama.

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And to support their claim that Noriega
was out of control,

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ghoulish evidence of Satanic practices
with dead animals

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00:08:59,843 --> 00:09:01,970
that one official called kinky.

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00:09:02,045 --> 00:09:05,780
Saddam Hussein is a homicidal dictator

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00:09:05,815 --> 00:09:09,219
who is addicted to
weapons of mass destruction.

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00:09:09,254 --> 00:09:11,449
And as Aldous Huxley said long ago,

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it's more powerful often to leave things
out then to tell lies.

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For instance, quite often
the US government

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directly helped the dictators
that were now being told

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must be overthrown and it's that
selectivity of history

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that's a very effective form of
propaganda.

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This selective view of reality,
buttressed by these fear-based appeals

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represents a larger pre-war pattern.

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The repeated claim that the United
States uses military force

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only with great reluctance.

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We still seek no wider war.

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The United States does not start fights.

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America does not seek conflict.

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I don't like to use military force.

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Our nation enters this
conflict reluctantly.

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And only for the most
virtuous of reasons,

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first and foremost to spread freedom
and democracy.

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We want nothing for ourselves,

139
00:10:07,877 --> 00:10:10,937
only that the people of South Vietnam

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00:10:11,014 --> 00:10:15,314
be allowed to guide their own country
in their own way.

141
00:10:15,518 --> 00:10:20,751
The rhetoric of democracy is part
of the process of convincing people

142
00:10:20,824 --> 00:10:25,643
that even though unpleasant things
must be done sometimes in its name,

143
00:10:25,678 --> 00:10:30,462
like bombing other countries,
democracy is really what it's about.

144
00:10:30,567 --> 00:10:34,037
The United States has been engaged in
an effort to stop the advance

145
00:10:34,072 --> 00:10:38,441
of Communism in Central America by
doing what we do best.

146
00:10:38,476 --> 00:10:40,409
By supporting democracy.

147
00:10:40,577 --> 00:10:44,781
And it's almost as if though
repeating it enough times makes it so.

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00:10:44,816 --> 00:10:49,013
Our cause of liberty,
our cause of freedom,

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00:10:49,119 --> 00:10:52,255
our cause of compassion and
understanding.

150
00:10:52,290 --> 00:10:54,022
People want democracy,

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00:10:54,057 --> 00:10:58,255
peace and the chance for a better life
in dignity and freedom.

152
00:10:58,361 --> 00:11:02,491
We want to lift lives around the world,
not take them.

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00:11:02,599 --> 00:11:05,727
These are forms of
propaganda that are insidious because

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00:11:05,902 --> 00:11:07,602
they tug at our heart strings.

155
00:11:07,637 --> 00:11:10,572
We must get the Kosovar refugees
home safely.

156
00:11:10,774 --> 00:11:12,639
Mine fields will have to be cleared.

157
00:11:12,709 --> 00:11:15,644
Homes destroyed by Serb forces will
have to be rebuilt.

158
00:11:15,812 --> 00:11:18,214
Homeless people in need of
food and medicine.

159
00:11:18,249 --> 00:11:20,634
Of course we want to help
other people.

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00:11:20,669 --> 00:11:22,984
These are propaganda messages that say,

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00:11:23,019 --> 00:11:26,923
don't just think of yourself,
America can't just be selfish.

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00:11:26,958 --> 00:11:30,060
It makes bombing other people
ultimately seem like

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00:11:30,095 --> 00:11:32,654
an act of kindness, of altruism.

164
00:11:35,732 --> 00:11:39,384
Today our armed forces joined our
NATO allies in air strikes

165
00:11:39,419 --> 00:11:43,037
against Serbian forces responsible for
the brutality in Kosovo.

166
00:11:44,107 --> 00:11:46,307
We are upholding our values,

167
00:11:46,342 --> 00:11:49,903
protecting our interests and advancing
the cause of peace.

168
00:11:53,083 --> 00:11:57,816
But even as planes from the multi
national forces attack Iraq,

169
00:11:57,954 --> 00:12:01,583
I prefer to think of peace. Not war.

170
00:12:02,559 --> 00:12:06,227
If my motives are pure then

171
00:12:06,262 --> 00:12:09,963
the fact that I'm killing people
may not be too upsetting.

172
00:12:09,998 --> 00:12:13,664
It may indicate that I'm killing people
for very good reasons.

173
00:12:14,037 --> 00:12:18,708
America will stand with the allies of
freedom to support democratic movements

174
00:12:18,743 --> 00:12:20,198
in the Middle East and beyond,

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00:12:20,276 --> 00:12:24,144
with the ultimate goal of ending
tyranny in our world.

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00:12:24,414 --> 00:12:27,645
So you have kind of the high
ground president

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00:12:27,717 --> 00:12:33,134
with the lofty motives being proclaimed
or told that peace is being sought.

178
00:12:33,169 --> 00:12:38,551
Alternatives to war are being explored
and that's kind of the official story.

179
00:12:38,628 --> 00:12:48,938
I am continuing and I am increasing the
search for every possible path to peace.

180
00:12:48,973 --> 00:12:55,011
Whether we are talking about
Johnson, Nixon or the president today,

181
00:12:55,046 --> 00:12:58,314
you have one chief executive after
another in the White House

182
00:12:58,349 --> 00:13:01,015
saying how much they love peace
and hate war.

183
00:13:01,050 --> 00:13:05,180
We maintain our strength in order to
deter and defend against aggression,

184
00:13:05,255 --> 00:13:07,255
to preserve freedom and peace.

185
00:13:07,290 --> 00:13:12,057
No one, friend or foe, should doubt our
desire for peace.

186
00:13:12,128 --> 00:13:14,187
The United States wants peace.

187
00:13:14,264 --> 00:13:18,598
We seek peace. We strive for peace.

188
00:13:18,735 --> 00:13:23,339
Every President of the last
half century has gone out of his way

189
00:13:23,374 --> 00:13:27,036
to say that he wanted peace and
wanted to avoid war.

190
00:13:27,110 --> 00:13:30,980
I pledged in my campaign for the
presidency to end the war

191
00:13:31,015 --> 00:13:33,995
in a way that we could win the peace.

192
00:13:34,030 --> 00:13:36,975
Even while ordering military action.

193
00:14:06,749 --> 00:14:11,652
So you have this paradox in a way
of the president who has just ordered

194
00:14:11,821 --> 00:14:17,592
massive military violence and lethal
action by the Pentagon,

195
00:14:17,627 --> 00:14:22,121
turning around and saying I want to
oppose violence and promote peace.

196
00:14:22,465 --> 00:14:27,767
Nixon: I respect your idealism.
I share your concern for peace.

197
00:14:27,971 --> 00:14:31,407
I want peace as much as you do.

198
00:14:31,474 --> 00:14:37,504
Actually war becomes perpetual when
it's used as a rational for peace.

199
00:14:42,652 --> 00:14:45,553
George W. Bush: We cannot wait for
the final proof,

200
00:14:45,688 --> 00:14:50,785
the smoking gun that could come in
the form of a mushroom cloud.

201
00:14:55,865 --> 00:14:59,334
As Americans we like to
think that we're not

202
00:14:59,369 --> 00:15:02,301
subjected to propaganda
from our own government.

203
00:15:02,336 --> 00:15:05,234
Certainly that we are not
subjected to propaganda

204
00:15:05,341 --> 00:15:07,775
that is trying to drag
the country into war,

205
00:15:07,911 --> 00:15:10,712
as in the case for setting the stage for
the invasion into Iraq.

206
00:15:10,747 --> 00:15:15,684
Saddam Hussein recently sought significant
quantities of uranium from Africa.

207
00:15:15,818 --> 00:15:21,324
There is no doubt that Saddam Hussein
now has weapons of mass destruction.

208
00:15:21,359 --> 00:15:22,518
Weapons of mass destruction.

209
00:15:22,592 --> 00:15:25,823
Botulin, VX, sarin, nerve agent.

210
00:15:25,895 --> 00:15:27,453
Iraq and Al Qaeda.

211
00:15:27,597 --> 00:15:28,296
Al Qaeda.

212
00:15:28,331 --> 00:15:28,888
Iraq and Al Qaeda.

213
00:15:28,965 --> 00:15:29,590
Terrorism.

214
00:15:29,699 --> 00:15:30,631
Cyber attacks.

215
00:15:30,733 --> 00:15:31,427
Nuclear program.

216
00:15:31,534 --> 00:15:32,592
Biological weapons.

217
00:15:32,735 --> 00:15:34,134
Cruise missiles, ballistic missiles.

218
00:15:34,203 --> 00:15:35,770
Chemical and biological weapons.

219
00:15:35,805 --> 00:15:37,171
Iraq has weapons of mass destruction.

220
00:15:37,206 --> 00:15:40,369
President Bush has said Iraq has
weapons of mass destruction.

221
00:15:40,510 --> 00:15:43,308
Tony Blair has said Iraq has weapons
of mass destruction.

222
00:15:43,446 --> 00:15:46,482
Donald Rumsfeld has said Iraq has
weapons of mass destruction.

223
00:15:46,517 --> 00:15:47,710
Richard Butler has said they do.

224
00:15:47,784 --> 00:15:49,217
The United Nations has said they do.

225
00:15:49,319 --> 00:15:50,616
The experts have said they do.

226
00:15:50,720 --> 00:15:53,988
Iraq says they don't. You can choose
who you want to believe.

227
00:15:54,023 --> 00:15:58,092
The war propaganda function
in the United States is finely tuned.

228
00:15:58,127 --> 00:16:03,766
It's sophisticated and most of all it
blends into the media terrain.

229
00:16:03,801 --> 00:16:06,496
The White House says it can prove that
Saddam Hussein

230
00:16:06,569 --> 00:16:11,199
has weapons of mass destruction,
claiming it has solid evidence.

231
00:16:11,274 --> 00:16:14,766
The White House insisted again today
it does have solid evidence

232
00:16:14,877 --> 00:16:19,280
that Saddam Hussein is hiding an
arsenal of prohibited weapons.

233
00:16:19,349 --> 00:16:24,116
It's necessary to provide a
drum beat media echo effect.

234
00:16:24,187 --> 00:16:25,920
They might fight dirty,

235
00:16:25,955 --> 00:16:30,221
using weapons of mass destruction,
chemical, biological or radioactive.

236
00:16:30,293 --> 00:16:33,160
There are ties between Saddam
Hussein and Al Qaeda.

237
00:16:33,229 --> 00:16:34,321
Anthrax, small pox.

238
00:16:34,397 --> 00:16:35,965
Dirty bomb.

239
00:16:35,198 --> 00:16:35,930
Dirty bomb.

240
00:16:35,965 --> 00:16:37,465
Iraq-Al Qaeda connections.

241
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:40,128
Saddam Hussein and Al Qaeda
share the same goal.

242
00:16:40,203 --> 00:16:43,730
Both of them want to
see Americans dead.

243
00:16:44,240 --> 00:16:47,608
And I was very struck by the
acceptance,

244
00:16:47,643 --> 00:16:52,580
the tone of most of the media
coverage as the sabers were rattled,

245
00:16:52,682 --> 00:16:56,618
as the invasion of Iraq
gradually went from

246
00:16:56,719 --> 00:16:59,354
possible to probable to almost certain.

247
00:16:59,389 --> 00:17:02,792
President essentially giving Saddam 48
hours to get out.

248
00:17:02,827 --> 00:17:05,158
War now seems all but inevitable.

249
00:17:05,228 --> 00:17:09,932
Short of a bullet to the back of his head,
or he leaves the country, war is inexorable.

250
00:17:09,967 --> 00:17:15,371
I think that's exactly right. War is
inevitable and it is approaching inexorably.

251
00:17:15,406 --> 00:17:18,307
Is war with Iraq inevitable right now?

252
00:17:18,342 --> 00:17:20,502
I think it is 95% inevitable.

253
00:17:20,576 --> 00:17:25,343
You at this point right now tonight,
don't see any other option but war?

254
00:17:25,648 --> 00:17:27,172
Do you?

255
00:17:27,250 --> 00:17:28,581
I'm asking you ambassador.

256
00:17:28,951 --> 00:17:32,989
I agree. I don't think there is a viable
option for the administration at this point.

257
00:17:33,024 --> 00:17:34,616
We're way too far out in front in this.

258
00:17:34,757 --> 00:17:38,420
Send us over there guys. Let's get on
with it. Let's get it over with.

259
00:17:38,494 --> 00:17:43,591
Showdown Iraq. If America goes to
war, turn to MSNBC and the experts.

260
00:17:43,699 --> 00:17:47,835
And in many ways, the US
news media were equal partners with

261
00:17:47,870 --> 00:17:53,399
the officials in Washington and on
Capitol Hill in setting the agenda for war.

262
00:17:53,543 --> 00:17:55,374
We'll take you there, MSNBC.

263
00:17:55,445 --> 00:17:58,112
And although it's called the
liberal media

264
00:17:58,147 --> 00:18:01,844
one has a great deal of difficulty
finding an example

265
00:18:01,918 --> 00:18:05,253
of major media outlets in their
reporting

266
00:18:05,288 --> 00:18:09,418
challenging the way in which the agenda
setting for war is well under way,

267
00:18:09,625 --> 00:18:14,964
and when that reporting is so much a
hostage of official sources,

268
00:18:14,999 --> 00:18:16,365
that's when you have a problem.

269
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:17,717
US officials tell CNN

270
00:18:17,752 --> 00:18:19,035
Bush official says that

271
00:18:19,035 --> 00:18:19,667
Analysts say

272
00:18:19,702 --> 00:18:21,003
Pentagon officials tell us

273
00:18:21,038 --> 00:18:22,270
According to US intelligence

274
00:18:22,305 --> 00:18:27,310
Often we're encouraged to believe
officials are the ones who make news.

275
00:18:27,345 --> 00:18:28,038
US officials say

276
00:18:28,111 --> 00:18:29,061
US officials say that

277
00:18:29,096 --> 00:18:29,977
US officials here say

278
00:18:30,012 --> 00:18:31,377
The US officials here at the
White House tell us

279
00:18:31,481 --> 00:18:34,644
They're the ones who should be
consulted to understand the situation.

280
00:18:34,951 --> 00:18:36,617
I just pulled these two things out.

281
00:18:36,652 --> 00:18:39,555
I've laundered them so you can't really
tell what I'm talking about

282
00:18:39,590 --> 00:18:42,458
because I don't want the Iraqis to
know what I'm talking about.

283
00:18:42,493 --> 00:18:44,289
But trust me, trust me.

284
00:18:45,895 --> 00:18:48,963
If history is any guide the
opposite is the case.

285
00:18:48,998 --> 00:18:54,070
The officials blow smoke and cloud
reality rather than clarify.

286
00:18:54,105 --> 00:18:55,903
We will in fact be greeted as liberators.

287
00:18:55,938 --> 00:19:00,409
The notion that it will take several
hundred thousand US troops

288
00:19:00,444 --> 00:19:04,846
to provide stability in post-Saddam
Iraq are wildly off the mark.

289
00:19:04,881 --> 00:19:08,317
So the money's gonna come from Iraqi
oil revenue as everyone has said.

290
00:19:08,352 --> 00:19:11,754
They think it's going to be something
like 2 billion dollars this year.

291
00:19:11,789 --> 00:19:16,524
They think it might be something like
15, 12 next year.

292
00:19:16,559 --> 00:19:20,723
A country that can really finance its
own reconstruction and relatively soon.

293
00:19:20,830 --> 00:19:24,198
National security advisors
Ken Adelman and Richard Perle,

294
00:19:24,233 --> 00:19:27,635
early advocates of the war,
said the war would be a cake walk.

295
00:19:27,670 --> 00:19:32,437
The sources that have deceived us
so constantly don't deserve our trust

296
00:19:32,642 --> 00:19:36,077
and to the extent that
we give them our trust,

297
00:19:36,112 --> 00:19:39,445
we set ourselves up to be scammed
again and again.

298
00:19:39,715 --> 00:19:43,252
There are reports that there is no
evidence of a direct link

299
00:19:43,287 --> 00:19:46,789
between Baghdad and some of these
terrorist organizations.

300
00:19:46,824 --> 00:19:49,190
There are known knowns.

301
00:19:49,225 --> 00:19:50,925
There are things we know we know.

302
00:19:50,960 --> 00:19:53,494
We also know there are known
unknowns.

303
00:19:53,529 --> 00:19:56,732
That is to say that we know there are
some things we do not know.

304
00:19:56,767 --> 00:19:59,281
But there are also unknown unknowns.

305
00:19:59,316 --> 00:20:01,796
The ones we don't know
we don't know.

306
00:20:02,038 --> 00:20:05,030
Excuse me, but is this an unknown
unknown?

307
00:20:05,975 --> 00:20:09,345
There are several unknowns. I just wanted
to know if this was an unknown unknown.

308
00:20:09,380 --> 00:20:11,176
I'm not going to say which it is.

309
00:20:11,614 --> 00:20:12,876
Mr. Secretary?

310
00:20:13,015 --> 00:20:14,414
I'm right here, I'm right here.

311
00:20:14,617 --> 00:20:16,817
In the run up to the war in Iraq,

312
00:20:16,852 --> 00:20:20,855
the failure of mainstream news
organizations to raise legitimate questions

313
00:20:20,890 --> 00:20:25,088
about the government's rush to war was
compounded by the networks' deliberate

314
00:20:25,123 --> 00:20:29,287
decision to stress military perspectives
before any fighting had even begun.

315
00:20:29,599 --> 00:20:32,635
We've got generals and if you ask
them about the prospects

316
00:20:32,670 --> 00:20:36,002
for war with Iraq they think
it is almost certain.

317
00:20:36,239 --> 00:20:41,010
CNN's use of retired generals
as supposedly independent experts

318
00:20:41,045 --> 00:20:45,781
reinforced the decidedly military
mindset even as serious questions

319
00:20:45,816 --> 00:20:49,148
remained about the wisdom and
necessity of going to war.

320
00:20:49,485 --> 00:20:53,821
Often journalists blame the
government for

321
00:20:53,856 --> 00:20:59,428
the failure of the journalists
themselves to do independent reporting.

322
00:20:59,463 --> 00:21:05,001
But nobody forced the major networks
like CNN to do so much commentary

323
00:21:05,036 --> 00:21:08,994
from retired generals and admirals and
all the rest of it.

324
00:21:09,071 --> 00:21:14,944
You had a top CNN official named Eason
Jordan going on the air of his network

325
00:21:14,979 --> 00:21:19,933
and boasting that he had visited the
Pentagon with a list

326
00:21:19,968 --> 00:21:24,852
of possible military commentators
and he asked officials

327
00:21:24,887 --> 00:21:28,880
at the Defense Department whether
that was a good list of people to hire.

328
00:21:29,091 --> 00:21:33,084
I think it's important to have experts
explain the war

329
00:21:33,162 --> 00:21:36,432
and to describe the military hardware,
describe the tactics,

330
00:21:36,467 --> 00:21:38,599
talk about the strategy
behind the conflict.

331
00:21:38,634 --> 00:21:41,720
I went to the Pentagon myself several
times before the war started

332
00:21:41,755 --> 00:21:45,116
and met with important people there
and said for instance at CNN

333
00:21:45,151 --> 00:21:48,442
here are the generals we're thinking of
retaining to advise us

334
00:21:48,477 --> 00:21:52,248
on the air and off about the war and
we got a big thumbs up on all of them

335
00:21:52,283 --> 00:21:53,272
and that was important.

336
00:21:53,516 --> 00:21:56,417
It wasn't even something to
hide ultimately.

337
00:21:56,452 --> 00:22:00,513
It was something to say to the
American people on his own network,

338
00:22:00,589 --> 00:22:02,590
see, we're team players.

339
00:22:02,625 --> 00:22:07,062
We may be the news media but we're on the
same side and the same page as the Pentagon.

340
00:22:07,229 --> 00:22:13,135
And that really runs directly counter to
the idea of an independent press.

341
00:22:13,170 --> 00:22:18,941
And that suggests that we have some
deep patterns of media avoidance

342
00:22:18,976 --> 00:22:22,741
when the US is involved
in a war based on lies.

343
00:22:26,148 --> 00:22:30,847
In 1964, President Lyndon
Johnson falsely claimed that an attack

344
00:22:31,020 --> 00:22:35,224
on US gunships by North Vietnamese
forces in the Gulf of Tonkin

345
00:22:35,259 --> 00:22:38,592
gave him no choice but to escalate the
war in Vietnam.

346
00:22:38,627 --> 00:22:44,156
That renewed hostile actions against
United States ships on the high seas

347
00:22:44,266 --> 00:22:49,887
in the Gulf of Tonkin have today
required me to order the

348
00:22:49,922 --> 00:22:55,508
military forces of the United States
to take action in reply.

349
00:22:56,045 --> 00:23:00,480
Routinely the official story is
a lie, or a deception,

350
00:23:00,515 --> 00:23:04,916
or a partial bit of information that
leaves out key facts.

351
00:23:08,391 --> 00:23:11,058
In international waters in
the Gulf of Tonkin,

352
00:23:11,093 --> 00:23:15,826
destroyers of the United States Navy are
assigned routine patrols from time to time.

353
00:23:16,298 --> 00:23:22,203
Sunday, August 2, 1964, the destroyer
Maddux was on such a patrol.

354
00:23:22,238 --> 00:23:27,175
Shortly after noon the calm of the day
is broken as general quarters sound.

355
00:23:33,783 --> 00:23:36,283
In a deliberate and unprovoked action

356
00:23:36,318 --> 00:23:40,345
three North Vietnam PT boats unleash
a torpedo attack against the Maddux.

357
00:23:40,423 --> 00:23:45,292
The official story about the
Gulf of Tonkin was a lie.

358
00:23:45,327 --> 00:23:48,531
The destroyer was carrying out a
mission, a patrol in those waters,

359
00:23:48,566 --> 00:23:51,193
in international waters
when it was attacked.

360
00:23:51,333 --> 00:23:55,064
But it quickly became
accepted as the absolute truth

361
00:23:55,838 --> 00:24:03,540
by the news media and because of the
press' refusal to challenge that story,

362
00:24:03,612 --> 00:24:08,217
it was much easier for Congress to quickly
pass the Gulf of Tonkin resolution,

363
00:24:08,252 --> 00:24:12,347
which was pivotal because it opened
the floodgates to the Vietnam War.

364
00:24:23,466 --> 00:24:28,563
I think it's a very clear demonstration
of the unity of the country,

365
00:24:28,671 --> 00:24:33,876
behind the policies that are being
followed by the President in South Vietnam

366
00:24:33,911 --> 00:24:36,979
and more specifically of
the action that was taken

367
00:24:37,014 --> 00:24:39,482
in response to the attack upon our
destroyer.

368
00:24:39,517 --> 00:24:43,248
At that point the facts were
secondary.

369
00:24:43,486 --> 00:24:46,854
In the case of the
Washington Post reporting,

370
00:24:46,889 --> 00:24:51,677
I asked, more than three decades later,
whether there had ever been

371
00:24:51,712 --> 00:24:56,430
a Post retraction of its reporting on the
Gulf of Tonkin events.

372
00:24:56,465 --> 00:25:00,067
And I called the newspaper and
eventually reached the man who had been

373
00:25:00,102 --> 00:25:04,163
the Chief Diplomatic correspondent at
the time, Murrey Marder, and I said,

374
00:25:04,240 --> 00:25:07,910
Mr. Marder, has there ever been a
retraction by the Washington Post

375
00:25:07,945 --> 00:25:10,377
of its fallacious reporting on
the Gulf of Tonkin?

376
00:25:10,412 --> 00:25:14,683
And he said, I can assure you it never
happened. There was never any retraction.

377
00:25:14,718 --> 00:25:15,741
And I asked why.

378
00:25:15,851 --> 00:25:20,717
And he said, if the news media were going
to retract its reporting on the Gulf of

379
00:25:20,752 --> 00:25:25,583
Tonkin it would have to retract its
reporting on virtually the entire Vietnam War.

380
00:25:25,661 --> 00:25:29,597
Fast forward a few decades, you have
President George W. Bush

381
00:25:29,632 --> 00:25:33,864
saying that to an absolute certainty
there were weapons of mass destruction in

382
00:25:34,069 --> 00:25:40,167
Iraq and that intelligence sources told him
that clearly which was not at all the case.

383
00:25:40,276 --> 00:25:44,547
Secretary of State Powell will present
information and intelligence

384
00:25:44,582 --> 00:25:48,516
about Iraq's illegal weapons programs,

385
00:25:48,551 --> 00:25:51,645
its attempts to hide those weapons
from inspectors,

386
00:25:52,154 --> 00:25:55,646
and its links to terrorist groups.

387
00:25:58,160 --> 00:26:01,797
The failure of American news
media to check government distortion

388
00:26:01,832 --> 00:26:05,065
reached new heights on when the eve
of war the highly respected

389
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:08,883
Secretary of State Colin Powell
appeared before the United Nations

390
00:26:08,918 --> 00:26:12,667
to make the case that there were
weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.

391
00:26:13,542 --> 00:26:16,328
Saddam Hussein's intentions
have never changed.

392
00:26:16,363 --> 00:26:19,079
He is not developing the missiles for
self defense.

393
00:26:19,114 --> 00:26:24,753
These are missiles that Iraq wants in
order to project power, to threaten,

394
00:26:24,788 --> 00:26:29,408
and to deliver chemical, biological, and
if we let him, nuclear warheads.

395
00:26:29,443 --> 00:26:34,029
Today Secretary of State Powell brought
the United Nations Security Council

396
00:26:34,064 --> 00:26:36,630
the administration's best
evidence so far.

397
00:26:36,665 --> 00:26:39,293
After Colin Powell's speech to
the UN immediately

398
00:26:39,635 --> 00:26:43,469
the US press applauded
with great enthusiasm.

399
00:26:44,006 --> 00:26:48,776
Did Colin Powell close the
deal today in your mind

400
00:26:48,811 --> 00:26:53,714
for anyone who has yet objectively to
make up their mind?

401
00:26:53,749 --> 00:27:01,490
I think for anybody who analyzes the
situation, he has closed the deal.

402
00:27:01,525 --> 00:27:05,893
This irrefutable, undeniable,
incontrovertible evidence today.

403
00:27:05,961 --> 00:27:10,048
Colin Powell brilliantly delivered that
smoking gun today.

404
00:27:10,083 --> 00:27:14,136
Colin Powell was outstanding today.
I mean it was lock-step.

405
00:27:14,171 --> 00:27:15,402
It was so compelling.

406
00:27:15,437 --> 00:27:18,807
I don't see how anybody at this point
cannot support this effort.

407
00:27:18,842 --> 00:27:20,107
He made a wonderful presentation.

408
00:27:20,142 --> 00:27:23,669
I thought he made a great case for the
purpose of disarmament.

409
00:27:23,779 --> 00:27:26,111
It was devastating I mean and
overwhelming.

410
00:27:26,248 --> 00:27:28,580
Overwhelming abundance of the
evidence.

411
00:27:28,717 --> 00:27:34,053
Point after point after point.
He just flooded the terrain with data.

412
00:27:34,223 --> 00:27:37,893
It's the end of the argument phase.
America has made its case.

413
00:27:37,928 --> 00:27:40,262
The Powell speech has moved the ball.

414
00:27:40,297 --> 00:27:42,662
I think case is closed.

415
00:27:42,765 --> 00:27:48,829
But at the time it was quite possible to
analyze and debunk what he was saying.

416
00:27:50,205 --> 00:27:54,074
Whereas the British press
and other international news sources

417
00:27:54,109 --> 00:27:58,647
immediately raised legitimate questions
about the accuracy of Powell's presentation

418
00:27:58,682 --> 00:28:03,209
the major US news media were
virtually silent about the factual basis

419
00:28:03,352 --> 00:28:07,621
of his claims and near unanimous
in their praise.

420
00:28:07,656 --> 00:28:12,252
Even the purportedly anti-war NY Times
editorialized the next day

421
00:28:12,394 --> 00:28:16,888
that Colin Powell had made a sober
case, a factual case.

422
00:28:17,066 --> 00:28:22,504
One of the great myths then part of
the war propaganda cycle

423
00:28:22,638 --> 00:28:27,302
is way after the fact to claim that it
couldn't have been known at the time

424
00:28:27,409 --> 00:28:31,505
that US officials were lying us into war
and in point of fact

425
00:28:31,680 --> 00:28:34,877
it was known at the time and said by
many people

426
00:28:34,912 --> 00:28:38,075
who were not allowed on the networks,
by and large.

427
00:28:38,153 --> 00:28:42,886
One such critical voice
belonged to MSNBC's Phil Donahue,

428
00:28:43,025 --> 00:28:46,628
one of the few mainstream media
commentators who consistently challenged

429
00:28:46,663 --> 00:28:49,062
the official storyline coming
out of Washington.

430
00:28:49,164 --> 00:28:53,402
You know we're all now everybody's
righteous. What a terrible Hitler this is.

431
00:28:53,437 --> 00:28:56,837
We were mute when he was doing
that. He was our SOB.

432
00:28:56,872 --> 00:29:01,673
And now we're sending our sons and
daughters to war to fix that mistake.

433
00:29:01,810 --> 00:29:03,544
It doesn't seem fair to me.

434
00:29:03,579 --> 00:29:06,949
Despite being the highest
rated program on MSNBC,

435
00:29:06,984 --> 00:29:10,319
Donahue's show was abruptly
cancelled by the network

436
00:29:10,354 --> 00:29:12,719
just three weeks before
the start of the war.

437
00:29:12,955 --> 00:29:18,492
Phil Donahue was an anti-war voice on
MSNBC, one of the cable news channels.

438
00:29:18,527 --> 00:29:24,565
And a memo that was leaked as the Donahue
show was cancelled is very explicit.

439
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:31,301
It said, we don't want this to be a face
of NBC as the United States goes into war.

440
00:29:31,373 --> 00:29:35,175
This guy puts anti-war
voices on our network.

441
00:29:35,210 --> 00:29:39,146
The American people need to know
there is no just cause for this war.

442
00:29:39,214 --> 00:29:44,049
But there's no evidence that there is even
a weapon that exists in that country yet.

443
00:29:44,153 --> 00:29:47,354
Journalists, too many of them and
some quite explicitly,

444
00:29:47,389 --> 00:29:53,293
have said that they see their mission
as helping the war effort

445
00:29:53,328 --> 00:29:56,897
and if you define your mission that
way you'll end up suppressing news

446
00:29:56,932 --> 00:30:00,390
that might be important, accurate but
maybe isn't helpful to the war effort.

447
00:30:00,502 --> 00:30:03,504
We don't want to have that
kind of public persona

448
00:30:03,539 --> 00:30:07,031
when then we'd be vulnerable to
charges that we're unpatriotic.

449
00:30:07,342 --> 00:30:10,326
It'll make it more difficult
to keep pace with

450
00:30:10,361 --> 00:30:13,310
the flag-wavers at Fox or CNN or
whatever.

451
00:30:13,382 --> 00:30:17,864
And more broadly news media are very
worried not only government pressure

452
00:30:17,899 --> 00:30:22,346
but advertiser pressure, criticism from
readers, listeners and viewers:

453
00:30:22,424 --> 00:30:24,008
Our soldiers are in the field.

454
00:30:24,108 --> 00:30:27,192
You've got to support them.
Don't raise these tough questions.

455
00:30:27,329 --> 00:30:30,982
It seems to me that the right thing to
do for patriots

456
00:30:31,017 --> 00:30:34,929
when American lives are at risk and
Americans are dying

457
00:30:34,964 --> 00:30:38,806
is to unite behind the troops until
victory is won.

458
00:30:38,841 --> 00:30:43,178
On this show, Buchanan and Press, we've had
a good debate for 8 months on this conflict

459
00:30:43,213 --> 00:30:47,114
but now it seems when the war comes,
the debate ends.

460
00:30:47,282 --> 00:30:51,946
I think unity, Bill, is essential at this
time or at least when the guns begin to fire.

461
00:30:52,421 --> 00:30:55,856
It's a very effective tactic at
least in the short run

462
00:30:55,891 --> 00:30:59,088
to a large extent to say "look you got
to support the troops."

463
00:30:59,194 --> 00:31:01,028
You're killing the troops.

464
00:31:01,063 --> 00:31:04,700
And that's an effort to
conflate supporting the troops

465
00:31:04,735 --> 00:31:07,000
with supporting the
President's policies.

466
00:31:07,035 --> 00:31:10,420
Once the war against Saddam begins
we expect every American to

467
00:31:10,455 --> 00:31:13,806
support our military and if they can't
do that, to shut up.

468
00:31:14,042 --> 00:31:17,808
In addition to Phil Donahue, many
other journalists have been silenced

469
00:31:17,880 --> 00:31:20,814
for crossing the mythical line
known as objectivity.

470
00:31:20,849 --> 00:31:23,717
Today, NBC News fired journalist
Peter Arnett this morning

471
00:31:23,752 --> 00:31:27,119
for participating in an interview on
Iraqi state controlled television.

472
00:31:27,189 --> 00:31:32,388
Arnett criticized American war planning and
said his reports about civilian casualties

473
00:31:32,461 --> 00:31:36,964
and the Iraqi resistance were encouraging
to anti-war protesters in America.

474
00:31:36,999 --> 00:31:41,698
If you're pro-war you're objective,
but if you're anti-war you're biased.

475
00:31:41,970 --> 00:31:47,441
And often a news anchor will get no
flak at all for making statements that

476
00:31:47,476 --> 00:31:52,848
are supportive of a war and wouldn't dream
of making a statement that's against a war.

477
00:31:52,883 --> 00:31:57,547
I was trying to think of something that
would be appropriate to say

478
00:31:57,619 --> 00:32:01,590
on an occasion like this and as is often
the case the best you can come up with

479
00:32:01,625 --> 00:32:04,377
is something that Shakespeare wrote
for Henry V,

480
00:32:04,412 --> 00:32:07,094
"wreak havoc
and unleash the dogs of war!"

481
00:32:07,129 --> 00:32:11,657
And that is a tip off to just
how skewed the media terrain is.

482
00:32:12,734 --> 00:32:17,637
We should keep in mind that CNN, which
many believe to be a liberal network,

483
00:32:17,706 --> 00:32:23,495
had a memo from their top news executive,
Walter Isaacson, in the fall of 2001,

484
00:32:23,530 --> 00:32:29,284
as the missiles were falling in Afghanistan
telling the anchors and the reporters

485
00:32:29,319 --> 00:32:34,187
you need to remind people anytime
you show images on the screen of

486
00:32:34,222 --> 00:32:39,094
the people who are dying in Afghanistan,
you've got to remind the American viewers

487
00:32:39,129 --> 00:32:42,130
that it's in the context of what
happened on 9/11.

488
00:32:42,165 --> 00:32:43,897
As though people could forget 9/11.

489
00:32:43,932 --> 00:32:47,736
We talked to several people who told
us that various friends and relatives

490
00:32:47,771 --> 00:32:50,605
had died in the bombing there in that
collateral damage.

491
00:32:50,640 --> 00:32:53,874
Nic Roberston, CNN, Kandahar,
Afghanistan.

492
00:32:53,909 --> 00:32:58,846
And we would just remind you as we always
do now with these reports from inside the

493
00:32:58,947 --> 00:33:03,050
Taliban-controlled Afghanistan, that
you're seeing only one side of the story,

494
00:33:03,085 --> 00:33:08,887
that these US military actions that Nic
Robertson was talking about are in response

495
00:33:08,991 --> 00:33:16,365
to a terrorist attack that killed 5, 000 and
more innocent people inside the US.

496
00:33:16,400 --> 00:33:18,993
And we juxtapose what we're hearing
from the Taliban

497
00:33:19,067 --> 00:33:22,804
with a live picture of the cleanup that
continues in lower Manhattan,

498
00:33:22,839 --> 00:33:26,540
Ground Zero, again a 24 hour operation.

499
00:33:26,575 --> 00:33:30,723
5,000 killed that day back on Tuesday
September 11th,

500
00:33:30,758 --> 00:33:34,871
their biggest crime as civilians?
Going to work that day.

501
00:33:35,050 --> 00:33:38,542
And yet we know statistically
the best estimates tell us

502
00:33:38,754 --> 00:33:43,521
that more civilians were killed by that
bombing in Afghanistan

503
00:33:43,625 --> 00:33:47,220
than those who died in the twin towers
in New York.

504
00:33:47,329 --> 00:33:52,767
And the moral objections that could be
raised to slaughtering civilians

505
00:33:52,834 --> 00:33:58,572
in the name of retaliation against 9/11,

506
00:33:58,607 --> 00:34:02,134
those objections were muted by the
phrase war on terror by the way

507
00:34:02,310 --> 00:34:08,010
in which it was used by the White House
and in Congress and also by the news media.

508
00:34:08,650 --> 00:34:11,318
Free flows of information had
been further blocked by

509
00:34:11,353 --> 00:34:15,257
a more general atmosphere of
contempt for anti-war voices.

510
00:34:15,292 --> 00:34:17,557
Among them are a group
called Code Pink

511
00:34:17,592 --> 00:34:20,762
which is headed by Medea Benjamin
who is a terrorist sympathizer,

512
00:34:20,797 --> 00:34:23,964
dictator worshipping propagandist.

513
00:34:23,999 --> 00:34:29,738
The far left element in America is a
destructive force that must be confronted.

514
00:34:29,773 --> 00:34:32,468
Some Americans, sadly,
not interested in victory

515
00:34:32,607 --> 00:34:35,440
and yet they want us to believe that
their behavior is patriotic.

516
00:34:35,510 --> 00:34:36,442
Well, it's not.

517
00:34:36,578 --> 00:34:38,307
To call the President stupid,

518
00:34:38,380 --> 00:34:40,348
he doesn't know much about anything.
That's just great.

519
00:34:40,482 --> 00:34:43,815
Go with Danny Glover and Susan
Sarandon. You fit in perfect.

520
00:34:43,885 --> 00:34:48,857
To in any way be defending a torturer,
a killer, a dictator,

521
00:34:48,892 --> 00:34:50,620
he used chemical weapons against his
own people,

522
00:34:50,725 --> 00:34:55,059
is pretty remarkable but it's a very
long tradition in the Democratic party.

523
00:34:55,197 --> 00:34:58,098
Pay no heed to the peaceniks and the
left-wing rockstars.

524
00:34:58,433 --> 00:35:00,685
They've had their 15 minutes of fame.

525
00:35:00,720 --> 00:35:02,511
These people are essentially useless.

526
00:35:02,546 --> 00:35:04,303
They are reflexively opposed to war.

527
00:35:04,372 --> 00:35:06,363
It's a principled position, but it's the
wrong position.

528
00:35:06,441 --> 00:35:08,443
And you can't take them seriously as a
strategic voice.

529
00:35:08,478 --> 00:35:10,610
Millions and millions of useless people
out there.

530
00:35:10,645 --> 00:35:13,949
If you want to have democracy,
you've got to have the free flow

531
00:35:13,984 --> 00:35:16,349
of information through the body politic.

532
00:35:16,384 --> 00:35:19,114
You can't have these blockages.
You can't have the manipulation.

533
00:35:19,354 --> 00:35:23,288
While mainstream journalists
have rarely called attention in real time

534
00:35:23,323 --> 00:35:27,223
to the failure of news media to provide
necessary information and real debate,

535
00:35:27,529 --> 00:35:32,467
they have repeatedly pointed to their own
failures well after wars have been launched.

536
00:35:32,502 --> 00:35:35,802
During the course of this war there
was a lot of snap-to in press coverage.

537
00:35:35,837 --> 00:35:39,337
We're at war. The world's changed. We have
to root for the country to some extent.

538
00:35:39,372 --> 00:35:42,837
Something missing from this debate was a
critical analysis of where it was taking us.

539
00:35:43,011 --> 00:35:46,948
Those of us in journalism never even
looked at the issue of occupation.

540
00:35:46,983 --> 00:35:50,179
Because it just didn't occur to us.
We weren't smart enough.

541
00:35:50,252 --> 00:35:51,810
You'd had to have gone
against the grain.

542
00:35:51,987 --> 00:35:55,479
You'd also come off as kind of a pointy
head trying to figure out some obscure issue.

543
00:35:56,057 --> 00:35:58,492
Exactly. Negative, negativism.

544
00:35:58,527 --> 00:36:02,827
News media down the road
will point out that there were lies about

545
00:36:02,898 --> 00:36:06,600
the Gulf of Tonkin or about weapons of
mass destruction in Iraq.

546
00:36:06,635 --> 00:36:10,731
I'm sorry to say that certainly television,
and perhaps to an extent my station,

547
00:36:11,072 --> 00:36:15,610
was intimidated by the administration
and its foot soldiers at FoxNews.

548
00:36:15,645 --> 00:36:18,545
We should've been more skeptical.

549
00:36:19,414 --> 00:36:22,815
But that doesn't bring back
any of the people who've died,

550
00:36:23,118 --> 00:36:27,320
who were killed in their own
country or sent over by

551
00:36:27,355 --> 00:36:31,086
the President of the United States to
kill in that country.

552
00:36:31,259 --> 00:36:35,992
After the fact, it's all well and good to
say the system worked or the truth comes out.

553
00:36:36,231 --> 00:36:40,827
But when it comes to life and death the
truth comes out too late.

554
00:36:41,169 --> 00:36:43,136
My fellow citizens,

555
00:36:43,171 --> 00:36:48,877
at this hour American and coalition forces
are in the early stages of military operations

556
00:36:48,912 --> 00:36:54,583
to disarm Iraq, to free its people and
to defend the world from grave danger.

557
00:36:54,618 --> 00:36:59,020
The idea, to blitz the
capital with bombs.

558
00:36:59,087 --> 00:37:02,889
There is, quote, complete confusion.

559
00:37:02,924 --> 00:37:04,585
This will be a campaign unlike any other.

560
00:37:04,659 --> 00:37:06,361
The senior Iraqi military leadership.

561
00:37:06,396 --> 00:37:10,096
Bang, bang, bang, bang, bang.

562
00:37:10,131 --> 00:37:14,734
Once public support is in
place and war is finally underway

563
00:37:14,769 --> 00:37:18,807
the news media necessarily turn from
covering the rationales for war

564
00:37:18,842 --> 00:37:21,071
to covering war itself.

565
00:37:21,409 --> 00:37:25,380
When the President decides
he wants the US to go to war

566
00:37:25,415 --> 00:37:27,439
then the war becomes the product.

567
00:37:36,891 --> 00:37:39,059
Particularly in the early stages,

568
00:37:39,094 --> 00:37:43,053
news coverage of war is much more
like PR about war.

569
00:37:50,772 --> 00:37:54,708
Influencing the nature of this war
coverage has been a priority of one

570
00:37:54,776 --> 00:37:57,577
administration after
another since Vietnam

571
00:37:57,612 --> 00:38:00,847
when conventional wisdom held that it
was negative media coverage

572
00:38:00,882 --> 00:38:05,046
that turned the American people against
the war and forced US withdrawal.

573
00:38:05,854 --> 00:38:10,790
Since that time, and beginning with
new urgency during the 1991 Gulf War,

574
00:38:10,825 --> 00:38:15,762
the Pentagon has worked with increasing
sophistication to shape media coverage of war.

575
00:38:16,231 --> 00:38:18,765
As then Defense Secretary
Dick Cheney noted

576
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:22,497
about the importance of public
perceptions during the first Iraq War,

577
00:38:34,549 --> 00:38:39,888
So for the invasion of Grenada and
invasion of Panama in '83 and '89,

578
00:38:39,923 --> 00:38:42,389
then the Gulf War in early 1991,

579
00:38:42,424 --> 00:38:46,795
it was like a produced TV show and the
main producers were the Pentagon.

580
00:38:46,830 --> 00:38:49,462
They decided, in the case of
the Gulf War,

581
00:38:49,497 --> 00:38:53,400
exactly what footage would be made
available to the TV stations.

582
00:38:53,435 --> 00:38:58,634
They did non-stop briefings utilizing the
increasing importance of cable television.

583
00:38:58,807 --> 00:39:01,474
They named it
Operation Desert Storm.

584
00:39:01,509 --> 00:39:05,680
Breaking news of what's now officially
called Operation Desert Storm.

585
00:39:05,715 --> 00:39:09,484
Good evening, Operation Desert Storm
rages on.

586
00:39:09,519 --> 00:39:11,851
All that sort of stuff was very calculated

587
00:39:11,886 --> 00:39:16,057
so you could look at that as an era of
media war manipulation

588
00:39:16,092 --> 00:39:18,457
from the standpoint of
the US government.

589
00:39:19,828 --> 00:39:24,297
Then you had a different era.
You had the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

590
00:39:24,332 --> 00:39:28,166
Scores of American reporters have now
joined US military units in Kuwait

591
00:39:28,236 --> 00:39:31,622
as part of the Pentagon's effort to
make any war with Iraq

592
00:39:31,657 --> 00:39:35,009
what the Pentagon calls a
"media friendly campaign."

593
00:39:35,110 --> 00:39:40,673
Another part of that effort is on display
at the US Military Command Center in Qatar.

594
00:39:41,049 --> 00:39:47,455
A Hollywood set designer was brought
in to create a $200,000 backdrop

595
00:39:47,490 --> 00:39:49,489
for official war briefings.

596
00:39:49,524 --> 00:39:54,394
And tied in with that is the
worship of Pentagon technology.

597
00:39:54,429 --> 00:40:00,201
I've fallen almost in love with the F-18 Super
Hornet because it is quite a versatile plane.

598
00:40:00,236 --> 00:40:04,372
I got to tell you my favorite aircraft,
the A-10 warthog. I love the warthogs.

599
00:40:04,407 --> 00:40:07,909
This morning around 4 am local time
the first three took off

600
00:40:07,944 --> 00:40:11,345
and when you're 300 feet away
from 'em when they do it

601
00:40:11,413 --> 00:40:14,473
you hear it in your shoes
and feel it in your gut.

602
00:40:14,983 --> 00:40:18,336
The Pentagon's influence on
war coverage has also been evident

603
00:40:18,371 --> 00:40:21,689
in the news media's tendency to focus
on the technical sophistication

604
00:40:21,724 --> 00:40:23,213
of the latest weaponry.

605
00:40:23,324 --> 00:40:29,297
Should they have used more? Should they have
used the MOAB? The Mother Of All Bombs?

606
00:40:29,332 --> 00:40:34,602
A few daisycutters and let's not just
stop at a couple of cruise missiles.

607
00:40:34,637 --> 00:40:37,670
Newest, biggest, baddest US bomb.

608
00:40:37,705 --> 00:40:41,142
We'll pound them with 2,000 pound
bombs and then go in.

609
00:40:41,177 --> 00:40:42,835
- 2,000 pound bombs in urban areas?
- Oh, sure.

610
00:40:42,977 --> 00:40:46,448
The plane I'm holding in my hand here,
the F117 Stealth Fighter,

611
00:40:46,483 --> 00:40:48,416
was used in these attacks.

612
00:40:48,483 --> 00:40:51,816
How do you steer this thing? I mean
you have a stick, is that right?

613
00:40:51,886 --> 00:40:56,846
Sure, both of us have a matching
center stick with left throttles.

614
00:40:57,659 --> 00:41:02,595
Every war we have US news
media that have praised the latest in

615
00:41:02,630 --> 00:41:07,368
state of the art killing technology from
the present moment to the war in Vietnam.

616
00:41:07,403 --> 00:41:11,104
B-57's, the British
call them Canberra jets.

617
00:41:11,139 --> 00:41:14,340
We're using them very effectively in
this war in Vietnam

618
00:41:14,375 --> 00:41:19,013
to dive bomb the VietCong in these
jungles beyond Danang here.

619
00:41:19,048 --> 00:41:21,381
Colonel, what's our mission we're
about to embark on?

620
00:41:21,416 --> 00:41:25,153
Well our mission today sir is to report
down to the site of the ambush

621
00:41:25,188 --> 00:41:30,256
70 miles south of here and
attempt to kill the VC.

622
00:41:30,291 --> 00:41:34,819
The colonel has just advised me that
that is the target area right over there.

623
00:41:34,963 --> 00:41:41,334
1-2-3-4 we've dropped the bombs and now a
tremendous g-load as we pull out of that dive.

624
00:41:41,402 --> 00:41:44,667
I know something of what those
astronauts must go through.

625
00:41:48,042 --> 00:41:51,102
Well, Colonel, that's a great
way to go to war.

626
00:41:51,346 --> 00:41:53,837
And there's a kind of idolatry there.

627
00:41:53,915 --> 00:41:56,885
Some might see it as the worship of
the gods of metal.

628
00:41:56,920 --> 00:41:57,647
That's the JDAM.

629
00:41:57,785 --> 00:42:02,689
It's a 2,000 pound bomb
that is deadly accurate

630
00:42:02,724 --> 00:42:06,292
and that is the thing that has allowed
us in Afghanistan

631
00:42:06,327 --> 00:42:09,364
and will allow us in this next conflict to
be terribly accurate,

632
00:42:09,399 --> 00:42:11,355
terribly precise and terribly
destructive.

633
00:42:11,699 --> 00:42:16,703
In fact, even as US military technology
has become increasingly sophisticated

634
00:42:16,738 --> 00:42:19,240
with the development
of so-called smart bombs

635
00:42:19,241 --> 00:42:21,708
and other forms of
precision-guided weaponry,

636
00:42:21,743 --> 00:42:25,770
civilian casualties now greatly
outnumber military deaths.

637
00:42:25,847 --> 00:42:28,941
A grim toll that has steadily increased
since World War I.

638
00:43:02,917 --> 00:43:07,288
This is the beginning of the Shock and
Awe campaign, according to one official.

639
00:43:07,323 --> 00:43:10,291
This is going to be
the entire nine yards.

640
00:43:10,326 --> 00:43:13,260
It was a breathtaking display of
firepower.

641
00:43:13,628 --> 00:43:17,964
There's kind of an
acculturated callousness

642
00:43:17,999 --> 00:43:22,265
towards what happens at the
other end of US weapons.

643
00:43:22,503 --> 00:43:26,769
Behind the flight deck the weapons
officer who goes by the call sign "Oasis"

644
00:43:26,874 --> 00:43:30,401
will never see the ground or the target
for that matter.

645
00:43:30,511 --> 00:43:33,313
The airfield is simply a fuzzy image on
his radar.

646
00:43:33,348 --> 00:43:38,518
And this is another very
insidious aspect of war propaganda.

647
00:43:38,553 --> 00:43:43,252
There's a bias involved where because
the United States has access to

648
00:43:43,391 --> 00:43:50,098
high tech military weaponry that somehow to
slaughter people from 30,000ft in the air

649
00:43:50,133 --> 00:43:54,534
or a thousand feet in the air from high
tech machinery is somehow moral

650
00:43:54,569 --> 00:43:57,386
whereas strapping on a suicide belt and

651
00:43:57,387 --> 00:44:00,997
blowing people up is seen
as the exact opposite.

652
00:44:01,075 --> 00:44:04,577
The targeting capabilities and the care
that goes into targeting

653
00:44:04,612 --> 00:44:13,154
to see that the precise targets are struck
and that other targets are not struck

654
00:44:13,189 --> 00:44:18,456
is as impressive as anything
anyone could see.

655
00:44:18,559 --> 00:44:22,996
The care that goes into it,
the humanity that goes into it.

656
00:44:23,064 --> 00:44:28,034
To see that military targets are
destroyed to be sure

657
00:44:28,069 --> 00:44:35,877
but that it's done in a way and in a
manner and in a direction and with a weapon

658
00:44:35,912 --> 00:44:40,046
that is appropriate to that very
particularized target.

659
00:44:40,081 --> 00:44:43,532
The weapons that are
being used today have a

660
00:44:43,533 --> 00:44:47,214
degree of precision that
no one ever dreamt of.

661
00:44:48,222 --> 00:44:50,554
Within this war-friendly news frame

662
00:44:50,625 --> 00:44:55,461
the Defense Department has also been
successful in shaping actual war reporting.

663
00:44:55,496 --> 00:44:57,512
Its influence reached
new levels with the

664
00:44:57,513 --> 00:44:59,865
embedding of journalists
during the war in Iraq.

665
00:45:00,301 --> 00:45:04,839
The Pentagon tightly controlled the
media during the 1991 Persian Gulf War,

666
00:45:04,874 --> 00:45:08,576
limiting where reporters could go and
often restricting access

667
00:45:08,611 --> 00:45:10,942
to small groups of pool reporters.

668
00:45:11,946 --> 00:45:15,148
This time the Pentagon is doing an
about face

669
00:45:15,183 --> 00:45:19,087
after running more than 230
journalists through media boot camps,

670
00:45:19,122 --> 00:45:22,657
the Pentagon is inviting more than 500
media representatives

671
00:45:22,692 --> 00:45:25,717
to accompany US combat units to war.

672
00:45:26,060 --> 00:45:30,530
Despite being widely praised as a
new form of realism in war coverage,

673
00:45:30,565 --> 00:45:34,268
the strategy of embedding reporters has
raised new questions about the ability of

674
00:45:34,303 --> 00:45:37,704
war reporters to convey balanced
information to the American people.

675
00:45:39,607 --> 00:45:43,737
Rather than being kept far
away they were embraced

676
00:45:43,811 --> 00:45:47,882
and smothered and participated in the
process of being smothered.

677
00:45:47,917 --> 00:45:50,618
They were brought a long,
hundreds and hundreds of them,

678
00:45:50,653 --> 00:45:53,853
with the Marines, with the Navy,
with the Army.

679
00:45:53,888 --> 00:45:57,356
They became, in a sense, part of the
invading apparatus.

680
00:45:57,391 --> 00:46:02,530
You didn't have embedded reporters
with people who were being bombed.

681
00:46:02,565 --> 00:46:05,131
You only had embedded reporters with
the bombers.

682
00:46:05,166 --> 00:46:08,795
Last night a tremendous light show
here, just a tremendous light show.

683
00:46:09,103 --> 00:46:13,802
And it was through the eyes of the invaders
that so much of the reporting was done.

684
00:46:14,208 --> 00:46:17,575
It was a gradual process of getting to
know and trust each other

685
00:46:17,645 --> 00:46:21,547
and for them trusting me was knowing
I would not blow their objective

686
00:46:21,649 --> 00:46:24,083
and get us all shelled with artillery.

687
00:46:24,118 --> 00:46:29,555
People who were correspondents for the
major US TV networks would express in no

688
00:46:29,590 --> 00:46:34,993
uncertain terms that they had been
bonding very closely with the US soldiers.

689
00:46:35,062 --> 00:46:38,731
We have a number of correspondents
embed with our troops across the region.

690
00:46:38,766 --> 00:46:42,896
Very deeply embedded in a personal way
with the marines that he is traveling with.

691
00:46:43,504 --> 00:46:47,440
And you had correspondents
saying that you know,

692
00:46:47,475 --> 00:46:50,444
I would do virtually anything for them.
They would do anything for me.

693
00:46:50,479 --> 00:46:51,824
There's all this camaraderie.

694
00:46:51,859 --> 00:46:53,170
We had guys around us with guns

695
00:46:53,381 --> 00:46:56,082
and they were intent on keeping us
alive because they said,

696
00:46:56,117 --> 00:46:59,143
you guys are making us stars back
home so we need to protect you.

697
00:46:59,587 --> 00:47:03,391
That's very nice except it has nothing
to do with independent journalism

698
00:47:03,426 --> 00:47:06,926
which we never need more than in
times of war.

699
00:47:06,961 --> 00:47:10,731
It was a very shrewd effort by the
Pentagon to say,

700
00:47:10,766 --> 00:47:12,995
you want access,
here's plenty of access.

701
00:47:13,367 --> 00:47:18,037
I doubt that in a conflict of this type
there's ever been

702
00:47:18,072 --> 00:47:25,001
the degree of free press coverage as
you are witnessing in this instance.

703
00:47:25,079 --> 00:47:28,679
And the embedding process
was actually a new wrinkle

704
00:47:28,714 --> 00:47:32,280
in an old game which was and is
propaganda for war.

705
00:47:33,387 --> 00:47:37,892
Praise for the embedding process as a
step forward in balanced war reporting

706
00:47:37,927 --> 00:47:42,090
has often invoked comparisons to
media coverage of the Vietnam War.

707
00:47:43,064 --> 00:47:47,802
A myth has kind of grown up
after the Vietnam War

708
00:47:47,837 --> 00:47:51,103
that their reporting was very tough,

709
00:47:51,138 --> 00:47:58,344
that Americans saw on their television sets
the brutality of the war as it unfolded.

710
00:47:58,379 --> 00:48:02,151
And people often hark
back to that as a standard

711
00:48:02,152 --> 00:48:05,615
that should now be
rediscovered or emulated.

712
00:48:05,786 --> 00:48:08,687
This is what the war in
Vietnam is all about.

713
00:48:10,558 --> 00:48:15,027
Yes, there was exceptional
reporting, but it was the exception.

714
00:48:15,062 --> 00:48:21,369
And so you had the Zippo lighters being
used by the GI's burning down the huts

715
00:48:21,404 --> 00:48:25,004
of a village that
Morley Safer on CBS reported.

716
00:48:25,039 --> 00:48:28,600
Well people mentioned that actually
because it was unusual.

717
00:48:29,243 --> 00:48:35,483
And in point of fact very little a bout the
tremendous violence in that war

718
00:48:35,518 --> 00:48:37,683
was conveyed through
the television set,

719
00:48:37,718 --> 00:48:42,790
especially when the US government is
responsible for the human suffering.

720
00:48:42,825 --> 00:48:46,692
That is in a way the most taboo to
show in detail,

721
00:48:46,727 --> 00:48:50,536
in graphic human detail
what's involved when

722
00:48:50,537 --> 00:48:54,734
bombs, missiles, mortars
paid for by US taxpayers

723
00:48:54,769 --> 00:48:59,536
do what their designed to do which is
to kill and to maim.

724
00:49:07,882 --> 00:49:11,953
I know that this is a great concern.
I think it's part of the Vietnam syndrome.

725
00:49:11,988 --> 00:49:14,120
The Vietnam Syndrome that President
Reagan mentioned

726
00:49:14,155 --> 00:49:18,259
was a reference to America's attempt
to forget its most unpopular war.

727
00:49:18,294 --> 00:49:21,227
This will not be another Vietnam.

728
00:49:21,262 --> 00:49:26,097
Our troops will have the best possible
support in the entire world

729
00:49:26,167 --> 00:49:32,731
and they will not be asked to fight with
one hand tied behind their back.

730
00:49:32,873 --> 00:49:38,544
Like President Reagan before him,
George H.W. Bush explicitly set out

731
00:49:38,579 --> 00:49:43,846
during the first Gulf War to rid the national
psyche of the so-called Vietnam Syndrome,

732
00:49:44,185 --> 00:49:47,229
the common belief after
the bloody and protracted

733
00:49:47,230 --> 00:49:50,056
conflict in Vietnam
that the American public

734
00:49:50,091 --> 00:49:56,189
no longer had the stomach for war unless
guaranteed swift, easy and decisive victory.

735
00:49:57,298 --> 00:50:00,700
Precision weapons and the strategic
use of air power

736
00:50:00,735 --> 00:50:04,762
helped make the Gulf War an enormous
operational victory for the Pentagon,

737
00:50:05,239 --> 00:50:09,575
helping it move past
the legacy of Vietnam.

738
00:50:09,610 --> 00:50:15,616
It's a proud day for America and by God we've
kicked Vietnam Syndrome once and for all.

739
00:50:15,651 --> 00:50:17,083
Thank you very, very much.

740
00:50:18,085 --> 00:50:22,655
The idea is that supposedly
the public is not willing to back

741
00:50:22,690 --> 00:50:27,753
strong military action because people have
become too skittish about US casualties.

742
00:50:28,529 --> 00:50:33,499
In fact if you look at the actual course
of public opinion

743
00:50:33,534 --> 00:50:38,437
there's been a real willingness to support
wars without exception at the beginning.

744
00:50:38,472 --> 00:50:43,637
Public support for the WWII never
fell below 77% according to opinion polls.

745
00:50:43,778 --> 00:50:48,147
But during the Vietnam War,
public support fell to about 30%

746
00:50:48,282 --> 00:50:51,517
and within a couple of years of the US
occupation of Iraq

747
00:50:51,552 --> 00:50:55,990
public support was down to almost
30% among the US population.

748
00:50:56,025 --> 00:50:56,989
So what's the difference?

749
00:50:57,024 --> 00:51:00,724
In one case, WWII, the
US public never felt that

750
00:51:00,725 --> 00:51:04,163
the war was fundamentally
based on deception.

751
00:51:04,198 --> 00:51:07,634
But if it emerges that the war
can't be won quickly

752
00:51:08,002 --> 00:51:10,904
and that the war was based on
deceptions

753
00:51:10,939 --> 00:51:13,806
then people have
turned against the war.

754
00:51:14,175 --> 00:51:17,912
So first the public has to be sold on the
need to attack.

755
00:51:17,947 --> 00:51:20,513
Then, after the war is underway,

756
00:51:20,548 --> 00:51:25,017
withdrawal needs to be put forward as
an unacceptable option.

757
00:51:25,052 --> 00:51:28,320
Withdrawal of all American forces from
Vietnam would be a disaster.

758
00:51:28,355 --> 00:51:35,096
Let no one think for a moment that retreat
from Vietnam would bring an end to conflict.

759
00:51:35,131 --> 00:51:38,265
We're not leaving so long as I'm the
President. That would be a huge mistake.

760
00:51:38,300 --> 00:51:41,667
Our allies would lose
confidence in America.

761
00:51:41,702 --> 00:51:45,138
To yield to force in Vietnam would
weaken that confidence.

762
00:51:45,206 --> 00:51:48,175
Any sign that says we're going to leave
before the job is done

763
00:51:48,210 --> 00:51:50,666
simply emboldens terrorists.

764
00:51:51,145 --> 00:51:55,548
A retreat of the United States from
Vietnam would be a communist victory,

765
00:51:55,649 --> 00:51:59,151
a victory of massive proportions and
would lead to World War III.

766
00:51:59,186 --> 00:52:03,290
If this little nation goes down the drain
and can't maintain their independence

767
00:52:03,325 --> 00:52:06,555
ask yourself what's going to happen to
all the other little nations.

768
00:52:07,228 --> 00:52:11,697
It would not bring peace.
It would bring more war.

769
00:52:11,732 --> 00:52:15,336
And many propaganda lines
become stock and trade of those

770
00:52:15,371 --> 00:52:17,136
who started the war in the first place.

771
00:52:17,171 --> 00:52:21,540
The party of FDR and the party of
Harry Truman

772
00:52:21,609 --> 00:52:24,237
has become the party of cut and run.

773
00:52:24,311 --> 00:52:26,881
The American people will not
stand for surrender.

774
00:52:26,916 --> 00:52:28,681
Cowards cut and run.

775
00:52:28,716 --> 00:52:31,418
They're advocating a policy
called cut and run.

776
00:52:31,453 --> 00:52:34,121
That party's old pattern of
cutting and running.

777
00:52:34,156 --> 00:52:35,816
If we high-tailed it and cut and run.

778
00:52:35,890 --> 00:52:37,424
We won't cut and run.

779
00:52:37,459 --> 00:52:38,390
Cut and run.

780
00:52:38,425 --> 00:52:39,693
We will not cut and run.

781
00:52:39,728 --> 00:52:40,022
Cut and run.

782
00:52:40,094 --> 00:52:42,696
Cut and run, cut and run,
how do you respond?

783
00:52:42,731 --> 00:52:43,614
We will stay the course.

784
00:52:43,649 --> 00:52:44,498
We must stay the course.

785
00:52:44,533 --> 00:52:45,264
We stay the course.

786
00:52:45,299 --> 00:52:46,866
We will stay the course.

787
00:52:46,901 --> 00:52:49,529
And we're not going to cut and run

788
00:52:49,603 --> 00:52:50,865
if I'm in the oval office.

789
00:52:51,105 --> 00:52:55,141
All a president has to do is start
a war and these arguments kick in.

790
00:52:55,176 --> 00:53:01,740
You can't stop them so it's a real
incentive to lie, to deceive, to manipulate

791
00:53:02,016 --> 00:53:04,550
sufficiently to get the war started

792
00:53:04,585 --> 00:53:07,953
and then they've got a long way to go
without any sort of

793
00:53:07,988 --> 00:53:11,389
substantive challenge that says
"hey, this war has to end."

794
00:53:16,230 --> 00:53:19,064
Then appealing for public support for
his peace policy

795
00:53:19,099 --> 00:53:23,270
Mr. Nixon said the enemy cannot
defeat or humiliate the United States.

796
00:53:23,305 --> 00:53:26,671
Only Americans, he said, can do that.

797
00:53:29,810 --> 00:53:33,371
The peacemakers are out
there on the field.

798
00:53:33,447 --> 00:53:38,664
The soldier and the statesman need
and welcome the sincere

799
00:53:38,699 --> 00:53:43,882
and the responsible assistance of
concerned Americans.

800
00:53:44,325 --> 00:53:48,523
But they need reason much more than
they need emotion.

801
00:53:48,596 --> 00:53:51,797
They must have a practical solution

802
00:53:51,832 --> 00:53:57,037
and not a concoction of wishful
thinking and false hopes

803
00:53:57,037 --> 00:54:00,996
however well-intentioned and
well-meaning they may be.

804
00:54:01,075 --> 00:54:09,911
It must be a solution that does not call
for surrender or for cutting and running now.

805
00:54:09,946 --> 00:54:18,748
Those fantasies hold the nightmare of WWII
and a much larger war tomorrow.

806
00:54:18,892 --> 00:54:23,663
During the Vietnam War public opinion
polls were showing after a few years

807
00:54:23,698 --> 00:54:28,347
into the early 1970's that a majority of
Americans felt the war was wrong,

808
00:54:28,382 --> 00:54:32,997
even immoral and yet the war continued
because the momentum was there.

809
00:54:33,207 --> 00:54:38,195
Vice President Agnew's target tonight, as
he put it, was the professional pessimist.

810
00:54:38,230 --> 00:54:43,183
Most of those, the Vice President explained
at a rally for California Republicans,

811
00:54:43,218 --> 00:54:46,353
are Democrats, and it was
all the kind of rhetoric

812
00:54:46,388 --> 00:54:49,488
Republican crowds have
been enjoying on this tour.

813
00:54:49,823 --> 00:54:51,757
In the United States today

814
00:54:51,825 --> 00:54:57,821
we have more than our share of the
nattering naybobs of negativism.

815
00:55:01,335 --> 00:55:04,702
The same has been the case
in terms of the occupation of Iraq.

816
00:55:04,905 --> 00:55:09,508
The President and I cannot prevent certain
politicians from losing their memory

817
00:55:09,543 --> 00:55:14,111
or their backbone but we're not going
to sit by and let them rewrite history.

818
00:55:14,214 --> 00:55:16,615
And that's an insidious process

819
00:55:16,650 --> 00:55:21,520
because often those who oppose a war
are simply discounted.

820
00:55:21,555 --> 00:55:25,514
Congressman John Murtha, the first
Vietnam Vet to serve in Congress,

821
00:55:25,659 --> 00:55:29,428
a man awarded a bronze star and two
purple hearts,

822
00:55:29,463 --> 00:55:33,667
choking back tears as he talked about
his change of heart.

823
00:55:33,702 --> 00:55:34,967
It's time to bring them home.

824
00:55:35,002 --> 00:55:36,468
They've done everything they can do.

825
00:55:36,503 --> 00:55:38,437
The military has done
everything they can do.

826
00:55:38,472 --> 00:55:42,174
This war has been so mishandled,
from the very start.

827
00:55:42,209 --> 00:55:45,679
Not only was the intelligence bad,
the way they disbanded the troops,

828
00:55:45,714 --> 00:55:47,414
there's all kinds of mistakes that've
been made.

829
00:55:47,449 --> 00:55:50,918
They don't deserve
to continue to suffer.

830
00:55:50,953 --> 00:55:52,885
They're the targets.

831
00:55:52,920 --> 00:55:56,590
As an original supporter of the
war and somebody known as a hawk,

832
00:55:56,625 --> 00:55:59,525
pro-military inside the Congress,

833
00:55:59,560 --> 00:56:04,830
John Murtha, despite his credentials,
he was not taken terribly seriously.

834
00:56:04,865 --> 00:56:10,202
This guy has long passed the day when he
had anything but the foggiest awareness

835
00:56:10,237 --> 00:56:16,443
of what the heck is going on in the world
and that sound byte is naiveté writ-large.

836
00:56:16,478 --> 00:56:20,112
And the man is an absolute
fountain of such talk.

837
00:56:20,147 --> 00:56:24,316
His recommendations to pull
out US troops, discounted by pundits.

838
00:56:24,351 --> 00:56:28,255
Pennsylvania Congressman John Murtha
once again sounding like the grim reaper

839
00:56:28,290 --> 00:56:29,745
when it comes to the war on terror.

840
00:56:30,023 --> 00:56:36,258
Murtha's running a psyop against his
own people and against his own military.

841
00:56:36,864 --> 00:56:42,234
As a veteran, I consider it my duty to
defend those who defend America

842
00:56:42,269 --> 00:56:47,707
against repeated public attacks by a
politician who cares nothing more than

843
00:56:47,808 --> 00:56:53,405
political and personal gain than the welfare
of our fellow Americans on the battlefield.

844
00:56:53,747 --> 00:56:56,984
And yet you looked at the polls
and you found that a large amount

845
00:56:57,019 --> 00:56:59,578
of Americans totally
were in his corner on this.

846
00:57:00,120 --> 00:57:04,454
I go by Arlington cemetery everyday

847
00:57:04,525 --> 00:57:08,694
and the Vice President, he criticizes
Democrats. Let me tell you.

848
00:57:08,729 --> 00:57:14,190
Those gravestones don't say Democrat
or Republican. They say Americans.

849
00:57:14,535 --> 00:57:19,338
And almost any analysis of
public opinion data laid side-by-side

850
00:57:19,373 --> 00:57:24,111
with what news media are or are not
advocating in terms of editorials

851
00:57:24,146 --> 00:57:28,814
will show that the media establishment
is way behind the grassroots.

852
00:57:28,849 --> 00:57:32,597
In February of 1968,
the Boston Globe did a survey

853
00:57:32,598 --> 00:57:36,822
of 39 different
major US daily newspapers.

854
00:57:36,857 --> 00:57:42,029
The Globe could not find a single paper
that had editorialized

855
00:57:42,064 --> 00:57:44,497
for withdrawal of US
troops from Vietnam.

856
00:57:56,443 --> 00:58:00,539
And even when calls for withdrawal have
eventually become too loud to ignore,

857
00:58:00,747 --> 00:58:05,912
officials have strategies for ending war
that have the effect of prolonging it.

858
00:58:06,820 --> 00:58:12,025
In some cases, as with the Nixon
administration's strategy of Vietnamization,

859
00:58:12,060 --> 00:58:15,051
actually escalating war
in the name of ending it.

860
00:58:15,829 --> 00:58:21,563
In the previous administration, we
Americanized the war in Vietnam.

861
00:58:21,635 --> 00:58:27,301
In this administration we are
Vietnamizing the search for peace.

862
00:58:27,407 --> 00:58:28,841
It's the idea that

863
00:58:28,876 --> 00:58:33,460
the war has become un popular in the US
so let's pull out some US troops

864
00:58:33,495 --> 00:58:38,045
and have the military burden fall on
the allies inside that country.

865
00:58:38,151 --> 00:58:40,847
White House officials say it is obvious
that the South Vietnamese

866
00:58:40,921 --> 00:58:42,855
are going to have to
hack it on their own.

867
00:58:42,890 --> 00:58:46,849
The model is to use air
power while pulling out US troops

868
00:58:46,927 --> 00:58:50,693
and training Vietnamese to kill other
Vietnamese people.

869
00:58:50,764 --> 00:58:56,603
And several decades later, in effect that is
a goal of George W. Bush's administration.

870
00:58:56,638 --> 00:58:58,804
Our strategy can
be summed up this way.

871
00:58:58,839 --> 00:59:03,308
As the Iraqis stand up,
we will stand down.

872
00:59:03,343 --> 00:59:07,230
The rhetoric about shifting
the burden of fighting the insurgency

873
00:59:07,265 --> 00:59:11,083
onto the shoulders of Iraqi people
themselves is very enticing

874
00:59:11,118 --> 00:59:14,488
for a president because it's a way of
saying to people in the United States,

875
00:59:14,523 --> 00:59:17,651
hey, we're going to be out of there,
it's just a matter of time.

876
00:59:17,724 --> 00:59:22,095
There isn't a person at this table who
agrees with you

877
00:59:22,130 --> 00:59:26,466
that we're in a quagmire and that
there's no end in sight.

878
00:59:26,501 --> 00:59:29,134
The media and political focus
on the word quagmire

879
00:59:29,169 --> 00:59:32,605
is a good example of how an issue can
be framed very narrowly.

880
00:59:33,073 --> 00:59:36,109
The criticism would be that you're in a
situation from which

881
00:59:36,144 --> 00:59:38,703
there's no good way
to extricate yourself.

882
00:59:39,246 --> 00:59:42,614
Then the word clearly
would not be a good one.

883
00:59:42,649 --> 00:59:47,452
Talking about a quagmire seems to
be a positive way of fomenting debate

884
00:59:47,487 --> 00:59:50,684
because then we can argue about whether
the war is actually working out well.

885
00:59:50,791 --> 00:59:54,784
We are now in a seemingly
intractable quagmire.

886
00:59:54,928 --> 00:59:57,362
That terrible word quagmire.

887
00:59:57,464 --> 01:00:00,661
This could be or seems
to be a kind of quagmire.

888
01:00:01,234 --> 01:00:06,872
Quagmire is really a false sort of a
critique because it says really the

889
01:00:06,907 --> 01:00:12,112
problem here is what the war is doing to
the United States. Are we able to win?

890
01:00:12,147 --> 01:00:13,879
Are we winning in Iraq?

891
01:00:13,914 --> 01:00:16,075
Do you want the
United States to win in Iraq?

892
01:00:16,149 --> 01:00:17,849
I can't tell who's
winning and who's losing.

893
01:00:17,884 --> 01:00:19,820
Do you believe that we are currently
winning in Iraq?

894
01:00:19,855 --> 01:00:21,651
We are not winning
but we are not losing.

895
01:00:21,755 --> 01:00:23,245
We are losing.

896
01:00:23,357 --> 01:00:24,222
We're winning it.

897
01:00:24,257 --> 01:00:25,622
You're winning this war?

898
01:00:26,827 --> 01:00:28,360
I couldn't tell you.

899
01:00:28,395 --> 01:00:31,831
And a big problem with the
media focus is that it sees the war

900
01:00:32,099 --> 01:00:36,130
through the eyes of the Americans,
through the eyes of the occupiers

901
01:00:36,165 --> 01:00:40,162
rather than those who are bearing the
brunt of the war in human terms.

902
01:00:40,574 --> 01:00:44,645
We have been too often disappointed
by the optimism of the American leaders

903
01:00:44,680 --> 01:00:46,272
both in Vietnam and Washington

904
01:00:46,446 --> 01:00:52,252
to have faith any longer in the silver
linings they find in the darkest clouds.

905
01:00:52,287 --> 01:00:58,058
In early 1968, Walter Cronkite told
CBS viewers that the war couldn't be won.

906
01:00:58,093 --> 01:01:00,083
It seems now more certain than ever

907
01:01:00,160 --> 01:01:04,859
that the bloody experience of Vietnam
is to end in a stalemate.

908
01:01:05,132 --> 01:01:09,670
And that was instantly, and
through time even more so,

909
01:01:09,705 --> 01:01:13,105
heralded as "the tide has turned,"

910
01:01:13,140 --> 01:01:17,668
as Lyndon Johnson is reputed to have said
when he saw Cronkite give that report,

911
01:01:17,744 --> 01:01:19,978
"I've lost middle America,"

912
01:01:20,013 --> 01:01:23,248
and it was presented as not only a
turning point quite often

913
01:01:23,283 --> 01:01:28,380
but also as sort of a moral statement
by the journalistic establishment.

914
01:01:28,555 --> 01:01:30,622
Well I would say yes and no.

915
01:01:30,657 --> 01:01:35,162
It was an acknowledgement that the US,
contrary to official Washington claims,

916
01:01:35,197 --> 01:01:38,723
was not winning the war in Vietnam
and could not win.

917
01:01:39,166 --> 01:01:42,901
But it was not a statement that the
war was wrong.

918
01:01:42,936 --> 01:01:46,840
A problem there is that if the critique
says this war is bad

919
01:01:46,875 --> 01:01:49,808
because it's not winnable then the
response is,

920
01:01:49,843 --> 01:01:54,177
oh yeah, we'll show you it can be winnable,
or the next war will be winnable.

921
01:01:54,247 --> 01:01:58,462
So that critique doesn't challenge the
prerogatives of

922
01:01:58,497 --> 01:02:02,678
military expansion or aggression,
if you will, or empire.

923
01:02:02,956 --> 01:02:08,628
And a deeper critique says, whether
you can win or not, either way,

924
01:02:08,663 --> 01:02:14,301
empire enforced at the point not of a
bayonet but of the cruise missile

925
01:02:14,336 --> 01:02:16,633
that's not acceptable.

926
01:02:25,278 --> 01:02:30,317
Over the last five decades we have
witnessed a wave of US military interventions,

927
01:02:30,352 --> 01:02:35,220
a series of bombings, invasions, and
long-term occupations.

928
01:02:35,255 --> 01:02:41,558
Undertaken we have been told, with
the most noble of intentions.

929
01:02:43,230 --> 01:02:48,532
And paid for with the lives of young Americans
and countless others around the world.

930
01:02:50,771 --> 01:02:55,258
What has occurred with one
war after another is still with us.

931
01:02:55,293 --> 01:02:59,746
These dynamics are in play in terms of
the US occupation of Iraq,

932
01:02:59,781 --> 01:03:02,114
looking at other countries such as Iran,

933
01:03:02,149 --> 01:03:05,380
and the future will be replicated
to the extent that

934
01:03:05,452 --> 01:03:09,786
we fail to understand what has been
done with these wars in the past.

935
01:03:09,956 --> 01:03:14,272
The news media have generally bought
into and promoted the notion

936
01:03:14,307 --> 01:03:18,589
that it's up to the President to make
foreign policy decisions.

937
01:03:18,665 --> 01:03:22,102
This smart guy in the Oval Office has
access to all the information,

938
01:03:22,137 --> 01:03:24,402
he knows more than we do,
he's the commander in chief

939
01:03:24,437 --> 01:03:29,892
and the American people have no major role
to play and nor should they because after all

940
01:03:29,927 --> 01:03:35,117
they don't have the knowledge or capability
to be responsive to the real situation.

941
01:03:35,152 --> 01:03:40,308
That was certainly true during the Vietnam
War as it was to be later time after time.

942
01:03:40,754 --> 01:03:43,822
There were people in Congress who
raised these issues and they

943
01:03:43,857 --> 01:03:47,828
simply were marginalized by the news
media even though in retrospect,

944
01:03:47,863 --> 01:03:50,028
maybe especially because in
retrospect,

945
01:03:50,063 --> 01:03:56,266
they had it right and the conventional
wisdom and the President were wrong.

946
01:03:56,301 --> 01:04:02,469
However difficult this vote may be,
some of us must urge the use of restraint.

947
01:04:14,554 --> 01:04:19,024
Our country is in a state of mourning.
Some of us must say,

948
01:04:19,059 --> 01:04:22,825
let's step back for a moment,
let's just pause just for a minute.

949
01:04:28,969 --> 01:04:33,099
And think through the implications of
our actions today

950
01:04:33,173 --> 01:04:37,166
so that this does not
spiral out of control.

951
01:04:43,083 --> 01:04:50,323
As we act let us not become the evil
that we deplore.

952
01:04:50,358 --> 01:04:52,726
Thank you and I yield
the balance of my time.

953
01:04:52,761 --> 01:04:54,660
The gentlewoman's time has expired.

954
01:04:54,761 --> 01:04:59,432
And this is a very common motif of
history in the last several decades

955
01:04:59,467 --> 01:05:04,069
where people who at the time were
portrayed as loners, as mavericks,

956
01:05:04,104 --> 01:05:12,112
as outside of the mainstream of wisdom turned
out to understand the historical moment.

957
01:05:12,147 --> 01:05:14,012
We've gotta back our President,

958
01:05:14,047 --> 01:05:16,948
since when do we
have to back our President

959
01:05:17,083 --> 01:05:22,385
or should we when the President is
proposing an unconstitutional act?

960
01:05:31,631 --> 01:05:36,467
The best example is Wayne Morse,
the senior senator from Oregon who,

961
01:05:36,502 --> 01:05:41,303
beginning in 1964, was a voice in the
Congressional wilderness.

962
01:05:41,474 --> 01:05:46,546
Senator Morse was unusual in that he
challenged the very prerogative

963
01:05:46,581 --> 01:05:50,048
of the US government to go to war
against Vietnam.

964
01:05:50,083 --> 01:05:54,237
He said it's up to the American people
to formulate foreign policy.

965
01:05:54,272 --> 01:05:58,391
Senator, the Constitution gives to the
President of the United States

966
01:05:58,426 --> 01:06:01,258
the sole responsibility for the conduct
of foreign policy.

967
01:06:01,361 --> 01:06:02,560
Couldn't be more wrong.

968
01:06:02,595 --> 01:06:07,589
You couldn't make a more unsound legal
statement than the one you have just made.

969
01:06:07,667 --> 01:06:11,736
This is the promulgation
of an old fallacy

970
01:06:11,771 --> 01:06:15,375
that foreign policy belongs to the
President of the United States.

971
01:06:15,410 --> 01:06:17,042
Then whom does it belong then
Senator?

972
01:06:17,077 --> 01:06:21,214
It belongs to the American people and the
Constitutional fathers made it very clear.

973
01:06:21,249 --> 01:06:24,884
Where does the President fit into this
in the responsibility scale?

974
01:06:24,919 --> 01:06:27,921
What I'm saying is under our
constitution all the President is

975
01:06:27,956 --> 01:06:30,791
is the administrator of the people's
foreign policy.

976
01:06:30,826 --> 01:06:33,591
Those are his prerogatives
and I'm pleading that

977
01:06:33,626 --> 01:06:36,795
the American people be given the facts
about foreign policy.

978
01:06:36,830 --> 01:06:40,800
You know Senator that the American people
cannot formulate and institute foreign policy.

979
01:06:40,835 --> 01:06:44,537
Why you're a man of little faith in
democracy if you make that kind of comment.

980
01:06:44,572 --> 01:06:47,674
I have complete faith in the ability of
the American people

981
01:06:47,709 --> 01:06:50,370
to follow the facts if you give them,
and my charge

982
01:06:50,477 --> 01:06:53,913
against my government is we're not
giving the American people the facts.

983
01:06:54,114 --> 01:06:57,413
And that's the kind of faith in
democracy that's not in fashion

984
01:06:57,884 --> 01:07:02,253
among the Washington press corps or
the power elite in the nation's capital

985
01:07:02,288 --> 01:07:06,559
but it's a good reading of the Constitution
and it's a good definition of democracy.

986
01:07:06,594 --> 01:07:09,427
The independent journalist I. F. Stone
said that

987
01:07:09,462 --> 01:07:13,296
all governments lie and nothing they
say should be believed.

988
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:18,288
Now Stone wasn't conflating all governments
and he wasn't saying that governments

989
01:07:18,323 --> 01:07:23,176
lie all the time, but he was saying that
we should never trust that something said

990
01:07:23,211 --> 01:07:25,804
by a government is automatically true

991
01:07:26,546 --> 01:07:28,546
especially our own

992
01:07:28,581 --> 01:07:33,920
because we have a responsibility to go beneath
the surface because the human costs of war,

993
01:07:33,955 --> 01:07:36,821
the consequences
of militaristic policies,

994
01:07:36,890 --> 01:07:39,357
what Dr. King called
"the madness of militarism,"

995
01:07:39,392 --> 01:07:43,028
they can't stand the light of day if
most people understand

996
01:07:43,063 --> 01:07:48,034
the deceptions that lead to the slaughter
and the human consequences of the carnage.

997
01:07:48,069 --> 01:07:50,268
If we get that into clear focus

998
01:07:50,303 --> 01:07:53,304
we can change the
course of events of this country.

999
01:07:53,339 --> 01:07:58,743
But it's not going to be easy and it will
require dedication to searching for truth.

1000
01:08:03,183 --> 01:08:08,120
<i>Dr. Martin Luther King: A time comes
when silence is betrayal</i>

1001
01:08:08,688 --> 01:08:12,624
<i>and that time has come for us.</i>

1002
01:08:13,393 --> 01:08:18,387
<i>Even when pressed by the
demands of inner truth</i>

1003
01:08:18,598 --> 01:08:25,138
<i>men do not easily assume the task of
opposing their government's policy</i>

1004
01:08:25,173 --> 01:08:28,301
<i>especially in time of war.</i>

1005
01:08:28,975 --> 01:08:32,491
<i>And I knew that I could never again
raise my voice</i>

1006
01:08:32,526 --> 01:08:36,007
<i>against the violence of the oppressed
in the ghettos</i>

1007
01:08:36,082 --> 01:08:39,214
<i>without having first
spoken clearly to the</i>

1008
01:08:39,215 --> 01:08:42,856
<i>greatest purveyor of
violence in the world today,</i>

1009
01:08:42,891 --> 01:08:45,825
<i>my own government.</i>

1010
01:08:51,564 --> 01:08:56,152
<i>What do they think as we test out our
latest weapons on them?</i>

1011
01:08:56,187 --> 01:09:00,740
<i>Just as the Germans tested out new
medicine and new tortures</i>

1012
01:09:00,775 --> 01:09:03,038
<i>in the concentration camps of Europe.</i>

1013
01:09:04,043 --> 01:09:08,915
<i>Now there is little left to build on,
save bitterness.</i>

1014
01:09:08,950 --> 01:09:13,218
<i>We are met by deep but
understandable mistrust.</i>

1015
01:09:13,253 --> 01:09:19,123
<i>To speak for them is to explain this
lack of confidence in Western words</i>

1016
01:09:19,192 --> 01:09:24,796
<i>and especially their mistrust of
American intentions now.</i>

1017
01:09:24,831 --> 01:09:32,505
<i>The world now demands a maturity of
America that we may not be able to achieve.</i>

1018
01:09:32,540 --> 01:09:38,243
<i>This way of settling
differences is not just.</i>

1019
01:09:38,278 --> 01:09:45,518
<i>A nation that continues year after year
to spend more money on military defense</i>

1020
01:09:45,553 --> 01:09:51,824
<i>than on programs of social uplift is
approaching spiritual death.</i>

1021
01:09:51,859 --> 01:09:54,561
<i>Somehow this madness must cease.</i>

1022
01:09:54,596 --> 01:09:57,629
<i>We must stop now.</i>

1023
01:09:57,664 --> 01:10:01,067
<i>I speak as one who loves America</i>

1024
01:10:01,102 --> 01:10:04,435
<i>to the leaders of our own nation.</i>

1025
01:10:04,470 --> 01:10:08,390
<i>The great initiative in this war is ours.</i>

1026
01:10:08,425 --> 01:10:12,311
<i>The initiative to stop it must be ours.</i>

 

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