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Don't you think it's astounding
that our planet

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supports seven billion of us...

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BABY CRIES

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..and counting?

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Learning to survive in a crowded
world is our biggest challenge.

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But there's one corner
where we're already

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well on our way to adapting...

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HE SHOUTS IN BENGALI

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Welcome to India.

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Over one in six in the world
live here.

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And do you know what?
We are thriving on it.

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We're resourceful...

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Steve Jobs.

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We're ambitious.

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We're the ultimate pragmatists.

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And do you know one of our most
basic ideas?

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SHE LAUGHS

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Take that thing you call "waste".

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Around here,
it's one of our top opportunities.

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So, if you think you're doing well
with your recycling,

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come and take a look over here.

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We'll let you in on how we,
with so little, can do so much.

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This programme contains
some strong language.

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TRAIN HORN BLARES

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MUSIC: "Coppelia Valse"
by Leo Delibes

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Let me introduce you
to one of our millions
of backstreet entrepreneurs.

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Johora lives and works on
a railway embankment

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on the outskirts of Kolkata.

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Johora has built her home,

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and a thriving business,
from sorting this stuff -

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what you'd call "waste".

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She started out as a rag picker here
23 years ago,

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when she married her husband, Hanan.

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Three years ago, Johora took a punt

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and started specialising
in plastic bottles.

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HORN BEEPS

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She bought her eldest son, Nawab,
a rickshaw to collect them.

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As head of "acquisitions",
he's built up a network of suppliers

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who collect bottles from local
rubbish tips, shops and restaurants.

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MUSIC: "Jaan" by Jassi Sidhu

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It is a highly-competitive market,

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with demand for bottles consistently
outstripping local supply.

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HE LAUGHS

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Back at base, Johora and four
employees strip off the labels

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and sort the bottles by colour.

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They're sold on by weight.

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And Johora has a little trick to
make sure she gets the best price.

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SHE LAUGHS

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The bottles are crammed into huge
balls weighing up to 100 kilos.

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Each of these fetches around £50
when sold on to the next

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link in the recycling chain.

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Johora relies on this income
to support her seven children,

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pay her four full-time employees
£2 a day, AND make her a profit.

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The opportunism of our backstreet
entrepreneurs

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means we recycle over 60%
of our plastic bottles.

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Now, that's a stat you in the UK
hope to achieve by 2020.

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MUSIC: "Dying City"
by Johann Johannsson

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Where YOU see trash,
WE see a livelihood...

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and we don't just confine ourselves
to the small stuff.

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Kanhaialal's one of 6,000 workers
in Mumbai

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who butcher discarded ships
from around the world...by hand.

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Kanhaialal was 14 when he started
working here, 18 years ago.

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He's worked his way up to the role
of cutter

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and uses a blowtorch
to carve these corroding hulls
into manageable chunks.

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This will supply India's
construction boom with cheap,
recycled steel.

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Today, he's on the team cutting
a large bow section

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off a 12,000-tonne cargo ship,
built 32 years ago in Japan.

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The team climb on board.

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They'll make their incisions
from inside the hull.

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Every section of this beast
must be dismantled...

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..including the oil bunkers, which
can contain highly-explosive gases.

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Just an hour into the job,
a blaze breaks out

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on the bridge of
a neighbouring ship.

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They say ship breaking kills around
20 people a year in India...

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and that's the official figures.

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But Kanhaialal's got a wife
and two kids to feed.

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By mid afternoon, the bow section
of the ship is ready to come off.

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Kanhaialal knows his boss likes
to keeps things

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as "flexible" as possible by hiring
short-term, freelance staff.

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They've been doing a good job
on the Japanese ship,

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but if there's to be more work,

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it's vital another vessel arrives
in the next few days.

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Now, we might be the world's largest
ship recycler, but if you think

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this appetite for the fruits
of recycling is a one-way deal,
my friend, think again.

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Next time you put on your lipstick,
or lather up with soap,

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bear in mind that some of the
ingredients may have started life

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somewhere like this - Mohammed
Ashique's fat-processing workshop.

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MUSIC: "Otto E Mezzo" by Nino Rota

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His raw material is prepared
by a team of cutters.

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It's beef suet, the fat from around
the kidneys and loins,

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which he renders down
at high temperature.

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Ashique sources his fat
from Kolkata's main abattoir,

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where he barters with
the slaughtermen for their
daily suet pile.

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Yesterday, he bought up over
200 kilos of the fat

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and must work flat out to process it
before it rots in the heat.

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His employees seem less concerned.

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Once he's pressed them into action,

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the rendered fat can be ladled
into salvaged tin cans, to cool.

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And, of course,
there's value in the by-products.

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It's the solidified oil,
or "tallow",

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that earns Ashique his real income.

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It's sold to a local company
that turns it into stearic acid,

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a key ingredient for many soaps
and lipsticks the world over.

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Ashique's hardly made an impression
on his pungent stock

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when he's interrupted.

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A local party representative is
taking issue with the sacks of fat.

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Ashique seems oblivious to
the stench of his workshop.

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But at the end of an especially
tough day he treats himself

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to a full pampering
at his favourite barbershop.

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Fresh-faced and transformed,

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Ashique heads for home sweet home.

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With 30% of us under 15-years-old,

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and our under fives numbering twice
the population of the UK,

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our kids are one of our
most important assets.

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At Johora's, while Nawab works
full-time collecting bottles,

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the younger kids are put to good use
as a cheap, convenient water supply.

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This evening, they're off to
the standpipe a couple of hundred
metres up the road.

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After her 14-hour day
sorting bottles,

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Johora's struggling to get dinner
ready for her large family.

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But there's a knock at the door.

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A local mobster has sent round
a couple of his henchmen.

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They're keen to get hold
of her husband.

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The 2,000-rupee payment might
"protect" the business,

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but Johora's spending is
already maxed out.

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She pays 4,000 rupees, or £50,
a month

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to send her two daughters
to a religious boarding school

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and term starts tomorrow.

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Good night. BOTH: Good night!

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While the children finally
get to sleep,

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Johora and Hanan are up,
worrying about the gangsters.

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Whether we like it or not,
there IS a system around here.

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It's this which allows
business to prosper.

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And the mob are
an integral part of it.

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Take Coco here -

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a mobster who's semi-retired

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but, in his day,
was as big a fish as they come.

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We make a demand.
A demand - cash demand,

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that if you're going to do this,
you have to look after us.

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Then we take care of you.

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00:22:21,120 --> 00:22:23,360
It's like "protection money",
you call it.

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Because they are under our guidance
and our protection.

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00:22:27,720 --> 00:22:32,360
So we're basically providing them
social service.

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Is it? Right!

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HE LAUGHS

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00:22:35,240 --> 00:22:38,000
If he doesn't pay up,

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then we know what to do to him,
or how to settle him, after that.

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That's the important thing.

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00:22:42,880 --> 00:22:47,200
The mob's enterprise extends
well beyond social welfare.

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They've also branched out
into utilities.

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No-one wants to live in darkness.

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This guy, he supplies electricity...

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He tabs the government's line,

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and he takes about 100 for fan,
50 for light...

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..another hundred for TV.

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At least 200, 300 apiece... one room.

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So it's more than 300, 400 a house.

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If he's got 600 houses, my God!

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A few cops will come,

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they take a little money.
Corporation guy may come.

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They take some money
and they carry on.

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They don't care a hoot
about what you are doing.

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As long as my hands are greased,
my palms are greased,

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I don't care what you are doing.
It's like that.

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Johora's bottles are ready
for delivery

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and, with the gangsters on her back,
she needs the income more than ever.

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All she requires is a man
with a van.

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As ever, she keeps it in the family
by using her son-in-law...

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..but reliability isn't
one of his strong points.

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HORN BEEPS

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Johora's come a long way

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since she started working for Hanan
as a young girl of 12.

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He was married with two kids

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but it wasn't long before he
succumbed to her adolescent charms.

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Johora's son-in-law, Tinku,

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finally turns up, hours late.

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But he's not fussed. He holds
the key contacts Johora needs.

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When Johora began specialising
in plastic bottles,

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she quickly married
one of her daughters to Tinku,

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craftily bagging both his van
and his bottle industry connections.

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But working with your mother-in-law
isn't always easy.

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Tinku's certainly useful, for now.

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But Johora has an idea for tackling
her new cash flow demands

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that he may not be so happy about.

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Kanhaialal, the shipbreaker,
has been given a rare afternoon off.

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00:27:18,120 --> 00:27:21,320
His job may be dangerous,
but the extra pay for such work

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provides a better life
for his family.

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He spends almost half his income
on renting a family apartment,

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00:27:27,120 --> 00:27:29,120
here in the suburbs of Mumbai.

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00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:46,880
Half of what is left of his earnings

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00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:50,560
are spent on sending
his three daughters to school.

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00:28:41,760 --> 00:28:45,760
But it not's just Kanhaialal's pay
that worries Radha.

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00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:14,680
Kanhaialal's dangerous job
is a calculated gamble

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00:29:14,680 --> 00:29:16,280
against his daughters' future.

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00:29:57,320 --> 00:29:58,760
PHONE RINGS

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00:30:04,240 --> 00:30:06,680
It's Kanhaialal's boss...

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00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240
with the call that every employee
dreads.

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00:30:25,600 --> 00:30:29,040
The job that Kanhaialal's been doing
for the last three months

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00:30:29,040 --> 00:30:30,440
is no longer his.

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00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:08,240
It's true, we Indians don't have
any of your unemployment benefits,

200
00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:12,520
but search the city, and you'll find
there is always work available...

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00:31:13,920 --> 00:31:16,200
..if you want it badly enough.

202
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:21,000
The conditions at Ashique's fat-
rendering factory are getting worse.

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00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:24,880
With over 100 kilos of fat
still to process,

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00:31:24,880 --> 00:31:26,920
his stock's in danger of rotting.

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00:31:26,920 --> 00:31:29,760
And today of all days,
there's no sign of his workers.

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00:31:29,760 --> 00:31:31,840
MUSIC: "Summertime"
by George Gershwin

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00:31:35,480 --> 00:31:39,080
Ashique is resorting to
rounding them up himself.

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00:32:28,640 --> 00:32:30,000
Ashique faces competition

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00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:33,760
in recruiting staff
from other "fragrant operations",

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00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:37,320
such as the one using the cramped
space of his workshop's veranda.

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00:32:44,120 --> 00:32:47,880
Cow's intestine from the abattoir
is given a thorough cleaning,

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00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:49,760
before being carefully inflated.

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00:32:59,280 --> 00:33:02,520
Once dried, it may well be headed
your way via the international

214
00:33:02,520 --> 00:33:05,760
sausage casing market.

215
00:33:05,760 --> 00:33:08,160
One of our best customers
are the Germans,

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00:33:08,160 --> 00:33:13,960
who import 2,000 tonnes of our
animal guts and bladders a year.

217
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:21,240
Ashique's day is going
from bad to worse.

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00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:23,720
Not only is he short-staffed

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00:33:23,720 --> 00:33:26,560
but the rows of cow's intestine
is limiting space

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00:33:26,560 --> 00:33:28,000
to deal with his fat mountain.

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00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:33,160
By mid morning, a new kind
of opportunist has moved in.

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00:34:20,520 --> 00:34:26,080
It's the local heavies asking Ashiq
to clean up or move out.

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00:34:26,080 --> 00:34:28,920
When you're working off the books,
there's no point turning to

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00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:32,800
the official legal system
for help in disputes.

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00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:37,640
Instead, most turn to these guys,
the local political bosses.

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00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:26,040
We might be out of sight of
tax collectors and the law,

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00:35:26,040 --> 00:35:28,840
but there are still some things
we have to play along with,

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00:35:28,840 --> 00:35:30,240
if we want to get ahead.

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00:35:33,680 --> 00:35:36,160
Johora's still feeling the pressure

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00:35:36,160 --> 00:35:40,000
of the increased monthly
protection payments a fortnight on.

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00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:42,240
It's time to deploy her new idea.

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00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:50,680
She's used her brother-in-law's bank
account to take out a big loan.

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00:35:50,680 --> 00:35:52,240
A VERY big loan.

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00:35:52,240 --> 00:35:54,840
She's bought herself a van.

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00:36:15,760 --> 00:36:18,760
But her purchase is already
creating issues.

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00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:23,880
Her son-in-law, Tinku, who has
always provided her transport,

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00:36:23,880 --> 00:36:25,920
now stands to lose out.

238
00:37:42,560 --> 00:37:44,720
Despite Tinku's protests,

239
00:37:44,720 --> 00:37:48,800
the new van is modified
and is now ready for service.

240
00:37:50,560 --> 00:37:53,680
Johora can't resist
a celebratory lap.

241
00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:56,840
She's even bought a new dress
for the occasion.

242
00:37:56,840 --> 00:37:59,160
HORN BEEPS

243
00:37:59,160 --> 00:38:01,680
A stop at the local shrine ensures

244
00:38:01,680 --> 00:38:05,280
spiritual support for the venture -

245
00:38:05,280 --> 00:38:07,480
a kind of "holy vehicle
warranty plan".

246
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,920
It's 4AM, and Johora's wasting no
time putting her plan into action.

247
00:38:22,080 --> 00:38:25,720
The more she can squeeze on,
the bigger her profits.

248
00:38:35,600 --> 00:38:39,760
But before that, she wants to ensure
first impressions count.

249
00:38:51,640 --> 00:38:55,000
Johora and Hanan are no longer
simply bottle sorters,

250
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:58,240
they're wholesalers
in their own right.

251
00:38:58,240 --> 00:39:00,480
SHE LAUGHS

252
00:39:17,560 --> 00:39:20,080
But their promotion brings
a new pressure.

253
00:39:20,080 --> 00:39:24,000
They must shift their bottles
for at least 42 rupees a kilo

254
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,480
to cover the loan for the van.

255
00:39:45,520 --> 00:39:48,600
The trouble is, we've become
so efficient at recycling

256
00:39:48,600 --> 00:39:52,480
plastic bottles in India that there
aren't always enough to go round.

257
00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:56,080
So we've started importing
from overseas

258
00:39:56,080 --> 00:40:00,120
and a shipment earlier this week
has depressed prices.

259
00:40:22,160 --> 00:40:23,760
Leaving Hanan to close the deal,

260
00:40:23,760 --> 00:40:26,800
Johora sneaks off to do
some industrial espionage.

261
00:40:32,520 --> 00:40:37,960
So far, so familiar, but a piece
of machinery catches her eye.

262
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:46,240
The flakes spat out by this shredder
fetch 45 rupees a kilo,

263
00:40:46,240 --> 00:40:50,200
seven more than the current
rate for bottles.

264
00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:53,640
It's sold on to manufacturers
of polysynthetic fibre,

265
00:40:53,640 --> 00:40:57,600
who in turn supply the world with
everything from polar fleeces

266
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,360
to stuffing for your sofa cushions.

267
00:41:07,640 --> 00:41:10,800
While Hanan is being
knocked down even further,

268
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:13,520
Johora has snuck a glimpse
of the future.

269
00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:26,680
Their first direct deal is done

270
00:41:26,680 --> 00:41:28,360
and the price is still better

271
00:41:28,360 --> 00:41:31,200
than they would have got
through their son-in-law.

272
00:41:40,560 --> 00:41:43,200
Johora's got to play the long game

273
00:41:43,200 --> 00:41:47,040
if she wants to grow her enterprise
into the business of her dreams.

274
00:41:47,040 --> 00:41:48,600
But for now, at least,

275
00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:50,960
the protection gangsters
can be paid off.

276
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:04,480
Down at Darukhana shipyard,

277
00:42:04,480 --> 00:42:06,760
it's Kanhaialal's second day
without any work.

278
00:42:58,760 --> 00:43:01,600
Early next morning,
Kanhaialal goes to meet

279
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:05,160
his fellow ship breakers
before they start work.

280
00:43:38,920 --> 00:43:42,840
The good news is there's rumour
of a new arrival in the yards.

281
00:44:04,920 --> 00:44:07,320
It's a promising lead
but Kanhaialal's late

282
00:44:07,320 --> 00:44:09,640
for today's round of hiring.

283
00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:41,200
Kanhaialal has only one chance
to secure the job his family needs.

284
00:44:51,240 --> 00:44:55,520
But his new boss is notoriously
difficult to please.

285
00:45:35,960 --> 00:45:37,880
The news is good.

286
00:45:44,520 --> 00:45:47,920
And the payment is just
the start of it.

287
00:45:55,080 --> 00:45:57,600
Guaranteed wages
for three whole months.

288
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:00,760
It's as good as Kanhaialal
could dare hope for.

289
00:46:00,760 --> 00:46:05,200
His home and daughter's education
are safe...for now.

290
00:46:07,040 --> 00:46:09,280
MUSIC: "Jan Pechachan Ho"
by Mohammed Rafi

291
00:46:09,280 --> 00:46:10,720
CAR HORNS BEEP

292
00:46:14,120 --> 00:46:16,600
You can probably tell,

293
00:46:16,600 --> 00:46:19,640
we're a pragmatic lot.

294
00:46:23,520 --> 00:46:26,680
Making money
is our top priority.

295
00:46:26,680 --> 00:46:30,240
But it doesn't mean
we don't know how to have fun.

296
00:46:30,240 --> 00:46:34,680
Next week is the Islamic festival
of Eid-al-Adha.

297
00:46:34,680 --> 00:46:36,720
For Kolkata's large Muslim
population,

298
00:46:36,720 --> 00:46:38,760
it's time to push the boat out.

299
00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:46,680
Every family that can will spend
a small fortune on a
sacrificial animal.

300
00:46:46,680 --> 00:46:51,520
For a few short days,
one of these is every kid's
must-have accessory...

301
00:46:53,160 --> 00:46:56,320
..and you think Christmas
is expensive!

302
00:47:05,160 --> 00:47:07,960
Business is booming
with Johora's new van,

303
00:47:07,960 --> 00:47:10,920
and she's made her youngest son,
Naushad, a promise.

304
00:47:10,920 --> 00:47:14,920
This year, if he behaves, the family
cow will be his to look after.

305
00:48:53,440 --> 00:48:57,960
Hanan has decided to head
for an out-of-town mega market.

306
00:49:03,600 --> 00:49:06,440
It's got the best seasonal deals
to suit every pocket,

307
00:49:06,440 --> 00:49:10,880
from scrawny yearlings to the
fully grown and carefully groomed.

308
00:49:19,240 --> 00:49:21,560
Hanan's teaching Naushad
how to cut a deal,

309
00:49:21,560 --> 00:49:26,320
and traders don't come any sharper
than these wily cattle hustlers.

310
00:49:38,920 --> 00:49:42,360
Nothing seems to be up to
Naushad's mark,

311
00:49:42,360 --> 00:49:44,800
and the choice is dwindling fast.

312
00:49:52,320 --> 00:49:55,560
Naushad spots the cow
of his dreams.

313
00:50:41,480 --> 00:50:44,160
The biggest item of festival
shopping is in the bag.

314
00:50:44,160 --> 00:50:48,120
MUSIC: "Mera Naam Chin Chin Chu"
by Geeta Dutt

315
00:50:50,280 --> 00:50:53,680
Naushad can't wait to
show off his new toy

316
00:50:53,680 --> 00:50:56,400
with a spin round the block.

317
00:50:56,400 --> 00:50:58,400
And he's not the only one.

318
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:05,360
If you really want to impress
the neighbours,

319
00:51:05,360 --> 00:51:08,920
there's nothing like rolling up
with a brand-new camel.

320
00:51:27,680 --> 00:51:31,840
Johora's two daughters are back
from their religious boarding
school for the festival.

321
00:51:35,120 --> 00:51:37,000
They've been away for two
whole months.

322
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:52,560
Even Ashique's taking time out
from his fat rendering
to be with his family.

323
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:09,560
Top on both his daughter and his
wife's list is some make-up.

324
00:52:14,720 --> 00:52:19,560
These are the very products
that may contain his fat.

325
00:52:31,960 --> 00:52:34,640
The tally is mounting fast.

326
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:57,960
MUSIC: "Photo Rakh Ke"
by Bups Saggu

327
00:52:57,960 --> 00:53:00,400
It's the morning of the festival.

328
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,840
Johora must feed the entire
extended family

329
00:53:03,840 --> 00:53:05,960
for the biggest gathering
of the year.

330
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:12,600
The business is going well
and the gangsters are off her back.

331
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:14,840
But there's one remaining problem -

332
00:53:14,840 --> 00:53:19,080
the rift over the new van
with her son-in-law, Tinku.

333
00:53:21,960 --> 00:53:24,760
Today is her opportunity
to resolve it.

334
00:53:33,320 --> 00:53:38,840
At the heart of the family's
festival is Naushad's new companion.

335
00:53:40,240 --> 00:53:43,920
But the slaughter of his cow
is the day's central moment.

336
00:53:43,920 --> 00:53:47,360
It marks Prophet Ibrahim's
willingness

337
00:53:47,360 --> 00:53:50,960
to sacrifice his son
as proof of his devotion to God.

338
00:54:11,040 --> 00:54:13,800
The sight of all this fresh meat

339
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:18,200
is reminds the men of the house that
they are able to cook, after all.

340
00:54:54,560 --> 00:55:00,440
Shabnam is married to Tinku,
Johora's estranged business partner.

341
00:55:21,840 --> 00:55:26,600
The feast is ready and there's still
no sign of Tinku and Shabnam.

342
00:55:26,600 --> 00:55:31,560
Keen not to let the whole day
be spoilt, Johora dishes up.

343
00:55:53,960 --> 00:55:57,320
But Johora's festival
isn't complete.

344
00:56:14,080 --> 00:56:18,640
At last, the family's together
for the final celebrations.

345
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:03,400
There's nothing like
the promise of a new baby

346
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:05,360
to patch up family relations.

347
00:57:16,800 --> 00:57:22,040
Tinku's so happy he even offers
to buy a round of ice creams.

348
00:57:31,320 --> 00:57:34,240
The festival's been a huge success.

349
00:57:35,920 --> 00:57:39,520
The family's back together and have
held a feast to be proud of.

350
00:57:41,080 --> 00:57:45,200
And looking ahead, there are big
plans for the business.

351
00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:50,320
Things for Johora and family
are certainly looking up.

352
00:57:51,880 --> 00:57:54,560
HE LAUGHS

353
00:57:54,560 --> 00:57:59,120
MUSIC: "Streets Of Calcutta"
by Ananda Shankar

354
00:58:17,520 --> 00:58:20,520
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd