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Anna Freud speaking:
Lets say a word about dreams.
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We all have thoughts which we never knew we had.
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They are too uncomfortable or too incompatible with our adult self
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to be remembered.
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Yet they are often disturbing
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rumbling under the surface like lava in a volcano.
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The dream is the royal road to these thoughts.
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The royal road to the unconscious.
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This is the story about how Sigmund Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind
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were used by those in power in post war America to try and control the masses.
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Politicians and planners came to believe That Freud was right to suggest
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that hidden deep within all human beings,
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were dangerous and irrational desires and fears.
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They were convinced that it was the unleashing of these instincts,
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that had led to barbarism of Nazi Germany.
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To stop it ever happening again,
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they set out to find ways to control this hidden enemy within the human mind.
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At the heart of the story are Sigmund Freud's daughter, Anna
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and his nephew, Edward Bernays, who had invented the profession of public relations.
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Their ideas were used by the US government, big business and the CIA
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to develop techniques to manage and control the minds of the American people.
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Those in power believed that the only way to make democracy work
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and create a stable society was to repress the savage barbarism
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that lurked just under the surface of normal American life.
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THE CENTURY OF THE SELF
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Part 2/4
THE ENGINEERING OF CONSENT
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The story begins in the middle of the fierce fighting
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of the second world war.
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As the fighting intensified, the American army
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was faced by an extraordinary number
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of mental breakdowns among its troops.
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49% of all soldiers evacuated from combat,
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were sent back because they suffered from mental problems.
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In desperation, the army turned to the new ideas of psychoanalysis.
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They made a film record of the experiment using hidden cameras.
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Doctor interviewing solider:
"It says here on your record that you had headaches
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and that you had crying spells."
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Soldier:
"Yes sir, I believe that your profession is calling it nostalgia."
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"In other words, homesickness."
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"Yes sir. It was induced when shortly before the war
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I received a picture of my sweetheart.
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I'm sorry I can't continue."
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It was the first time that anyone had paid such attention
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to the feelings and anxieties of ordinary people.
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At the heart of the experiment were a number of refugee psychoanalysts
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from central Europe.
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They worked with American psychiatrists to guide and shape the project.
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Professor Martin Bergmann - Psychoanalyst, US Army 1943-45:
When I first came to America
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I worked in the psychiatric service with soldiers trying to rehabilitate them.
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And I travelled in the train from the east coast to the west coast
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I was enormously curious
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what goes on in all of those little towns
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that the train is passing.
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After my years in the army I knew exactly
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what every one was doing in the little towns.
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Because I saw so many people who came from there
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and I understood their aspirations,
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their disappointments and so forth.
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So it was as if somebody invited me
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to a privileged tour into the inner soul of America.
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I'm not doing this deliberately please believe me."
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"I do beleive you..This display of emotion is sometimes very helpful."
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"Yeah, I hope so, sir..."
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"Sure, it gets it off your chest.."
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"Well sir, to be perfectly honest with you
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I'm very much in love with my sweetheart.
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She has been, the one person, that gave me a sense of importance,
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in that through her cooperation with me,
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we were able to surmount so many obstacles..."
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The psychoanalysts used techniques developed by Freud
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to take the men back into their pasts.
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They became convinced that the breakdowns were not
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the direct result of the fighting.
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The stress of combat had merely triggered old childhood memories.
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These were memories of the men's own violent feelings and desires
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which they had repressed because they were too frightening.
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To the psychoanalysts, it was overwhelming proof of Freud's theory
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that underneath human beings were driven by primitive irrational forces.
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Professor Martin Bergmann - Psychoanalyst, US Army 1943-45:
World War II was a major shattering experience
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because I discovered the enormous role of the irrational
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in the life of most people.
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Now that I can say that I learned that
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the ratio between the irrational and the rational,
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in America is very much in favor of the irrational.
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That there's much greater unhappiness,
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much more suffering, it's much more...
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a sader country than one would imagine from
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the advertisements that you get,..
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a much more problematic country...
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Victory in the second world war was celebrated as a triumph of democracy,
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but in private many policy makers were worried about the implications
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of the analysis of the soldiers.
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It seemed to show that underneath every American
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were irrational violent drives.
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What had happened in Germany seemed to bear this out.
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The complicity of so many ordinary Germans in mass killings during the war
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showed just how easily these forces could break through
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and overwhelm democracy.
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Ellen Herman - Historian of American Psychology:
Planners and policy makers had been convinced
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by their experiences during World War II
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that human beings could act very irrationally
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because of this sort of teeming and raw
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and unpredictable emotionality.
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The kind of chaos that lived at the base of human personality
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could in fact, infect the society, social institutions, to such a point
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that the society itself would become sick.
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That's what they believe happened in Germany in which the irrational,
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the anti-democratic, went wild.
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It was a vision of human nature as incredibly destructive
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and they were terrified Americans would in fact behave that way
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or were capable of behaving that way and they wanted to avoid a rerun of that.
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Professor Martin Bergmann - Psychoanalyst, US Army 1943-45:
So what is needed
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is a human being that can internalize democratic values
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so they are not shaken with the storm
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and psychoanalysis carried in it the promise that it can be done.
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It opened up new vistas as to how the inner structures of the human being
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can be changed so that he becomes a more vital,
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free supporter and maintainer of democracy.
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Psychoanalysts were convinced they not only understood these dangerous forces,
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but they knew how to control them too.
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They would use their techniques to create democratic individuals
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because democracy left to itself failed to do this.
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The source of this idea is not only Sigmund Freud
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but his youngest daughter Anna.
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She had fled with her father to London before the outbreak of war,
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and after he died, Anna Freud became the acknowledged leader
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of the world psychoanalytic movement.
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She saw her job as to fulfill her father's dream
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of making his ideas accepted throughout the world.
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Anton Freud - Anna Freud's Nephew:
At the center of the Freud movement stood only Anna
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because she managed to work herself into that position.
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She was recognized as that and not just because she was the daughter,
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she worked on that.
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She was rather forbidding and was not to me a warm person,
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not an Aunt that you could kiss or put your arms around; not at all;
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and her whole life rotated around the spreading of psychoanalysis.
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Freud himself had seen the role of psychoanalysis as allowing people to understand
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their unconscious drives.
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But Anna Freud believed it was possible to teach individuals
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how to control these inner forces.
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She had come to believe this through analyzing children,
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above all the children of her close friend, Dorothy Burlingham.
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Dorothy Burlingham was an American millionairess, who in the 1920s
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fled a failed marriage and brought her children to Anna Freud, in Vienna.
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They were suffering terrible anxieties and aggression,
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but Anna Freud was convinced she could free them from this
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by changing the world around them.
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Michael Burlingham - Dorothy Burlingham's grandson:
She thought that she could come in and
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enter their environment essentially, because they were children
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you see and didn't have independent lives of their own,
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she could go talk to the parents or the mother,
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she could go to the schools, she could influence their real world,
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the actual external world, to change their lives to help them.
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And to change them as people?
I think that was part of what her idea was,
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she felt that she could change them.
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From her analysis of the Burlingham children
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Anna Freud developed a theory of how to control the inner drives.
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It was simple - you taught the children to conform to the rules of society.
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But this more than just moral guidance.
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Anna Freud believed if children like the Burlinghams
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strictly followed the rules of accepted social conduct, then as they grew up
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the conscious part of their mind, what was called the ego,
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would be greatly strengthened in its struggle to control the unconscious.
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But if children did not conform, their ego would be weak and they would be prey
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to the dangerous forces of the unconscious.
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Michael Burlingham - Dorothy Burlingham's grandson:
In my father's case
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they were concerned that he would be a homosexual
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and so a lot of their efforts went into preventing or
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trying to stop my father from becoming a homosexual.
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Whether or not he would have or did you know is unknown to me.
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Why would they want to stop that? Because they felt it was abnormal,
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it wasn't a normal way to develop.
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They wanted to have him develop along
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lines that society recognized to be normal
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because if they didn't, then, you would be under control
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of forces that you don't understand,
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that you are not even aware of.
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The analysis seemed to be a great success and
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in the thirties the Burlingham children
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returned to America.
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They settled down to happy married lives in the suburbs.
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What they didn't realize was that their experience was about to become a template
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for a giant social experiment to control the inner mental life of the American population.
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In 1946 President Truman signed The National Mental Health Act.
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It had been born directly out of the wartime discoveries by psychoanalysts
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that millions of Americans who had been drafted suffered hidden anxieties and fears.
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The aim of the act was to deal with this invisible threat to society.
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Shocked by the appalling percentage of the emotionally unstable
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revealed by the World War II draft figures,
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Congress in 1946 passed The National Mental Health Act
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which recognized for the first time that mental illness was a national problem.
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Keenly aware of the tremendous problems ahead is Dr. Robert H Felix,
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director of the vast new project.
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A primary objective of The National Mental Health program
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is to increase our fund of scientific knowledge about mental health and about mental illness.
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We're not doing this... Why?
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Because there are all too few skilled mental health workers.
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Two of the principal architects of the act were the Menninger brothers: Carl and Will.
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Will had run the wartime psychotherapy experiments
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and now he and his brother begun to train hundreds of new psychiatrists.
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The Menningers were convinced that it would be possible to apply Anna Freud's ideas
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on a wide scale and to adults, as well as children.
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The psychiatrists job, would be to teach ordinary Americans
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how to control their unconscious drives.
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Psychoanalysis could be used to make a better society.
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Dr. Robert Wallerstein - Psychoanalyst, Menninger Clinic 1949-1966:
They said psychoanalytic thinking
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could make for the betterment of society.
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Because you could change the way the mind functioned;
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and you could take the ways in which people
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did hurtful things to themselves and others
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and alter them by enlarging their understanding.
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And this was the vision psychoanalysis brought.
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That you could really change people?
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That you could really change people.
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And you could change them almost in limitless ways.
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In the late 40's a vast project began in America
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to apply the ideas of psychoanalysis to the masses.
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Psychological guidance centers were set up in hundreds of towns.
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They were staffed by psychiatrists who believed it was their job
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to control the hidden forces inside the minds of millions of ordinary Americans.
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Yes,.. I need something done...I need some help..
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Do you have any particular teachers that you liked?
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I liked all my teachers except one...I remember..
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What was the trouble with this one?
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I don't know, she just scarred me most of the time..
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Hollered at me and i ran outside and..vomited..
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I hate my brother...lowed him...dispised him...
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At the same time thousands of counselors were trained
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to apply psychoanalysis to marriage guidance,
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and social workers were sent out to visit people's homes
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and advise them on the psychological structure of family life.
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Behind all this was the fundamental idea of Anna Freuds' -
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that if people were encouraged to conform to the accepted patterns
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of family and social life then their ego would be strengthened.
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They would be able to control the dangerous forces within them.
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When your emotions control your actions
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it affects not only your self but the people around you.
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And if this sort of flair up is repeated often
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it might lead to a permanently warped personality.
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You can control the fire of your emotions so that your personality becomes more pleasant.
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Dr. Harold Blum - Psychoanalyst:
So we expected someone who's been through that experience
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to be much more insightful, much more understanding, and a much better regulated person.
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And regulation includes being able to let go as it were,
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to enjoy a football game or a soccer game.
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A more understanding, yes, rational, but also appropriately emotional person.
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The regulatory aspects of the human mind would really be in charge,
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instead of being overwhelmed by our passions and our darker impulses.
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That one would be master or mistress over ones own passions.
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Dr. Neil Smelser - Political Theorist and Psychoanalyst:
They just felt that the road to happiness
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was in adapting to the external world in which they lived.
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That people could be uncrippled from their own neurotic conflicts and impulses;
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that they would not engage in self-destructive behavior,
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that they would in fact adapt to the reality about them.
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They never questioned the reality.
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They never questioned that it might itself be a source of evil
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or something to which you could not adapt
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without compromise or without suffering
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or without exploiting yourself in some way.
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So there was this fit with the politics of the day.
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But it was only the beginning of the rise to power of psychoanalysis in America.
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Psychoanalysts were about to move into big business and use their techniques
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not just to create model citizens but model consumers.
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Last week's episode showed how Freud's American nephew Edward Bernays
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had been the first to convince American corporations
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that they could sell products
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by connecting them with people's unconscious feelings.
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But now a group of psychoanalysts were going to take what Bernays had begun
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and invent a whole range of techniques to get inside and manage
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the unconscious mind of the consumer.
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They were led by Ernest Dichter. Dichter had practiced next door to Freud in Vienna,
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but he had come to America and set up The Institute for Motivational Research
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in an old mansion north of New York.
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This is The Institute for Motivational Research,
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a place devoted to the intriguing business of
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finding out why people behave as they do.
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Why they buy as they do.
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Why they respond to advertising as they do.
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And this is Dr. Ernest Dichter.
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"We don't go out and ask directly why do you buy and why don't you,
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what we try to do instead is to understand the total personality,
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the self image of the customer; we use all the resources of modern social sciences.
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It opens up some stimulating psychological techniques for selling any new product.
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00:19:38,931 --> 00:19:42,807
Like the other psychoanalysts Dichter believed that American citizens were
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fundamentally irrational beings; they could not be trusted.
286
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Their real reasons for buying products were rooted in
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unconscious desires and feelings.
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00:19:52,682 --> 00:19:55,292
And Dichter wanted to find ways to uncover what he called
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'the secret self' of the American consumer.
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00:20:00,993 --> 00:20:03,455
Fritz Gehagen - Psychologist and employee of Ernest Dichter:
He was trying to get out of people's mind
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the unconscious motivations that they had for purchasing.
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These could be sexual, they could be psychological, they could be sociological,
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they could be a demand for status a demand for recognition.
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There were things that people couldn't verbalize or wouldn't verbalize
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00:20:19,792 --> 00:20:23,894
because they were too secret to them, they were a part of their nature,
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00:20:24,166 --> 00:20:28,832
and they would be embarrassed if they came out and said things like this.
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Hedy Dichter - Ernest Dichter's wife:
He would interview people
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00:20:33,124 --> 00:20:39,309
but not ask them direct questions but let them talk freely
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like you do in psychoanalysis,
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and that was his background.
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Fritz Gehagen - Psychologist and employee of Ernest Dichter:
And he said
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why can't we have a group therapy session about products?
303
00:20:53,812 --> 00:20:58,676
And so Dichter built this room up above his garage
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and he said we can have psychoanalysis of products,
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00:21:01,626 --> 00:21:05,347
they can actually act out and verbalize their wants and needs.
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What we're going to do is try a couple of these sell adressings
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and let's see what happends...
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00:21:13,439 --> 00:21:17,896
Here is our typical housewive..she doesn't follow the instructions..
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And they could be observed and watched and other people could comment
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and they could talk about it and everybody could join in.
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00:21:26,276 --> 00:21:29,999
He was the first to do this, this was absolutely the first thing that was ever done.
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00:21:30,251 --> 00:21:34,161
And he had a movie projector up there where you could show advertisements
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00:21:34,406 --> 00:21:38,940
and people could react to them and he invented the whole technique for
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00:21:38,940 --> 00:21:42,317
mining the unconscious about the hidden psychological wants
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00:21:42,317 --> 00:21:47,242
that people had about products. This became the focus group.
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It worked!
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Dichter's breakthrough came with a focus group study he did for Betty Crocker foods.
318
00:21:55,973 --> 00:22:00,100
Like many food manufacturers in the early fifties they had invented a new range of
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instant convenience foods.
320
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But although consumers had told market researchers they would welcome the idea,
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in fact they were refusing to buy them.
322
00:22:10,178 --> 00:22:13,224
The worst problem was the Betty Crocker cake mix.
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00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:16,975
Dichter did a series of focus groups where housewives free associated
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00:22:17,194 --> 00:22:18,975
about the cake mix.
325
00:22:20,276 --> 00:22:24,227
He concluded they felt unconscious guilt about the new image being promoted:
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of ease and convenience.
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00:22:27,811 --> 00:22:29,746
Bill Schlackman - Psychologist and employee of Ernest Dichter:
In other words
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00:22:29,975 --> 00:22:32,725
he had understood that the barrier to the consumption of the product
329
00:22:32,942 --> 00:22:36,352
was the housewives' feeling of guilt about using it.
330
00:22:36,352 --> 00:22:39,599
They basically on one hand wanted to make it easier for themselves
331
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but they felt guilty about it.
332
00:22:41,535 --> 00:22:43,978
So what you've got to do in those circumstances is remove the barrier,
333
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the barrier being guilt.
334
00:22:47,380 --> 00:22:49,634
And the way you do that is you give the housewife
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a greater sense of participation.
336
00:22:52,199 --> 00:22:54,820
And how do you do that? By adding an egg.
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- As simple as that?
- As simple as that...
338
00:23:00,322 --> 00:23:03,448
Dichter told Betty Crocker to put an instruction on the packet
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that the housewife should add an egg.
340
00:23:05,854 --> 00:23:08,196
It would be an unconscious symbol he said,
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00:23:08,196 --> 00:23:12,216
of the housewife mixing in her own eggs as a gift to her husband
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00:23:12,216 --> 00:23:14,228
and so would lessen the guilt.
343
00:23:14,228 --> 00:23:16,760
Betty Crocker did it, and the sales soared.
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My cake is ready!
345
00:23:21,167 --> 00:23:23,667
Bill Schlackman - Psychologist and employee of Ernest Dichter:
The consumer may have basic needs
346
00:23:23,667 --> 00:23:26,916
that the consumer himself or herself doesn't fully understand.
347
00:23:27,198 --> 00:23:32,624
You have to know what those needs are in order to fully exploit the consumer.
348
00:23:36,325 --> 00:23:41,123
Is it wrong to give people what they want
349
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by taking away their defenses,
350
00:23:45,731 --> 00:23:49,501
helping remove their defenses?
351
00:23:50,762 --> 00:23:53,752
- It seems so much longer than last year!
- It is!
352
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- Nearly 4 inches longerin some models!...
353
00:24:01,077 --> 00:24:05,189
Dichters success led to a rush by corporations and advertising agencies
354
00:24:05,420 --> 00:24:07,481
to employ psychoanalysts.
355
00:24:07,705 --> 00:24:11,066
They became known as the depth boys and they promised to show companies
356
00:24:11,326 --> 00:24:13,766
how to make millions by connecting their products
357
00:24:13,978 --> 00:24:15,921
with people's hidden desires.
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00:24:16,543 --> 00:24:20,160
Dichter himself became a millionaire, famous for inventing slogans like
359
00:24:20,373 --> 00:24:22,065
'A Tiger in Your Tank'.
360
00:24:23,066 --> 00:24:24,827
Even the marketing of the Barbie doll
361
00:24:24,827 --> 00:24:27,313
came from a children's focus group.
362
00:24:29,888 --> 00:24:32,972
But Dichter was convinced this was far more than just selling.
363
00:24:34,140 --> 00:24:36,921
Like Anna Freud, he believed that the environment could be used
364
00:24:36,921 --> 00:24:39,016
to strengthen the human personality,
365
00:24:39,984 --> 00:24:43,226
and products had the power both to sate inner desires
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00:24:43,547 --> 00:24:46,965
and give people a feeling of common identity with those around them.
367
00:24:48,109 --> 00:24:50,955
It was a strategy for creating a stable society.
368
00:24:51,484 --> 00:24:53,923
Dichter called it the strategy of desire.
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00:24:56,591 --> 00:24:58,475
Ernest Dichter speaking in a promotional clip:
To understand a stable citizen
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00:24:58,921 --> 00:25:02,643
you have to know that modern man quite often tries to work off his frustrations
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00:25:02,643 --> 00:25:05,321
by spending on self-gratification.
372
00:25:05,321 --> 00:25:08,613
Modern man is eternally ready to fill out his self image
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00:25:08,818 --> 00:25:11,195
by purchasing products which compliment it.
374
00:25:11,922 --> 00:25:16,319
Hedy Dichter - Ernest Dichter's wife:
If you identify yourself with a product
375
00:25:16,884 --> 00:25:20,971
it can have a therapeutic value.
376
00:25:21,209 --> 00:25:26,549
It improves your self-image and you become
377
00:25:26,759 --> 00:25:30,675
a more secure person and you have suddenly
378
00:25:30,883 --> 00:25:34,365
this confidence of going out in the world
379
00:25:34,633 --> 00:25:37,521
and doing what you want successfully.
380
00:25:39,677 --> 00:25:45,635
And it's believed that would then improve the whole of our society
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00:25:46,425 --> 00:25:51,324
and become the best society on this planet.
382
00:25:57,529 --> 00:26:00,054
By the early 50's, the ideas of psychoanalysis
383
00:26:00,054 --> 00:26:02,710
had penetrated deep into American life.
384
00:26:03,867 --> 00:26:06,773
The psychoanalysts themselves became rich and powerful.
385
00:26:07,367 --> 00:26:11,364
Many had consulting rooms overlooking Central Park in New York.
386
00:26:12,574 --> 00:26:16,243
Politicians and famous writers like Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams
387
00:26:16,243 --> 00:26:18,180
became their patients.
388
00:26:18,977 --> 00:26:20,962
They were seeking not just help,
389
00:26:20,962 --> 00:26:23,869
but to understand the hidden roots of human behavior.
390
00:26:24,805 --> 00:26:26,805
Professor Martin Bergmann - New York Psychoanalyst:
We were sought after.
391
00:26:26,805 --> 00:26:29,335
Washington was interested in what we think.
392
00:26:30,619 --> 00:26:37,305
The important writers, important politicians were undergoing psychoanalysis.
393
00:26:39,369 --> 00:26:43,577
We had waiting lists, because there were so many patients
394
00:26:43,777 --> 00:26:46,506
that wanted to be analyzed.
395
00:26:47,109 --> 00:26:50,680
So it gave us a little bit of a swelled head.
396
00:26:52,368 --> 00:26:55,142
And as the psychoanalysts ideas took hold in America,
397
00:26:55,371 --> 00:27:00,654
a new elite began to emerge in politics, in social planning, and in business.
398
00:27:01,215 --> 00:27:05,360
What linked this elite was the assumption that the masses were fundamentally irrational.
399
00:27:06,640 --> 00:27:09,370
To make a free market democracy like America work
400
00:27:09,578 --> 00:27:14,543
one had to use psychological techniques to control mass irrationality.
401
00:27:16,154 --> 00:27:18,345
Ellen Herman - Historian of American Psychology:
They actually believed that this elite was necessary
402
00:27:18,558 --> 00:27:21,120
because individual citizens were not capable,
403
00:27:21,581 --> 00:27:25,219
if left alone, of being democratic citizens.
404
00:27:25,423 --> 00:27:28,842
The elite was necessary in order to create the conditions that would
405
00:27:28,842 --> 00:27:34,402
produce individuals capable of behaving as a good consumer
406
00:27:34,705 --> 00:27:37,029
and also behaving as a democratic citizen.
407
00:27:37,437 --> 00:27:40,998
They didn't see their activities as anti-democratic;
408
00:27:41,237 --> 00:27:44,937
as undermining the capacity of individual citizens for democracy;
409
00:27:44,937 --> 00:27:47,084
quite the opposite.
410
00:27:47,084 --> 00:27:49,689
They understood that they were creating
411
00:27:49,689 --> 00:27:53,036
the conditions for democracy's survival in the future.
412
00:27:54,762 --> 00:27:57,095
The rise of psychoanalysis to power in America
413
00:27:57,095 --> 00:27:59,770
was an extraordinary triumph for Anna Freud
414
00:27:59,770 --> 00:28:02,663
and her tireless promotion of her ideas.
415
00:28:03,536 --> 00:28:06,246
She remained in England living with Dorothy Burlingham.
416
00:28:06,960 --> 00:28:09,420
On the surface it was an idyllic life.
417
00:28:09,420 --> 00:28:12,923
She and Dorothy had bought a weekend cottage on the Suffolk coast.
418
00:28:13,336 --> 00:28:16,462
But in the summers Dorothy's children came from America
419
00:28:16,462 --> 00:28:18,720
to visit with the grandchildren.
420
00:28:19,374 --> 00:28:22,156
But underneath, things were going badly wrong.
421
00:28:22,472 --> 00:28:26,627
Both Bob and Mabbie Burlingham whom Anna Freud had analyzed in the early 1930s
422
00:28:26,876 --> 00:28:30,108
had suffered personal breakdowns and their marriages were collapsing.
423
00:28:31,188 --> 00:28:34,797
Bob was drinking heavily and Mabbie suffered terrible anxieties.
424
00:28:35,563 --> 00:28:40,646
The real reasons for the visits to England, were yet more analysis with Anna Freud.
425
00:28:43,752 --> 00:28:46,597
Michael Burlingham - Bob Burlingham's son:
The problem was that it didn't look very good, did it?
426
00:28:46,597 --> 00:28:49,813
Because here you have somebody who's having nervous breakdowns
427
00:28:50,035 --> 00:28:56,742
and is having alcoholic binges and this doesn't really sit well.
428
00:28:58,876 --> 00:29:02,848
From a humane standpoint obviously this is not desirable, you know
429
00:29:02,848 --> 00:29:06,908
you want to help these people, but it also had the wider ramifications of
430
00:29:06,908 --> 00:29:12,474
everybody in analysis, in analytic circles knew that Bob and Mabbie were guinea pigs
431
00:29:12,693 --> 00:29:16,097
they were the living proof that this is a wonderful process.
432
00:29:17,695 --> 00:29:21,131
It was very much swept under the rug, it really didn't get out.
433
00:29:21,539 --> 00:29:29,005
I mean these people had such, ...their power and influence was such, that
434
00:29:29,568 --> 00:29:34,478
you were very careful. Anna Freud was a very powerful person
435
00:29:35,090 --> 00:29:40,317
and you were the grandchildren and she knew a great deal more then you did,
436
00:29:40,568 --> 00:29:43,444
about what went on in your parents' lives and so forth and
437
00:29:43,696 --> 00:29:45,571
it's not something you were going to tangle with,
438
00:29:45,787 --> 00:29:48,497
and you were a product of the whole situation.
439
00:29:48,728 --> 00:29:52,842
But at the same time we knew that something was really out of whack.
440
00:29:57,913 --> 00:30:02,633
Anton Freud - Anna Freud's nephew:
As he grew older, she became more and more important
441
00:30:02,905 --> 00:30:06,094
politically and scientifically, but she didn't know when to stop.
442
00:30:06,841 --> 00:30:12,321
She was a bit too righteous, that what she did was always
443
00:30:12,321 --> 00:30:18,947
the thing and she would never to my knowledge acknowledge
444
00:30:19,762 --> 00:30:25,133
that she could make a mistake or be wrong. That was my feeling.
445
00:30:27,948 --> 00:30:30,793
But the power and influence of the Freud family in America
446
00:30:31,063 --> 00:30:33,105
was about to grow even more.
447
00:30:35,282 --> 00:30:38,283
Politicians were about to turn to Anna Freud's cousin,
448
00:30:38,283 --> 00:30:42,044
Edward Bernays for help in a time of crisis.
449
00:30:42,468 --> 00:30:46,199
He was going to manipulate the inner feelings and fears of the masses
450
00:30:46,199 --> 00:30:49,700
to help Americas politicians fight the cold war.
451
00:30:50,540 --> 00:30:54,295
I don't mean to say, and no one can say to you, that there are no dangers..
452
00:30:54,295 --> 00:30:57,422
Of course there are risks when we are not vigilent,
453
00:30:57,422 --> 00:30:59,863
but we do not have to be histerical..
454
00:31:00,418 --> 00:31:04,511
In 1953 the Soviet Union exploded it's first hydrogen bomb
455
00:31:04,721 --> 00:31:08,389
and the fear of nuclear war and communism gripped the United States.
456
00:31:09,546 --> 00:31:12,973
Those in power became concerned with how to reassure the population.
457
00:31:14,109 --> 00:31:17,016
Committees were set up and public information films made,
458
00:31:17,222 --> 00:31:21,639
appealing for calm in the face of new threats, like nuclear fallout.
459
00:31:23,388 --> 00:31:27,450
It's the fellowcy of devoting 85% of one's worrying capacity,
460
00:31:27,702 --> 00:31:32,892
to an agent that constitutes only about 15% of an atomic bomb distroying potential..
461
00:31:32,892 --> 00:31:37,174
At this point Edward Bernays was living in New York.
462
00:31:38,039 --> 00:31:41,514
In the 1920s he had invented the profession of Public Relations
463
00:31:42,050 --> 00:31:44,985
and was now one of the most powerful PR men in America.
464
00:31:45,891 --> 00:31:49,453
He worked for most of the major corporations and advised politicians,
465
00:31:49,675 --> 00:31:51,907
including President Eisenhower.
466
00:31:53,181 --> 00:31:56,838
Like his uncle Sigmund, Bernays was convinced that human beings were
467
00:31:56,838 --> 00:31:59,908
driven by irrational forces.
468
00:32:00,128 --> 00:32:02,130
The only way to deal with the public
469
00:32:02,130 --> 00:32:05,847
was to connect with their unconscious desires and fears.
470
00:32:06,689 --> 00:32:11,129
Bernays argued that instead of trying to reduce people's fears of communism,
471
00:32:11,409 --> 00:32:15,036
one should actually encourage and manipulate the fear.
472
00:32:15,470 --> 00:32:19,005
And in such a way that it became a weapon in the cold war.
473
00:32:19,348 --> 00:32:21,899
Rational argument was fruitless.
474
00:32:22,722 --> 00:32:25,086
Ann Bernays - Daughter of Edward Bernays:
What my father understood about groups
475
00:32:25,323 --> 00:32:29,558
is that they are manipulable, they're malleable...
476
00:32:30,118 --> 00:32:36,225
And that you can tap into their deepest desires or their deepest fears
477
00:32:37,098 --> 00:32:39,651
and use that to your own purposes.
478
00:32:41,413 --> 00:32:44,410
I don't think he felt that all those publics out there
479
00:32:45,001 --> 00:32:50,094
had reliable judgment; that they very easily might vote for the wrong man
480
00:32:50,094 --> 00:32:52,114
or want the wrong thing,
481
00:32:52,114 --> 00:32:54,937
so that they had to be guided from above.
482
00:32:55,971 --> 00:32:59,585
One of Bernays' main clients was the giant United Fruit Company.
483
00:32:59,960 --> 00:33:04,086
They owned vast banana plantations in Guatemala and Central America.
484
00:33:04,534 --> 00:33:08,807
For decades United Fruit had controlled the country through pliable dictators.
485
00:33:09,208 --> 00:33:11,721
It was known as a 'banana republic'.
486
00:33:12,585 --> 00:33:17,211
But in 1950 a young officer, Colonel Arbenz was elected president.
487
00:33:17,588 --> 00:33:21,208
He promised to remove United Fruits' control over the country
488
00:33:21,619 --> 00:33:26,210
and in 1953 he announced the government would take over much of their land.
489
00:33:26,753 --> 00:33:30,854
It was a massively popular move, but a disaster for United Fruit
490
00:33:31,173 --> 00:33:34,650
and they turned to Bernays to help get rid of Arbenz.
491
00:33:34,650 --> 00:33:37,505
Larry Tye - Journalist, Boston Globe:
United Fruit brings in Bernays and he basically understood
492
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:42,026
that what United Fruit Company had to do was change this from being a popularly elected government
493
00:33:42,351 --> 00:33:45,506
that was doing some things that were good for the people there,
494
00:33:45,506 --> 00:33:49,132
into this being, very close to the American shore,
495
00:33:49,132 --> 00:33:51,177
a threat to American democracy.
496
00:33:51,177 --> 00:33:54,715
This being at a time in the cold war when Americans responded to issues of
497
00:33:54,715 --> 00:33:57,915
'the red scare' and what communism might do,
498
00:33:57,915 --> 00:34:00,788
he was trying to transform this and brilliantly did transform it
499
00:34:00,788 --> 00:34:04,257
into an issue of a communist threat, very close to our shores;
500
00:34:04,614 --> 00:34:08,310
taking United Fruit again, as a commercial client out of the picture
501
00:34:08,310 --> 00:34:11,604
and making it look like a question of American democracy,
502
00:34:11,604 --> 00:34:13,995
American values being threatened.
503
00:34:15,348 --> 00:34:19,278
In reality, Arbenz was a democratic socialist with no links to Moscow,
504
00:34:20,056 --> 00:34:24,154
but Bernays set out to turn him into a communist threat to America.
505
00:34:25,666 --> 00:34:29,540
He organized a trip to Guatemala for influential American journalists.
506
00:34:30,288 --> 00:34:33,342
Few of them knew anything about the country or its politics.
507
00:34:35,558 --> 00:34:37,728
Bernays arranged for them to be entertained
508
00:34:38,135 --> 00:34:41,191
and to meet selected Guatemalan politicians who told them
509
00:34:41,191 --> 00:34:44,198
Arbenz was a communist controlled by Moscow.
510
00:34:46,109 --> 00:34:50,566
During the trip there was also a violent anti-American demonstration in the capital.
511
00:34:51,665 --> 00:34:53,966
Many of those who worked for United Fruit
512
00:34:53,966 --> 00:34:57,245
were convinced it had been organized by Bernays himself.
513
00:34:59,782 --> 00:35:03,073
He also created a fake independent news agency in America
514
00:35:03,611 --> 00:35:06,356
called the Middle American Information Bureau.
515
00:35:06,792 --> 00:35:09,531
It bombarded the American media with press releases
516
00:35:09,825 --> 00:35:12,012
saying that Moscow was planning to use Guatemala
517
00:35:12,260 --> 00:35:14,388
as a beachhead to attack America.
518
00:35:14,965 --> 00:35:17,058
All of this had the desired effect.
519
00:35:17,296 --> 00:35:21,764
In Guatemala the Jacob Arbenz regime became increasingly communistic
520
00:35:21,764 --> 00:35:24,480
after his inauguration in 1951.
521
00:35:24,480 --> 00:35:27,406
Communists in the congress and high governmental positions
522
00:35:27,406 --> 00:35:32,354
controlled major committees, labor and farm groups, and propaganda facilities.
523
00:35:32,824 --> 00:35:36,133
They agitated and led in demonstrations against neighboring countries
524
00:35:36,133 --> 00:35:38,033
and the United States.
525
00:35:39,403 --> 00:35:42,531
Larry Tye - Journalist, Boston Globe:
What was profoundly new in terms of what Bernays did
526
00:35:42,745 --> 00:35:45,937
was he took this menace to our backyard in Guatemala.
527
00:35:45,937 --> 00:35:51,686
For the first time we saw reds a couple hundred miles from New Orleans,
528
00:35:52,142 --> 00:35:55,872
who Eddie Bernays had us believing were a true threat to us.
529
00:35:55,872 --> 00:35:58,655
There was going to be a Soviet outpost in our backyard.
530
00:35:59,857 --> 00:36:03,591
But what Bernays was doing was not just trying to blacken the Arbenz regime,
531
00:36:03,907 --> 00:36:06,217
he was part of a secret plot.
532
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:10,624
President Eisenhower had agreed that America should topple the Arbenz government,
533
00:36:11,203 --> 00:36:12,594
but secretly.
534
00:36:12,858 --> 00:36:15,437
The CIA were instructed to organize a coup.
535
00:36:16,971 --> 00:36:21,084
Working with the United Fruit Company, the CIA trained and armed a rebel army
536
00:36:21,750 --> 00:36:24,719
and found a new leader for the country called Colonel Armas.
537
00:36:25,743 --> 00:36:30,157
The CIA agent in charge was Howard Hunt, later one of the Watergate burglars.
538
00:36:30,751 --> 00:36:35,486
Howard Hunt - Head of CIA Operation, Guatemala, 1954:
What we wanted to do is have a terror campaign;
539
00:36:35,726 --> 00:36:39,585
to terrify Arbenz particularly, terrify his troops,
540
00:36:39,939 --> 00:36:45,672
much as the German Stuka bombers terrified the population of Holland,
541
00:36:45,672 --> 00:36:52,190
Belgium and Poland at the onset of World War II and just rendered everybody paralyzed.
542
00:36:54,057 --> 00:36:57,937
As planes flown by CIA pilots dropped bombs on Guatemala City,
543
00:36:58,337 --> 00:37:02,089
Edward Bernays carried on his propaganda campaign in the American press.
544
00:37:03,067 --> 00:37:07,055
He was preparing the American population to see this as the liberation of Guatemala
545
00:37:07,055 --> 00:37:09,694
by freedom fighters for democracy.
546
00:37:12,895 --> 00:37:16,535
Larry Tye - Journalist, Boston Globe:
He totally understood that the coup would happen
547
00:37:17,663 --> 00:37:21,565
when conditions in the public and the press allowed for a coup to happen
548
00:37:21,565 --> 00:37:23,505
and he created those conditions.
549
00:37:23,505 --> 00:37:26,724
He was totally savvy in terms of just what he was helping create there
550
00:37:26,724 --> 00:37:30,130
in terms of the overthrow. But ultimately he was reshaping reality,
551
00:37:30,130 --> 00:37:34,693
and reshaping public opinion in a way that's undemocratic and manipulative.
552
00:37:36,973 --> 00:37:40,963
On June 27th 1954 Colonel Arbenz fled the country
553
00:37:41,215 --> 00:37:43,758
and Armas arrived as the new leader.
554
00:37:44,570 --> 00:37:47,508
Within months Vice President Nixon visited Guatemala.
555
00:37:48,770 --> 00:37:52,811
In an event staged by United Fruit's PR department he was shown piles
556
00:37:52,811 --> 00:37:57,545
of Marxist literature that had been found it was said in the presidential palace.
557
00:38:00,526 --> 00:38:04,632
This is the first time in the history of the world that
558
00:38:04,632 --> 00:38:08,319
the communist government has been overthrown by the people.
559
00:38:08,319 --> 00:38:11,446
And for that we congratulate you and the people of Guatemala
560
00:38:11,446 --> 00:38:13,569
for the support they have given.
561
00:38:13,569 --> 00:38:17,214
And we are sure that under your leadership supported by the people
562
00:38:17,214 --> 00:38:20,713
whom I have met by the hundreds on my visit to Guatemala
563
00:38:21,037 --> 00:38:26,199
that Guatemala is going to enter a new era in which there will be
564
00:38:26,420 --> 00:38:31,217
prosperity for the people, together with liberty for the people.
565
00:38:31,687 --> 00:38:37,634
Thank you very much for allowing us to see this exhibit of communism in Guatemala.
566
00:38:39,467 --> 00:38:43,922
And for dinner, see what mother has for desert: banana gingerbread shortcake
567
00:38:44,384 --> 00:38:47,839
just another of the many tempting ways which this nutritious fruit
568
00:38:47,839 --> 00:38:52,156
cand be prepaired..So now that you've seen where bananas come from
569
00:38:52,385 --> 00:38:56,247
before they reach your table, our journey to banana-land has ended..
570
00:38:56,532 --> 00:39:00,432
We hope you've enjoyied the trip! We know you like bananas!
571
00:39:02,010 --> 00:39:06,347
Bernays had manipulated the American people but he had done so because he,
572
00:39:06,347 --> 00:39:10,264
like many others at the time believed that the interests of business
573
00:39:10,264 --> 00:39:13,326
and the interests of America were indivisible.
574
00:39:13,326 --> 00:39:16,136
Especially when faced with the threat of communism.
575
00:39:17,043 --> 00:39:19,802
But Bernays was convinced that to explain this rationally
576
00:39:19,802 --> 00:39:21,733
to the American people was impossible.
577
00:39:22,308 --> 00:39:23,786
Because they were not rational.
578
00:39:24,352 --> 00:39:28,091
Instead one had to touch on their inner fears and manipulate them
579
00:39:28,091 --> 00:39:30,173
in the interest of a higher truth.
580
00:39:31,034 --> 00:39:33,671
He called it the engineering of consent.
581
00:39:34,922 --> 00:39:40,224
Ann Bernays - Daughter of Edward Bernays:
He was doing it for the American way of life
582
00:39:40,224 --> 00:39:44,498
to which he was devoted, sincerely devoted.
583
00:39:45,051 --> 00:39:48,689
And yet he felt the people were really pretty stupid.
584
00:39:49,139 --> 00:39:51,160
And that's the paradox.
585
00:39:51,441 --> 00:39:56,724
If you don't leave it up to the people themselves but force them
586
00:39:57,002 --> 00:40:01,174
to choose what you want them to choose, however subtly,
587
00:40:01,726 --> 00:40:04,406
then it's not democracy anymore...
588
00:40:07,912 --> 00:40:10,455
It's something else, it's being told what to do,
589
00:40:12,186 --> 00:40:14,948
it's that old authoritarian thing.
590
00:40:17,856 --> 00:40:20,983
But the idea that it was necessary to manipulate the inner feelings
591
00:40:20,983 --> 00:40:24,673
of the American population, in the interest of fighting the cold war
592
00:40:24,919 --> 00:40:27,104
now began to take root in Washington.
593
00:40:27,747 --> 00:40:31,496
Above all, in the CIA, who were going to take it much further.
594
00:40:33,501 --> 00:40:37,169
They were concerned that the Soviets were experimenting with psychological methods
595
00:40:37,387 --> 00:40:40,370
to actually alter the memories and feelings of people.
596
00:40:40,752 --> 00:40:43,635
The aim, being to produce more controllable citizens.
597
00:40:44,220 --> 00:40:45,951
It was known as brainwashing.
598
00:40:49,688 --> 00:40:53,357
Psychologists in the CIA were convinced that this really might be possible
599
00:40:54,065 --> 00:40:56,622
and that they should try do it themselves.
600
00:41:00,186 --> 00:41:02,910
Dr. John Gittinger - CIA Chief Psychologist 1950-74:
The image of the human being that was being built up
601
00:41:02,910 --> 00:41:07,891
at that particular time was that there was a great deal of vulnerability
602
00:41:08,138 --> 00:41:13,514
in every human being and that, that vulnerability could be manipulated
603
00:41:13,984 --> 00:41:19,161
to program somebody to be something that I wanted them to be
604
00:41:20,045 --> 00:41:22,053
and they didn't want to be.
605
00:41:24,297 --> 00:41:29,142
That you could manipulate people in such a way that they could be
606
00:41:29,413 --> 00:41:33,328
automatons, if you will, for whatever your own purposes were,
607
00:41:34,188 --> 00:41:37,125
this was the image that people thought was possible.
608
00:41:38,191 --> 00:41:40,859
In the late 50s the CIA poured millions of dollars
609
00:41:40,859 --> 00:41:44,443
into the psychology departments of universities across America.
610
00:41:45,484 --> 00:41:48,943
They were secretly funding experiments on how to alter and control
611
00:41:49,155 --> 00:41:51,517
the inner drives of human beings.
612
00:41:52,564 --> 00:41:55,268
The most notorious of these experiments was run by the head
613
00:41:55,268 --> 00:41:58,929
of the American Psychiatric Association, Dr. Ewen Cameron.
614
00:42:00,257 --> 00:42:03,800
Like many psychiatrists at that time Cameron was convinced that
615
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:07,678
inside human beings were dangerous forces which threatened society.
616
00:42:08,603 --> 00:42:12,360
But he believed that it was possible, to not just control these forces
617
00:42:12,360 --> 00:42:14,661
but actually remove them.
618
00:42:14,873 --> 00:42:17,469
Dr. Heinz Lehmann - Psychiatrist and colleague of Dr Cameron:
He thought that psychiatry should not
619
00:42:17,469 --> 00:42:20,416
just concentrate on sick people and the mentally ill,
620
00:42:20,416 --> 00:42:23,074
but should actually go into government,
621
00:42:23,074 --> 00:42:26,339
that politicians should listen to psychiatrists;
622
00:42:26,339 --> 00:42:30,714
psychiatrists should be in every parliament and should direct and monitor
623
00:42:30,948 --> 00:42:37,969
political activities, because they knew in a rational and scientific way
624
00:42:38,184 --> 00:42:40,719
what was good for people.
625
00:42:41,347 --> 00:42:45,638
Cameron had set up a clinic in a hospital in Montreal called the Allen Memorial.
626
00:42:46,245 --> 00:42:48,449
It has now long since closed down.
627
00:42:49,503 --> 00:42:53,346
Cameron took patients who suffered a wide range of mental problems.
628
00:42:53,783 --> 00:42:57,138
His theory was that these resulted from forgotten or repressed memories.
629
00:42:57,138 --> 00:43:01,983
But he was impatient with the idea of using psychotherapy to uncover them.
630
00:43:02,577 --> 00:43:04,845
Instead, he would simply wipe them.
631
00:43:05,482 --> 00:43:09,350
Cameron used drugs including LSD and the technique of ECT,
632
00:43:09,827 --> 00:43:11,951
electro-convulsive therapy.
633
00:43:12,327 --> 00:43:15,883
It was conventionally used at that time to relieve depression.
634
00:43:16,107 --> 00:43:20,109
But Cameron was going to use it in a new way - to produce new people.
635
00:43:21,972 --> 00:43:26,815
Laughlin Taylor - Assistant to Dr Cameron 1958-60: He was really using it to try
636
00:43:26,815 --> 00:43:31,141
and change the fundamental function of the individual.
637
00:43:31,141 --> 00:43:38,889
To alter their past memories, their past ways of behaving,
638
00:43:40,623 --> 00:43:43,925
and as I think he said at one point,
639
00:43:44,140 --> 00:43:48,705
to just sort of erase everything from their past so that
640
00:43:48,705 --> 00:43:54,516
you then had a slate in which you could record new ways of behavior.
641
00:43:57,066 --> 00:44:03,945
And so he used massive doses of shock, people receiving several shocks a day
642
00:44:04,300 --> 00:44:11,708
and over a course over time hundreds of ECT treatments so that they were
643
00:44:11,708 --> 00:44:16,893
just reduced to sort of a very primitive vegetable state.
644
00:44:19,333 --> 00:44:22,289
Linda MacDonald - Patient of Dr. Ewen Cameron:
I don't remember what happened to me.
645
00:44:22,520 --> 00:44:26,582
I was introduced to Dr. Cameron and I don't remember Dr. Cameron at all.
646
00:44:26,978 --> 00:44:30,575
I don't remember any of that. They shipped me up to what they call
647
00:44:30,575 --> 00:44:36,259
'the sleep room' and they gave me all of these electro-convulsive shock treatments
648
00:44:36,572 --> 00:44:40,804
and mega doses of drugs and LSD and all of that and
649
00:44:41,072 --> 00:44:43,260
I have no memory of any of that.
650
00:44:43,260 --> 00:44:50,010
Nothing of that time at the Allen Memorial or any of my life previous to that.
651
00:44:50,274 --> 00:44:52,553
All gone... Wiped...
652
00:44:53,118 --> 00:44:56,389
Laughlin Taylor - Assistant to Dr Cameron 1958-60:
And then after having depatterned somebody
653
00:44:57,139 --> 00:45:02,336
or brought them down to where basically nothing but the essential functions
654
00:45:02,539 --> 00:45:06,795
of the body were going on in terms of breathing and things of this nature,
655
00:45:07,074 --> 00:45:10,867
then he would begin to feed material into these individuals;
656
00:45:10,867 --> 00:45:17,460
positive material such that the brain would be programmed in a positive way
657
00:45:17,460 --> 00:45:19,945
so that the individual would be completely altered.
658
00:45:19,945 --> 00:45:22,899
Linda MacDonald - Patient of Dr. Ewen Cameron:
Then he put these tapes under our pillows
659
00:45:22,899 --> 00:45:25,023
called psychic driving.
660
00:45:25,023 --> 00:45:29,698
He would then put back into this empty brain, a program
661
00:45:30,447 --> 00:45:34,399
of whatever sort he decided upon.
662
00:45:34,608 --> 00:45:40,234
And the people like myself would wake up another person, I guess...
663
00:45:42,026 --> 00:45:45,591
In fact, Cameron's experiments were a complete disaster.
664
00:45:46,702 --> 00:45:50,279
All he managed to produce were dozens of people with memory loss
665
00:45:50,810 --> 00:45:55,563
and the ability to repeat the phrase 'I am at ease with myself'.
666
00:45:57,141 --> 00:46:01,307
And it was not an isolated case, almost all the experiments the CIA funded
667
00:46:01,560 --> 00:46:03,653
were equally unsuccessful.
668
00:46:04,332 --> 00:46:07,830
Despite their ambitions, American psychologists were beginning to find out
669
00:46:08,112 --> 00:46:11,105
how difficult it was to understand and control
670
00:46:11,402 --> 00:46:14,294
the inner workings of the human mind.
671
00:46:15,902 --> 00:46:19,248
Dr. John Gittinger - CIA Chief Psychologist 1950-74:
We had benn really,
672
00:46:19,463 --> 00:46:22,932
chasing a phantom, if you will, an illusion -
673
00:46:23,550 --> 00:46:27,687
that the human mind was more capable of manipulation
674
00:46:27,891 --> 00:46:29,874
from the outside,
675
00:46:29,874 --> 00:46:33,365
by outside factors than it is.
676
00:46:33,925 --> 00:46:39,174
We found out that the human being is an extremely complex thing.
677
00:46:40,278 --> 00:46:43,147
There were no simple solutions.
678
00:46:45,816 --> 00:46:50,689
But you've just got to bear in mind that these were strange times.
679
00:46:53,014 --> 00:46:56,296
The psychoanalysts had come to power in America because of their theory
680
00:46:56,531 --> 00:47:00,317
that they knew how to control the dangerous forces inside human beings.
681
00:47:02,129 --> 00:47:05,502
But now, the psychoanalysts were about to face a high profile failure
682
00:47:06,219 --> 00:47:10,188
that would lead people to begin questioning the very basis of their ideas.
683
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:13,831
It began in Hollywood.
684
00:47:15,737 --> 00:47:19,128
The film industry had become fascinated by psychoanalysis,
685
00:47:19,128 --> 00:47:23,525
and Anna Freud was a powerful influence on dozens of analysts in Los Angeles.
686
00:47:24,595 --> 00:47:28,088
They treated film stars, directors, and studio bosses.
687
00:47:29,111 --> 00:47:33,634
Anna Freud's closest friend was the most sought after of all, Ralph Greenson.
688
00:47:37,694 --> 00:47:41,820
And in 1960, the most famous star in the world turned to Greenson for help.
689
00:47:43,067 --> 00:47:45,662
Marilyn Monroe was suffering from despair
690
00:47:45,880 --> 00:47:49,005
and had become addicted to alcohol and drugs.
691
00:47:49,911 --> 00:47:53,776
Celeste Holm - Actress and former patient of Dr. Ralph Greenson:
When I walked in to dinner here was Marilyn Monroe.
692
00:47:53,994 --> 00:47:56,238
And I made a picture with her called All About Eve.
693
00:47:56,238 --> 00:47:58,785
This was dinner at Ralph Greenson's? Yes.
694
00:47:58,785 --> 00:48:04,223
And the only thing was that Ralph was trying to show her,
695
00:48:10,975 --> 00:48:16,006
the way a family life ought really to be.
696
00:48:17,343 --> 00:48:20,778
So we were walking the dog after and I said 'what the hell are you doing here?'
697
00:48:20,778 --> 00:48:23,166
I said, 'You never invited me to dinner!'
698
00:48:23,853 --> 00:48:26,809
And he said, 'you weren't that sick.'
699
00:48:27,729 --> 00:48:35,434
And I said 'oh.' He said 'this child has no, NO frame of reference.'
700
00:48:37,185 --> 00:48:40,433
In other words she doesn't know what the goal is.
701
00:48:40,757 --> 00:48:43,716
What Greenson did was to follow Anna Freud's theory
702
00:48:44,353 --> 00:48:46,913
If Marilyn Monroe could be thought to conform
703
00:48:47,184 --> 00:48:50,166
to what society considered a normal pattern of life,
704
00:48:50,166 --> 00:48:54,092
That would help her ego control her inner destructive urges.
705
00:48:54,917 --> 00:48:57,398
But Greenson pushed it to an extreme.
706
00:48:57,603 --> 00:49:01,822
He persuaded Monroe to move into a house nearby that was decorated like his own.
707
00:49:02,636 --> 00:49:06,948
He then took her into his own family life, and he, his wife and his daughter
708
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:10,011
played at being Monroe's own family.
709
00:49:10,823 --> 00:49:15,127
Greenson himself would become the model of conformity.
710
00:49:15,480 --> 00:49:18,605
Dr. Leo Rangell - Los Angeles psychoanalyst:
And so this someone she regarded as important
711
00:49:21,595 --> 00:49:27,284
and she idealized , if he turned out to be a very gratifying father figure
712
00:49:28,065 --> 00:49:31,440
her ego would benefit from that, that was the theory.
713
00:49:33,376 --> 00:49:36,287
His wife and children, everyone was involved in it.
714
00:49:36,563 --> 00:49:40,033
They were strengthening the person, they were strengthening the mind,
715
00:49:40,256 --> 00:49:43,287
they were strengthening the agent that controls inner life;
716
00:49:43,513 --> 00:49:49,660
against adversity, against insufficiency, against too much frustration,
717
00:49:51,474 --> 00:49:54,318
so that Marilyn Monroe would no longer be a helpless person
718
00:49:54,760 --> 00:49:56,982
looking for love, she'd have enough love...
719
00:49:58,570 --> 00:50:02,321
But despite all his efforts, Greenson was unable to help Marilyn Monroe.
720
00:50:03,510 --> 00:50:07,242
On August 5th 1962 she committed suicide in her house.
721
00:50:10,794 --> 00:50:14,980
The suicide shocked many in the analytic community, including Anna Freud.
722
00:50:16,259 --> 00:50:18,433
And high profile figures in American life,
723
00:50:18,658 --> 00:50:21,408
who had previously been enthusiasts for psychoanalysis
724
00:50:21,408 --> 00:50:25,845
now began to question why psychoanalysis had become so powerful in America.
725
00:50:27,323 --> 00:50:29,699
Was it really because it benefitted individuals
726
00:50:30,635 --> 00:50:35,075
or had it in fact become a form of constraint in the interests of social order?
727
00:50:36,386 --> 00:50:39,447
The critics included Monroe's ex-husband, Arthur Miller.
728
00:50:40,512 --> 00:50:44,161
Arthur Miller - Interview, 1963:
My argument with so much psychoanalysis these days
729
00:50:44,161 --> 00:50:46,826
is the preconception that suffering is a mistake,
730
00:50:47,040 --> 00:50:49,857
or a sign of weakness, or a sign even of illness
731
00:50:50,106 --> 00:50:54,172
When in fact, possibly the greatest truths we know
732
00:50:54,172 --> 00:50:56,246
have come out of people's suffering.
733
00:50:56,636 --> 00:51:00,836
That the problem is not to undo suffering or to wipe it off the face of the earth
734
00:51:00,836 --> 00:51:04,270
but to make it inform our lives, instead of trying to
735
00:51:04,270 --> 00:51:07,403
cure ourselves of it constantly and avoid it.
736
00:51:07,840 --> 00:51:12,674
And avoid anything but that lobotomized sense of what they call happiness.
737
00:51:13,547 --> 00:51:18,082
There's too much of an attempt it seems to me at controlling man
738
00:51:18,298 --> 00:51:24,529
rather than freeing him; of defining him rather than letting him go.
739
00:51:25,687 --> 00:51:29,713
And it's part of the whole ideology of this age which is power mad.
740
00:51:32,779 --> 00:51:39,622
Hey, have you heard, about the crazy new way, to send the message today
741
00:51:39,906 --> 00:51:43,339
It blasts off ascreen, too quick to see..
742
00:51:43,178 --> 00:51:46,339
But still, you get it, subliminaly...
743
00:51:47,197 --> 00:51:50,231
At the same time an onslaught was launched on the way psychoanalysis
744
00:51:50,231 --> 00:51:52,979
was being used by business to control people.
745
00:51:54,189 --> 00:51:55,993
The first blow came with a bestseller,
746
00:51:55,993 --> 00:51:59,291
"The Hidden Persuaders" written by Vance Packard.
747
00:51:59,564 --> 00:52:03,780
It accused psychoanalysts of reducing the American people to emotional puppets
748
00:52:04,186 --> 00:52:07,593
whose only function is to keep mass production lines running.
749
00:52:08,967 --> 00:52:12,258
They did this by manipulating people's unconscious desires,
750
00:52:12,511 --> 00:52:15,575
to create longings for ever new brands and models.
751
00:52:16,510 --> 00:52:19,418
They had turned the population into unwitting participants
752
00:52:19,418 --> 00:52:21,823
in the system of planned obsolescence.
753
00:52:24,184 --> 00:52:27,198
The second blow came from an influential philosopher and social critic,
754
00:52:27,510 --> 00:52:31,400
Herbert Marcuse. He had been trained in psychoanalysis.
755
00:52:34,246 --> 00:52:39,619
Herbert Marcuse - Interviewed 1967:
This is a childish application of psychoanalysis
756
00:52:39,619 --> 00:52:44,482
which does not take at all into consideration the very real
757
00:52:44,482 --> 00:52:50,847
political, systematic waste of resources of technology and of the productive process.
758
00:52:51,193 --> 00:52:56,230
For example this planned obsolescence; for example the production of
759
00:52:56,230 --> 00:53:01,389
innumerable brands and gadgets who are in the last analysis
760
00:53:01,389 --> 00:53:03,075
always the same;
761
00:53:03,295 --> 00:53:09,685
the production of innumerable different models of automobiles;
762
00:53:10,009 --> 00:53:15,172
and this prosperity at the same time, consciously or unconsciously
763
00:53:15,799 --> 00:53:19,639
leads to a kind of schizophrenic existence.
764
00:53:21,581 --> 00:53:26,381
I believe that in this society, an incredible quantum of aggressiveness
765
00:53:26,381 --> 00:53:32,207
and destructiveness is accumulated, precisely because of the empty prosperity
766
00:53:34,110 --> 00:53:38,039
which then, simply erupts.
767
00:53:46,736 --> 00:53:49,946
Marcuse's argument was not simply that psychoanalysis had been used
768
00:53:49,946 --> 00:53:52,981
for corrupt purposes, it was more fundamental.
769
00:53:54,348 --> 00:53:58,325
Marcuse said that the very idea that you needed to control people was wrong.
770
00:53:59,510 --> 00:54:02,274
Human beings did have inner emotional drives,
771
00:54:02,585 --> 00:54:05,363
but they were not inherently violent or evil.
772
00:54:05,708 --> 00:54:08,396
It was society that made these drives dangerous
773
00:54:08,396 --> 00:54:10,650
by repressing and distorting them.
774
00:54:10,650 --> 00:54:14,739
Anna Freud and her followers had increased that repression
775
00:54:14,739 --> 00:54:17,680
by trying to make people conform to society.
776
00:54:18,335 --> 00:54:22,697
Ann so doing, they made people more dangerous not less.
777
00:54:23,113 --> 00:54:25,990
Dr. Neil Smelser - Political theorist and psychoanalyst:
Marcuse challenged that social world
778
00:54:25,990 --> 00:54:28,897
and he said that's a world that should not be adapted to.
779
00:54:28,642 --> 00:54:32,465
And in fact, what the individual was adapting to
780
00:54:32,465 --> 00:54:37,884
was corrupt and evil and corrupting.
781
00:54:38,182 --> 00:54:43,340
In other words he switched the source of evil from inward conflict
782
00:54:43,640 --> 00:54:46,828
to the society itself.
783
00:54:47,122 --> 00:54:49,934
That the sickness of society layed at the society level
784
00:54:49,934 --> 00:54:52,783
not at the sickness of human beings in it.
785
00:54:52,783 --> 00:55:00,303
And if people did not challenge that, then they were in fact submitting, to evil.
786
00:55:01,547 --> 00:55:06,907
Martin Luther King 1967:
Modern psychology has a word that is used probably more
787
00:55:07,146 --> 00:55:12,035
than any other word in psychology, it is the word maladjusted.
788
00:55:12,268 --> 00:55:17,429
It is the ringing cry of modern child psychology, maladjusted.
789
00:55:17,429 --> 00:55:22,091
Now of course, we all want to live the well adjusted life in order to avoid
790
00:55:22,295 --> 00:55:25,475
neurotic and schizophrenic personalities.
791
00:55:25,740 --> 00:55:30,859
But as I move toward my conclusion, I would like to say to you today
792
00:55:30,859 --> 00:55:35,876
in a very honest manner that there are some things in our society
793
00:55:35,876 --> 00:55:41,333
and some things in our world to which I am proud to be maladjusted
794
00:55:42,093 --> 00:55:46,783
and I call upon all men of good will to be maladjusted to these things
795
00:55:46,783 --> 00:55:49,643
until the good society is realized.
796
00:55:49,929 --> 00:55:53,627
I must honestly say to you that I never intend to adjust myself
797
00:55:54,691 --> 00:55:58,504
to racial segregation and discrimination.
798
00:55:58,962 --> 00:56:04,380
I never intend to adjust myself to religious bigotry.
799
00:56:04,940 --> 00:56:09,589
I never intend to adjust myself to economic conditions, that will take
800
00:56:09,790 --> 00:56:13,784
necessities from the many, to give luxuries to the few.
801
00:56:14,168 --> 00:56:17,254
leave millions of God's children smothering in an airtight
802
00:56:17,475 --> 00:56:21,165
cage of poverty in the midst of an affluent society.
803
00:56:24,370 --> 00:56:28,040
The political influence of the Freudian psychoanalysts was over.
804
00:56:28,877 --> 00:56:32,121
Instead, they were now accused of having helped to create
805
00:56:32,350 --> 00:56:35,066
a repressive form of social control.
806
00:56:37,757 --> 00:56:41,839
Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham lived on in Sigmund Freud's old house in London.
807
00:56:43,315 --> 00:56:47,102
In 1970, Dorothy's son Bob died of alcoholism,
808
00:56:47,996 --> 00:56:53,959
and in 1973 his sister Mabbie returned, for yet more analysis with Anna Freud.
809
00:56:55,560 --> 00:56:58,116
Michael Burlingham - Bob Burlingham's son:
She went back for more analysis;
810
00:56:58,380 --> 00:57:01,665
she was living at 20 Maresfield Gardens in the Freud house,
811
00:57:01,881 --> 00:57:05,228
as I guess she did when she wasn't with her husband,
812
00:57:05,539 --> 00:57:09,494
and she committed suicide. She took an overdose of sleeping pills.
813
00:57:11,218 --> 00:57:14,666
- In Freud's own house?
- In Freud's own house, right...
814
00:57:19,443 --> 00:57:24,812
So obviously there are a lot of implications that one can draw from that
815
00:57:25,073 --> 00:57:28,728
and I just happened to think she reached the end of the rope there.
816
00:57:28,948 --> 00:57:33,669
Although it would seem to be a very pointed act.
817
00:57:34,042 --> 00:57:37,815
Obviously suicide is a very politicized act and to do it
818
00:57:38,074 --> 00:57:43,424
in Sigmund Freud's own house is certainly different from
819
00:57:43,697 --> 00:57:46,541
doing it in Riverdale, back in New York.
820
00:57:50,480 --> 00:57:53,262
Next Week's episode will tell the story of the rise to power
821
00:57:53,514 --> 00:57:55,919
of the enemies of the Freud family.
822
00:57:56,232 --> 00:57:59,952
They believed that the way to build a better society was to let the self free.
823
00:58:01,845 --> 00:58:05,137
But what they didn't realize was that this idea of liberation
824
00:58:05,357 --> 00:58:09,482
would provide business and politics with yet another way to control the self,
825
00:58:10,169 --> 00:58:12,391
by feeding its infinite desires.