1 00:00:01,286 --> 00:00:06,357 This series of films has told the story of the raise of a narrow and peculiar kind of freedom. 2 00:00:07,058 --> 00:00:11,563 The last two programs had shown how politicians from both the right and the left, 3 00:00:11,563 --> 00:00:15,100 came to believe in a simplistic model of human beings: 4 00:00:15,100 --> 00:00:19,138 the self-seeking, almost robotic creatures. 5 00:00:19,138 --> 00:00:24,143 Out of this came a new and simplified idea of politics. 6 00:00:24,143 --> 00:00:27,746 No longer did politicians set out to change the world, 7 00:00:27,746 --> 00:00:34,454 instead they saw their job as being to deliver nothing more than what these free individuals wanted. 8 00:00:35,021 --> 00:00:40,894 And at the same time, we too came to think of ourselves as simplified beings, 9 00:00:40,894 --> 00:00:43,596 whose behavior and even feelings, 10 00:00:43,596 --> 00:00:47,167 could be analyzed objectively by scientific systems, 11 00:00:47,167 --> 00:00:51,572 which told us what was the normal way to feel. 12 00:00:51,739 --> 00:00:54,709 And both we, and our leaders 13 00:00:54,709 --> 00:00:58,713 have come to believe this is the true definition of freedom, 14 00:00:58,713 --> 00:01:01,849 there is no other. 15 00:01:01,849 --> 00:01:04,418 But there is. 16 00:01:06,587 --> 00:01:09,624 There is an alternative idea of freedom. 17 00:01:09,624 --> 00:01:12,227 But we have hidden it and forgotten about it, 18 00:01:12,227 --> 00:01:15,831 because it can be so frightening and dangerous. 19 00:01:15,931 --> 00:01:18,700 It is the dream of not only changing the world 20 00:01:18,700 --> 00:01:21,903 but also transforming people. 21 00:01:21,903 --> 00:01:26,074 And by changing them you can then free them from themselves. 22 00:01:26,908 --> 00:01:31,047 This film will go back and unearth that forgotten idea of freedom. 23 00:01:31,047 --> 00:01:33,783 It will show why it is so dangerous, 24 00:01:33,783 --> 00:01:36,352 and why it was hidden. 25 00:01:36,386 --> 00:01:42,859 But it will also show why this idea still holds us, because it inspires people. 26 00:01:42,859 --> 00:01:47,498 It offers hope and meaning in a way our narrow version of freedom 27 00:01:47,498 --> 00:01:50,434 was deliberately design to exclude. 28 00:01:52,236 --> 00:01:57,174 The architects of our present world set us a terrible trap. 29 00:01:57,174 --> 00:02:01,712 In seeking to protect us from the dangers of the other kind of freedom, 30 00:02:01,712 --> 00:02:05,082 they led us into a world without meaning. 31 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:09,074 Subtitles downloaded from Podnapisi.NET 32 00:02:24,302 --> 00:02:27,039 To understand these two ideals of freedom, 33 00:02:27,039 --> 00:02:29,108 and how they came to oppose each other, 34 00:02:29,108 --> 00:02:32,578 you have to go back to the Oxford of the 1950s. 35 00:02:32,578 --> 00:02:36,048 And to a man who did more than anyone to define them. 36 00:02:36,081 --> 00:02:39,852 He was one of the most important liberal thinkers of the 20th Century. 37 00:02:39,852 --> 00:02:42,755 Isaiah Berlin. 38 00:02:42,755 --> 00:02:45,192 Berlin was an extraordinary figure. 39 00:02:45,192 --> 00:02:49,262 He was born in St Petersburg, and witnessed the Russian Revolution. 40 00:02:49,262 --> 00:02:51,498 His family then fled to Britain, 41 00:02:51,498 --> 00:02:56,736 and Berlin grew up to become one of the central figures in the British establishment. 42 00:02:56,736 --> 00:03:00,540 During the war he served as a diplomat in America, 43 00:03:00,540 --> 00:03:02,876 and got to know many of the young politicians 44 00:03:02,876 --> 00:03:06,714 who would later run America during the Cold War. 45 00:03:06,714 --> 00:03:10,751 In the 50s Berlin became a political philosopher at Oxford, 46 00:03:10,751 --> 00:03:12,553 and a celebrity: 47 00:03:12,553 --> 00:03:16,657 he was featured in Vogue, and appeared regularly on he BBC. 48 00:03:16,657 --> 00:03:23,031 At the heart of Berlin's thought was the question of individual freedom and how to protect it. 49 00:03:23,031 --> 00:03:26,735 - What I think, I think what ___ says which is the question of freedom. 50 00:03:27,402 --> 00:03:30,672 You want to feel free to make mistakes. 51 00:03:30,672 --> 00:03:34,643 I think I object not being ___, I object to paternalism. 52 00:03:34,643 --> 00:03:37,946 Ultimately, I think what I object to is being treated as a schoolboy, 53 00:03:37,946 --> 00:03:40,282 being told my own good. 54 00:03:40,282 --> 00:03:43,019 There are certain things that ___ being driven in a perfectly beneficent direction 55 00:03:43,019 --> 00:03:45,889 but perfectly disinterested and pure hearted... 56 00:03:45,922 --> 00:03:49,259 anyone like governments or a manufactures*, it doesn´t matter which. 57 00:03:49,259 --> 00:03:52,462 If human beings are children, we must first ___ together, 58 00:03:52,462 --> 00:03:55,565 create some institutions, make them work 59 00:03:55,565 --> 00:03:57,901 and we hope later we will see how well we done for them. 60 00:03:57,901 --> 00:03:59,936 And they will become rational intercourse of... 61 00:03:59,936 --> 00:04:02,940 This is exactly why the British Empire fell towards. 62 00:04:02,940 --> 00:04:06,577 Colony people in Africa is exactly how schoolmasters feel to our children, 63 00:04:06,577 --> 00:04:09,580 and it always leads to death* ___. 64 00:04:10,381 --> 00:04:14,151 And for Berlin the greatest threat to individual freedom in the world 65 00:04:14,151 --> 00:04:16,387 was the Soviet Union. 66 00:04:16,387 --> 00:04:18,422 In October 1956, 67 00:04:18,422 --> 00:04:22,661 the hungarian people had risen up and ___ their communist government. 68 00:04:22,661 --> 00:04:25,497 In response soviet forces invaded, 69 00:04:25,497 --> 00:04:30,201 and brutally suppressed the rebellion, massacring thousands. 70 00:04:30,201 --> 00:04:32,771 The Soviet action shocked the world, 71 00:04:32,804 --> 00:04:36,908 and for Berlin it defined the central paradox of the age. 72 00:04:36,908 --> 00:04:40,179 How could the Soviet system which had been designed and built 73 00:04:40,179 --> 00:04:43,082 in the dream of liberating individuals from tyranny 74 00:04:43,082 --> 00:04:47,620 had become such an oppressive and tyrannical force in the world? 75 00:04:47,620 --> 00:04:50,623 Berlin believed that he had the answer, 76 00:04:50,623 --> 00:04:54,360 and he set out to explain what had happened. 77 00:04:54,360 --> 00:05:03,270 And in doing this, he was going to offer what he believed was a better and safer ideal of freedom. 78 00:05:05,939 --> 00:05:10,143 In 1958, Berlin gave a lecture at Oxford 79 00:05:10,143 --> 00:05:13,013 Oxford which he called "Two Concepts of Liberty", 80 00:05:13,046 --> 00:05:17,284 it will become one of the key ideological underpinnings of the Cold War. 81 00:05:17,584 --> 00:05:21,956 There are, he said, two very different kinds of freedom. 82 00:05:21,956 --> 00:05:26,828 One he called, positive liberty, the other, negative liberty. 83 00:05:26,828 --> 00:05:31,466 And to explain them, Berlin went back into the past. 84 00:05:34,435 --> 00:05:40,142 Both ideas is originated, he said, in the same impulse, more than 200 years before, 85 00:05:40,142 --> 00:05:42,444 at the time of the French Revolution, 86 00:05:42,444 --> 00:05:48,050 when individuals wanted to free themselves from the oppression of tyrants and despots. 87 00:05:48,050 --> 00:05:50,586 Positive liberty, Berlin explained, 88 00:05:50,586 --> 00:05:54,456 was born after the belief of those who led these revolutions 89 00:05:54,490 --> 00:05:57,961 that to be truly free, people had to be transformed, 90 00:05:57,961 --> 00:06:01,364 they had to become better, rational beings, 91 00:06:01,364 --> 00:06:05,468 and only the leaders knew what that idea of human being should be, 92 00:06:05,468 --> 00:06:09,005 and how it could be created. 93 00:06:09,005 --> 00:06:14,144 This, Berlin said, led to a terrible logic in all revolutions: 94 00:06:14,244 --> 00:06:19,083 the masses, who did not realized what true freedom was, 95 00:06:19,083 --> 00:06:22,119 had to be coerced. 96 00:06:28,125 --> 00:06:30,594 At the height of the French Revolution, 97 00:06:30,594 --> 00:06:33,297 the Jacobin leader, Roberspierre, explained this: 98 00:06:33,330 --> 00:06:36,501 terror from a revolutionary government, he said, 99 00:06:36,535 --> 00:06:40,706 is very different from the terror used by tyrants in the past, 100 00:06:40,706 --> 00:06:44,743 because now, it meant the destruction of those whose moral corruption 101 00:06:44,743 --> 00:06:49,247 was barring the way to a new society of virtue. 102 00:06:49,281 --> 00:06:55,988 Terror has become, he said, the despotism of liberty against tyranny. 103 00:07:00,326 --> 00:07:05,131 Another of the jacobins, Saint Just put it more simply: 104 00:07:05,131 --> 00:07:09,969 “We must force the people to be free”. 105 00:07:09,969 --> 00:07:11,838 From the French terror 106 00:07:11,838 --> 00:07:15,175 to the short trials and the mass executions in the Soviet Union 107 00:07:15,175 --> 00:07:17,544 this logic always led, Berlin argued, 108 00:07:17,578 --> 00:07:21,448 to horror, and the very opposite of freedom. 109 00:07:21,448 --> 00:07:24,685 Positive liberty, he said, will always fail because 110 00:07:24,685 --> 00:07:28,589 it was driven by a forced belief that there was one true answer 111 00:07:28,589 --> 00:07:31,258 to all human ills. 112 00:07:31,291 --> 00:07:35,864 Once you believe that you got the final answer to human ills, 113 00:07:35,897 --> 00:07:39,634 if it justifyng the answer, no sacrifice is too great for it, 114 00:07:39,634 --> 00:07:41,870 and even if you were to kill people for it. 115 00:07:41,870 --> 00:07:46,407 This is the one and permanent bliss happiness: 116 00:07:46,407 --> 00:07:49,310 of mankind of surely worth it. 117 00:07:49,377 --> 00:07:52,148 If you believe there´s a single answer to a single question, 118 00:07:52,148 --> 00:07:54,950 the true answer, all the other answers being false, 119 00:07:54,950 --> 00:07:58,487 and all these answers can be put together and harmonize with each other, 120 00:07:58,487 --> 00:08:02,792 and create the perfect universe, then there is a temptation, 121 00:08:02,792 --> 00:08:06,996 if you think you have it, to do awful things. 122 00:08:08,497 --> 00:08:11,034 Against this corrupt idea, 123 00:08:11,034 --> 00:08:15,872 Berlin defined his other idea of freedom: negative liberty. 124 00:08:15,872 --> 00:08:17,841 Negative liberty, he said, 125 00:08:17,841 --> 00:08:22,646 was the freedom of all individuals to do what they want and nothing more. 126 00:08:22,646 --> 00:08:24,981 There should be governments and laws 127 00:08:25,015 --> 00:08:29,719 to ensure that individuals actions do not interfere with each others freedoms, 128 00:08:29,719 --> 00:08:33,991 but other than that power should be restrained. 129 00:08:34,058 --> 00:08:37,929 Negative liberty was a society deliberately without ideals, 130 00:08:37,929 --> 00:08:43,034 other than individuals desires and the freedom to indulge them. 131 00:08:43,601 --> 00:08:46,237 As the last two programs showed, 132 00:08:46,237 --> 00:08:51,910 this was a similar vision to the ideas of the economists and the technocrats of the Cold War. 133 00:08:51,910 --> 00:08:57,850 They had ____ an ideal of society that comprised only of millions of self-seeking individuals, 134 00:08:57,850 --> 00:09:04,523 which the mathematics said would lead automatically to stability and order. 135 00:09:06,658 --> 00:09:10,029 What Berlin was doing, was giving this vision 136 00:09:10,063 --> 00:09:14,434 a sense of destiny, and historical inevitability. 137 00:09:20,673 --> 00:09:26,546 By counterposing negative liberty to positive liberty with its inevitable horrors, 138 00:09:26,579 --> 00:09:29,416 Berlin was saying, that this kind of society 139 00:09:29,416 --> 00:09:33,888 was the only safe alternative for the West in the Cold War. 140 00:09:33,888 --> 00:09:37,925 It was the kind of freedom it was fighting for. 141 00:09:39,927 --> 00:09:42,529 Berlin´s lecture was published, 142 00:09:42,529 --> 00:09:47,302 and it became a defining vision for a generation who set out to educate the masses 143 00:09:47,302 --> 00:09:51,539 that all attempts of revolution however seductive and romantic, 144 00:09:51,539 --> 00:09:55,176 would always lead to disaster. 145 00:09:55,443 --> 00:09:59,514 And the power always had to be restrained. 146 00:09:59,514 --> 00:10:02,984 What is that I hear, that note of urgency 147 00:10:02,984 --> 00:10:05,820 of indignation, of spiritual hunger? 148 00:10:05,820 --> 00:10:10,159 Yes, it's Beethoven it's the sound of the european man 149 00:10:10,159 --> 00:10:14,130 once more reaching for something beyond his grasp. 150 00:10:14,130 --> 00:10:17,233 Oh freedom, freedom, come to us again.” 151 00:10:17,266 --> 00:10:23,839 This cry has echoed through the all the countless revolutionary movements of the last century. 152 00:10:28,445 --> 00:10:32,516 They suffered from the most terrible of all illusions, 153 00:10:32,516 --> 00:10:35,852 they believed themselves to be virtuous, 154 00:10:35,852 --> 00:10:41,525 and in the end were destroyed by the evil beings they had brought into existence. 155 00:10:41,558 --> 00:10:45,296 And the other half of the message from the Cold War intellectuals, 156 00:10:45,296 --> 00:10:49,934 was that systems should be created to restrain politicians power. 157 00:10:49,934 --> 00:10:54,205 Especially those leaders who said they wanted to do good for us, 158 00:10:54,205 --> 00:10:57,041 because inexorably, they would become tyrants. 159 00:10:57,041 --> 00:10:59,877 Every tyrant in history 160 00:10:59,877 --> 00:11:05,050 has said that he wants power to do good for his fellows. 161 00:11:05,050 --> 00:11:11,490 And don't you think that... that the necessary thing is to check* and stop people having power? 162 00:11:11,490 --> 00:11:15,160 I hate government, I hate power. 163 00:11:15,160 --> 00:11:20,432 I think that man's existence in ___ he achieves anything 164 00:11:20,466 --> 00:11:24,471 is to resist power, to minimize power. 165 00:11:24,471 --> 00:11:30,176 To device systems of society in which power is the least ___. 166 00:11:31,878 --> 00:11:36,583 But Isaiah Berlin knew that it was going to be difficult to achieve and maintain 167 00:11:36,583 --> 00:11:39,386 this negative idea of freedom, 168 00:11:39,386 --> 00:11:41,956 and in his lecture, and throughout his life, 169 00:11:41,989 --> 00:11:45,326 he warned of the danger it would face. 170 00:11:45,326 --> 00:11:47,661 Those who promote negative liberty, 171 00:11:47,661 --> 00:11:51,599 must never come to believe it is an absolute idea, 172 00:11:51,599 --> 00:11:58,873 because such a belief in one final answer always leads to coercion and the opposite of freedom. 173 00:11:58,906 --> 00:12:02,177 But this was exactly what was going to happen, 174 00:12:02,177 --> 00:12:06,114 and Berlin's warning would become a prophecy. 175 00:12:12,187 --> 00:12:15,424 Ironically, this corruption of negative liberty, 176 00:12:15,424 --> 00:12:19,428 would begin with the researchers of positive liberty. 177 00:12:19,428 --> 00:12:21,497 In the wake of the Soviet disaster, 178 00:12:21,497 --> 00:12:27,103 a new and even more extreme version of positive liberty was about to rise up in the Third World. 179 00:12:27,103 --> 00:12:30,740 It would be a revolutionary vision of transforming individuals 180 00:12:30,740 --> 00:12:32,442 through violence. 181 00:12:32,442 --> 00:12:37,613 It would spread and begin to destabilize the balance of power in the world. 182 00:12:37,613 --> 00:12:40,818 In response the followers of negative liberty in the West 183 00:12:40,818 --> 00:12:45,389 would decide that they had to confront and roll back this tide. 184 00:12:45,389 --> 00:12:48,826 Out of this would emerge a strange mutant idea. 185 00:12:48,826 --> 00:12:51,795 It would use violent revolutionary techniques 186 00:12:51,829 --> 00:12:55,833 to create a world of negative freedom. 187 00:13:05,310 --> 00:13:09,614 In the late 50's a series of wars of liberation began. 188 00:13:09,614 --> 00:13:14,052 People who had been ruled by colonial powers forced to free themselves. 189 00:13:14,052 --> 00:13:17,021 One of the first was the Algerian Revolution. 190 00:13:17,021 --> 00:13:20,426 Led by a marxist group the FLN. 191 00:13:20,426 --> 00:13:23,295 Out of the struggle emerged a powerful new figure, 192 00:13:23,295 --> 00:13:25,998 a black intellectual called Frantz Fanon, 193 00:13:26,031 --> 00:13:29,635 who became a leading ideologist of the revolution. 194 00:13:29,635 --> 00:13:32,972 Fanon believed that the West excercised its control 195 00:13:32,972 --> 00:13:38,078 by getting inside people's minds, turning them into passive zombies. 196 00:13:38,078 --> 00:13:41,948 The only way for individuals to free themselves from this, he said, 197 00:13:41,948 --> 00:13:46,553 was through violence, including terrorism. 198 00:13:52,058 --> 00:13:55,462 Violence was not just a battle against the military, 199 00:13:55,462 --> 00:14:01,335 the very experience of the armed struggle would, Fanon said, be cathartic, 200 00:14:01,335 --> 00:14:06,073 would awaken the revolutionaries from the West insidious form of control, 201 00:14:06,073 --> 00:14:09,744 and turn them into what he called, "New Man". 202 00:14:09,744 --> 00:14:15,684 A famous film called The Battle of Algiers was made which dramatized Fanon's ideas. 203 00:14:16,518 --> 00:14:19,087 This is the bit that interested Fanon, 204 00:14:19,087 --> 00:14:21,990 the siege* of liberty by the opressed people. 205 00:14:21,990 --> 00:14:26,595 And he thought that there was something liberating about that very act of armed siege* 206 00:14:26,595 --> 00:14:28,664 of defeating the enemy 207 00:14:28,664 --> 00:14:33,936 and the self respect which would arise from an autonomous struggle of that kind. 208 00:14:37,073 --> 00:14:41,077 Constructing the new man entirely, 209 00:14:41,077 --> 00:14:43,613 the freed out of the struggle, 210 00:14:43,613 --> 00:14:49,419 as if the traumas of the past of previous relations could be washed away*. 211 00:14:49,419 --> 00:14:53,523 As if the revolutionary war would be a sort of blanking out of everything, 212 00:14:53,556 --> 00:14:57,528 a complete tabula rasa, start again from the beggining. 213 00:15:07,504 --> 00:15:12,676 Behind Fanon's ideas was the very specific western idea of freedom, 214 00:15:12,676 --> 00:15:17,282 the existencial ideas of the Philosopher Jean Paul Sartre. 215 00:15:17,282 --> 00:15:20,652 Fanon had been educated in Paris in the 1950s, 216 00:15:20,652 --> 00:15:23,355 and had become a friend of Sartre's. 217 00:15:23,355 --> 00:15:27,459 And he had been deeply influenced by Sartre's idea that individuals 218 00:15:27,459 --> 00:15:30,662 are trapped in a narrow and bleak idea of freedom 219 00:15:30,662 --> 00:15:34,033 by the pressures of the society around them. 220 00:15:34,033 --> 00:15:36,369 To achieve true freedom, Sartre said, 221 00:15:36,402 --> 00:15:40,473 one had to find ways to break through this illusion. 222 00:15:43,309 --> 00:15:48,948 And what Fanon did, was turn this idea into a revolutionary theory. 223 00:15:49,815 --> 00:15:52,519 And his ideas became the guiding force 224 00:15:52,519 --> 00:15:57,224 behind nearly all the Third World revolutions of the 60's and the 70's. 225 00:15:57,224 --> 00:16:03,130 They inspired Che Guevara, Yasser Arafat, and Steve Biko in South Africa. 226 00:16:06,099 --> 00:16:11,472 And Fanon's ideas also inspired Sartre himself. 227 00:16:11,472 --> 00:16:14,909 Sartre believed that they could be applied not just the Third World, 228 00:16:14,909 --> 00:16:17,545 but in the West himself. 229 00:16:17,545 --> 00:16:20,815 He became convinced that it was only through revolutionary violence 230 00:16:20,815 --> 00:16:27,822 that individuals in the West could truly free themselves from the controls of bourgeois society. 231 00:16:30,392 --> 00:16:33,962 You have to understand that all revolutionaries 232 00:16:33,962 --> 00:16:36,098 understand today 233 00:16:36,098 --> 00:16:41,603 that there's no way of overthrowing modern society except by violence, 234 00:16:41,603 --> 00:16:48,043 for the very good reason that this society defends itself by repression and violence. 235 00:16:48,043 --> 00:16:52,415 I'm defending a revolutionary cause because my personal goal, 236 00:16:52,415 --> 00:16:59,189 which is that of all those here, is to overthrow bourgeois society. 237 00:17:03,526 --> 00:17:06,730 After ideas like these, 238 00:17:06,763 --> 00:17:11,268 came waves of terrorists attacks in Europe in the early seventies. 239 00:17:11,268 --> 00:17:13,738 Those who led the attacks believed that the terror 240 00:17:13,738 --> 00:17:19,744 was the way of breaking through the bourgeois façade to a new freedom. 241 00:17:19,744 --> 00:17:22,346 Then, in 1975, 242 00:17:22,346 --> 00:17:26,951 the logic of this idea reached its most extreme incarnation. 243 00:17:26,951 --> 00:17:30,822 When the Khmer Rouge's revolutionaries liberated Cambodia. 244 00:17:30,822 --> 00:17:36,027 Their leader Pol Pot, had also studied revolutionary theories in Paris, 245 00:17:36,027 --> 00:17:40,432 and he believed that the only way for Cambodian society to reach utopia, 246 00:17:40,432 --> 00:17:43,869 was to destroy the whole of bourgeois society, 247 00:17:43,869 --> 00:17:47,707 and start again, back to year zero. 248 00:17:47,707 --> 00:17:50,743 Within a hours of arriving at the capital Phnom Penh, 249 00:17:50,743 --> 00:17:54,414 the Khmer Rouge set about slaughtering all the middle classes, 250 00:17:54,447 --> 00:17:57,283 some 3 million people in the end, 251 00:17:57,283 --> 00:17:59,085 because under Pol Pot's logic, 252 00:17:59,085 --> 00:18:06,059 they stood in the way of allowing the rest of the people to become truly free individuals. 253 00:18:06,427 --> 00:18:10,431 Pol pot also appealed to many Cambodians living in France, 254 00:18:10,431 --> 00:18:18,505 intelectuals, professionals, doctors, teachers, to come back to Cambodia in 1975-1976, 255 00:18:18,505 --> 00:18:22,276 to help the new regime to build a new society. 256 00:18:22,276 --> 00:18:25,547 And many of the men who came back were actually slaughtered, 257 00:18:25,547 --> 00:18:29,551 murdered actually on the airport when they arrived in the planes. 258 00:18:29,551 --> 00:18:32,787 Just this was a sort of ___ destruction of any opposition 259 00:18:32,787 --> 00:18:36,090 of any source of intellectual differencies 260 00:18:36,090 --> 00:18:39,394 of the society that Pol Pot was going to build 261 00:18:39,394 --> 00:18:43,465 would have no opposition inside or outside of Cambodia. 262 00:18:43,965 --> 00:18:46,902 The chaos caused by these revolutions, 263 00:18:46,902 --> 00:18:51,240 also begun to destabilize the balance of power in the world. 264 00:18:51,240 --> 00:18:54,376 And this would inexorably bring them face to face with America, 265 00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:58,013 and its global battle against communism. 266 00:18:58,013 --> 00:19:00,382 But what this clash was going to lead to, 267 00:19:00,382 --> 00:19:04,888 was the rise in America of a new militant idea of freedom, 268 00:19:04,888 --> 00:19:10,327 and the belief that it was the United States duty to spread this freedom around the world, 269 00:19:10,327 --> 00:19:13,463 by force if necessary. 270 00:19:16,466 --> 00:19:19,102 Ever since the Second World War, 271 00:19:19,102 --> 00:19:23,007 American governments had struggled to contain the spread of Communism, 272 00:19:23,007 --> 00:19:28,646 and the wave of Third World revolutions was the dangerous new face in this battle. 273 00:19:28,646 --> 00:19:31,983 To try and stop it, during the 60's and 70's, 274 00:19:31,983 --> 00:19:35,019 American governments adopted a ruthless strategy 275 00:19:35,052 --> 00:19:38,122 backing dictators and tyrants around the world 276 00:19:38,122 --> 00:19:41,726 who offered to contain these revolutionary forces. 277 00:19:41,726 --> 00:19:47,799 They did this, by repressing or killing thousands of their own people. 278 00:19:54,406 --> 00:19:58,677 The Main architect of this policy was Henry Kissinger, 279 00:19:58,677 --> 00:20:01,714 secretary of State under president Nixon. 280 00:20:01,714 --> 00:20:04,751 He used America's power to back dictators 281 00:20:04,751 --> 00:20:07,186 like general Pinochet in Chile, 282 00:20:07,186 --> 00:20:10,156 and Ferdinand Marcos in the Philippines. 283 00:20:10,156 --> 00:20:12,792 Kissinger knew that these dictators 284 00:20:12,792 --> 00:20:15,995 used torture and mass killing to stay in power, 285 00:20:15,995 --> 00:20:19,165 but in his theory, what he called Real Politik, 286 00:20:19,165 --> 00:20:25,072 this was the price that had to be paid if Soviet tyranny was to be kept in shack*. 287 00:20:25,472 --> 00:20:27,441 But duringthe 70's, 288 00:20:27,441 --> 00:20:32,546 a group of young radicals emerged in Washington, who believed that this was wrong. 289 00:20:32,546 --> 00:20:35,649 For America to support torture and killing, 290 00:20:35,649 --> 00:20:39,086 was a corruption of its ideals. 291 00:20:39,086 --> 00:20:42,891 They became known as the neo-coservatives, 292 00:20:42,891 --> 00:20:47,228 and what linked them was the vision of a new moral kind of foreign policy 293 00:20:47,228 --> 00:20:53,168 America should actively use its great power to spread democracy in the world. 294 00:20:53,802 --> 00:20:56,404 One of this group was Michael Ledeen, 295 00:20:56,404 --> 00:21:00,443 he called himself a democratic revolutionary. 296 00:21:00,443 --> 00:21:05,648 We were aiming for expansion of the sound of freedom in the world, 297 00:21:05,648 --> 00:21:08,751 and in part that had to do with fighting communism, 298 00:21:08,751 --> 00:21:11,587 and in part it had to do with fighting other kinds of tyrannies, 299 00:21:11,621 --> 00:21:14,090 but that's what we were about, it's what we're still about. 300 00:21:14,090 --> 00:21:16,759 We want, you know, down with tyranny, 301 00:21:17,093 --> 00:21:19,363 we want free countries. 302 00:21:19,363 --> 00:21:21,131 We think that America is better off 303 00:21:21,131 --> 00:21:24,568 if we live in a world primarily populated with free countries and make 304 00:21:24,568 --> 00:21:29,006 them don't have to appeal to their own people for the source of their power, 305 00:21:29,006 --> 00:21:31,842 and to ratify their decisions. 306 00:21:31,842 --> 00:21:35,178 And we think that if the whole world were like that, 307 00:21:35,178 --> 00:21:37,482 then we would be much more secure. 308 00:21:37,482 --> 00:21:39,584 We are democratic revolutionaries, 309 00:21:39,617 --> 00:21:42,954 we wanted to spread freedom everywhere we could. 310 00:21:42,954 --> 00:21:47,525 And it wasn't just communist dicatators that we hated, we hated them all. 311 00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:51,329 And then, in 1979, 312 00:21:51,329 --> 00:21:53,965 the Iranian revolution showed dramatically 313 00:21:53,965 --> 00:21:58,037 that America's policy of backing dictators did not work. 314 00:21:58,037 --> 00:22:02,641 The Iranian people rose up and *** the Sha of Iran. 315 00:22:02,775 --> 00:22:06,412 The Sha had one of the largest military forces in the world, 316 00:22:06,412 --> 00:22:09,481 given to him by the Americans. 317 00:22:09,481 --> 00:22:15,422 But it proved helpless in the face of the new Islamist ideology of Ayatollah Khomeini. 318 00:22:16,690 --> 00:22:18,958 Many on the West saw Khomeini 319 00:22:18,958 --> 00:22:24,764 as a resurgence of a dark, almost medieval force, but this was wrong. 320 00:22:24,764 --> 00:22:31,771 The Iraninan revolution was yet again, driven by western ideas of political freedom. 321 00:22:32,439 --> 00:22:38,579 Behind them, laid the ideas of a young Iranian teacher called Ali Shariati. 322 00:22:39,246 --> 00:22:42,416 Shariati is an extraordinary historical figure, 323 00:22:42,416 --> 00:22:47,955 because he single handedly fused the ideas of Jean-Paul Sartre and Franz Fanon 324 00:22:47,955 --> 00:22:53,494 with Shi'a Islam to produce a completely new revolutionary ideology. 325 00:22:53,494 --> 00:23:00,535 And this was this ideology that laid behind of Ayatollah Khomeini radical vision of political Islam. 326 00:23:02,137 --> 00:23:07,976 Like so many revolutionaries Shariati had studied in Paris in the early 60's, 327 00:23:07,976 --> 00:23:12,114 and he had become fascinated by Sartre's ideas of true freedom 328 00:23:12,114 --> 00:23:17,320 and Fanon theories on how to use armed struggle to achieve it. 329 00:23:17,320 --> 00:23:21,958 Shariati translated both Fanon and Sartre into farsi. 330 00:23:21,958 --> 00:23:26,028 What he added to their theories was the idea that Shi'a Islam 331 00:23:26,062 --> 00:23:31,567 could be used to give meaning and purpose to armed struggle, and the utopia it would achieve. 332 00:23:32,202 --> 00:23:35,172 This was a radically new interpretation. 333 00:23:35,172 --> 00:23:41,211 Since the Seventh Century, Shi'a Islam had been an apolitical and passive force, 334 00:23:41,211 --> 00:23:47,518 its leaders, the Ayatollahs, told the people they must not involve themselves in political struggle. 335 00:23:47,518 --> 00:23:50,954 They should wait patiently and endure all hardships 336 00:23:50,988 --> 00:23:54,626 until the coming of the true Iman. 337 00:23:55,894 --> 00:23:58,663 - Death to the Sha's mercenary army! 338 00:23:58,663 --> 00:24:03,902 But Shariati, had turned Shi'a Islam into a revolutionary political force, 339 00:24:03,902 --> 00:24:11,143 that yet again, offered to liberate people, and transform them in the here and now. 340 00:24:11,210 --> 00:24:14,580 Was these ideas that Ayatollah Khomeini had taken up 341 00:24:14,580 --> 00:24:18,117 and used to overwelm America's allies 342 00:24:18,551 --> 00:24:21,921 And in the slogans shouted on the streets in Tehran, 343 00:24:21,921 --> 00:24:29,996 what you hear are the Western ideas of positive liberty, and the theories of Franz Fanon. 344 00:24:30,363 --> 00:24:34,367 - Armed struggle is the road to freedom! 345 00:24:40,040 --> 00:24:43,143 Mr. Reagan is for freedom. 346 00:24:43,143 --> 00:24:46,046 And he is for the people. 347 00:24:46,046 --> 00:24:52,053 Ladies and gentleman, the next president of the United States of America: Ronald Reagan! 348 00:24:52,086 --> 00:24:55,456 In 1980, Ronald Reagan ran for president. 349 00:24:55,456 --> 00:24:57,491 His campaign message was simple: 350 00:24:57,491 --> 00:25:00,728 he promised freedom at home and abroad. 351 00:25:00,728 --> 00:25:04,265 When he was elected, many of the young neoconservatives 352 00:25:04,265 --> 00:25:06,367 joined his administration, 353 00:25:06,367 --> 00:25:10,205 and their ideas became central to the new foreign policy. 354 00:25:10,205 --> 00:25:14,543 In October 1981, the new Secretary of State Alexander Haig, 355 00:25:14,543 --> 00:25:19,214 announced to a startling senate a new moral crusade by America 356 00:25:19,214 --> 00:25:24,119 to extend freedom in the world, by force if necessary. 357 00:25:24,753 --> 00:25:27,891 There are things that we Americans 358 00:25:27,891 --> 00:25:31,294 must be willing to fight for. 359 00:25:31,294 --> 00:25:34,964 You now this Republic was spawned 360 00:25:34,964 --> 00:25:37,500 by armed conflict, 361 00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:40,303 where the freedoms and liberties that we enjoy today 362 00:25:40,303 --> 00:25:45,041 were a consequence of armed conflict, insurrection if you will. 363 00:25:45,074 --> 00:25:47,945 There are things worth fighting for. 364 00:25:47,945 --> 00:25:51,315 We must understand that, we must structure our policy 365 00:25:51,315 --> 00:25:55,085 under that credible and justified premise. 366 00:25:55,085 --> 00:25:57,688 President Reagan signed a series of directives 367 00:25:57,688 --> 00:26:00,557 that set up what was called "Project Democracy". 368 00:26:00,591 --> 00:26:02,760 It had two parts: 369 00:26:02,793 --> 00:26:06,598 One set up a series of organizations, whose job was to openly promote 370 00:26:06,631 --> 00:26:09,534 the ideal of democracy abroad. 371 00:26:09,534 --> 00:26:13,171 This set out to promote groups like solidarity in Poland, 372 00:26:13,171 --> 00:26:18,343 but it also helped overthrow the dictators who had been America's allies. 373 00:26:18,343 --> 00:26:21,846 The Reagan administration forced both Ferdinand Marcos 374 00:26:21,846 --> 00:26:27,253 and general Pinochet to call elections, which led to their downfall. 375 00:26:28,187 --> 00:26:32,892 - Revolution in the Philippines as the Americans abandoned Marcos. 376 00:26:32,892 --> 00:26:38,531 And now that the White House wants to get rid off the man who for so long has been their allied. 377 00:26:38,531 --> 00:26:42,935 And at the same time Americans set up what they called "Schools for democracy", 378 00:26:42,935 --> 00:26:47,140 to train the new politicians in these countries. 379 00:26:47,274 --> 00:26:52,813 But the democracy the Americans wanted to create, was deliberately simplified. 380 00:26:52,813 --> 00:26:57,351 One of the ideologists who inspired "Project Democracy", Samuel Huntingnton, 381 00:26:57,351 --> 00:27:01,788 who would later become famous for coining the frase "The clash of civilizations", 382 00:27:01,788 --> 00:27:04,092 made this clear. 383 00:27:04,092 --> 00:27:06,861 It was a modest form of democracy, he said, 384 00:27:06,861 --> 00:27:11,332 where the people are allowed to vote, but nothing else has changed; 385 00:27:11,332 --> 00:27:14,302 the wider ideas of democracy of redistributing 386 00:27:14,302 --> 00:27:19,007 land and wealth, and creating equality, must not be tried, 387 00:27:19,040 --> 00:27:22,176 because that can only be done through coercion, 388 00:27:22,176 --> 00:27:24,780 and following the logic of Isaiah Berlin, 389 00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:28,517 that would inevitably lead to tyranny. 390 00:27:28,517 --> 00:27:31,086 And this is exactly what did happen. 391 00:27:31,120 --> 00:27:33,889 Democracy came to the Philippines, 392 00:27:33,889 --> 00:27:37,860 but real power simply shifted to a new set of elites, 393 00:27:37,860 --> 00:27:42,365 and the vast inequalities and the corruption remained unchanged. 394 00:27:42,399 --> 00:27:46,102 It was a modest kind of freedom. 395 00:27:50,340 --> 00:27:53,009 The other part of Project Democracy 396 00:27:53,009 --> 00:27:56,046 was to use military force in secret operations 397 00:27:56,079 --> 00:28:00,417 to overthrow foreign regimes that stood in the ay of freedom. 398 00:28:00,517 --> 00:28:05,056 The main target was the government of Nicaragua, the Sandinistas. 399 00:28:05,056 --> 00:28:10,294 The Sandinistas were marxists revolutionaries, who had seized power in 1979, 400 00:28:10,294 --> 00:28:15,666 but since then they held elections and had been democratically elected. 401 00:28:15,666 --> 00:28:19,336 The Reagan administration dismissed these ___ as a sham, 402 00:28:19,336 --> 00:28:23,341 and operation was set up to enforce the "right kind of democracy" 403 00:28:23,341 --> 00:28:27,112 by overthrowing the Sandinistas if neccesary. 404 00:28:27,112 --> 00:28:32,284 The man in charge was a leading neoconservative, Elliot Abrams. 405 00:28:32,284 --> 00:28:34,753 What we seek is democracy in Nicaragua, 406 00:28:34,753 --> 00:28:37,989 and a Nicaragua at peace with its inhabitants and whit its neighbors. 407 00:28:37,989 --> 00:28:42,161 That might not require a change in the government, 408 00:28:42,161 --> 00:28:45,832 what it requires is a change in the policy of that government at very least. 409 00:28:45,832 --> 00:28:48,301 - You want them to surrender to the United States definition...? 410 00:28:48,301 --> 00:28:52,238 - We want the to stop subverting their neighbors and repressing the people of Nicaragua. 411 00:28:52,238 --> 00:28:54,674 Now, does that require the overthrowing of the government? 412 00:28:54,674 --> 00:28:59,546 Well, it doesn't if they change their behavior, and that's the question, 413 00:28:59,546 --> 00:29:01,949 what do you need to do to get them to change their behavior? 414 00:29:01,949 --> 00:29:04,151 The answer is "pressure". 415 00:29:04,151 --> 00:29:09,423 The Americans started funding and training a counterrevolutionary army called the Contras. 416 00:29:09,423 --> 00:29:12,659 But there was enormous political opposition in the United States, 417 00:29:12,659 --> 00:29:16,263 and to get around it, the leaders of Project Democracy 418 00:29:16,263 --> 00:29:19,934 set out to frighten the American public. 419 00:29:19,934 --> 00:29:23,605 An agency called the Office of Public Diplomacy 420 00:29:23,605 --> 00:29:26,641 was set up that disseminated what was called "white propaganda". 421 00:29:26,641 --> 00:29:30,678 It produced dossiers and fed stories to journalists 422 00:29:30,678 --> 00:29:34,115 that proved Soviet fighter planes had arrived in Nicaragua 423 00:29:34,115 --> 00:29:36,417 to attack America. 424 00:29:36,417 --> 00:29:39,388 Another story, from "intelligence sources", 425 00:29:39,388 --> 00:29:41,290 that the Soviets had given stock piles 426 00:29:41,323 --> 00:29:44,727 of chemical weapons to the Sandinistas. 427 00:29:44,727 --> 00:29:48,230 President Reagan appeared with maps 428 00:29:48,230 --> 00:29:53,135 to show how quickly such a chemical attack could be launched on America itself, 429 00:29:53,135 --> 00:29:56,439 it was only a matter of time. 430 00:29:58,041 --> 00:30:00,243 The simple questions are: 431 00:30:00,243 --> 00:30:03,914 Will we support freedom in this hemisphere, or not? 432 00:30:03,914 --> 00:30:08,151 Will we defend our vital interests in this hemisphere, or not? 433 00:30:08,151 --> 00:30:12,556 Will we stop the spread of communism in this hemisphere, or not? 434 00:30:12,556 --> 00:30:15,893 Will we act while there is still time? 435 00:30:15,927 --> 00:30:17,995 Reagan also told America 436 00:30:17,995 --> 00:30:21,632 Reagan also told America that Nicaragua was part of an access of rogue* states, 437 00:30:21,632 --> 00:30:27,738 including Iran and North Korea, who together ran a global network of terror. 438 00:30:27,738 --> 00:30:30,441 Those around the Office of Public Diplomacy, 439 00:30:30,441 --> 00:30:34,746 called this technique "Perception Management". 440 00:30:34,780 --> 00:30:38,317 The thinking was, that if you can control the perceptions of the American people 441 00:30:38,317 --> 00:30:43,422 about events, that would help you bring them on board. 442 00:30:43,422 --> 00:30:45,958 If they thought something was a huge threat to them, 443 00:30:45,958 --> 00:30:49,461 they perceived it that way, then they will react a certain way, 444 00:30:49,461 --> 00:30:52,564 they will react in support of a more aggressive policy. 445 00:30:52,564 --> 00:30:56,502 Well, you're trying to convince American people that these folks are out to get you. 446 00:30:56,502 --> 00:31:02,742 we had extreme suggestions that the Sandinistas in Nicaragua, 447 00:31:02,742 --> 00:31:06,279 who were a rather pathetic force, 448 00:31:06,279 --> 00:31:08,815 having been to Nicaragua and seen them, 449 00:31:08,848 --> 00:31:13,354 that they'll be threatening Texas or they'll be threatening the Panama Canal. 450 00:31:13,387 --> 00:31:18,959 Today, El Salvador and Guatemala, tomorrow, the United States. 451 00:31:18,959 --> 00:31:21,595 You could take small threats and make them huge threats. 452 00:31:21,595 --> 00:31:26,634 You can make the Sandinistas appear like their going to conquer the United States. 453 00:31:26,634 --> 00:31:29,870 What was happening was that the neoconservatives 454 00:31:29,870 --> 00:31:34,542 were beginning to believe that their ideal of freedom wasn't absolute. 455 00:31:34,542 --> 00:31:37,946 And that this then justified lying and exaggerating 456 00:31:37,946 --> 00:31:40,582 in order to enforce that vision, 457 00:31:40,649 --> 00:31:44,119 that the end justified the means. 458 00:31:44,119 --> 00:31:47,756 Although they portrayed the Contras as freedom fighters, 459 00:31:47,756 --> 00:31:51,427 it was well known that they used murder, assassination and torture, 460 00:31:51,427 --> 00:31:58,968 and also were allegedly using CIA supply planes to smuggle cocaine back into the United States. 461 00:31:59,402 --> 00:32:01,804 And to finance the Contras, 462 00:32:01,804 --> 00:32:06,142 the neoconservatives were even prepared to deal with America's enemy 463 00:32:06,142 --> 00:32:09,245 the leaders of the Iranian revolution. 464 00:32:09,245 --> 00:32:13,583 In 1985, those running the Nicaragua operation, 465 00:32:13,583 --> 00:32:18,322 held a series of secret meetings with Iranian leaders in Europe. 466 00:32:18,322 --> 00:32:21,792 They arranged to sell the Iranians American weapons, 467 00:32:21,792 --> 00:32:27,030 in return, the Iranians would release the American hostages held in Lebanon. 468 00:32:27,030 --> 00:32:29,466 Then the money from these sells 469 00:32:29,466 --> 00:32:34,639 would be used by those running Project Democracy to fund the Contras. 470 00:32:34,639 --> 00:32:38,776 The only problem, was that this was completely illegal, 471 00:32:38,776 --> 00:32:41,312 and the president knew it. 472 00:32:41,312 --> 00:32:43,014 - We are negotiating, is that right? 473 00:32:43,014 --> 00:32:45,950 - We are going to ___ we can discuss. 474 00:32:51,623 --> 00:32:56,528 - Did the vice president objected this plan in Iran Mr. President? 475 00:32:56,528 --> 00:32:57,963 - Oh... ... 476 00:32:57,963 --> 00:33:01,734 - You said those words in Weinberger didn't, did the vice president? 477 00:33:01,734 --> 00:33:03,635 - No. 478 00:33:04,870 --> 00:33:10,877 What was beginning to emerge was the problem of spreading the ideal of freedom around the world. 479 00:33:10,877 --> 00:33:13,713 To do it, those leading Project Democracy 480 00:33:13,713 --> 00:33:16,916 had turned not just to manipulation and violence, 481 00:33:16,916 --> 00:33:21,688 but were beginning to undermine the ideals of democracy in America, 482 00:33:21,688 --> 00:33:25,692 the very thing, they were trying to create abroad. 483 00:33:25,692 --> 00:33:31,932 It was the corruption of freedom that Isaiah Berlin had warned of. 484 00:33:34,301 --> 00:33:37,938 But all these problems were about put aside 485 00:33:37,938 --> 00:33:43,477 because the West ideal of freedom was about to triumph in the Cold War. 486 00:33:45,513 --> 00:33:53,188 - Czech TV has just announced that the communist government has resigned. 487 00:33:57,492 --> 00:34:00,629 In 1989, across Eastern Europe, 488 00:34:00,629 --> 00:34:04,800 the people rose up to overthrow their communist leaders. 489 00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:09,238 It was a remarkable series of revolutions all driven by the desire for freedom 490 00:34:09,238 --> 00:34:12,241 and the ending tyranny. 491 00:34:12,241 --> 00:34:15,845 The momentum of these revolutions was unstoppable 492 00:34:15,845 --> 00:34:20,483 until in december 1991, the Soviet Union was finally dissolved, 493 00:34:20,483 --> 00:34:24,287 and Boris Yeltsin became president of Russia. 494 00:34:24,287 --> 00:34:27,391 For many in the West, above all America, 495 00:34:27,391 --> 00:34:31,395 this was the triumph of liberal democracy and its ideas. 496 00:34:31,395 --> 00:34:34,198 This belief was summed up in the epic argument 497 00:34:34,198 --> 00:34:37,801 put forward by the political philosopher Francis Fukuyama, 498 00:34:37,801 --> 00:34:41,238 that "the world had arrived at the end of history". 499 00:34:41,238 --> 00:34:44,275 All competing ideologies, he said, were now dead, 500 00:34:44,275 --> 00:34:49,614 and liberal democracy would spread unchallenged around the world. 501 00:34:49,614 --> 00:34:52,484 What you've seen happening in this century, 502 00:34:52,484 --> 00:34:56,554 when we begun at, there were many competitors to liberal democracy, 503 00:34:56,554 --> 00:34:59,290 you know, left over hereditary monarchies, 504 00:34:59,290 --> 00:35:02,527 fascist dictatorships, communist totalitarianism, 505 00:35:02,527 --> 00:35:08,267 and virtually all of these major competitors had now disappeared by the end of the 20th Century. 506 00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:15,374 So that in a way, indicates that liberal democracy is now spreading in place of these. 507 00:35:15,374 --> 00:35:19,144 Liberal democracy, in the end, is the best arrangement of politics 508 00:35:19,144 --> 00:35:25,285 by which people can be recognized on a kind of universal and rational basis. 509 00:35:27,921 --> 00:35:33,860 Out of this, was going to come an epic revolutionary attempt to reconstruct the world. 510 00:35:33,860 --> 00:35:39,866 The aim would be to create a utopia, based on the idea of negative liberty. 511 00:35:39,900 --> 00:35:44,405 It would be a world in which all individuals would be free to do what they wanted, 512 00:35:44,405 --> 00:35:48,609 without coercion by elites or tyrants any longer. 513 00:35:48,609 --> 00:35:53,214 It would be the triumph of Isaiah Berlin's idea of freedom, 514 00:35:53,214 --> 00:35:56,551 and it would begin in Russia. 515 00:36:01,657 --> 00:36:07,095 In 1992, the American government had passed the Freedom Support Act, 516 00:36:07,095 --> 00:36:10,465 its aim was to help Russia reconstruct itself. 517 00:36:10,465 --> 00:36:15,203 Along with millions of dollars of aid, came a group of young American advisers, 518 00:36:15,203 --> 00:36:19,976 economists and political theorists, that had a radical vision of what was necessary. 519 00:36:19,976 --> 00:36:22,845 They called it "Shock therapy". 520 00:36:22,845 --> 00:36:28,318 The aim was to remove all State control over the Russian economy as a stroke, 521 00:36:28,318 --> 00:36:30,920 all price subsidies will be removed, 522 00:36:30,920 --> 00:36:34,958 and all State industries privatized overnight. 523 00:36:34,958 --> 00:36:38,995 Their leader was a Harvard economist called Jeffrey Sachs. 524 00:36:39,028 --> 00:36:42,399 We have the best opportunities right now, the best reformers, 525 00:36:42,399 --> 00:36:45,369 the most western looking leaders in this country. 526 00:36:45,369 --> 00:36:48,038 But there are people around that want to close up, 527 00:36:48,038 --> 00:36:51,241 that are the xenophobes, that are the extreme nationalists, 528 00:36:51,241 --> 00:36:54,578 that believe that the West has stabbed this country in the back. 529 00:36:54,578 --> 00:36:58,683 There are real possibilities of political disaster looking here. 530 00:36:58,683 --> 00:37:02,587 It's not a matter of days, but it is a matter of weeks and months, 531 00:37:02,587 --> 00:37:05,256 and the people must have hope. 532 00:37:05,256 --> 00:37:07,158 The Americans allied themselves 533 00:37:07,158 --> 00:37:11,096 with a group of young radical free marketeers around Yeltsin, 534 00:37:11,096 --> 00:37:13,999 and together they drew up a plan. 535 00:37:13,999 --> 00:37:17,737 Underlying it there was a theory of how to transform society 536 00:37:17,737 --> 00:37:20,740 by creating new human beings. 537 00:37:20,740 --> 00:37:22,575 As last weeks program showed 538 00:37:22,575 --> 00:37:26,779 it was the same theory that laid behind the rise of what was called market democracy 539 00:37:26,779 --> 00:37:30,249 in Britain and America in the 1980s. 540 00:37:30,249 --> 00:37:34,553 The theory said that if one destroyed all the elite institutions that 541 00:37:34,587 --> 00:37:37,891 in the past had told people what to do, 542 00:37:37,891 --> 00:37:42,062 and instead allowed individuals to become independent in the market place, 543 00:37:42,062 --> 00:37:45,732 then they would become new kinds of rational beings, 544 00:37:45,732 --> 00:37:48,201 choosing what they wanted. 545 00:37:48,201 --> 00:37:52,906 Out of this, would come a new form of order, and a new kind of democracy, 546 00:37:52,906 --> 00:37:55,575 in which the market, not politics, 547 00:37:55,575 --> 00:37:58,379 gave people what they wanted. 548 00:37:58,379 --> 00:38:03,217 But things didn't work out as the theory predicted. 549 00:38:12,660 --> 00:38:17,733 On the first day of the plan, all price controls in Russia were removed, 550 00:38:17,733 --> 00:38:20,536 and the cost of all goods soared. 551 00:38:20,536 --> 00:38:25,607 Millions of people found themselves unable to afford even the most basic of goods, 552 00:38:25,607 --> 00:38:28,143 and with no one to help them. 553 00:38:28,143 --> 00:38:30,779 The only solution for millions of Russians, 554 00:38:30,779 --> 00:38:36,853 was to come out on to the streets and sell their belongings for anything they could get. 555 00:38:38,555 --> 00:38:42,859 - If we don't sell our things, we don't eat. 556 00:38:43,093 --> 00:38:45,962 - Are those stockings? - Yes. 557 00:38:45,995 --> 00:38:47,931 The chaos began to spread, 558 00:38:47,931 --> 00:38:50,700 as the currency no longer had any value. 559 00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:54,505 Factories began to pay their workers in the products they made, 560 00:38:54,505 --> 00:39:00,244 which the people then had to sell wherever they could in order to live. 561 00:39:06,851 --> 00:39:09,887 Then, the privatization plan kicked in. 562 00:39:09,887 --> 00:39:14,826 Every Russian was given vouchers to buy shares in the privatized companies, 563 00:39:14,826 --> 00:39:16,428 but desperate for cash, 564 00:39:16,428 --> 00:39:19,531 they simply sold their vouchers to ruthless businessmen 565 00:39:19,531 --> 00:39:22,400 for a fraction of their worth. 566 00:39:22,434 --> 00:39:28,206 And a new elite began to emerge who snapped off vast sections of Russian industry. 567 00:39:28,206 --> 00:39:31,476 They became known as the "Oligarchs". 568 00:39:32,678 --> 00:39:35,748 Faced with this, the deputies in the Russian Parliament, 569 00:39:35,748 --> 00:39:40,653 began to protest against what they called "economic genocide", 570 00:39:40,653 --> 00:39:45,525 would led to chaos and violence inside Parliament. 571 00:39:45,558 --> 00:39:49,128 And in the face of this the group of reformers around Yeltsin 572 00:39:49,128 --> 00:39:54,301 persuaded him he had to suspend Parliament. 573 00:39:54,968 --> 00:40:00,507 As of today, I am suspending the legislative, administrative 574 00:40:00,507 --> 00:40:08,182 and controlling functions of the Parliament of the Russian Federation. 575 00:40:10,418 --> 00:40:14,355 In protest, the deputies occupied Parliament. 576 00:40:14,355 --> 00:40:17,125 Yeltsin's response was brutal. 577 00:40:17,158 --> 00:40:20,395 He ordered the army to attack, 578 00:40:21,196 --> 00:40:27,302 the deputies were arrested, and Yeltsin announced that he would now rule by decree. 579 00:40:27,869 --> 00:40:30,206 Shock therapy continued, 580 00:40:30,239 --> 00:40:36,779 but in the future, people were going to be made free, through force and dictatorship. 581 00:40:38,514 --> 00:40:42,318 But what actually happened was that Yeltsin became the creature 582 00:40:42,318 --> 00:40:47,456 of those with the real power in the new Russia, the oligarchs. 583 00:40:47,623 --> 00:40:51,895 In return for loans, Yeltsin gave oligarchs like Boris Berejovsky, 584 00:40:51,895 --> 00:40:54,197 the rest of Russian industry. 585 00:40:54,197 --> 00:40:59,236 Sometimes at less than 2% of its real value. 586 00:41:01,271 --> 00:41:07,043 And then, in 1998, the experiment came dramatically to an end. 587 00:41:07,077 --> 00:41:09,747 Russia's economy is out of control tonight 588 00:41:09,747 --> 00:41:12,516 and it's causing an international financial crisis. 589 00:41:12,516 --> 00:41:15,152 Huge cues in Moscow, there's a run on the banks, 590 00:41:15,152 --> 00:41:19,323 the ruble's lost nearly half its value, and prices are soaring. 591 00:41:20,591 --> 00:41:24,595 I found them frightened, baffled, and angry. 592 00:41:24,595 --> 00:41:28,567 My money, she says, they won't give me my own money. 593 00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:38,176 What should I do? I called Smelenzky, the head of the bank, but they said he wasn't in. It's horrible. 594 00:41:38,176 --> 00:41:43,916 The days of economic reforms seem to be well and truly over here. 595 00:41:44,349 --> 00:41:48,821 Out of this economic catastrophe, a new order emerged, 596 00:41:48,821 --> 00:41:53,793 but it wasn't a spontaneous order dreamt of by the free market utopians. 597 00:41:53,793 --> 00:41:57,797 It was the very opposite, a harsh, tough nationalism, 598 00:41:57,797 --> 00:42:01,434 imposed by the new president Vladimir Putin. 599 00:42:01,434 --> 00:42:04,904 Putin arrested or exiled the major oligarchs, 600 00:42:04,904 --> 00:42:10,144 and set about dismantling many of the democratic freedoms in the new Russia. 601 00:42:10,144 --> 00:42:13,180 But this was welcomed by the majority of Russians, 602 00:42:13,180 --> 00:42:17,117 who now wanted order, not freedom. 603 00:42:17,117 --> 00:42:22,556 The people are interested in getting their wages paid in time. 604 00:42:22,556 --> 00:42:25,560 They want electricity back into their homes. 605 00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:32,200 Many of them are disillusioned in democratic values. 606 00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:37,038 Don't care about freedom of speech, freedom of press, many other freedoms. 607 00:42:38,473 --> 00:42:40,909 The ideal of negative freedom, 608 00:42:40,909 --> 00:42:44,180 that the market utopians had tried to create in Russia, 609 00:42:44,180 --> 00:42:47,049 was based on a scientific idea of human beings, 610 00:42:47,083 --> 00:42:49,685 as rational, calculating individuals, 611 00:42:49,685 --> 00:42:53,289 who sought only their own desires in advantage. 612 00:42:53,289 --> 00:42:56,192 When Isaiah Berlin had defined that model, 613 00:42:56,192 --> 00:42:58,194 back in the days of the Cold War, 614 00:42:58,194 --> 00:43:00,196 it had had a meaning an purpose 615 00:43:00,196 --> 00:43:04,368 as a safe alternative to threat of communist tyranny. 616 00:43:04,368 --> 00:43:06,837 But now, in this new world, 617 00:43:06,837 --> 00:43:10,307 the grand jour* that Berlin had given it, fell away. 618 00:43:10,307 --> 00:43:15,746 And negative freedom was being revealed as the limited idea it really is. 619 00:43:16,279 --> 00:43:20,751 What president Putin could offer Russians were other things, 620 00:43:20,751 --> 00:43:24,489 security, dignity, and above all a meaning 621 00:43:24,489 --> 00:43:28,793 that went beyond their own individual lives. 622 00:43:29,327 --> 00:43:37,368 We defended our great Soviet motherland and kept our independence. 623 00:43:37,368 --> 00:43:42,508 We are used to winning. 624 00:43:42,508 --> 00:43:46,712 It is in our blood. 625 00:43:46,745 --> 00:43:50,315 It is not just the way to win wars. 626 00:43:50,315 --> 00:43:55,320 In peacetime it will also help us. 627 00:43:57,556 --> 00:44:00,459 But at the start of the 21st Century, 628 00:44:00,459 --> 00:44:06,900 there was going to be one more heroic attempt to spread the idea of negative liberty around the world. 629 00:44:07,233 --> 00:44:11,104 And one of the central figure in this utopian mission, 630 00:44:11,104 --> 00:44:14,574 was going to be the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. 631 00:44:14,607 --> 00:44:17,710 Right. Good morning everyone. 632 00:44:17,710 --> 00:44:21,348 Now in a moment, Michael's gonna talk to you about... 633 00:44:21,348 --> 00:44:23,184 When New Labour came to power, 634 00:44:23,184 --> 00:44:26,954 they had tried to apply the simplified economic model of human beings 635 00:44:26,954 --> 00:44:29,590 to all areas of society. 636 00:44:29,590 --> 00:44:31,592 And the prime minister press conferences 637 00:44:31,592 --> 00:44:34,962 became an endless procession of graphs ant tables, 638 00:44:34,962 --> 00:44:39,134 proving that the government was meeting its performance targets. 639 00:44:39,134 --> 00:44:41,803 This was the politics of negative liberty, 640 00:44:41,803 --> 00:44:45,307 trying to get people simply what they wanted. 641 00:44:45,307 --> 00:44:48,577 But Blair believed that politics could be more than this. 642 00:44:48,610 --> 00:44:52,881 He had read Isaiah Berlin's lecture on the two concepts of liberty. 643 00:44:52,881 --> 00:44:58,354 Now ___* he came to power in 1997, he wrote a letter to Berlin. 644 00:44:58,354 --> 00:45:05,528 In the letter, Blair asks Berlin wether it is possible to go beyond the narrowness of negative liberty. 645 00:45:05,528 --> 00:45:08,364 The limitations of negative liberty, Blair wrote, 646 00:45:08,364 --> 00:45:13,402 are what have motivated generations of people to work for positive liberty, 647 00:45:13,402 --> 00:45:16,739 despite what happened in the Soviet Union. 648 00:45:16,772 --> 00:45:18,675 Surely, he asks Berlin, 649 00:45:18,675 --> 00:45:22,846 just because Socialism has collapsed, it doesn't mean that the left *** 650 00:45:22,846 --> 00:45:27,518 effort confidence to fight against authority, intolerance and hierarchy, 651 00:45:27,518 --> 00:45:30,587 and build a more equal society. 652 00:45:30,587 --> 00:45:34,858 Isaiah Berlin was on his death bed, and never repplied. 653 00:45:34,892 --> 00:45:36,995 But what Blair was asking him, 654 00:45:36,995 --> 00:45:41,833 was wether it was somehow possible to combine the two ideas of freedom, 655 00:45:41,833 --> 00:45:44,969 and this is what Blair was going to try and do, 656 00:45:44,969 --> 00:45:47,605 not at home, but abroad, 657 00:45:47,605 --> 00:45:50,875 it began in Kosovo. 658 00:45:53,278 --> 00:45:56,949 In 1998, Blair helped persuade the Americans 659 00:45:56,949 --> 00:46:00,252 to join a NATO bombing campaign on Serbia. 660 00:46:00,252 --> 00:46:02,688 The aim was to force president Milosevic 661 00:46:02,688 --> 00:46:06,725 to stop the ethnic cleansing by Serbian troops. 662 00:46:06,725 --> 00:46:11,397 For president Clinton, it was a short term humanitarian mission, 663 00:46:11,397 --> 00:46:14,200 but Blair saw something far deeper. 664 00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,237 It was the beginning of a new universal principle 665 00:46:17,237 --> 00:46:20,307 that should be applied across the world. 666 00:46:20,307 --> 00:46:23,210 In the modern interconected global society, 667 00:46:23,210 --> 00:46:25,912 Blair believed that the West now had a duty 668 00:46:25,912 --> 00:46:29,916 to intervene in countries where individuals were threatened by tyranny, 669 00:46:29,916 --> 00:46:32,786 and bring liberty to the people. 670 00:46:32,819 --> 00:46:39,093 He outlined this dramatic new vision at a speech in Chicago in 1999. 671 00:46:39,293 --> 00:46:44,165 This is, I believe, a just war. 672 00:46:44,165 --> 00:46:49,203 Acts of genocide can never be a purely internal matter. 673 00:46:49,203 --> 00:46:52,640 If we can establish and spread the values of liberty, 674 00:46:52,640 --> 00:46:56,712 the rule of law, human rights and an open society, 675 00:46:56,712 --> 00:47:00,048 then that is in our national interest too. 676 00:47:00,048 --> 00:47:04,853 The spread of our values makes us, indeed, safer. 677 00:47:04,853 --> 00:47:08,523 Does anyone believe that Serbia or Iraq 678 00:47:08,523 --> 00:47:14,998 would be nations that originate conflict if they were democracies? 679 00:47:19,535 --> 00:47:22,605 But it was the events of September the eleventh, 680 00:47:22,605 --> 00:47:24,807 that would transform Blair's principle 681 00:47:24,807 --> 00:47:27,410 into a revolutionary attempt to remake the world, 682 00:47:27,410 --> 00:47:30,013 and bring freedom to millions of people. 683 00:47:30,013 --> 00:47:33,751 The kaleidoscope has been shaken, the pieces are in flux, 684 00:47:33,751 --> 00:47:36,253 soon they will settle again. 685 00:47:36,253 --> 00:47:41,292 Before they do, let us reorder this world around us. 686 00:47:43,427 --> 00:47:47,765 I believe that this is a fight for freedom, 687 00:47:48,532 --> 00:47:52,237 from the deserts of Northern Africa, to the slums of Gaza, 688 00:47:52,237 --> 00:47:55,140 to the mountain regions of Afghanistan, 689 00:47:55,140 --> 00:47:58,777 they too are our cause. 690 00:47:59,344 --> 00:48:02,614 At the same time, the September 11th attacks, 691 00:48:02,614 --> 00:48:05,917 had brought many of the democratic revolutionaries from the 1980's 692 00:48:05,917 --> 00:48:08,753 back to influence in Washington. 693 00:48:08,753 --> 00:48:13,726 They and Blair, now came together to try on spread democracy to the Middle East. 694 00:48:13,726 --> 00:48:15,695 And just as in the 80's, 695 00:48:15,695 --> 00:48:18,497 the same techniques of exaggeration and fear, 696 00:48:18,497 --> 00:48:23,602 were employed to persuade the american people to back this. 697 00:48:24,437 --> 00:48:29,409 And Tony Blair found himself facing the same problem. 698 00:48:29,409 --> 00:48:34,147 Although he appealed to the British people to trust him in this radical vision, 699 00:48:34,181 --> 00:48:38,251 he now governed a society that distrusted politicians. 700 00:48:38,518 --> 00:48:40,587 As this series had shown, 701 00:48:40,620 --> 00:48:45,258 the simplified model of economic democracy, was based on the theory that everyone, 702 00:48:45,258 --> 00:48:49,797 including politicians, were only driven by self interest. 703 00:48:49,797 --> 00:48:54,335 And that idea, had by now, spread to the culture. 704 00:48:54,969 --> 00:48:56,938 Faced with this distrust, 705 00:48:56,938 --> 00:49:01,376 Blair employed what many saw as exaggeration and distortion. 706 00:49:01,376 --> 00:49:05,446 Perhaps he believed it was the only way to achieve his moral vision. 707 00:49:05,446 --> 00:49:08,417 The end justified the meanings. 708 00:49:08,417 --> 00:49:11,220 That we will get on the people of Iraq, 709 00:49:11,220 --> 00:49:13,989 yes, there's no question that they're going to give us Saddam Hussein, 710 00:49:14,022 --> 00:49:18,427 and they will welcome as liberator the United States when we come and do that. 711 00:49:23,132 --> 00:49:28,772 In April 2003, American and coalition forces ousted Saddam Hussein. 712 00:49:28,772 --> 00:49:32,842 And set out to create a new, free society in Iraq, 713 00:49:32,842 --> 00:49:37,447 and to do so, they were going to use the very same technique they had used in Russia: 714 00:49:37,447 --> 00:49:39,616 Shock therapy. 715 00:49:39,616 --> 00:49:44,220 - USA, freedom, USA. - Thank you. - Good. 716 00:49:45,288 --> 00:49:48,692 The head of the provisional authority, Paul Bremer 717 00:49:48,692 --> 00:49:53,097 arrived in Iraq by a plan drawn up by a radical group of economists, 718 00:49:53,097 --> 00:49:58,903 that was even more extreme and more utopian than had been tried in Russia. 719 00:49:58,903 --> 00:50:02,973 The people were to be liberated from all forms of State control, 720 00:50:02,973 --> 00:50:06,978 and Bremer immediately set about sacking all members of the Baas party 721 00:50:06,978 --> 00:50:09,681 who would run Iraqi society. 722 00:50:09,681 --> 00:50:12,451 It was a dramatic revolutionary move. 723 00:50:12,451 --> 00:50:14,553 Overnight the Americans destroyed 724 00:50:14,586 --> 00:50:17,289 the civic structure of Iraqi society. 725 00:50:17,522 --> 00:50:20,425 But instead of trying to create new institutions, 726 00:50:20,425 --> 00:50:24,897 Bremer's plan then set out to engineer the perfect market economy, 727 00:50:24,897 --> 00:50:29,802 which the Americans believed would then automatically create a new democracy. 728 00:50:29,802 --> 00:50:34,440 All industries and public services were to be privatized immediately. 729 00:50:34,440 --> 00:50:38,411 The country would then be thrown open to international corporations, 730 00:50:38,411 --> 00:50:43,015 who in return for investment, could take a hundred percent of their profits out of the country, 731 00:50:43,015 --> 00:50:45,385 untaxed. 732 00:50:45,385 --> 00:50:48,822 Only one of Saddam Hussein's laws remained,: 733 00:50:48,822 --> 00:50:52,059 the one that restricted trade unions. 734 00:50:52,059 --> 00:50:56,029 Out of this was supposed to come spontaneous order. 735 00:50:56,029 --> 00:50:59,933 What resulted was chaos. 736 00:51:00,634 --> 00:51:02,803 - Push 737 00:51:03,338 --> 00:51:05,974 - Do you want these in your fucking hands? 738 00:51:05,974 --> 00:51:08,042 - Then get the fuck out. 739 00:51:08,710 --> 00:51:10,778 - Go back, go. 740 00:51:10,812 --> 00:51:14,849 - There's a definite disconnect between what needs to happen and what is actually happening. 741 00:51:14,849 --> 00:51:18,119 We need to get this people food, water housing and a government fast. 742 00:51:18,152 --> 00:51:23,192 Here, on the lowest level of military hierarchy, I don't see it happening, 743 00:51:23,192 --> 00:51:24,493 I see nothing of this happening. 744 00:51:24,493 --> 00:51:27,663 And I'm sure that plans are being made, papers drafted, what not? 745 00:51:27,663 --> 00:51:29,899 But this people don't see that, I don't see it, 746 00:51:29,899 --> 00:51:32,368 and that's what makes them angry, and that's what makes them want to attack us. 747 00:51:32,501 --> 00:51:35,104 - What are you trying to do? 748 00:51:35,104 --> 00:51:39,508 - Trying to change this people's way of... I don't know. 749 00:51:40,576 --> 00:51:45,382 What also resulted, was corruption, on a huge scale. 750 00:51:45,382 --> 00:51:50,287 More than 350 billion dollars has been sent to Iraq for reconstruction. 751 00:51:50,287 --> 00:51:55,825 Audits completed so far show that over 10% of the money has disappeared 752 00:51:55,825 --> 00:52:01,666 or been ___ off by American corporations in corrupt overpricing. 753 00:52:01,666 --> 00:52:05,937 Then the Americans announced, that a new Iraqi constitution 754 00:52:05,937 --> 00:52:07,905 would be written by a governing council 755 00:52:07,905 --> 00:52:12,910 whose members would not be elected, but would be chosen by the Americans themselves. 756 00:52:12,910 --> 00:52:17,181 Premier* senior figure in the Shi'a community Ayatollah al-Sistani, 757 00:52:17,181 --> 00:52:23,055 then issued* a series of fatwas that stated that this was not real democracy. 758 00:52:23,055 --> 00:52:26,858 Sistani quoted the principles behind the French revolution, 759 00:52:26,858 --> 00:52:31,863 the idea of a social contract, between the people and their rulers. 760 00:52:31,863 --> 00:52:34,166 What the Americans are imposing, he said, 761 00:52:34,166 --> 00:52:37,169 is a limited narrow form of democracy 762 00:52:37,169 --> 00:52:39,906 that ignores this basic principle. 763 00:52:39,906 --> 00:52:42,508 He called on his followers to protest, 764 00:52:42,508 --> 00:52:46,346 and he warned that unless the Americans allowed real democracy, 765 00:52:46,346 --> 00:52:49,782 the very opposite would rise up to fill its place: 766 00:52:49,782 --> 00:52:52,819 an antidemocratic Islamism. 767 00:52:52,819 --> 00:52:57,724 - We want to express about our opinion. It's the democracy in pretend* ___. 768 00:52:58,993 --> 00:53:04,698 - It never had democracy before, this man says, though we deserved. 769 00:53:05,566 --> 00:53:07,768 But Sistani was ignored, 770 00:53:07,768 --> 00:53:09,770 and the insurgency began. 771 00:53:09,770 --> 00:53:14,608 Led by many of the men the Americans had sacked. 772 00:53:14,742 --> 00:53:17,812 What was happening in Iraq, was the strange logic 773 00:53:17,812 --> 00:53:23,618 of the attempt to impose the idea of negative liberty by revolutionary means. 774 00:53:23,618 --> 00:53:27,222 Just as in Russia, this narrow conception of freedom, 775 00:53:27,222 --> 00:53:32,460 was unable to deal with the complexities of a society composed not just of individuals, 776 00:53:32,460 --> 00:53:36,432 but of powerful groups driven by conflicting ideas 777 00:53:36,432 --> 00:53:40,269 of Nationalism and Islamism. 778 00:53:40,269 --> 00:53:42,171 And in the face of that failure, 779 00:53:42,171 --> 00:53:45,908 the Americans began to turn to violence and torture 780 00:53:45,908 --> 00:53:50,413 to try and enforce their kind of freedom. 781 00:53:53,315 --> 00:53:58,755 And at the same time, the islamists, turned to killing and assasination 782 00:53:58,755 --> 00:54:05,028 in order to enforce their revolutionary vision of an islamist state. 783 00:54:11,268 --> 00:54:16,107 And the revolutionary attempt to create negative liberty abroad, 784 00:54:16,107 --> 00:54:20,378 was also transforming freedoms in Britain itself. 785 00:54:20,978 --> 00:54:24,048 - Your ___ democratically elected government 786 00:54:24,082 --> 00:54:29,087 continues to perpetrate atrocities against my people all over the world. 787 00:54:29,120 --> 00:54:32,990 And your support makes you directly responsible... 788 00:54:33,224 --> 00:54:35,127 In july of 2005, 789 00:54:35,160 --> 00:54:40,899 Islamist terrorist who clammed to be responding to Britain's policy in Afghanistan and Iraq, 790 00:54:40,899 --> 00:54:43,435 bombed London. 791 00:54:43,435 --> 00:54:47,840 Blair's response was to push forward dramatic changes to the law. 792 00:54:47,840 --> 00:54:51,710 He saw it as an opportunity to reinforce in a much wider ways 793 00:54:51,710 --> 00:54:55,148 the specific ideas of negative liberty. 794 00:54:56,015 --> 00:54:58,718 Blair believed that the criminal justice system 795 00:54:58,718 --> 00:55:03,623 protected the accused at the expense of the innocent law abiding* individual, 796 00:55:03,623 --> 00:55:06,793 and that should be changed. 797 00:55:06,793 --> 00:55:09,562 The fundamental dilemma is this: 798 00:55:09,562 --> 00:55:15,636 How do we reconcile liberty with security in this new world? 799 00:55:15,636 --> 00:55:18,272 When a crime goes unpunished, 800 00:55:18,272 --> 00:55:21,942 that is a breach of the victims liberty and human rights. 801 00:55:21,942 --> 00:55:24,779 When we can't deport foreign nationals, 802 00:55:24,779 --> 00:55:27,381 even when inciting violence, 803 00:55:27,381 --> 00:55:29,617 this country is at risk. 804 00:55:29,617 --> 00:55:36,591 Let liberty at last stand up for the law abiding* citizen in this country. 805 00:55:36,591 --> 00:55:38,994 What Blair was proposing 806 00:55:38,994 --> 00:55:42,063 was that from antisocial behavior through true terrorism, 807 00:55:42,063 --> 00:55:44,466 individuals could be detained or punished 808 00:55:44,466 --> 00:55:46,868 on far less evidence than before, 809 00:55:46,868 --> 00:55:51,741 or even on the suspicion that they might commit a crime in the future. 810 00:55:51,841 --> 00:55:55,978 There has been enormous opposition to this from legal profession. 811 00:55:55,978 --> 00:55:58,614 They argue that it opens the way 812 00:55:58,648 --> 00:56:02,018 to the arbitrary use of power by governments. 813 00:56:02,018 --> 00:56:06,289 Politicians can now decide who is a normal law abiding* citizen, 814 00:56:06,289 --> 00:56:11,862 and who is the individual whose ideas might lead to dangerous crimes in the future, 815 00:56:11,862 --> 00:56:16,433 and should be locked up with little or no evidence. 816 00:56:17,367 --> 00:56:23,640 Yet again, negative liberty has transformed itself into what Berlin had warned against. 817 00:56:23,640 --> 00:56:27,744 It's become a version of its opposite, positive liberty. 818 00:56:27,744 --> 00:56:30,982 Our political leaders have the power to decide 819 00:56:30,982 --> 00:56:33,718 what is the right kind of free individual, 820 00:56:33,718 --> 00:56:39,324 and to punish those who do not conform to that ideal. 821 00:56:46,164 --> 00:56:49,401 But there is one thing that makes our freedom today 822 00:56:49,401 --> 00:56:52,104 different from positive liberty. 823 00:56:52,104 --> 00:56:54,773 Positive liberty is driven by a vision 824 00:56:54,807 --> 00:56:57,509 that freedom is "for" something, 825 00:56:57,509 --> 00:57:00,980 the freedom to do or to become something new, 826 00:57:00,980 --> 00:57:04,550 out of which a better world would come. 827 00:57:04,550 --> 00:57:07,654 Negative liberty has no such vision, 828 00:57:07,687 --> 00:57:10,724 it isn't for anything. 829 00:57:10,724 --> 00:57:13,159 At its heart it has no purpose 830 00:57:13,159 --> 00:57:18,565 other than to keep us free from unnecessary constraint or harm. 831 00:57:18,565 --> 00:57:22,802 Al emplear la fuerza para crear un mundo basado en la libertad negativa, 832 00:57:22,802 --> 00:57:24,838 the democratic revolutionaries 833 00:57:24,838 --> 00:57:27,675 had actually lead millions of people 834 00:57:27,675 --> 00:57:32,213 abroad into a world without purpose or meaning. 835 00:57:34,048 --> 00:57:39,787 This ideal of freedom, is still portrayed by many politicians and influential commentators, 836 00:57:39,787 --> 00:57:42,256 as a universal absolute. 837 00:57:42,290 --> 00:57:47,195 They assume it is only a matter of time before it spreads throughout the world. 838 00:57:47,496 --> 00:57:50,432 But this may not be true. 839 00:57:51,733 --> 00:57:53,869 As this series has shown 840 00:57:53,869 --> 00:57:56,505 the idea of freedom that we live with today, 841 00:57:56,505 --> 00:57:58,874 is a narrow and limiting one, 842 00:57:58,874 --> 00:58:03,478 that was born out at a specific and dangerous time, the Cold War. 843 00:58:03,478 --> 00:58:06,149 It may have had meaning and purpose then, 844 00:58:06,149 --> 00:58:08,651 as an alternative to communist tyranny, 845 00:58:08,651 --> 00:58:14,090 but now it's become a dangerous trap. 846 00:58:19,696 --> 00:58:24,835 Our government relies on a simplistic economic model of human beings, 847 00:58:24,835 --> 00:58:27,104 that allows inequality to grow, 848 00:58:27,137 --> 00:58:31,075 and offers nothing positive in the face of the reactionary forces 849 00:58:31,075 --> 00:58:35,245 they have helped to awake throughout around the world. 850 00:58:40,718 --> 00:58:44,789 If we ever want to escape from this limited world view, 851 00:58:44,789 --> 00:58:49,594 we will have to rediscover the progressive positive ideas of freedom, 852 00:58:49,594 --> 00:58:53,131 and realize that Isaiah Berlin was wrong: 853 00:58:53,131 --> 00:59:01,306 not all attempts to change the world for the better, lead to tyranny. 854 00:59:04,977 --> 00:59:10,449 Thanks to: ovisnigra subtitle and english transcript 855 00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:14,080 Download Movie Subtitles Searcher from www.podnapisi.net