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13.7 billion years
after it all began,

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we're about to go back
to the beginning of time.

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'With the largest and most complex
scientific experiment ever attempted.

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'The Large Hadron Collider, or LHC,

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'has just one simple
but audacious aim -

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'to recreate the conditions
of the Big Bang...

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'.. in an attempt to answer the most
profound questions about our universe. '

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The goal of particle physics is to
understand the universe in which we live.

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We want to know why things are the way they
are, how they work, what everything is...

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we want to understand.

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If you're going to go for the big
questions then you have to go for it.

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There is no point in sort of messing around if you
really want to understand how the universe ticks.

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The LHC is what you need.

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When the switch is thrown, this could
be either the beginning of the end,

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when we find that our theories of what
existed just after the Big Bang are right,

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or it could be the end of the beginning where
we discover that the universe is more mysterious

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and more beautiful than we
could possibly have imagined.

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The Large Hadron Collider spans the
French/Swiss border just outside Geneva.

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It's the largest particle
accelerator ever constructed.

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I'm Brian Cox and I've
been helping build it,

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along with thousands of other scientists at CERN,
the European Organisation for Nuclear Research.

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This is the experiment,
if you like, Q1, Q2, Q3.

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One of the scientists
overseeing the launch

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of the biggest experiment since NASA
sent men to the moon is Paul Collier.

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It's going to be a like a moon shot
where you see CAPCOM - "Go, go!"

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There's going to be a bank of experts
saying, "Mine is all right. " Probably yes.

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You must get asked this all the time. Is
there a button? Who's going to press it?

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There is not at the moment a button,
but I'm considering buying one,

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but the LHC is not like...
it's not like a rocket.

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There will not be a countdown,
there will not be a button to press,

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unfortunately. The buttons we have
are all computer sequences

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which we have to go through
to prepare the machine.

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It'll be standing room only

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as the world's most eminent
particle physicists

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gather to watch this remarkable
machine spring to life.

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What's the scene going to be like on the
day that the first beam goes around LHC?

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What's it going to feel like
in this control room?

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Yeah, it's going to be an
interesting time and quite exciting.

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The first thing I should say is there
will be two people on duty here,

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one physicist
and one technical engineer,

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so, if you like, two people will be doing the work,
and then probably 200 people will be watching them work.

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And of course we will have to...
we will have to keep control of that.

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It's brilliant, actually,
it's fascinating.

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All of us who work at CERN hope that this will
become the world's most renowned Big Bang laboratory.

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That here we'll discover something so fundamental
that it will change our understanding of the cosmos.

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Because right now even the brightest
minds and the best theories

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all fall short of explaining what occurred
as the universe burst into existence.

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Physics is stuck and the only thing
left to do is recreate the universe

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as it was a fraction of a second after the Big
Bang, and that's what the LHC's designed to do,

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to smash bits of matter together
at energies never before achieved

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so we can stare
at the face of creation.

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Every civilisation has
its own creation story.

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The ancient Chinese, Indian mystics
and Christian theologians

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all place a divine creator at the
heart of their creation stories.

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Science too has an elaborate story
that describes the universe's genesis.

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It tells us how the fundamental constituents
of the cosmos took on their form.

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The difference with this story
is that we can test it.

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We can find out if it's true by tearing
matter apart and looking at the pieces.

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All you need is a machine powerful enough
to restage the first moments after creation.

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In the beginning there was nothing.

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No space, no time,
just endless nothing.

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Then, 13.7 billion years ago,
from nothing...

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.. came everything.

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The universe exploded
into existence.

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From that fireball of energy emerged
the simplest building blocks of matter.

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Finding experimental evidence of these fundamental
entities has become the holy grail of physics.

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Well, the universe is an object
that is not stable.

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It is expanding and cooling,
it's doing things.

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It was therefore different in the
past and will be in the future.

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It has a history, it has a life,
it has an evolution.

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As the early universe grew,
its mysterious primeval constituents

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transformed themselves into atoms, then
molecules and eventually stars and planets.

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Now, billions of years on from the
Big Bang, the universe is so complex

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that all traces of the enigmatic
building blocks are lost.

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Understanding the evolution of the universe
requires understanding what it is made of.

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As it turns out, most of that
of which the universe is made

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are things that we
do not understand at all.

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But we hope that the LHC is about to
bridge this profound gap in our knowledge

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by peering further back in time
than ever before.

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The LHC is truly colossal.

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Its accelerator ring is
27 kilometres long,

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big enough to encircle
a small city.

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And around it we've built
four enormous experiments

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that will investigate the Big Bang
in exquisite new detail.

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This is my experiment, the
experiment that I work on, Atlas,

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and what you can see
is just the surface buildings.

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The experiment is actually 100 metres
below the ground which is where the LHC is,

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and basically this is just a building that
covers cranes where we winch everything down.

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And it's pretty much the last time

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that not only TV crews, but me and the
people who built it will be able to go down

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because once it starts operating, the whole area
becomes a radiation area, it becomes mildly radioactive.

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You've always got to be worried
when you see those things.

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One of the most expensive bits of Atlas,
if not the most, was digging the cavern.

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We even have iris scanners, so
a little bit of science fiction.

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It's down here in caverns brimming with the
latest technology that the Big Bangs will be made.

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We just take little bits of matter, little bits
of this stuff and accelerate them to as close

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to the speed of light as we can get and then smash
them together right in the middle of that detector

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to recreate the conditions that were
present back at the beginning of time.

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The bits of matter we're going to
fire around the LHC are called protons.

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They come from a family of particles that
give the collider its name, the Hadrons.

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Protons are going to fly around here
so close to the speed of light

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that they go round this 27km tunnel
11,000 times a second.

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The ring has two barrels that will shoot
beams of protons around in opposite directions.

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When they collide, they'll have the energy equivalent
to an aircraft carrier steaming at 30 knots.

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All this energy will be focused into a space
just a fraction of the width of a human hair.

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The resulting explosion will be so intense
that no-one's quite sure what will happen.

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This machine really is
a leap into the unknown.

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I mean it's often said with scientific experiments
but I think in this case it's absolutely right.

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We're, we're a step, something like a factor of
ten in energy so it's a huge jump up in energy.

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It's a huge jump up in the number of times
we can smash particles together per second.

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It collides protons together so often that your
chances of seeing something incredibly interesting

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and profound are increased way
beyond anything that we've had before

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and I can think of no better place
to be actually at the moment.

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This is exciting.

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The dream of understanding the building
blocks from which the universe is constructed

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has inspired the greatest minds
for over two millennia.

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People have wanted to understand the
universe and the stuff around them

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ever since they began
to think about it.

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People have always been making
theories about what matter is made of.

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But the universe like everybody
else is made of little pieces which

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need to be understood in order to
understand how the universe works.

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The earliest reference to this
concept of the world being made up

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of tiny indivisible pieces dates back
to ancient India in the sixth century BC.

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Two centuries on, the ancient Greeks were the first
to call these pieces, atoms, which means uncuttable.

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But incredibly it was only in the early 20th century
that the concept of the solid atom was shattered...

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.. and the modern version of
atomic theory was born.

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This new theory described the atom as being
made up of a number of even smaller pieces.

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Around the particles
which form the nucleus of the atom,

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other electrically charged particles called electrons
constantly revolve like planets around the sun.

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This new sub-atomic theory inspired
the great experimental physicist

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Ernest Rutherford to invent
the art of particle colliding.

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And ever since,
we've peeled away the atomic layers.

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Far from being uncuttable, the atom appeared
to be more and more like a Russian doll.

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Today particle physicists are busy
dreaming up ever more elaborate ways

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to torture matter.

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It almost seems like a paradox that the
smaller the thing you are looking for,

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the bigger the instrument you need.

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This is Fermilab and I used
to work here for three years.

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It's a beautiful piece
of midwestern prairie.

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The reason I worked here
is because over there

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is the biggest particle accelerator
that's operating in the world today.

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'I served my apprenticeship on a
machine here called the Tevatron. '

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Under that lake there, there's a tube
that carries a beam of protons one way

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and anti-matter protons the other way and we
accelerate them round 50,000 times a second.

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Imagine that!

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It's as close to the speed of light as we can get
and then we smash them together, two places actually,

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that red building there, which is called CDF and
that blue building over there which is called D zero.

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And their job is to just simply take
a picture of those collisions.

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Fermilab has been colliding
particles for over 40 years.

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Probing the atom's secrets.

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Leading the way into this sub-atomic frontier
was the renowned particle hunter, Leon Lederman.

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We didn't know anything
about these particles.

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We knew about atoms, but we had no
idea of the complexity of matter.

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What puzzled Lederman was that the
more they looked inside the atom,

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the more fundamental particles
they found.

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The moment of discovery is really
a series of moments.

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The experiment has worked.

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We think it's OK, and then finally,
"Hey, look at that, there's an event!"

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Eventually get enough data to say we're
beginning to see a class of particles...

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that must have a very important role
in the evolution of the universe.

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Because of the work of Lederman and other pioneers,
scores of particles completely new to science emerged.

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The up quark, the down quark,

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the electron,
the electron neutrino,

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the W-plus and the W-minus.

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As scientists made their discoveries they
began to name these fundamental particles.

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The charm quark, the strange quark,
the muon, the mu neutrino.

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With these building blocks they came to
a remarkable understanding of the world.

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The top quark, the bottom quark,

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the tao and the tao neutrino,

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the Z particle and the photon.

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Now they could explain what anything
and everything is made of.

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That's the Standard Model... Oh, no!
The gluon, mustn't forget the gluon.

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The Standard Model has gone on to become
the basis for all modern particle physics.

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So this was a model that
was developed in the 1960s.

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The first experimental breakthroughs

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showing that it might be true
came in the 1970s and I would say,

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was really established by experiments
at CERN in the 1980s and the 1990s.

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Experimental science has shown that the nature of
matter is more complex than anyone had foreseen.

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Rather than a single atom, it turns out that
nature uses 16 different fundamental particles

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to make everything
we see in the cosmos.

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The Standard Model itself
is a triumph. We have not only

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the particles but the mathematics
that gives a huge coherence

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to our world
on the microscopic level.

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The Standard Model accurately describes
the essential constituents of the universe.

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It's no exaggeration to say it's one of the most
successful theories in the history of science.

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And yet many physicists feel uneasy
about the Standard Model.

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The maths is too complex, even ugly.

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When scientists talk about beauty
in a physical theory, they mean that

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it can describe a whole range of diverse phenomena
with hopefully simple concepts and simple maths.

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Take Einstein's theory
of general relativity,

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our theory of gravitation,
you can write it down in one line.

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Now the trouble with
the Standard Model is,

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well, it takes pages to write down but also there are
elements in it that are mysterious, arbitrary even.

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There's something spooky
about this Standard Model.

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It doesn't really work, so we know that
there is something sick in our theory.

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For example, we have at the moment what we call
a Standard Model of particle physics, works great.

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Only one small problem, if you write
down the equations of this model

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it would seem to suggest that
no particles would have any mass.

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Clearly that's not true.

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For all its power,
the Standard Model overlooked

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one of the most basic
fundamental properties of our world.

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It was incomplete
in its description of the universe.

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00:21:38,460 --> 00:21:46,860
What's missing is an explanation, a mechanism
for how the fundamental particles acquire mass.

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00:21:46,895 --> 00:21:52,380
Now we know intuitively that the
things in the world around us have mass.

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We can feel it.

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00:21:54,820 --> 00:21:59,780
It's... Well, it's what
makes stuff, stuff.

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00:21:59,815 --> 00:22:04,705
But what is mass and
why does it exist?

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Sounds simple but it's become one of the most
difficult and challenging problems in physics.

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There must have been
a time in the early universe

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00:22:22,540 --> 00:22:26,980
when the particles became
substantial and took on their mass.

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00:22:32,380 --> 00:22:37,300
The best theory we have to explain
how this happened was dreamt up one day

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00:22:37,335 --> 00:22:42,220
by a British physicist Peter Higgs,
whilst walking in the Scottish Highlands.

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00:22:45,220 --> 00:22:49,620
He came up with a theoretical
mechanism that could explain

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00:22:49,655 --> 00:22:53,580
how some but not all
particles attain mass.

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00:22:55,460 --> 00:23:01,420
The Higgs mechanism works by filling the
universe with a field, the Higgs field,

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00:23:01,455 --> 00:23:05,500
and by the universe I don't just
mean up there amongst the stars.

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00:23:05,535 --> 00:23:10,345
I mean here in front of me,
and inside of me, and particles

218
00:23:10,380 --> 00:23:15,820
acquire mass by interacting with
the Higgs Field, by talking to it.

219
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:25,100
The theory is that every particle in the
universe is traversing this invisible Higgs Field

220
00:23:25,135 --> 00:23:31,140
and some particles like the quarks and
electrons acquire mass as they pass through.

221
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:37,625
Whereas mass-less particles,
particles like photons,

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00:23:37,660 --> 00:23:43,940
don't interact with the Higgs Field and they just
pass through the universe at the speed of light.

223
00:23:53,820 --> 00:23:59,540
The Higgs brings simplicity and beauty
to a nature which looks too complicated.

224
00:24:02,260 --> 00:24:08,740
It introduces a kind of symmetry and a kind of
beauty to nature which gives us an understanding of

225
00:24:08,775 --> 00:24:13,900
one of the most puzzling features of this little
model I told you about, the Standard Model.

226
00:24:14,980 --> 00:24:19,700
The Higgs Field may solve the problem
of missing mass in the Standard Model

227
00:24:19,735 --> 00:24:23,980
but the only trouble is we haven't
been able to detect it yet.

228
00:24:25,740 --> 00:24:29,940
But there is hope, because
it's a law of quantum physics

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00:24:29,975 --> 00:24:33,420
that all fields must have
an associated particle.

230
00:24:35,540 --> 00:24:42,740
And it's a key prediction of this Higgs theory that
there should be a quantum of this field, a particle

231
00:24:42,775 --> 00:24:46,597
associated with it and that's
what's called the Higgs boson.

232
00:24:46,632 --> 00:24:50,420
Is there a Higgs particle,
and if there is, how does it appear?

233
00:24:50,455 --> 00:24:54,220
How does it come about to simplify
our view of the world?

234
00:24:54,255 --> 00:24:56,340
It would be a tremendous discovery.

235
00:24:57,980 --> 00:25:03,305
If we can find this new fundamental
particle, the Higgs boson,

236
00:25:03,340 --> 00:25:08,140
then we'll be one step closer to understanding
how the universe came to be the way it is.

237
00:25:08,175 --> 00:25:13,025
No wonder Lederman
called it the God particle.

238
00:25:13,060 --> 00:25:18,620
The Higgs mechanism is our best
attempt to repair the Standard Model

239
00:25:18,655 --> 00:25:22,465
but over 40 years after
it was first thought of,

240
00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:29,260
the Higgs particle, the one thing that could
prove the theory correct hasn't been found.

241
00:25:33,940 --> 00:25:39,820
So the only way to prove the theory
correct is to try and create the Higgs boson

242
00:25:39,855 --> 00:25:42,660
for an instant
inside a particle collider.

243
00:25:49,580 --> 00:25:54,020
Some thought that Fermilab with its powerful
Tevatron collider would have found it.

244
00:25:56,540 --> 00:26:01,020
Fermilab is working day and night,
night and day with a machine

245
00:26:01,055 --> 00:26:06,017
that's ever increasing the number
of collisions

246
00:26:06,052 --> 00:26:10,980
but I would say
probabilistically we won't find it.

247
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:18,820
Ever since the Higgs particle was dreamt up and
despite billions of dollars worth of research,

248
00:26:18,855 --> 00:26:26,260
Fermilab has not seen even
a hint that the God particle exists.

249
00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:36,220
So the hunt for the Higgs boson is
about to step up a gear at CERN...

250
00:26:37,980 --> 00:26:43,180
.. where Europe is about to overtake America
in the high-energy particle-hunting race.

251
00:26:49,180 --> 00:26:52,620
Building an instrument capable of
recreating the early universe

252
00:26:52,655 --> 00:26:56,220
and finding the massive
Higgs boson has taken decades.

253
00:26:58,620 --> 00:27:03,780
We've had to devise new ways of
handling uniquely, not one,

254
00:27:03,815 --> 00:27:07,540
but the two most powerful
proton beams ever created.

255
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:15,940
There'll be a beam of protons going that way
in that pipe at almost the speed of light,

256
00:27:15,975 --> 00:27:19,625
another beam of protons
going that way in that pipe,

257
00:27:19,660 --> 00:27:25,940
at almost the speed of light and they'll
cross inside Atlas and recreate the conditions

258
00:27:25,975 --> 00:27:30,260
that were present just after
the beginning of the universe.

259
00:27:30,295 --> 00:27:32,425
Fantastic.

260
00:27:32,460 --> 00:27:37,785
A ring of 9,500 super-conducting
magnets has been designed

261
00:27:37,820 --> 00:27:43,060
to safely contain and control
the direction of the proton beams.

262
00:27:43,095 --> 00:27:47,825
13,000 amps of current
to the magnets,

263
00:27:47,860 --> 00:27:55,740
1.9 Kelvin minus 271 degrees, colder than the
space between the galaxies to cool the magnets down

264
00:27:55,775 --> 00:28:00,780
and then the two beam pipes,
one there and one there.

265
00:28:01,900 --> 00:28:08,260
All joined up, these magnets make a collider
four times longer than Fermilab's Tevatron.

266
00:28:09,340 --> 00:28:14,265
To put the scale of the experiment in
context, each circuit the protons make

267
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:21,660
is the same distance as the half-way mark
from England to France along the Channel Tunnel

268
00:28:21,695 --> 00:28:25,100
and they'll do this
11,000 times a second.

269
00:28:34,380 --> 00:28:39,500
To understand how we hope
to transform two tiny protons

270
00:28:39,535 --> 00:28:44,620
into a massive Higgs boson
requires the help of a genius.

271
00:28:46,660 --> 00:28:51,900
Einstein's astonishing insight
into the connection between matter

272
00:28:51,935 --> 00:28:57,780
and energy is the engine
which drives all particle physics.

273
00:28:58,460 --> 00:29:02,345
His theory used just five characters

274
00:29:02,380 --> 00:29:07,420
but with them he had shown us
the way to a modern form of alchemy.

275
00:29:09,220 --> 00:29:13,025
Einstein's famous equation, E = mc2,

276
00:29:13,060 --> 00:29:17,060
that basically says that energy and
mass are two sides of the same coin.

277
00:29:17,095 --> 00:29:20,380
They're basically the same thing
and they're interchangeable.

278
00:29:20,415 --> 00:29:23,500
In this idea I think that
Einstein was truly the first.

279
00:29:23,535 --> 00:29:25,425
Mass is just a form of energy.

280
00:29:25,460 --> 00:29:28,225
That was a very deep
insight of Einstein.

281
00:29:28,260 --> 00:29:33,825
There's absolutely no question. And
there was no precedent for that idea.

282
00:29:33,860 --> 00:29:39,100
One thing we take for granted as particle
physicists is that we can convert energy into mass.

283
00:29:39,135 --> 00:29:43,025
We do it all the time. That's how
the LHC essentially works.

284
00:29:43,060 --> 00:29:47,105
It speeds protons around faster and
faster, gives them more and more energy

285
00:29:47,140 --> 00:29:52,540
and then smashes them together, and the idea is to
make new particles, like the Higgs boson, for example,

286
00:29:52,575 --> 00:29:59,340
that's many, many tens or even hundreds of times
heavier than the protons that collided to make it.

287
00:30:02,580 --> 00:30:08,620
So Einstein's most famous equation is at
the heart of the hunt for the Higgs particle.

288
00:30:08,655 --> 00:30:13,700
In effect, the Large Hadron Collider
is a relativity machine.

289
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:21,900
When the ultra high-speed protons smash into one
another, they'll have phenomenal amounts of energy.

290
00:30:24,020 --> 00:30:28,460
Each collision can produce
hundreds of new particles.

291
00:30:28,495 --> 00:30:32,417
For a moment,
we've created a mini Big Bang.

292
00:30:32,452 --> 00:30:36,305
It's in these "events",
as they're known,

293
00:30:36,340 --> 00:30:42,140
that we hope for a fleeting moment that
the massive Higgs particle will be seen

294
00:30:42,175 --> 00:30:46,260
for the first time
in 13.7 billion years.

295
00:30:47,980 --> 00:30:53,060
These will be the highest-energy
collisions we've ever made.

296
00:30:53,095 --> 00:30:55,660
It's led some to wonder
if we know what we're doing.

297
00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:07,260
One of the wildest speculations
is that the LHC will be capable

298
00:31:07,295 --> 00:31:11,180
of creating black holes
that will devour the Earth.

299
00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:17,705
I get page after page
of e-mails saying,

300
00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:21,385
"You maniac, you're going
to destroy the planet!"

301
00:31:21,420 --> 00:31:24,720
What do you say to these people?
You must get the same e-mails.

302
00:31:24,755 --> 00:31:28,020
I've seen that too. It's what
everybody wants to know about

303
00:31:28,055 --> 00:31:30,825
cos it's such a cool idea, right?
Here we have LHC,

304
00:31:30,860 --> 00:31:34,660
looking at the universe at the earliest
time. What if it could make black holes?

305
00:31:34,695 --> 00:31:37,557
Wow! Two interesting things
happening at the same time.

306
00:31:37,592 --> 00:31:40,420
But personally speaking
I think it's incredibly unlikely.

307
00:31:40,455 --> 00:31:43,037
I don't think there's any way
they can be made.

308
00:31:43,072 --> 00:31:45,585
Don't forget,
people take this very seriously.

309
00:31:45,620 --> 00:31:48,985
When there was this theory that came
out that we could make black holes,

310
00:31:49,020 --> 00:31:53,900
CERN took it so seriously that they made this
special risk assessment, really just to make sure

311
00:31:53,935 --> 00:31:58,620
that there wasn't going to be anything
untoward happening. So no-one need worry.

312
00:31:58,655 --> 00:32:02,237
I really think that there's
absolutely no way we are going

313
00:32:02,272 --> 00:32:05,820
to make anything like that.
It's just too strange a theory.

314
00:32:06,860 --> 00:32:11,740
Even if black holes do show up,
they will not destroy the Earth.

315
00:32:11,775 --> 00:32:16,585
'Much more likely is that the
LHC will create Higgs particles

316
00:32:16,620 --> 00:32:22,020
'and we've had to go to extraordinary
lengths to be sure of detecting them. '

317
00:32:22,055 --> 00:32:27,225
Not one, but four colossal particle
detectors have been installed

318
00:32:27,260 --> 00:32:31,940
around the ring to take pictures of
what happens when protons collide.

319
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:41,780
Early particle detectors also
took photographs of similar events.

320
00:32:41,815 --> 00:32:44,785
It's these pictures
that first captured

321
00:32:44,820 --> 00:32:48,160
the fundamental particles
in the Standard Model.

322
00:32:48,195 --> 00:32:51,500
Here is evidence for a neutrino
caught on film.

323
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,900
This was the first glimpse of the
W boson at CERN in the 1980s.

324
00:33:01,420 --> 00:33:04,420
And the Z boson's
scientific debut.

325
00:33:06,460 --> 00:33:08,900
But the one missing picture,

326
00:33:09,060 --> 00:33:12,820
the one that would go on the wall
if we find it, is the Higgs boson.

327
00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:14,100
the one that would go on the wall
if we find it, is the Higgs boson.

328
00:33:17,100 --> 00:33:21,060
The reason it's been so elusive
is to do with its mass.

329
00:33:22,660 --> 00:33:27,100
Our theories predict that the
Higgs particle is immensely heavy

330
00:33:27,135 --> 00:33:30,140
and it's a general rule
in particle physics

331
00:33:30,175 --> 00:33:32,985
that heavy particles are unstable.

332
00:33:33,020 --> 00:33:37,020
They simply fall apart
into lighter particles.

333
00:33:37,055 --> 00:33:40,465
So if the Higgs
is a real part of nature,

334
00:33:40,500 --> 00:33:44,580
it would have long ago vanished
from the early universe.

335
00:33:44,615 --> 00:33:48,220
And today, even if we manage
to recreate the Higgs,

336
00:33:48,255 --> 00:33:51,220
it'll disappear...

337
00:33:51,255 --> 00:33:53,660
.. before we can see it.

338
00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:59,785
Instead, we'll be hunting
for its decay artefacts,

339
00:33:59,820 --> 00:34:05,620
other Standard Model particles like
W and Z bosons, quarks and muons.

340
00:34:05,655 --> 00:34:10,737
This is a simulation of a single
proton/proton collision at the LHC.

341
00:34:10,772 --> 00:34:15,820
It's actually the simulation of
the production of a Higgs particle.

342
00:34:15,855 --> 00:34:18,180
Now, the Higgs particle
you don't see, of course.

343
00:34:18,215 --> 00:34:21,097
It just decays in a fraction
of a second.

344
00:34:21,132 --> 00:34:24,356
But what you do see
is the smoking gun,

345
00:34:24,391 --> 00:34:27,545
in this case,
two very clear red tracks,

346
00:34:27,580 --> 00:34:30,665
these two particles here,
called muons,

347
00:34:30,700 --> 00:34:34,060
that have gone straight out
to the very edges of the detector.

348
00:34:35,940 --> 00:34:40,660
And if we see not just one collision
like this, but maybe 10, maybe 100,

349
00:34:40,695 --> 00:34:43,980
then we'll have discovered the Higgs
and for the first time

350
00:34:44,015 --> 00:34:47,540
we'll understand the origin
of mass in the universe.

351
00:34:52,380 --> 00:34:55,225
That is if the experiment works.

352
00:34:55,260 --> 00:35:01,460
Switching on the planet's largest particle
collider is an anxious time for everyone.

353
00:35:05,020 --> 00:35:08,780
The sheer magnitude
of this complex machine

354
00:35:08,815 --> 00:35:11,225
and the power in the beam

355
00:35:11,260 --> 00:35:14,825
is something that nobody's ever done
in the world,

356
00:35:14,860 --> 00:35:19,540
and we have to not forget anything
important that we destroy something.

357
00:35:24,780 --> 00:35:28,745
It takes months to cool each section
of the LHC down

358
00:35:28,780 --> 00:35:34,420
to its operating temperature of less
than minus 271 degrees Celsius,

359
00:35:34,455 --> 00:35:38,620
no mean feat since this is colder
than deep space.

360
00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:47,340
And if anything fails, it'll be a major
setback in the search for the Higgs.

361
00:35:49,580 --> 00:35:55,700
It would take us two, three months to repair that part
of the machine, even though it's based on a sector basis,

362
00:35:55,735 --> 00:35:59,185
and it takes enormous time
to warm up the whole sector

363
00:35:59,220 --> 00:36:03,940
of 3.3 kilometres, the cryogenic, so
there is a lot of time issues involved.

364
00:36:03,975 --> 00:36:08,857
Even one week is too long so certainly
two, three months is very long.

365
00:36:08,892 --> 00:36:13,740
People are waiting for beam, waiting
for physics. We can't afford that.

366
00:36:14,780 --> 00:36:18,305
So CERN's management decided
last year to cancel

367
00:36:18,340 --> 00:36:22,220
an engineering run
scheduled to test the entire ring.

368
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:28,380
Instead of beginning slowly with some
safe but dull low-energy collisions,

369
00:36:28,415 --> 00:36:32,620
the machine's first run
will accelerate particles

370
00:36:32,655 --> 00:36:35,620
to high energies straight away.

371
00:36:36,740 --> 00:36:41,140
If it works, this incredible
machine, this vast effort

372
00:36:41,175 --> 00:36:44,865
of thousands of scientists
and billions of Euros

373
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:49,300
is certain to change
our understanding of the universe.

374
00:36:52,340 --> 00:36:56,040
If the Higgs exists,
then it'll be created here

375
00:36:56,075 --> 00:36:59,705
in the centre of Atlas
over the next few years.

376
00:36:59,740 --> 00:37:05,580
If we don't see it, then it wouldn't help to
build a bigger machine and a bigger accelerator.

377
00:37:05,615 --> 00:37:10,140
It really means that the
God particle doesn't exist.

378
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:18,980
And for some theorists,
finding nothing at the LHC

379
00:37:19,015 --> 00:37:22,220
is actually
the most exciting prospect.

380
00:37:25,660 --> 00:37:30,340
It can be argued that the most
interesting discovery at the LHC

381
00:37:30,375 --> 00:37:33,197
would be that
we cannot find the Higgs,

382
00:37:33,232 --> 00:37:35,985
proving practically
that it isn't there.

383
00:37:36,020 --> 00:37:40,225
That would mean that we
really haven't understood something,

384
00:37:40,260 --> 00:37:44,300
very deeply not understood something.
That's a very good scene for science.

385
00:37:44,335 --> 00:37:47,377
Revolutions sometimes come
from the fact that you hit a wall

386
00:37:47,412 --> 00:37:50,420
and you realise that you truly
haven't understood anything.

387
00:37:59,620 --> 00:38:03,905
The theorists may long
for a revolution but most of us

388
00:38:03,940 --> 00:38:08,180
are pretty sure that the Higgs
boson is a real part of nature.

389
00:38:11,660 --> 00:38:17,300
What are the chances we're ever
going to solve the mystery of mass?

390
00:38:35,340 --> 00:38:38,680
For the first time
in a generation

391
00:38:38,715 --> 00:38:41,985
we stand at a crossroads
in physics

392
00:38:42,020 --> 00:38:46,265
and that's what makes
this place so exciting,

393
00:38:46,300 --> 00:38:51,340
because nobody knows what the
next steps are in our quest

394
00:38:51,375 --> 00:38:53,705
to understand the universe,

395
00:38:53,740 --> 00:38:57,540
but I'm convinced that this place
will show us the way

396
00:38:57,575 --> 00:39:00,300
to new physics.

397
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:23,140
Even if the Higgs boson does turn up
at the launch party,

398
00:39:23,175 --> 00:39:27,225
work at the Big Bang machine
won't stop.

399
00:39:27,260 --> 00:39:31,820
Beyond the mystery of mass
lies a much thornier challenge

400
00:39:31,855 --> 00:39:36,380
for the Standard Model, a puzzle
that defeated even Einstein.

401
00:39:46,260 --> 00:39:49,780
Why does the world appear
to obey different rules?

402
00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:53,820
There's the world of the small,
the quantum world,

403
00:39:53,855 --> 00:39:56,677
that the Standard Model
explains so well,

404
00:39:56,712 --> 00:39:59,586
and then there's the world
of the large,

405
00:39:59,621 --> 00:40:02,425
the world of stars
and planets and galaxies.

406
00:40:02,460 --> 00:40:06,300
The Standard Model has nothing
to say about how they interact.

407
00:40:10,340 --> 00:40:13,580
And it's a problem
we've yet to solve.

408
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:31,305
When you want to understand
the way the universe has evolved -

409
00:40:31,340 --> 00:40:35,660
so what happened to it straight after it
began and how it got to how it is today -

410
00:40:35,695 --> 00:40:39,340
you've not only got to know
about how many galaxies there are,

411
00:40:39,375 --> 00:40:42,100
the way that stars work
and the way that planets form...

412
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:48,580
.. you've also got to know what
the fundamental building blocks

413
00:40:48,615 --> 00:40:51,500
of all those things are and
how they interact together.

414
00:40:53,660 --> 00:40:57,480
And in particular it's not only the
stuff that's in the universe,

415
00:40:57,515 --> 00:41:01,300
but the way that stuff talks to
other stuff. It's about the forces.

416
00:41:02,380 --> 00:41:07,460
If these forces didn't act on
matter, nothing would happen.

417
00:41:07,495 --> 00:41:09,905
The stars wouldn't shine,

418
00:41:09,940 --> 00:41:14,740
the atoms that make up the
planetary bodies would fall apart.

419
00:41:16,860 --> 00:41:19,540
The universe would disintegrate.

420
00:41:22,660 --> 00:41:27,860
It's the forces in the Standard
Model which hold everything together.

421
00:41:30,340 --> 00:41:34,040
There are four forces that we know
of in the universe at the moment,

422
00:41:34,075 --> 00:41:37,740
the thing called the strong force
which sticks nuclei together...

423
00:41:37,775 --> 00:41:41,260
This strong force is what binds
the quarks together

424
00:41:41,295 --> 00:41:44,705
to form the nucleus
at the heart of the atom.

425
00:41:44,740 --> 00:41:49,460
There's electro-magnetism, that kind
of quite familiar force to everyone.

426
00:41:49,495 --> 00:41:55,100
This force holds the electrons
in orbit around the atomic nucleus.

427
00:41:56,180 --> 00:41:59,760
And a thing called the weak force
which is quite unfamiliar

428
00:41:59,795 --> 00:42:03,340
but it allows the sun to shine,
so it's incredibly important.

429
00:42:04,420 --> 00:42:09,820
The weak force explains why some
atoms undergo radioactive decay,

430
00:42:09,855 --> 00:42:13,540
the process which fuels
every star in the universe.

431
00:42:21,060 --> 00:42:24,820
But, crucially, one force
is missing from the Standard Model.

432
00:42:33,140 --> 00:42:35,140
Gravity.

433
00:42:38,340 --> 00:42:41,060
In the everyday world
you and I inhabit,

434
00:42:41,095 --> 00:42:43,740
clearly gravity is all around us.

435
00:42:47,460 --> 00:42:50,760
It's what keeps you
in your chair at home,

436
00:42:50,795 --> 00:42:54,060
it's what keeps Earth in orbit
around the Sun

437
00:42:54,095 --> 00:42:57,020
and it's what holds
our galaxy together.

438
00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:10,260
And Einstein too thought
gravity was pretty important.

439
00:43:11,340 --> 00:43:15,400
His General Theory of Relativity
beautifully describes

440
00:43:15,435 --> 00:43:19,460
how every celestial body
interacts with every other body

441
00:43:19,495 --> 00:43:21,940
through this force.

442
00:43:27,060 --> 00:43:31,420
'The universe on the grand scale
can be entirely explained

443
00:43:31,455 --> 00:43:34,660
'by Einstein's equations. '

444
00:43:36,420 --> 00:43:38,820
But there's a problem.

445
00:43:42,220 --> 00:43:46,820
The moment we try to merge General
Relativity with the Standard Model,

446
00:43:46,855 --> 00:43:50,185
we encounter immense difficulties,

447
00:43:50,220 --> 00:43:55,100
so immense, in fact, that nobody's
been able to work out how to do it.

448
00:43:55,135 --> 00:43:59,497
They're completely incompatible
pictures of the universe.

449
00:43:59,532 --> 00:44:03,860
The problem is they're pictures
of the same universe.

450
00:44:03,895 --> 00:44:06,180
Something has to be wrong.

451
00:44:07,260 --> 00:44:13,260
The Standard Model is incredibly powerful at
describing the world of the small, the quantum world.

452
00:44:15,860 --> 00:44:21,620
But as soon as you try to add gravity into
the Standard Model equations, they break.

453
00:44:24,380 --> 00:44:28,700
Einstein was searching
for just one set of equations

454
00:44:28,735 --> 00:44:32,540
that would work
on both planets and particles,

455
00:44:32,575 --> 00:44:36,060
nothing less
than a theory of everything.

456
00:44:37,740 --> 00:44:41,465
This was Einstein's
greatest failure.

457
00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:45,940
At the smallest distance scales,
his theory just falls apart.

458
00:44:47,020 --> 00:44:51,660
Einstein spent the last 30 years of
his life trying to rectify the problem

459
00:44:51,695 --> 00:44:53,820
but he never succeeded.

460
00:45:01,620 --> 00:45:07,980
'53 years after Einstein's death his
theory of everything still eludes us. '

461
00:45:16,620 --> 00:45:19,620
This is CERN's theory corridor.

462
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:25,060
Inside each room
is a theoretical physicist.

463
00:45:28,620 --> 00:45:31,820
And inside the head
of each theoretical physicist

464
00:45:31,855 --> 00:45:35,380
is a different conception
of our universe.

465
00:45:38,780 --> 00:45:43,980
'The first physicist to coin
the term "a theory of everything"

466
00:45:44,015 --> 00:45:46,580
'was CERN's John Ellis. '

467
00:45:48,580 --> 00:45:51,705
When we talk about a
theory of everything,

468
00:45:51,740 --> 00:45:56,900
we mean a theory
of the fundamental constituents

469
00:45:56,935 --> 00:46:00,545
of matter and the forces
between them.

470
00:46:00,580 --> 00:46:07,620
You can somehow think of it as a
sort of cosmic genetic code, right?

471
00:46:07,655 --> 00:46:10,865
In fact, the Standard Model
already you can regard

472
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:16,545
as being a sort of genetic code for making
up the regular visible matter in the universe.

473
00:46:16,580 --> 00:46:21,580
All the visible matter in the universe is made
up out of the same quarks and electrons and things

474
00:46:21,615 --> 00:46:23,905
that we can measure
in the laboratory.

475
00:46:23,940 --> 00:46:29,940
Somehow or other, these things
can be combined in all sorts of ways

476
00:46:29,975 --> 00:46:35,060
to make people as complicated
and bizarre as you or me.

477
00:46:36,660 --> 00:46:42,500
The search for this cosmic genetic code
is the ultimate quest for physicists.

478
00:46:42,535 --> 00:46:46,220
We want to finish
what Einstein started.

479
00:46:50,540 --> 00:46:54,980
You might wonder why we believe the
baffling complexity of the universe

480
00:46:55,015 --> 00:46:59,065
can ever be reduced
to a single theory.

481
00:46:59,100 --> 00:47:02,660
The answer can be found
back at the Big Bang.

482
00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:09,580
If we journey back through time,
the universe shrinks,

483
00:47:09,615 --> 00:47:14,660
galaxies disappear
and the stars evaporate into gas.

484
00:47:18,780 --> 00:47:26,660
As we draw to within a couple of hundred thousand
years of the Big Bang, the universe becomes opaque.

485
00:47:29,780 --> 00:47:34,060
Eventually we approach
the moment when atoms vanish.

486
00:47:36,980 --> 00:47:40,060
Now things get really strange.

487
00:47:41,660 --> 00:47:46,060
Seconds away from the Big Bang,
the atomic nuclei break apart.

488
00:47:49,180 --> 00:47:52,545
The universe is now
so small and so hot

489
00:47:52,580 --> 00:47:57,540
that only the naked fundamental
particles of the Standard Model exist.

490
00:48:02,140 --> 00:48:04,980
This is the time of the Higgs.

491
00:48:06,940 --> 00:48:11,980
It's at this time that the LHC
will spend most of its working life.

492
00:48:15,140 --> 00:48:20,940
This is what this machine was designed
to do, to open a window onto the time

493
00:48:20,975 --> 00:48:23,985
when the Higgs ruled the universe.

494
00:48:24,020 --> 00:48:29,340
But some of us believe that it may give us
a glimpse of something even more profound.

495
00:48:31,940 --> 00:48:36,940
Beyond the Higgs,
the universe continues to condense.

496
00:48:36,975 --> 00:48:40,220
Eventually even the
fundamental particles

497
00:48:40,255 --> 00:48:42,745
of the Standard Model disappear.

498
00:48:42,780 --> 00:48:46,300
We are approaching the moment
of the Big Bang itself.

499
00:48:46,335 --> 00:48:49,785
In the instant of creation
there must have been a time

500
00:48:49,820 --> 00:48:55,180
when the universe was nothing more
than a single, unimaginably hot,

501
00:48:55,215 --> 00:48:58,185
fantastically small entity,

502
00:48:58,220 --> 00:49:01,940
the entire universe
was made of just one thing,

503
00:49:01,975 --> 00:49:04,460
pregnant with possibilities.

504
00:49:07,820 --> 00:49:11,260
Remarkably, we have
a highly speculative theory

505
00:49:11,295 --> 00:49:13,940
that attempts to describe this era.

506
00:49:13,975 --> 00:49:16,700
It's called String Theory.

507
00:49:18,140 --> 00:49:23,500
The String Theory concept is that
particles, the objects that exist,

508
00:49:23,535 --> 00:49:26,940
are actually vibrations
of a single string

509
00:49:26,975 --> 00:49:31,425
and like, like the notes of a piano,

510
00:49:31,460 --> 00:49:36,660
they vibrate once or twice or three times, and
each note corresponds to a different particle.

511
00:49:36,695 --> 00:49:40,505
So if everything was just a note
that you could play on the piano,

512
00:49:40,540 --> 00:49:44,345
a single piano, maybe a single string,
that would be a very simple idea.

513
00:49:44,380 --> 00:49:50,220
String theory is certainly the best candidate we
have for a theory of everything which would combine

514
00:49:50,255 --> 00:49:54,780
all the different forces, all the different
particles and make a decent cup of coffee.

515
00:49:56,980 --> 00:50:00,785
These peculiar strings,
if they exist,

516
00:50:00,820 --> 00:50:06,780
are our best attempt to understand
what might underpin everything.

517
00:50:06,815 --> 00:50:09,825
They're unimaginably small,

518
00:50:09,860 --> 00:50:13,385
they were the first things
in the universe,

519
00:50:13,420 --> 00:50:19,700
and they have multiplied to create
every particle we see today.

520
00:50:27,780 --> 00:50:30,900
Incredibly,
String Theory may succeed

521
00:50:30,935 --> 00:50:33,900
where the Standard Model fails...

522
00:50:35,180 --> 00:50:38,700
.. because when gravity
is added to the Standard Model,

523
00:50:38,735 --> 00:50:42,620
the equations break down
and produce infinities.

524
00:50:47,740 --> 00:50:51,905
These horrendous
infinite answers come about,

525
00:50:51,940 --> 00:50:56,860
we think, because we're treating the
particles as being tiny little points

526
00:50:56,895 --> 00:51:00,137
and when you bring these tiny little
points together

527
00:51:00,172 --> 00:51:03,380
the gravitational force
becomes incredibly strong

528
00:51:03,415 --> 00:51:05,700
and we don't know how to handle that.

529
00:51:09,100 --> 00:51:13,740
Gravity can become so strong
because point like particles

530
00:51:13,775 --> 00:51:17,020
can get infinitely close together...

531
00:51:18,100 --> 00:51:22,420
.. and that means that the
gravitational force between them

532
00:51:22,455 --> 00:51:25,220
becomes infinitely strong.

533
00:51:27,340 --> 00:51:31,180
Supposing the particles,
instead of being tiny little points,

534
00:51:31,215 --> 00:51:35,665
were sort of warm, fuzzy,
extended things, right?

535
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:41,420
Then you could bring them together and the
gravitational force would not blow up in your face.

536
00:51:41,455 --> 00:51:46,420
So maybe that's the answer, maybe
particles are not actually points

537
00:51:46,455 --> 00:51:50,700
but actually extended objects,
maybe they're pieces of string.

538
00:51:52,300 --> 00:51:57,745
Strange as it may seem, by imagining
a universe made of string,

539
00:51:57,780 --> 00:52:03,260
we have a way of creating the extra
space that gravity needs to work.

540
00:52:08,380 --> 00:52:12,900
The extraordinary thing about String
Theory is that, for the first time

541
00:52:12,935 --> 00:52:16,425
in the history of physics,
it offers a bridge

542
00:52:16,460 --> 00:52:21,705
between the two contradictory
descriptions of the world we see today -

543
00:52:21,740 --> 00:52:26,860
the Standard Model of particle physics and
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.

544
00:52:26,895 --> 00:52:31,185
It's a contender
for a theory of everything.

545
00:52:31,220 --> 00:52:36,740
What would Einstein have thought of our current
attempts to bring General Relativity into the fold?

546
00:52:36,775 --> 00:52:39,465
What would he have thought
of String Theory?

547
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:44,905
I think he would have been
delighted for a while.

548
00:52:44,940 --> 00:52:50,100
That is to say, he would have been
fascinated by the beauty of the theory

549
00:52:50,135 --> 00:52:56,337
till he realised that it didn't have
any convincing predictions

550
00:52:56,372 --> 00:53:02,540
that we could check now.
He would be very unhappy about that.

551
00:53:03,620 --> 00:53:07,065
Einstein would have spurned
String Theory

552
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:12,580
because so far nobody has produced a single
prediction that we can put to the test.

553
00:53:12,615 --> 00:53:17,980
It remains an intriguing
but unprovable concept.

554
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:25,745
This is science
at its most esoteric.

555
00:53:25,780 --> 00:53:32,745
It's like philosophy, religion even,
because all it has going for it is beauty.

556
00:53:32,780 --> 00:53:39,380
We have a mathematical description of the first
few moments after creation but nothing more.

557
00:53:40,980 --> 00:53:48,300
To see far enough back in time to discover a string
would require a collider the size of our galaxy.

558
00:53:50,380 --> 00:53:56,065
For now,
the LHC is as large as it gets,

559
00:53:56,100 --> 00:54:02,340
although perhaps instead of creating a string we
can search for one of its most remarkable properties.

560
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:09,900
The original idea was that, OK if
they're not points, maybe they extend out

561
00:54:09,935 --> 00:54:13,700
along some sort of line, might be
a curvy line, like a piece of string.

562
00:54:13,735 --> 00:54:16,105
That's named the String Theory.

563
00:54:16,140 --> 00:54:19,660
In fact, people realised
that that's not enough.

564
00:54:19,695 --> 00:54:23,145
If they're going to be extended
in one dimension,

565
00:54:23,180 --> 00:54:28,020
they're probably extended in two dimensions,
maybe three dimensions, maybe more dimensions.

566
00:54:28,055 --> 00:54:34,185
So in fact String Theory nowadays
is a bit of a wrong name, right?

567
00:54:34,220 --> 00:54:38,425
And in fact people nowadays often
talk about something called M Theory,

568
00:54:38,460 --> 00:54:43,460
which is supposed to contain this idea that
particles are not just extended in one dimension

569
00:54:43,495 --> 00:54:46,420
but maybe M for many dimensions.

570
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:56,100
Multiple dimensions are notoriously
difficult to imagine,

571
00:54:56,135 --> 00:54:58,545
let alone detect,

572
00:54:58,580 --> 00:55:03,060
yet one of the wildest hopes is
that we might just catch sight

573
00:55:03,095 --> 00:55:06,340
of an extra dimension
at the LHC.

574
00:55:07,980 --> 00:55:09,625
Space has three dimensions,

575
00:55:09,660 --> 00:55:14,020
we all know that. But we think
that maybe each point of our space

576
00:55:14,055 --> 00:55:18,060
is actually not a point
but a sort of little sphere

577
00:55:18,095 --> 00:55:21,105
with extra dimensions inside.

578
00:55:21,140 --> 00:55:25,160
And if we could penetrate into
these little spheres at the energies

579
00:55:25,195 --> 00:55:29,787
that we are exploring, maybe
we'll find these extra dimensions.

580
00:55:29,822 --> 00:55:34,380
That idea of extra dimensions is
very connected with String Theory.

581
00:55:41,260 --> 00:55:45,225
If we do detect
another dimension at the LHC,

582
00:55:45,260 --> 00:55:52,440
then we'll be able to show that the universe is
at least a place where strings might feel at home,

583
00:55:52,475 --> 00:55:59,620
a universe in which gravity and the other forces
can harmoniously co-exist in our mathematics.

584
00:56:00,660 --> 00:56:07,140
We'll be one step closer
to completing our story of creation.

585
00:56:08,780 --> 00:56:11,825
This is maybe the most
important thing about the LHC.

586
00:56:11,860 --> 00:56:16,220
For a long time now, we've been
speculating about String Theory,

587
00:56:16,255 --> 00:56:18,265
about extra dimensions,

588
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:21,940
but we haven't had hard facts
to confront them with.

589
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:31,140
Now, if we find extra dimensions at
the LHC, that would be kind of a hint

590
00:56:31,175 --> 00:56:34,657
that String Theory might be right,
but it wouldn't be a proof.

591
00:56:34,692 --> 00:56:38,105
It would be, if you like,
a smoking gun for String Theory.

592
00:56:38,140 --> 00:56:41,940
But it would encourage us to think
that maybe we were on the right track.

593
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:48,420
It would be
a tremendous breakthrough,

594
00:56:48,455 --> 00:56:51,157
but with today's technology

595
00:56:51,192 --> 00:56:53,860
finding another dimension

596
00:56:53,895 --> 00:56:56,660
is highly unlikely.

597
00:57:01,300 --> 00:57:07,225
The LHC will allow us to explore
the earliest times in the universe.

598
00:57:07,260 --> 00:57:13,900
Within a few years it will tell us whether the
Higgs boson, the God particle, really exists.

599
00:57:16,460 --> 00:57:21,460
And it may even tell us that there
are extra dimensions in the universe.

600
00:57:21,495 --> 00:57:23,825
This is exploration.

601
00:57:23,860 --> 00:57:27,940
It's a journey to the very edge
of our understanding.

602
00:57:33,660 --> 00:57:36,420
Today is the moment.

603
00:57:37,980 --> 00:57:41,705
We don't know
what the LHC is going to discover.

604
00:57:41,740 --> 00:57:46,940
We've got all these ideas. They can't all be right,
a lot of them are going to be proved to be wrong.

605
00:57:46,975 --> 00:57:49,985
But if just one of them
gets proved to be right,

606
00:57:50,020 --> 00:57:54,820
then it's going to be the most exciting
event in my scientific lifetime.

607
00:57:57,420 --> 00:58:03,260
And, for me, that's what science at
the Large Hadron Collider is all about.

608
00:58:03,295 --> 00:58:07,260
It represents
the noblest side of humanity -

609
00:58:07,295 --> 00:58:10,620
our need to know.

610
00:58:33,380 --> 00:58:37,020
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd.

611
00:58:37,055 --> 00:58:40,660
E- mail subtitling@bbc. co. uk