1
00:00:16,880 --> 00:00:21,800
The moon. To get there you have to fly at 25,000 miles an hour.

2
00:00:25,040 --> 00:00:28,040
You have to travel a quarter of a million miles there...

3
00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:31,800
..and a quarter of a million miles back.

4
00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:39,120
And when you return to Earth, your spaceship has to survive

5
00:00:39,120 --> 00:00:42,480
re-entry temperatures of 2,500 degrees centigrade.

6
00:00:44,680 --> 00:00:45,840
And we've done it.

7
00:00:54,960 --> 00:00:56,480
I'm Professor Brian Cox.

8
00:00:56,480 --> 00:01:00,120
I'm a physicist, and as long as I can remember,

9
00:01:00,120 --> 00:01:04,280
I've been captivated by the story of our journey to the moon.

10
00:01:07,960 --> 00:01:11,760
Telling that story over the years, and inspiring me along the way,

11
00:01:11,760 --> 00:01:15,280
were BBC presenters like James Burke and Patrick Moore.

12
00:01:15,280 --> 00:01:18,360
- Patrick Moore, what did you think of that? 
- Quite incredible.

13
00:01:18,360 --> 00:01:22,240
From the early days of animals in space...

14
00:01:22,240 --> 00:01:24,400
I'm at the foot of the ladder.

15
00:01:24,400 --> 00:01:27,200
..to Armstrong's momentous first steps...

16
00:01:27,200 --> 00:01:29,640
There is Armstrong...

17
00:01:29,640 --> 00:01:31,920
..to the near tragedy of Apollo 13...

18
00:01:31,920 --> 00:01:36,760
- 'OK, Houston, we've had a problem.' 
- Say again, please? 
- 'Houston, we've had a problem.'

19
00:01:36,760 --> 00:01:39,120
..the BBC covered the whole story.

20
00:01:39,120 --> 00:01:42,640
And we've just heard that all over the world there are

21
00:01:42,640 --> 00:01:46,680
33 countries that have stayed up to take these pictures live.

22
00:01:46,680 --> 00:01:50,520
I believe that the Apollo moon landings were the greatest

23
00:01:50,520 --> 00:01:57,160
achievement in human history, the last time we reached for something beyond our grasp, and made it.

24
00:01:57,160 --> 00:01:59,040
But that was 40 years ago.

25
00:01:59,040 --> 00:02:04,720
So what was it about July 1969 that brought the moon within our reach,

26
00:02:04,720 --> 00:02:07,760
and why haven't we been back for 37 years?

27
00:02:11,800 --> 00:02:15,840
This is the story of how we walked on the moon, of the technology

28
00:02:15,840 --> 00:02:20,000
that enabled it to happen, the politics that demanded it happen,

29
00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,640
and the triumph of the human spirit that made it happen.

30
00:02:34,360 --> 00:02:39,400
We've all got used to the remarkable fact that humans have walked on the moon.

31
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:42,240
And it's easy to forget that only fifty years ago,

32
00:02:42,240 --> 00:02:47,600
the moon was another world, technologically out of reach.

33
00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:50,680
But then the Cold War began.

34
00:02:52,640 --> 00:02:55,840
It created a climate of fear and insecurity,

35
00:02:55,840 --> 00:02:59,680
but also brought about the international competition

36
00:02:59,680 --> 00:03:02,960
that would drive humanity towards the stars.

37
00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:09,080
In 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the Earth.

38
00:03:12,680 --> 00:03:14,520
A new era had begun.

39
00:03:20,440 --> 00:03:22,840
CHIRPING

40
00:03:22,840 --> 00:03:26,200
Until two days ago that sound had never been heard on this Earth.

41
00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:31,440
Suddenly it has become as much a part of 20th century life as the whirr of your vacuum cleaner.

42
00:03:31,440 --> 00:03:37,040
It's a report from man's farthest frontier, the radio signal transmitted by the Soviet Sputnik,

43
00:03:37,040 --> 00:03:40,960
the first man-made satellite as it passed over New York earlier today.

44
00:03:40,960 --> 00:03:43,360
Right now, it's over Auckland, New Zealand.

45
00:03:43,360 --> 00:03:47,360
According to the latest Soviet announcement the satellite is still

46
00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:52,720
maintaining its speed of 18,000 miles an hour, a dozen times faster than any man has ever flown.

47
00:03:54,600 --> 00:04:01,800
But despite the achievement, the public couldn't help but see things through the prism of Cold War fear.

48
00:04:01,800 --> 00:04:05,120
- Do you admire the Russians for doing it? 
- No, definitely not.

49
00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:08,080
We should've been the first ones to have it, such things.

50
00:04:08,080 --> 00:04:13,080
It gets the American people alarmed that a foreign country, especially

51
00:04:13,080 --> 00:04:16,360
an enemy country, can do this, and we fear this.

52
00:04:16,360 --> 00:04:19,840
We fear that they have something that the majority of people don't know about.

53
00:04:19,840 --> 00:04:21,600
Definitely alarmed.

54
00:04:21,600 --> 00:04:24,600
What do you think about America not being able to do the same?

55
00:04:26,400 --> 00:04:32,080
Well, if I was in military service and fell down on the job like that, I could stand a court martial.

56
00:04:32,080 --> 00:04:34,600
Somebody's falling down on the job, badly.

57
00:04:36,960 --> 00:04:41,200
Sputnik's mocking beeps marked the beginning of the space race.

58
00:04:41,200 --> 00:04:47,440
The cosy myth of American technological superiority over Soviet Russia was shattered overnight.

59
00:04:47,440 --> 00:04:52,920
The Soviet Union had managed to launch Sputnik into orbit 500 miles

60
00:04:52,920 --> 00:04:57,840
above the surface of the Earth, travelling at 18,000 miles an hour.

61
00:04:57,840 --> 00:05:00,920
It was an enormous challenge to America's pride, and

62
00:05:00,920 --> 00:05:06,320
a direct challenge to the supposed supremacy of the capitalist system.

63
00:05:06,320 --> 00:05:11,760
For the next 15 years, space became the frontline of the Cold War, and,

64
00:05:11,760 --> 00:05:16,240
initially at least, America failed to dominate.

65
00:05:16,240 --> 00:05:19,920
This was to be America's answer to Sputnik, the Explorer satellite.

66
00:05:19,920 --> 00:05:24,600
To hurl it into space, the Vanguard, a navy research rocket.

67
00:05:24,600 --> 00:05:28,720
The Soviets had used a military rocket, a missile, for their space shot.

68
00:05:28,720 --> 00:05:32,120
President Eisenhower wanted the American's entry into space to have

69
00:05:32,120 --> 00:05:35,080
the appearance, at least, of a non-military enterprise.

70
00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:39,240
But Vanguard gave the world another image of American technology.

71
00:05:48,680 --> 00:05:54,680
'100 million dollars has just gone up in a huge, red orange ball of smoke.

72
00:05:54,680 --> 00:05:57,920
'We don't know what caused the failure.'

73
00:05:57,920 --> 00:06:01,800
My first reaction, I believe, is the normal reaction of every American.

74
00:06:01,800 --> 00:06:05,520
- I'm disappointed. 
- Disappointment alone wasn't enough to help them

75
00:06:05,520 --> 00:06:09,480
catch up, as the Russians soon reached another historic landmark.

76
00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:20,120
The Soviet Union has launched a second Earth satellite.

77
00:06:20,120 --> 00:06:25,320
The satellite is carrying a dog as experimental passenger.

78
00:06:25,320 --> 00:06:30,120
Laika the dog had been launched into space with no possibility of returning to Earth.

79
00:06:30,120 --> 00:06:33,880
Even in the '50s, animal rights activists were vocal.

80
00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:37,640
The party from the canine defence league have now come out of the Embassy.

81
00:06:37,640 --> 00:06:41,480
Are you going to take any further steps, Mr Johns?

82
00:06:41,480 --> 00:06:44,840
Well, we are asking dog lovers everywhere to observe a silent

83
00:06:44,840 --> 00:06:51,360
minute at 11 o'clock each morning, while this dog is in outer space.

84
00:06:51,360 --> 00:06:54,080
Laika's loneliness was short-lived.

85
00:06:54,080 --> 00:06:57,000
Though the Soviets claimed she had survived for several days,

86
00:06:57,000 --> 00:07:00,720
almost 50 years later, the truth came out.

87
00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:04,640
In 2002, they admitted that the dog astronaut

88
00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:07,680
died within a few hours of take-off.

89
00:07:07,680 --> 00:07:10,760
By now the Americans weren't far behind,

90
00:07:10,760 --> 00:07:14,960
and one year later they sent a chimp named Ham into space.

91
00:07:14,960 --> 00:07:17,880
This was the first big venture of the newly-created

92
00:07:17,880 --> 00:07:21,040
National Aeronautics And Space Administration, NASA.

93
00:07:22,600 --> 00:07:27,080
This time, the Red Stone rocket lobbed Ham safely into space.

94
00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:34,960
He returned after a few minutes in that new environment apparently healthy, if a little confused.

95
00:07:50,600 --> 00:07:53,640
In 1961, the Russians were once again

96
00:07:53,640 --> 00:07:56,280
the first to reach a major milestone

97
00:07:56,280 --> 00:08:00,640
when cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space.

98
00:08:04,480 --> 00:08:07,280
This is the BBC Home Service. Here is the news.

99
00:08:07,280 --> 00:08:10,320
All Moscow is waiting to give a hero's welcome

100
00:08:10,320 --> 00:08:15,400
to the world's first spaceman, Major Gagarin of the Soviet Air Force.

101
00:08:15,400 --> 00:08:21,720
Major Gagarin was sent up in his 4.5 tonne spaceship from somewhere in the Soviet Union.

102
00:08:21,720 --> 00:08:25,040
As he looked down on the Earth from the loneliness of space,

103
00:08:25,040 --> 00:08:28,640
he streaked across Asia, Africa, and South America,

104
00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:31,640
controlling the pitch and roll of the ship.

105
00:08:31,640 --> 00:08:37,720
Shortly after the news was given of the flight, Tom German interviewed Sir Bernard Lovell at Jodrell Bank.

106
00:08:37,720 --> 00:08:41,160
I think this is one of the greatest achievements in the history of mankind.

107
00:08:41,160 --> 00:08:45,200
It's remarkable when one realises that this success has been achieved

108
00:08:45,200 --> 00:08:48,240
by a nation that a generation ago was largely illiterate.

109
00:08:50,400 --> 00:08:55,560
The Russians celebrated yet more proof of Soviet superiority.

110
00:08:55,560 --> 00:08:59,360
And, finally, here was an achievement so momentous

111
00:08:59,360 --> 00:09:02,320
that it transcended earthly rivalries.

112
00:09:09,360 --> 00:09:12,200
- What do you think of the news? 
- I think it's fantastic.

113
00:09:12,200 --> 00:09:17,560
- I can tell you he's now back, safe and sound. 
- Really? I didn't think he would get back.

114
00:09:17,560 --> 00:09:19,800
What do you feel about this generally?

115
00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:22,240
Do you think the Russians have whacked us?

116
00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:25,920
Definitely, I really do. I think it's a marvellous achievement.

117
00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:27,960
There'll soon be a man on the moon at this rate.

118
00:09:27,960 --> 00:09:32,520
Such was Gagarin's accomplishment that the BBC pushed the televisual

119
00:09:32,520 --> 00:09:33,920
boundaries of the time

120
00:09:33,920 --> 00:09:37,200
with a live broadcast of his triumphant homecoming.

121
00:09:37,200 --> 00:09:40,480
This is Richard Dimbleby in the BBC TV studio in London.

122
00:09:40,480 --> 00:09:43,280
You're looking, if you've just turned on your television sets

123
00:09:43,280 --> 00:09:48,520
today, at the first time, perhaps, to a live television picture from Soviet Russia.

124
00:09:48,520 --> 00:09:54,240
And in spite of those flashes now and then, this is remarkable achievement, getting a picture,

125
00:09:54,240 --> 00:09:59,120
through all those different links and short waves, and other waves, and being able to show an aeroplane

126
00:09:59,120 --> 00:10:03,960
propeller whirling round as we were seeing it right in front of our faces just now from such a distance.

127
00:10:06,480 --> 00:10:13,120
Here is a man who has done and seen things that no other living person has done or seen.

128
00:10:17,120 --> 00:10:23,000
And there is Mr Kruschev. HE SPEAKS FOREIGN LANGUAGE

129
00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:29,440
Mr Krushchev embraces him, kissing...

130
00:10:29,440 --> 00:10:35,040
There's certainly enthusiasm, and I can well understand why they feel so enthusiastic.

131
00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:40,320
Once again, America tasted humiliation in the space race.

132
00:10:40,320 --> 00:10:43,800
But perhaps it was what the country needed.

133
00:10:43,800 --> 00:10:48,800
Gagarin's obvious good health after his orbit of the Earth galvanised NASA's doctors.

134
00:10:48,800 --> 00:10:52,000
The fact that Yuri Gagarin flew and flew successfully

135
00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,280
from a life scientist's point of view, in the way he'd gone up

136
00:10:55,280 --> 00:10:58,120
and come back and appeared to be in very good shape,

137
00:10:58,120 --> 00:11:01,600
I think was a very positive stimulus to the programme because it

138
00:11:01,600 --> 00:11:05,520
demonstrated clearly that this new environment was perhaps not quite

139
00:11:05,520 --> 00:11:07,720
so bad as everyone had anticipated,

140
00:11:07,720 --> 00:11:11,480
and I think it made it easier to put Alan Shepherd into flight,

141
00:11:11,480 --> 00:11:14,600
although quite frankly we would've done it in any case,

142
00:11:14,600 --> 00:11:16,480
whether Gagarin had flown or not.

143
00:11:16,480 --> 00:11:23,040
Three weeks after Gagarin's flight, a Red Stone rocket awaited the arrival of American's first astronaut.

144
00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:26,560
It was the early morning of 5 May, 1961.

145
00:11:26,560 --> 00:11:31,600
Alan Shepherd's arrival at the launch pad was conspicuously different from Gagarin's.

146
00:11:31,600 --> 00:11:34,240
America was to conduct its space programme in public.

147
00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:38,440
Taken aback at first by this policy, the man who directed most of

148
00:11:38,440 --> 00:11:41,560
American's manned space flights, Christopher Craft.

149
00:11:41,560 --> 00:11:44,600
For those of us who were working on the programme daily, it was

150
00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:48,400
inconceivable to us that we were going to have real time television

151
00:11:48,400 --> 00:11:54,080
of a missile launch from Cape Canaveral because of the dangers associated with that,

152
00:11:54,080 --> 00:12:00,200
the fact that we were going to be in a looking glass of the world, it never crossed our minds.

153
00:12:00,200 --> 00:12:03,000
That's what happened the day we flew Alan Shepherd.

154
00:12:05,080 --> 00:12:07,000
It was an exciting time,

155
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,840
it was a time of competition with the Russians.

156
00:12:10,840 --> 00:12:14,600
Just before we flew Alan Shepherd the Russians had flown

157
00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:19,600
Gagarin in space and put him in orbit and here we were just putting Shepherd into sub-orbital flight.

158
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:22,280
We were very disappointed that

159
00:12:22,280 --> 00:12:27,040
we'd lost that part of the race but at the same time even

160
00:12:27,040 --> 00:12:30,720
then we couldn't conceive the attention it was going to be given.

161
00:12:30,720 --> 00:12:34,560
We thought maybe that'd taken some of the pressure off the situation but it hadn't.

162
00:12:37,640 --> 00:12:40,960
Shepherd's five minute entry into space showed that an American,

163
00:12:40,960 --> 00:12:44,080
as well as a Russian, could survive there.

164
00:12:44,080 --> 00:12:49,800
But before the first American even went into orbit around the Earth, the US was committed to the moon.

165
00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:53,080
Kennedy's new administration, only four months old, was in trouble.

166
00:12:53,080 --> 00:12:59,080
The economy, the abortive Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, the Gagarin flight.

167
00:12:59,080 --> 00:13:01,680
Kennedy urgently needed proof of his new frontier.

168
00:13:01,680 --> 00:13:06,960
His Vice President, Lyndon Johnson, was an ardent supporter of the space programme.

169
00:13:06,960 --> 00:13:12,000
In a memo to Johnson, Kennedy asked his Vice President to identify a goal in space

170
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,720
that America had the best chance of reaching before the Russians.

171
00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:19,520
Johnson's answer was prompt, the most difficult goal of all,

172
00:13:19,520 --> 00:13:22,800
allowing America time to overtake the Russian lead.

173
00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:33,760
Johnson's response prompted President Kennedy to make one of the most memorable political speeches

174
00:13:33,760 --> 00:13:37,400
in history, and set America on course to a new world.

175
00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:42,160
I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal,

176
00:13:42,160 --> 00:13:46,200
before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon,

177
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:49,120
and returning him safely to the Earth.

178
00:13:49,120 --> 00:13:52,640
No single space project in this period will be more impressive

179
00:13:52,640 --> 00:13:57,120
to mankind, or more important for the long range exploration of space.

180
00:13:57,120 --> 00:14:01,040
And none will be so difficult or expensive to accomplish.

181
00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:05,200
While Congress applauded, and agreed to the moon commitment without even taking a vote,

182
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:10,520
NASA now had a clear goal, and for the moment at least, a blank cheque.

183
00:14:10,520 --> 00:14:12,560
NASA had pushed for the moon programme,

184
00:14:12,560 --> 00:14:16,040
but when Kennedy's challenge came, many in the Agency were aghast.

185
00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:20,360
When he said that we were going to go land men on the moon and

186
00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:23,960
bring them back safely by the end of the decade,

187
00:14:23,960 --> 00:14:29,280
some of us thought that was biting off a little bit more than we could tolerate.

188
00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:33,520
Here we were in the throws of still trying to fly our first orbital

189
00:14:33,520 --> 00:14:36,600
flight, and someone said we were going to go land men on the moon.

190
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:43,840
Kennedy's speech in 1961 was, in my opinion, one of the great political speeches.

191
00:14:43,840 --> 00:14:48,760
"We choose to go to the moon not because it's easy, but because it's hard."

192
00:14:48,760 --> 00:14:55,960
How many politicians today can you imagine aiming for an almost unachievable goal?

193
00:14:55,960 --> 00:15:00,120
The plan was stunningly ambitious, and it presented NASA with numerous

194
00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:05,440
challenges, not least finding men who were made of the right stuff.

195
00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:08,560
I'm going, I'm going! It's fantastic!

196
00:15:08,560 --> 00:15:11,000
It's unbelievable!

197
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:13,520
It's the most extraordinary feeling!

198
00:15:13,520 --> 00:15:20,520
In 1979, James Burke, the face of BBC Science, looked back at the selection criteria.

199
00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:25,960
Back in December 1958 if you had wanted to be an astronaut, the announcement made it sound simple.

200
00:15:25,960 --> 00:15:31,040
Basic requirements, aged between 25-40, under 5'11", it was going to be a small spacecraft,

201
00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:34,800
science degree qualifications, qualified jet test pilot, healthy,

202
00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:37,760
experienced in dangerous and stressful situations.

203
00:15:37,760 --> 00:15:40,480
The selectors also said they were looking for high intelligence,

204
00:15:40,480 --> 00:15:42,920
ability to command, ability to take orders, motivation,

205
00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:46,480
creativity, mathematical ability, sociability, adaptability, maturity,

206
00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:48,200
decency, psychological stability.

207
00:15:48,200 --> 00:15:51,920
Could you sit absolutely still in a dangerous situation? How are you doing so far?

208
00:15:51,920 --> 00:15:55,520
But then candidates, and there were 508 of them, had to go through

209
00:15:55,520 --> 00:16:00,480
exhaustive interviews in Washington, followed by every known medical test, including sperm count,

210
00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:04,120
at the interestingly named Lovelace Clinic in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

211
00:16:04,120 --> 00:16:09,280
That cut them down to 31, and then it was off to secret midnight rendezvous in groups of five

212
00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:12,240
in Dayton, Ohio for what was known as stress testing.

213
00:16:12,240 --> 00:16:16,000
Your foot was in a bucket of ice water, there was a flash of light

214
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:20,440
in your eye, very painful, you spent ten hours in a darkened room.

215
00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:24,880
Some of the stuff, today we realise was unnecessary.

216
00:16:24,880 --> 00:16:28,440
I think, though, that the doctors didn't know what the people would get

217
00:16:28,440 --> 00:16:32,720
into in space so they were trying to make sure we were immune to just about anything.

218
00:16:32,720 --> 00:16:35,640
They also dropped them, spun them, heated them, tilted them,

219
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:40,440
made them run on treadmills, and vibrated them until they indicated that they'd had enough.

220
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:49,800
As somebody said at the time, once you've chosen your supermen,

221
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:52,760
that only leaves you about 10,000 other problems to solve.

222
00:16:52,760 --> 00:16:55,120
Let's take a look at some of the major ones.

223
00:16:55,120 --> 00:16:57,360
Not least, how do you get men to the moon?

224
00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:02,360
The trouble with that is that what goes up tends to come down.

225
00:17:04,120 --> 00:17:08,360
At the time they were doing a bigger version of that with inter-continental ballistic missiles,

226
00:17:08,360 --> 00:17:10,880
which is why they thought they could go to the moon at all.

227
00:17:10,880 --> 00:17:14,200
All they had to do was to stop the rocket falling back to Earth.

228
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:18,600
And that's where the idea of an orbit comes in.

229
00:17:18,600 --> 00:17:20,440
If you fire with sufficient power,

230
00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:23,960
the rocket will come down halfway across the world but at an angle.

231
00:17:23,960 --> 00:17:28,440
Reach a speed of over 17,000 miles an hour and the rocket will fall,

232
00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:31,480
but miss the Earth and go on missing it like this.

233
00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:40,080
Next, you boost your speed to over 25,000 miles an hour, and the rocket will follow a new orbit,

234
00:17:40,080 --> 00:17:46,640
still trying to fall to Earth, but going out over 250,000 miles into space before doing so, like this.

235
00:17:46,640 --> 00:17:51,520
If the rocket's intercepted at this point by the moon, the moon's gravitational field attracts

236
00:17:51,520 --> 00:17:56,320
the rocket just enough to change its orbit, swing it round the back of the moon and head to Earth.

237
00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:05,800
A touch on the break pedal, as it were, and you stay in orbit around the moon.

238
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:07,320
Another touch, and you land.

239
00:18:09,600 --> 00:18:14,520
All you have to have to be able to do that is one of these, a Saturn V.

240
00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:16,880
And that is your next major problem.

241
00:18:16,880 --> 00:18:20,440
How do you build one of these monsters safe enough and accurate

242
00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:24,120
enough to risk putting men on top and shooting them at the moon?

243
00:18:27,640 --> 00:18:30,280
The answer to that question is that you give it

244
00:18:30,280 --> 00:18:33,480
to many different people to each build and test one part.

245
00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:36,080
The figures on the Saturn V were astronomical.

246
00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:41,040
This first stage, made by Boeing, carried 530,000 gallons of fuel

247
00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:45,400
and accelerated to 6,000 miles an hour in two and half minutes.

248
00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:52,000
Stage two, built by North American Aviation, increased the speed

249
00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:55,360
to over 15,000 miles an hour and went up to 600,000 feet.

250
00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:01,360
The third stage, built by McDonnell Douglas, would eventually

251
00:19:01,360 --> 00:19:05,000
take the speed up to 25,000 miles an hour, escape velocity.

252
00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:10,160
With the housing for the lunar module, the mother spacecraft and the launch escape tower,

253
00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:15,160
the whole stack reached a mind-boggling 363 feet end to end.

254
00:19:15,160 --> 00:19:19,720
In 1967, there was still a long way to go before anyone would land

255
00:19:19,720 --> 00:19:25,200
on the moon, and as the space race stepped up a gear, corners were cut.

256
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,640
As training was underway for the first manned Apollo mission,

257
00:19:28,640 --> 00:19:31,920
there were already concerns about the dangers.

258
00:19:31,920 --> 00:19:36,800
Apollo 1. Its crew, Gus Grissom, veteran of Mercury and Gemini,

259
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:41,960
Ed White, the space walker of Gemini IV, novice astronaut Roger Chaffee.

260
00:19:41,960 --> 00:19:48,280
A few weeks before the first test of Apollo in Earth orbit, the Apollo 1 crew meets the press at Pad 34.

261
00:19:52,040 --> 00:19:56,080
They show off their new space suits in front of the Saturn Rocket already on the Pad.

262
00:19:56,080 --> 00:20:01,040
Three years remain before the decade is out, and the moon now seems very close.

263
00:20:01,040 --> 00:20:04,360
Grissom, White and Chaffee clown self-consciously

264
00:20:04,360 --> 00:20:07,040
with the water wings built into their suits,

265
00:20:07,040 --> 00:20:09,160
but not everyone at NASA was happy.

266
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:16,320
A scathing assessment of the quality of the work being done on the Apollo spacecraft had been delivered

267
00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:21,680
to the industry contractor a year earlier by Apollo programme director, General Samuel Phillips.

268
00:20:21,680 --> 00:20:23,480
General Phillips had pointed out

269
00:20:23,480 --> 00:20:25,920
a number of deficiencies in the spacecraft.

270
00:20:25,920 --> 00:20:30,680
There isn't any engineering development some areas that are not

271
00:20:30,680 --> 00:20:34,520
designed as well or do not function as well as others.

272
00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:37,160
These were not being changed

273
00:20:37,160 --> 00:20:40,800
mainly because of a schedule that had to be maintained.

274
00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:45,240
And the schedule was dictated by political pressure to beat the Russians to the moon.

275
00:20:45,240 --> 00:20:48,960
- We must always keep this in focus. 
- And now the price was to be paid.

276
00:20:48,960 --> 00:20:54,520
On Pad 34, the Apollo 1 crew was nearing the end of a simulated countdown.

277
00:20:54,520 --> 00:20:59,440
This film of the crew was taken a few days earlier during a similar test of the spacecraft.

278
00:20:59,440 --> 00:21:04,040
During the countdown several minor but irritating problems had cropped up.

279
00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,000
Then, there was a surge of electrical current,

280
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:09,680
followed by voices in the spacecraft calling out that a fire had started.

281
00:21:09,680 --> 00:21:14,120
We interrupt this programme for a special CBS news report.

282
00:21:14,120 --> 00:21:16,600
Astronauts Virgil Grissom,

283
00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:20,200
Edward White and Roger Chaffee,

284
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:22,600
were killed tonight in flash fire,

285
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:26,760
during tests of the Apollo Saturn 204 Vehicle

286
00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,640
at Cape Kennedy Air Force base.

287
00:21:29,640 --> 00:21:33,120
The fire occurred while the astronauts were in the spacecraft,

288
00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:38,760
at T minus 10 minutes prior to the planned simulated lift-off.

289
00:21:38,760 --> 00:21:42,880
When the hatch was opened you could see just a void, it was dark.

290
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:48,880
The Pad leader reported to me that he could see no-one in there.

291
00:21:48,880 --> 00:21:51,320
What had happened was that the...

292
00:21:53,600 --> 00:21:55,400
..fire, which had...

293
00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:58,520
reached a pressure point in 19 seconds and burst

294
00:21:58,520 --> 00:22:02,560
the bottom part of the spacecraft, had blackened everything.

295
00:22:06,160 --> 00:22:10,760
We tried to get the medics up there but there really wasn't anything we could do. It was over so fast.

296
00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:13,760
Smoke and fire had erupted through the wall of the spacecraft.

297
00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:17,120
Workers on the platform struggled to open the hatches

298
00:22:17,120 --> 00:22:19,680
and to fight the fire with hopelessly inadequate equipment.

299
00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:22,000
It took five minutes to get the hatches open.

300
00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:29,640
Inside the charred smoke-filled interior, Grissom, White, and Chaffee lay dead of asphyxiation.

301
00:22:29,640 --> 00:22:33,280
The charred spacecraft, wrapped to keep it from the eyes of newsmen,

302
00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:35,440
was removed from Pad 34 a few days later.

303
00:22:35,440 --> 00:22:38,560
At the moment the fire happened, the craft was being filled

304
00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,080
with the atmosphere of pure oxygen the crew would breathe in space.

305
00:22:42,080 --> 00:22:46,240
It was incredibly vulnerable to fire.

306
00:22:56,600 --> 00:23:00,920
It wasn't only Americans who were dying for their lunar dream.

307
00:23:00,920 --> 00:23:05,200
Just three months later, cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov crash-landed

308
00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:07,640
when his parachutes failed to deploy.

309
00:23:09,240 --> 00:23:13,200
The first announcement of the cosmonaut's death came from the Taj Press Agency.

310
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:17,920
Moscow Radio interrupted its early morning bulletin to read it

311
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:21,160
and followed the reading by solemn music.

312
00:23:22,840 --> 00:23:25,720
Despite the tragedies, the space race continued.

313
00:23:25,720 --> 00:23:32,280
In 1968, the Russians seemed about to take a last-minute gamble on sending someone to the moon,

314
00:23:32,280 --> 00:23:36,320
despite the fact that their space programme had been lagging behind.

315
00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:40,480
It wasn't until 1990

316
00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:46,160
that Horizon was allowed a glimpse inside a 1960s Soviet lunar lander.

317
00:23:46,160 --> 00:23:49,840
It looked more like the inside of a steam train than a spaceship.

318
00:23:51,840 --> 00:23:56,000
This was where the cosmonaut would stand, clutching two levers.

319
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,800
It was surprisingly primitive.

320
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:02,120
But rumours of a Russian lunar voyage were enough to scare

321
00:24:02,120 --> 00:24:04,960
the Americans, who accelerated their own plans.

322
00:24:04,960 --> 00:24:10,240
The Russian intention, proclaimed on the front page of Pravda, was one reason for a change of plan.

323
00:24:10,240 --> 00:24:16,600
This was another, work on the lunar landing module, the LEM, had fallen behind schedule.

324
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:21,160
The LEM had been due to fly on the Saturn V and be tested in Earth orbit.

325
00:24:21,160 --> 00:24:25,680
With the LEM not ready, and the Russians threatening, NASA re-thought the mission.

326
00:24:25,680 --> 00:24:31,360
The first Saturn V to carry men would take them not just around the Earth, but around the moon.

327
00:24:31,360 --> 00:24:38,240
That initial suggestion was sort of awesome to think about,

328
00:24:38,240 --> 00:24:41,680
because we had not been working to go to the moon at that point,

329
00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:44,520
we were going to at best another six months later.

330
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:58,720
Just a few days before Christmas in 1968,

331
00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,640
Apollo 8 was launched on a mission to orbit the moon.

332
00:25:02,640 --> 00:25:05,160
Three, two, one, zero.

333
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:14,400
We have lift-off, lift-off at 7:51 am Eastern Standard Time.

334
00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:40,320
Now until that time, the furthest any human had been from the surface of the Earth was a few hundred

335
00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:45,960
miles, but Apollo 8 was to journey a quarter of a million miles further.

336
00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:50,360
And as the spacecraft passed behind the dark side of the moon,

337
00:25:50,360 --> 00:25:54,360
Borman, Lovell and Anders would become the first humans

338
00:25:54,360 --> 00:25:57,280
to lose sight completely of their home.

339
00:25:59,160 --> 00:26:02,720
The journey to the moon would take almost three days.

340
00:26:02,720 --> 00:26:06,640
In mission control in Houston, Director of Flight Operations Craft

341
00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:09,760
and his colleagues could do little but wait and watch.

342
00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:14,120
On board, Jim Lovell's navigation was pinpoint accurate.

343
00:26:14,120 --> 00:26:17,920
At 4am, Houston time, the 24 December, Apollo 8

344
00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:21,640
went behind the moon and fired its engine to drop into lunar orbit.

345
00:26:21,640 --> 00:26:25,080
We've got it, we've got it, Apollo 8 now in lunar orbit,

346
00:26:25,080 --> 00:26:29,080
there's a cheer in this room, this is Apollo Control Houston,

347
00:26:29,080 --> 00:26:32,280
switching to the voice of Jim Lovell.

348
00:26:36,080 --> 00:26:40,680
Apollo 8, Houston, what does the old moon look like from 60 miles? Over.

349
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,400
OK, Houston, the moon is essentially grey,

350
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:50,120
no colour, looks like plaster of Paris,

351
00:26:50,120 --> 00:26:54,360
the craters are all rounded off, there's quite a few of them, some of them are newer.

352
00:26:54,360 --> 00:26:59,120
I think that each one of us carries his own impression of what he's seen today.

353
00:26:59,120 --> 00:27:01,920
I know my own impression is

354
00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:08,080
that it's a vast, lonely, forbidding expanse of nothing.

355
00:27:08,080 --> 00:27:12,760
It certainly would not appear to be an inviting place to live or work.

356
00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:19,280
And BBC One have just joined us, I'd like to welcome their viewers.

357
00:27:19,280 --> 00:27:23,360
As you heard, they're signing off in order to get on with preparations for the second burn

358
00:27:23,360 --> 00:27:27,560
on the other side of the moon to bring them into circular orbit and much closer to the moon.

359
00:27:27,560 --> 00:27:29,880
Patrick Moore, what did you think of that?

360
00:27:29,880 --> 00:27:32,480
Quite incredible. One thing we've got to bear in mind,

361
00:27:32,480 --> 00:27:37,800
they were magnificent pictures, I'm not sure they show us more detail than the orbiters, probably not.

362
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:41,560
But people were seeing them for the first time, and this is bound to add to our knowledge.

363
00:27:41,560 --> 00:27:45,240
- Sir Bernard, a comment from you? 
- It was absolutely marvellous.

364
00:27:45,240 --> 00:27:50,000
I did hear that description and I thought it was quite extraordinary,

365
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:53,880
one of the most remarkable few minutes that I've ever lived through,

366
00:27:53,880 --> 00:27:59,040
the realisation that there was a human being there only 60 or 70 miles above the lunar surface

367
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,320
giving that wonderful description of what he was seeing.

368
00:28:02,320 --> 00:28:07,600
On Christmas Eve, 1968, the world received a message

369
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,960
and a set of images, the likes of which we had never seen before.

370
00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:16,040
For centuries we had peered into space from the Earth.

371
00:28:16,040 --> 00:28:20,680
Now, we could see ourselves as the rest of the universe would see us.

372
00:28:29,840 --> 00:28:33,360
We're now approaching a lunar sunrise.

373
00:28:33,360 --> 00:28:37,000
And for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8

374
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:38,880
has a message that we'd like to send to you.

375
00:28:41,080 --> 00:28:45,480
In the beginning, God created the heaven and the Earth,

376
00:28:45,480 --> 00:28:48,680
and the Earth was without form and void,

377
00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:54,120
and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the spirit of God

378
00:28:54,120 --> 00:28:57,920
moved upon the face of the waters and God said,

379
00:28:57,920 --> 00:29:01,080
"Let there be light," and there was light,

380
00:29:01,080 --> 00:29:05,920
and God saw the light, that it was good.

381
00:29:05,920 --> 00:29:08,520
And from the crew of Apollo 8,

382
00:29:08,520 --> 00:29:13,560
we close with good night, good luck, a merry Christmas,

383
00:29:13,560 --> 00:29:17,720
and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth.

384
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:22,520
The largest TV audience to date watched the transmission.

385
00:29:22,520 --> 00:29:27,160
The world was hooked on the story of the moon.

386
00:29:27,160 --> 00:29:31,480
But the year ends for America, and come to that the world,

387
00:29:31,480 --> 00:29:35,640
with the staggering triumph of the Apollo 8 moonshot.

388
00:29:35,640 --> 00:29:41,920
So despite the disappointments and frustrations, 1968 culminated in one great success.

389
00:29:41,920 --> 00:29:46,640
Maybe this will be the signpost for 1969.

390
00:29:46,640 --> 00:29:50,200
Perhaps when the final assessment is made of 1968,

391
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:55,040
it will go down as the year when the reality of scientific achievement

392
00:29:55,040 --> 00:29:58,040
at long last caught up with the fiction.

393
00:30:17,080 --> 00:30:21,480
From Stanley Kubrick's dazzling cinematic release

394
00:30:21,480 --> 00:30:26,360
to pop music to children's TV, space was the latest craze.

395
00:30:29,880 --> 00:30:33,000
Certainly wouldn't like to meet him on a dark night in space!

396
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:38,440
Possibly the first man on the moon will be an American and it's nice to think that we've helped him

397
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:42,480
on his way with our specially made British cooling suit.

398
00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:47,040
The side doors open and out comes the astronaut, takes a look, quick

399
00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:51,640
bit of filming, back in he goes, up goes the hatch, and away we go.

400
00:30:51,640 --> 00:30:55,040
Well, I feel quite comfortable and free in this suit.

401
00:30:55,040 --> 00:30:58,880
It is getting a bit cold and I'm going to switch it off before I freeze to death

402
00:30:58,880 --> 00:31:01,280
because it's not too warm in here at the moment.

403
00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:07,560
Off the table he goes, this is the sort of thing that can happen to astronauts.

404
00:31:07,560 --> 00:31:10,920
Even some scientists started getting carried away.

405
00:31:10,920 --> 00:31:14,080
We'll develop what you might call space communities,

406
00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:17,360
branches of the human civilisation which are no longer

407
00:31:17,360 --> 00:31:22,080
located on Earth, but are located in orbits around Earth or even orbits

408
00:31:22,080 --> 00:31:24,200
around the sun or other planets.

409
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:28,320
But who is going to want to live out there, it seems such an alien environment?

410
00:31:28,320 --> 00:31:31,760
That is very true, but who on Earth wanted to go to Australia?

411
00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:35,000
Research had already begun on the practicalities

412
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:38,840
of how humans could survive in space for long periods of time.

413
00:31:38,840 --> 00:31:42,200
It's hygiene which is most affected by weightlessness.

414
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:46,160
The confined conditions require such things as a vacuum razor,

415
00:31:46,160 --> 00:31:49,200
which does not fill the cabin with choking stubble dust.

416
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:56,600
A special technique for clipping fingernails, and extremely short hair to reduce problems of dandruff.

417
00:31:56,600 --> 00:32:00,800
Recovery of waste matter has also not been necessary for short missions,

418
00:32:00,800 --> 00:32:05,120
but now urine has to be purified to conserve water.

419
00:32:05,120 --> 00:32:08,080
Filtering it through this wick is so successful

420
00:32:08,080 --> 00:32:11,280
that during a blind trial the result was preferred to tap water.

421
00:32:11,280 --> 00:32:14,920
The preparation of food also presented problems,

422
00:32:14,920 --> 00:32:17,480
and scientists were working on alternatives

423
00:32:17,480 --> 00:32:20,160
to the freeze-dried meals of earlier missions.

424
00:32:20,160 --> 00:32:25,560
This is bacon-flavoured protein, strawberry-flavoured protein,

425
00:32:25,560 --> 00:32:30,480
chicken, and here's pepperoni-flavoured protein.

426
00:32:30,480 --> 00:32:34,520
To this we can add, let's say, a glycerol solution...

427
00:32:38,320 --> 00:32:40,640
..to produce a rather soft,

428
00:32:40,640 --> 00:32:43,160
somewhat tasty, material.

429
00:32:44,880 --> 00:32:47,560
And it doesn't taste particularly sweet either,

430
00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:50,040
it tastes quite a bit like regular pepperoni.

431
00:32:50,040 --> 00:32:54,800
We could provide the astronauts with just pure flavour and they could take the sugar

432
00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:59,920
and convert it into a starch material and end up with things like pancakes

433
00:32:59,920 --> 00:33:04,560
or spaghetti, or even bread for that matter, that they manufacture

434
00:33:04,560 --> 00:33:08,920
or cook for themselves on these very long duration missions.

435
00:33:08,920 --> 00:33:14,080
It might even be fun to do that on a boring trip to Mars, shall we say.

436
00:33:14,080 --> 00:33:17,200
Mars could wait.

437
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:20,400
The moon could not.

438
00:33:20,400 --> 00:33:24,520
Only a few months remained before Kennedy's deadline would expire.

439
00:33:26,720 --> 00:33:32,600
This nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out,

440
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:36,200
of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to the Earth.

441
00:33:36,200 --> 00:33:39,880
By the end of the '60s, even though it was engaged

442
00:33:39,880 --> 00:33:44,440
in an increasingly unpopular and expensive war in Vietnam,

443
00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:48,240
America stood ready to achieve Kennedy's dream.

444
00:34:17,160 --> 00:34:20,120
We set sail on this new sea

445
00:34:20,120 --> 00:34:24,960
because there is new knowledge to be gained and new rights to be won.

446
00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:34,040
We choose to go to the moon! We choose to go to the moon!

447
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:39,360
We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things,

448
00:34:39,360 --> 00:34:43,240
not because they are easy, but because they are hard.

449
00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:00,000
Well, another perfect launch of the kind we've come to expect.

450
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:03,720
I think it's really rather to staggering to remember the first men

451
00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:05,640
on the moon are really on their way.

452
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:16,160
A few days later, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left Michael Collins

453
00:35:16,160 --> 00:35:18,080
alone in the command module

454
00:35:18,080 --> 00:35:21,520
and made their final descent in the lunar lander.

455
00:35:21,520 --> 00:35:26,120
It would later emerge that the mission nearly ended in catastrophe.

456
00:35:26,120 --> 00:35:29,920
Unfortunately, we had started the LEM guidance computer off

457
00:35:29,920 --> 00:35:31,640
with a navigational error.

458
00:35:31,640 --> 00:35:34,880
It was approximately 14 mph.

459
00:35:34,880 --> 00:35:38,960
What that means is the guidance computer thinks that it is going

460
00:35:38,960 --> 00:35:42,080
toward the moon 14 miles an hour slower than it really is.

461
00:35:42,080 --> 00:35:46,440
- 'Capcom we're go for landing' 
- Eagle Houston, you're go for landing.

462
00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:48,880
- '12:01 alarm.' 
- 12:01 alarm.

463
00:35:48,880 --> 00:35:50,920
'Set time for go flight.'

464
00:35:50,920 --> 00:35:52,480
We're go. We're go.

465
00:35:52,480 --> 00:35:59,160
When they looked out of the LEM window, Armstrong and Aldrin expected to see a flat landing area.

466
00:35:59,160 --> 00:36:02,840
Instead, they found themselves looking at a boulder field.

467
00:36:05,440 --> 00:36:13,840
In mission control, the flight surgeon watched Armstrong's heart rate jump from 77 to 156.

468
00:36:16,520 --> 00:36:21,760
The LEM would have to clear the boulders to avoid a crash landing.

469
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:25,640
Armstrong fired his thrusters to look for somewhere to touch down.

470
00:36:25,640 --> 00:36:29,320
But this wasn't part of the plan, and the Eagle had limited fuel.

471
00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:34,680
Eventually they found a site,

472
00:36:34,680 --> 00:36:39,760
but by now they had only 30 seconds to land, or they would have to abort.

473
00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:41,680
- '30 seconds.' 
- 30 seconds.

474
00:36:45,880 --> 00:36:49,840
'Contact light. OK, engine stop.'

475
00:36:51,960 --> 00:36:54,720
We copy you down, Eagle.

476
00:36:54,720 --> 00:36:57,040
'Houston, er...

477
00:36:58,560 --> 00:37:01,560
'Tranquillity Bay here, the Eagle has landed.'

478
00:37:01,560 --> 00:37:05,320
Roger, Tranquillity, we copy you on the ground.

479
00:37:05,320 --> 00:37:09,760
You've got a bunch of guys here about to turn blue, we're breathing again, thanks a lot.

480
00:37:09,760 --> 00:37:14,200
I was one year old when Apollo 11 landed on the moon, and I watched it.

481
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:18,080
Now, I don't whether there are any of the tiniest fragments

482
00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:20,360
of the memories that still remain,

483
00:37:20,360 --> 00:37:23,480
but I still find it an incredibly powerful experience

484
00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:24,800
to watch it back today.

485
00:37:26,360 --> 00:37:28,360
That night, all around the world,

486
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:32,560
televisions were ready to screen the final step in a journey that began

487
00:37:32,560 --> 00:37:37,160
with Kennedy's speech eight years previously.

488
00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:42,400
Well, this is the moment, if there ever was a moment, for Patrick Moore.

489
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:45,840
I really feel overcome. I've lived with this idea all my life.

490
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:47,920
Now that it's really happened I can hardly believe it.

491
00:37:47,920 --> 00:37:51,120
No admiration can be too great for those magnificent men

492
00:37:51,120 --> 00:37:54,440
who brought this strange, spidery module down on the moon.

493
00:37:54,440 --> 00:37:58,400
This, obviously, is a moment that humanity is never going to forget.

494
00:38:04,920 --> 00:38:07,880
- Here's the picture! 
- We're getting a picture on the TV.

495
00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:15,640
There's a great deal of contrast,

496
00:38:15,640 --> 00:38:19,240
and currently it's upside down on our monitor,

497
00:38:19,240 --> 00:38:22,400
but we can make out a fair amount of detail.

498
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,080
There is Armstrong,

499
00:38:25,080 --> 00:38:27,120
you can see him moving.

500
00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:30,400
'I'm at the foot of the ladder.

501
00:38:30,400 --> 00:38:33,880
'The LEM footbeds are only...

502
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:39,720
'depressed in the surface about one or two inches.

503
00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,520
'I'm going to step off the LEM now.

504
00:38:53,040 --> 00:38:57,000
'That's one small step for man,

505
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,640
'one giant leap for mankind.'

506
00:39:02,560 --> 00:39:04,080
There's Aldrin.

507
00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:10,520
Armstrong's going to try and guide Aldrin out as he comes backwards.

508
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:12,120
'How far are my feet from the edge?'

509
00:39:12,120 --> 00:39:14,920
'You're right at the edge of the porch.'

510
00:39:14,920 --> 00:39:17,840
'Making sure not to lock it on my way out.'

511
00:39:17,840 --> 00:39:20,200
- HE LAUGHS 
- 'There you go.'

512
00:39:22,720 --> 00:39:26,280
- 'Beautiful view.' 
- 'Isn't that something?'

513
00:39:26,280 --> 00:39:32,040
- 'Magnificent sight out here.' 
- 'Magnificent desolation.

514
00:39:33,080 --> 00:39:38,400
'OK, Houston I'm going to change lenses on you.'

515
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:44,200
A moment while Neil Armstrong changes lens on the television camera.

516
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:51,080
When he takes it out to its distant position, we'll get a wide view of everything that's going on.

517
00:39:51,080 --> 00:39:53,720
NASA covered their spacecrafts with cameras,

518
00:39:53,720 --> 00:39:57,400
allowing an adoring audience to follow every minute of the story.

519
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:04,280
It turned astronauts into heroes, and their voyages into dramas.

520
00:40:08,120 --> 00:40:12,440
'Why don't you turn around and let them get a view from there?

521
00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:14,560
'Let them see what the view looks like.'

522
00:40:17,760 --> 00:40:19,920
There it is.

523
00:40:19,920 --> 00:40:21,560
The lunar module.

524
00:40:23,160 --> 00:40:25,440
The sea of tranquillity.

525
00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:29,920
- 'OK, I'm going to move it.' 
- 'OK, here's another good one.'

526
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:36,560
- The blackness of the sky. 
- 'OK, we got that one.'

527
00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:44,840
'Roger, and we see Buzz going about his work.'

528
00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,800
'OK, it looks good there, Neil.'

529
00:40:51,520 --> 00:40:55,360
We've just heard that all over the world there are 33 countries

530
00:40:55,360 --> 00:40:58,320
that have stayed up to take these pictures live.

531
00:40:58,320 --> 00:41:02,160
Once again, an Apollo mission notched up the largest ever

532
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:06,720
TV audience, with over half a billion people tuning in.

533
00:41:09,720 --> 00:41:14,520
After less than 24 hours on the moon's surface, the lunar module

534
00:41:14,520 --> 00:41:19,000
blasted off to rendezvous with the command module in lunar orbit.

535
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:27,840
We've come to the conclusion that this has been far more than three men on a voyage to the moon.

536
00:41:29,360 --> 00:41:35,200
We feel that this stands as a symbol of the insatiable curiosity

537
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:39,080
of all of mankind to explore the unknown.

538
00:41:39,080 --> 00:41:42,840
The acceptance of this challenge was inevitable.

539
00:41:45,200 --> 00:41:51,040
Upon their return, the Apollo 11 heroes were placed in quarantine due to fears of lunar germs.

540
00:41:51,040 --> 00:41:55,680
But that didn't stop President Nixon from personally welcoming them home

541
00:41:55,680 --> 00:41:58,880
and reaping the political rewards of the seeds sown

542
00:41:58,880 --> 00:42:02,960
by his Democrat predecessors, Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

543
00:42:02,960 --> 00:42:05,640
Gee, you look great. Do you feel as good as you look?

544
00:42:05,640 --> 00:42:07,560
We feel just perfect, Mr President.

545
00:42:07,560 --> 00:42:12,840
I was thinking as you came down, and we knew it was a success,

546
00:42:12,840 --> 00:42:18,640
and it'd only been eight days, just a long week...

547
00:42:20,160 --> 00:42:21,880
..that this is the greatest week

548
00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:25,480
in the history of the world since the creation.

549
00:42:25,480 --> 00:42:27,600
As a result of what you've done,

550
00:42:27,600 --> 00:42:30,240
the world's never been closer together before.

551
00:42:30,240 --> 00:42:33,600
The crew of Apollo 11 had achieved something

552
00:42:33,600 --> 00:42:36,440
that united the world in admiration.

553
00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:46,800
There is a great deal of interest here in the flight of Apollo 11.

554
00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:52,400
The half million American servicemen on duty in South Vietnam have been reading about it

555
00:42:52,400 --> 00:42:56,240
for weeks in Stars and Stripes, the daily military newspaper,

556
00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:59,280
and in several English language Saigon papers.

557
00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:02,800
It really didn't impress me too much until today, when I was talking

558
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:05,200
to a former Vietcong who works for my company.

559
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,720
I was talking to him through an interpreter, and we were trying

560
00:43:07,720 --> 00:43:10,640
to explain to him that the United States is putting a man on the moon.

561
00:43:10,640 --> 00:43:15,320
As much as we explained to him, he just refused to believe it was possible,

562
00:43:15,320 --> 00:43:19,640
and it really hit home at this time that the United States is accomplishing a fantastic feat.

563
00:43:19,640 --> 00:43:21,720
'Soyuz, this is Apollo.

564
00:43:21,720 --> 00:43:24,960
'Three metres... One metre...

565
00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:27,200
'Docking completed.'

566
00:43:27,200 --> 00:43:30,560
For a brief moment in time, it seemed as though the vision

567
00:43:30,560 --> 00:43:35,120
of Earth from space might really allow earthly rivalries to be transcended.

568
00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:38,600
In 1975, at the height of the Cold War,

569
00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:43,520
America and Russia extended a hand of peace in space.

570
00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:49,320
I want to express my very great admiration for your hard work,

571
00:43:49,320 --> 00:43:54,640
your total dedication in preparing for this first joint flight.

572
00:44:00,520 --> 00:44:06,240
(FOREIGN ACCENT) Old philosopher says the best part of a good dinner

573
00:44:06,240 --> 00:44:09,760
is not what you eat, but with whom you eat.

574
00:44:14,480 --> 00:44:17,120
# You may say I'm a dreamer

575
00:44:20,560 --> 00:44:23,720
# But I'm not the only one

576
00:44:26,640 --> 00:44:30,720
# I hope someday you'll join us

577
00:44:33,440 --> 00:44:38,160
# And the world will live as one. #

578
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:43,040
Once we had got to the moon,

579
00:44:43,040 --> 00:44:46,080
interest in space exploration began to fade.

580
00:44:47,720 --> 00:44:50,080
But in 1970, a drama would unfold

581
00:44:50,080 --> 00:44:53,480
that would once again put Apollo centre stage.

582
00:44:53,480 --> 00:44:58,680
This is the crew of Apollo 13, wishing everybody there a nice evening.

583
00:44:58,680 --> 00:45:02,680
Altogether there were seven attempts to land men on the moon.

584
00:45:02,680 --> 00:45:07,360
And they all went pretty much according to plan, except one,

585
00:45:07,360 --> 00:45:11,640
when for a few days, the world waited with bated breath

586
00:45:11,640 --> 00:45:15,640
to see what fate would befall the three astronauts of Apollo 13.

587
00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:20,520
- 'Houston, we have a problem here.' 
- This is Houston. Say again, please.

588
00:45:20,520 --> 00:45:23,600
'Houston, we have a problem. We've had a main B Bus undervolt.

589
00:45:23,600 --> 00:45:25,320
Roger, main B undervolt.

590
00:45:25,320 --> 00:45:30,560
'We had a pretty large bang associated with the warning there.'

591
00:45:30,560 --> 00:45:33,080
OK, now let's everybody keep cool.

592
00:45:33,080 --> 00:45:34,760
We got LEM still attached.

593
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:38,760
Let's make sure we don't blow the whole mission.

594
00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:42,280
One of Apollo 13's oxygen tanks had exploded,

595
00:45:42,280 --> 00:45:45,160
and the other was leaking into space.

596
00:45:45,160 --> 00:45:47,400
The lunar landing was abandoned,

597
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:51,240
but there wasn't enough air to get the crew back to Earth.

598
00:45:51,240 --> 00:45:55,280
The pressure in O2 tank one is all the way down to 297.

599
00:45:55,280 --> 00:45:57,120
You better think about getting in the LEM.

600
00:45:57,120 --> 00:46:02,760
Their only hope was to move into the attached lunar module, which had a separate oxygen supply.

601
00:46:02,760 --> 00:46:07,680
They would have to spend the four-day journey back to Earth using as little power as possible.

602
00:46:07,680 --> 00:46:11,520
I want you to get some guys figuring out minimum power

603
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:13,400
in the LEM to sustain life.

604
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:15,240
For a reason as yet unknown,

605
00:46:15,240 --> 00:46:19,720
some kind of explosion occurred in the spacecraft's main engine.

606
00:46:19,720 --> 00:46:22,480
Houston says they'll get back to Earth alive

607
00:46:22,480 --> 00:46:25,840
only if the lunar module's systems work perfectly all the way.

608
00:46:25,840 --> 00:46:30,240
So for the first time in the history of American space flight,

609
00:46:30,240 --> 00:46:33,200
there is no back-up system to save them if anything goes wrong.

610
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:35,880
The lunar landing has, of course, been called off.

611
00:46:35,880 --> 00:46:41,480
At this moment, about 30,000 miles out from the moon, and accelerating fast towards it, the crew are aiming

612
00:46:41,480 --> 00:46:46,800
to curve in behind the moon, and out of contact with Earth, and fire the only engine they have left...

613
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:49,440
the lunar module's descent engine.

614
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:07,600
We're now coming to the moment, the last moments of Apollo 13

615
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,080
as it comes in, as it begins its re-entry.

616
00:47:10,080 --> 00:47:13,400
The best thing we can do now is just to listen and hope.

617
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:17,200
We'll only know whether or not that heat shield was damaged

618
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:21,480
by the explosion three days ago when they come out of radio blackout.

619
00:47:21,480 --> 00:47:25,120
All anyone can do now is cross their fingers.

620
00:47:25,560 --> 00:47:26,680
This is Houston.

621
00:47:26,680 --> 00:47:32,680
We've just had loss of signal from Honeysuckle with Apollo 13.

622
00:47:32,680 --> 00:47:36,840
Just about now they should be going through the moment of maximum heat.

623
00:47:36,840 --> 00:47:40,240
30 seconds to go...for blackout.

624
00:47:43,400 --> 00:47:45,520
We will attempt to

625
00:47:45,520 --> 00:47:49,480
contact Apollo 13 through one of the Oria aircraft.

626
00:47:49,480 --> 00:47:53,760
Continuing to monitor, this is Apollo Control Houston.

627
00:48:02,080 --> 00:48:05,840
Apollo 13 should be out of blackout at this time.

628
00:48:05,840 --> 00:48:10,080
We're standing by for any reports of Oria acquisition.

629
00:48:14,120 --> 00:48:15,360
It should be out.

630
00:48:17,120 --> 00:48:21,160
We've had a report that Oria four aircraft has acquisition of signal.

631
00:48:25,360 --> 00:48:28,160
There they are! They've made it!

632
00:48:32,160 --> 00:48:35,880
Extremely loud applause here in Mission Control...

633
00:48:35,880 --> 00:48:42,720
Extremely loud applause for Apollo 13 now the main chutes come through on the television display here.

634
00:48:57,000 --> 00:48:59,200
# A rat done bit my sister Nell

635
00:48:59,200 --> 00:49:01,000
# With Whitey on the moon

636
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:04,760
# Her face and arms began to swell, and Whitey's on the moon

637
00:49:06,320 --> 00:49:09,840
# I can't pay no doctor bills but Whitey's on the moon

638
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:13,800
# Ten years from now I'll be paying still, while Whitey's on the moon... #

639
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:15,880
Throughout the Apollo programme,

640
00:49:15,880 --> 00:49:18,240
America was a nation in social turmoil.

641
00:49:18,240 --> 00:49:22,080
With many Americans fighting for basic human rights on Earth,

642
00:49:22,080 --> 00:49:24,720
the idea of spending billions of dollars

643
00:49:24,720 --> 00:49:27,840
travelling to the moon was, for many, offensive.

644
00:49:30,520 --> 00:49:34,040
And in Vietnam, the Cold War had turned bloody.

645
00:49:34,040 --> 00:49:38,680
The spirit of exploration and possibility of the '60s had faded,

646
00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:42,480
replaced by the grim reality of young men in coffins.

647
00:49:42,480 --> 00:49:48,040
Amidst such problems, Americans were becoming disillusioned with space exploration.

648
00:49:48,040 --> 00:49:51,960
There's a state of apathy in the United States now. People just don't care one way or another.

649
00:49:51,960 --> 00:49:56,080
I think we're spending too much money on the moon.

650
00:49:56,080 --> 00:50:00,760
They could use the time, the energy and the money to better advantage here in the United States.

651
00:50:00,760 --> 00:50:02,600
There's lots of room for improvement here.

652
00:50:02,600 --> 00:50:05,600
Rather than spend all that money exploring space

653
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:11,320
when people are starving here and that money could be put to very good use improving life here.

654
00:50:15,680 --> 00:50:18,640
Against a background of these chronic social problems

655
00:50:18,640 --> 00:50:20,280
and the needs of a violent war,

656
00:50:20,280 --> 00:50:24,760
the apparent short-term goals in space seem flimsy,

657
00:50:24,760 --> 00:50:28,560
the long-term ones too far off to be relevant.

658
00:50:28,560 --> 00:50:32,880
Yet still the National Aeronautics And Space Administration NASA

659
00:50:32,880 --> 00:50:38,640
retain a budget higher than that for the rest of the country's scientific research put together.

660
00:50:38,640 --> 00:50:42,720
More and more Americans who had been elated at the Saturn launchings

661
00:50:42,720 --> 00:50:46,360
and the Apollo landings are now obsessed by American failures

662
00:50:46,360 --> 00:50:49,400
on Earth, ands proclaim themselves bored by space.

663
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:54,560
Fewer and fewer congressmen feel free to make lyrical speeches about

664
00:50:54,560 --> 00:50:58,880
the challenge of outer space to that blue gem, planet Earth.

665
00:50:58,880 --> 00:51:02,360
More and more are inclined to listen to colleagues like the New York

666
00:51:02,360 --> 00:51:06,280
congressman who said this year that he couldn't justify voting

667
00:51:06,280 --> 00:51:10,520
funds to find out whether there were microbes on Mars so long as he knew

668
00:51:10,520 --> 00:51:15,040
that there were rats and cockroaches alive in the apartments of Harlem.

669
00:51:16,680 --> 00:51:18,280
In the face of budget cuts,

670
00:51:18,280 --> 00:51:21,320
the final three Apollo missions were cancelled.

671
00:51:22,920 --> 00:51:27,400
When Apollo 17's lunar lander took off on December 15 1972,

672
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:29,720
the camera operator in Houston

673
00:51:29,720 --> 00:51:34,400
timed it perfectly to film man leaving the moon for the last time.

674
00:51:44,520 --> 00:51:47,560
If NASA hadn't paid such attention to filming,

675
00:51:47,560 --> 00:51:50,760
it's possible we would never have got to the moon.

676
00:51:50,760 --> 00:51:55,200
It was the television images of heroes and their unfolding dramas

677
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:57,120
that appealed to the public.

678
00:51:57,120 --> 00:52:00,880
Without TV, we may never have fallen in love with the story.

679
00:52:00,880 --> 00:52:03,040
And without public support,

680
00:52:03,040 --> 00:52:06,840
Congress would never have committed the funding.

681
00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:10,120
It was over a decade later, in the mid-80s,

682
00:52:10,120 --> 00:52:11,880
that a new mission was announced

683
00:52:11,880 --> 00:52:15,000
with the hope of recapturing the public's imagination.

684
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:19,680
America has always been greatest when we dared to be great.

685
00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:21,840
We can reach for greatness again.

686
00:52:21,840 --> 00:52:25,480
We can follow our dreams to distant stars, living and working in space

687
00:52:25,480 --> 00:52:28,640
for peaceful economic and scientific gain.

688
00:52:28,640 --> 00:52:33,480
Tonight I'm directing NASA to develop a permanently manned space station,

689
00:52:33,480 --> 00:52:37,320
and to do it within a decade. APPLAUSE

690
00:52:39,520 --> 00:52:42,680
NASA claimed that one advantage of the space station

691
00:52:42,680 --> 00:52:47,520
would be its use as a base to service satellites in orbit.

692
00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:52,080
During a test run repair of the Solamax satellite,

693
00:52:52,080 --> 00:52:53,280
using the shuttle,

694
00:52:53,280 --> 00:52:57,680
NASA produced more incredible images for the world's TV screens.

695
00:53:16,120 --> 00:53:19,240
Nelson on his way, one hour and two minutes.

696
00:53:24,040 --> 00:53:28,880
But it wasn't enough to persuade the public that space travel was worthwhile.

697
00:53:28,880 --> 00:53:33,840
There was still no story to rival the lunar missions.

698
00:53:35,480 --> 00:53:39,280
Reagan's space station was never completed as envisaged.

699
00:53:39,280 --> 00:53:41,760
He just couldn't get the money from Congress.

700
00:53:41,760 --> 00:53:46,600
And perhaps those journeys into near-Earth orbit would never capture

701
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:50,720
the public imagination in the way that the Apollo journeys

702
00:53:50,720 --> 00:53:52,720
to another world always did.

703
00:53:52,720 --> 00:53:56,040
Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States.

704
00:53:56,040 --> 00:53:58,440
In 2004, a new President would finally

705
00:53:58,440 --> 00:54:04,680
try to reignite the lunar dreams originally inspired by Kennedy.

706
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:08,520
Please, be seated.

707
00:54:10,520 --> 00:54:12,480
Today I announce a new plan

708
00:54:12,480 --> 00:54:16,320
to extend a human presence across our solar system.

709
00:54:16,320 --> 00:54:19,760
Beginning no later than 2008,

710
00:54:19,760 --> 00:54:22,840
we will send a series of robotic missions

711
00:54:22,840 --> 00:54:26,080
to the lunar surface to research and prepare

712
00:54:26,080 --> 00:54:28,560
for future human exploration...

713
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:35,160
..with the goal of living and working there

714
00:54:35,160 --> 00:54:39,600
for increasingly extended periods of time.

715
00:54:46,640 --> 00:54:51,360
Bush's announcement committed NASA to returning a man to the moon

716
00:54:51,360 --> 00:54:54,960
by 2020 and building long-term lunar settlements.

717
00:54:56,560 --> 00:54:58,760
We're talking about going back to the moon.

718
00:54:58,760 --> 00:55:01,880
We're not just talking about going there to stay three days

719
00:55:01,880 --> 00:55:04,240
and come home with some scientific samples,

720
00:55:04,240 --> 00:55:07,360
we're talking about the idea of staying, learning to live there,

721
00:55:07,360 --> 00:55:10,920
learning to actually live off the land using the resources we find,

722
00:55:10,920 --> 00:55:16,320
and expanding the whole sphere of influence where human activity

723
00:55:16,320 --> 00:55:19,640
exists, not only to be on the Earth, but to be in the solar system.

724
00:55:19,640 --> 00:55:23,520
I'm coming out of there. Too high, too high...

725
00:55:25,000 --> 00:55:26,760
That's fundamentally different

726
00:55:26,760 --> 00:55:29,120
to the missions we flew during the Apollo era.

727
00:55:32,520 --> 00:55:35,480
We've literally only scratched the surface on the moon.

728
00:55:35,480 --> 00:55:39,400
We've gone there, we've dug little trenches, we've made cores a few

729
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:42,920
metres deep, but we don't know what the moon is really about.

730
00:55:42,920 --> 00:55:46,760
We don't know what's in the permanently sheltered craters

731
00:55:46,760 --> 00:55:51,600
at the south pole, we don't know what's more than a few metres below the surface.

732
00:55:51,600 --> 00:55:54,760
We don't even know if the core of the moon is liquid or solid.

733
00:56:02,120 --> 00:56:05,920
As America begins the process of colonising the moon, the rest

734
00:56:05,920 --> 00:56:07,760
of the world has also realised

735
00:56:07,760 --> 00:56:10,640
it might be missing out on something important.

736
00:56:23,120 --> 00:56:26,760
One country with very definite plans of its own is China.

737
00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:35,920
The Chinese have already successfully launched

738
00:56:35,920 --> 00:56:38,000
two manned space missions,

739
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:42,680
and are talking about putting astronaut on the moon by 2025.

740
00:56:46,440 --> 00:56:48,160
Russia has also expressed interest.

741
00:56:48,160 --> 00:56:54,560
For nearly 50 years it's been one of the world's leading space powers.

742
00:56:54,560 --> 00:56:57,200
And there are well developed lunar missions

743
00:56:57,200 --> 00:56:59,080
from India, Japan, and Europe.

744
00:57:06,080 --> 00:57:08,080
The race to the moon is back on.

745
00:57:12,920 --> 00:57:17,480
The question is, do we have the public appetite to pay for it?

746
00:57:17,480 --> 00:57:21,800
I hope so, because going to the moon isn't just a great story,

747
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:24,960
and it doesn't matter that we've already done it.

748
00:57:24,960 --> 00:57:27,760
It's worth doing, like Kennedy said,

749
00:57:27,760 --> 00:57:31,280
not because it's easy, but because it's hard.

750
00:57:31,280 --> 00:57:34,880
It tests us and it drives our civilisation forward.

751
00:57:36,480 --> 00:57:40,640
For me, the moon represents so much more than just a piece of rock to go and stand on.

752
00:57:40,640 --> 00:57:45,640
It represents the frontier, it represents the spirit of exploration.

753
00:57:45,640 --> 00:57:51,200
Apollo was the inspiration for me to become a scientist.

754
00:57:53,360 --> 00:57:57,040
I feel like our pioneering spirit died with Apollo,

755
00:57:57,040 --> 00:57:59,720
and that immeasurably diminishes us.

756
00:57:59,720 --> 00:58:03,240
So I'm delighted that we're going back to the moon,

757
00:58:03,240 --> 00:58:07,120
and I'd like to see it as the first step to the exploration

758
00:58:07,120 --> 00:58:10,880
of a new frontier out into the solar system and beyond.

759
00:58:10,880 --> 00:58:16,120
'OK, Houston. As I stand out here in the wonders of the unknown,

760
00:58:16,120 --> 00:58:19,240
'I realise there's a fundamental truth to our nature.

761
00:58:20,760 --> 00:58:24,440
'Man must explore, and this is exploration at its greatest.'

762
00:58:44,840 --> 00:58:47,880
Subtitles by Red Bee Media Ltd

763
00:58:47,880 --> 00:58:50,920
E-mail subtitling@bbc.co.uk