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{\an1}-Versailles, one of the grandestroyal palaces in the world.
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{\an1}In 1789, it was home
to King Louis XVI
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{\an1}and Queen Marie Antoinette.
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{\an1}But everything was to change
with the French Revolution,
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{\an1}when the people rebelled
against the royal family
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{\an1}and triumphantly created
a new constitution.
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{\an1}Vive la révolution!
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{\an1}The French Revolution
is celebrated to this day
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{\an1}as a defining event
in world history.
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{\an1}It was a political earthquake
that turned France
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{\an1}into a proud republic
at the heart of Europe.
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{\an1}France's great uprising made
icons of Marie Antoinette,
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the Parisians
storming the Bastille,
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{\an1}and the guillotine.
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{\an1}It inspired revolutionary
movements around the world.
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{\an1}It's a stirring story.
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{\an1}But it's full of distortions
and exaggerations
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{\an1}and some of history's
biggest myths.
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{\an1}Was Marie Antoinette really
the cause of all the trouble?
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{\an1}Let them eat cake!
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{\an1}Was she really as foolish
and frivolous
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{\an1}as she's often made out to be?
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{\an1}And how did the lies told
about Marie Antoinette
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{\an1}lead to her execution?
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{\an1}-Only my blood remains.
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Take it.
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{\an1}Do not make me suffer.
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{\an1}-The French Revolution was
the moment the people rose up
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{\an1}and took down the monarchy.
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{\an1}It was the start of a new age
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{\an1}of "Liberty, Equality,
and Fraternity."
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Or at least,
so the story goes.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}-France in the late 1780s was
a tinderbox of dissatisfaction.
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[ Crow cawing ]
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Cold winters
and two disastrous harvests
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{\an1}left the peasants starving.
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{\an1}The country was bankrupt,
taxes were high,
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{\an1}and one member of the royal
family was getting the blame.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}Marie Antoinette was
an Austrian Princess.
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{\an1}For decades, France and Austria
had been enemies.
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{\an1}But at the age of 14,
Marie Antoinette
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had been married
to the French crown prince
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{\an1}to forge a political alliance.
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{\an1}But her foreignness would always
make her unpopular in France,
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{\an1}as would her lavish lifestyle.
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{\an1}-It is a terrible thing
to be bored.
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{\an1}I fear it more than anything
in the world.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}[ Gasps ] Presents!
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{\an1}-Marie Antoinette was notorious
for her love of shoes
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{\an1}and dresses and parties.
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{\an1}-Beautiful. A dress with a bow.
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{\an8}♪♪
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[ Giggles ]
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-Exaggerated, ludicrous accounts
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{\an1}of Marie Antoinette's
self-indulgence
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{\an1}are circulating everywhere.
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{\an1}She's become a sort of postergirl for everything that's wrong
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{\an1}with a discontented
and starving France.
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{\an1}In fact, the U.S. ambassador,
who's Thomas Jefferson,
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{\an1}will come to say this
about her --
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{\an1}"Had there been no Queen,
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{\an1}there would have been
no revolution."
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}Marie Antoinette is supposed
to have come up
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{\an1}with one of the most
famous phrases in history.
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{\an1}She addressed her hungry
subjects and proclaimed,
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{\an1}"Let them eat cake."
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}The words are still taught
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{\an1}to almost every schoolchild
in the world.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}They're used to prove
the Queen's indifference
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to her people.
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{\an1}But did she really say
"let them eat cake"?
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For a start,
the phrase in French is
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"Qu'ils mangent de la brioche,"
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meaning brioche,
a kind of an eggy bun.
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But "Let them eat
a kind of eggy bun"
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{\an1}isn't quite so catchy
in translation.
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{\an1}But there's a more fundamental
cake-fib than that.
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{\an1}There's absolutely no evidence
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{\an1}that Marie Antoinette
ever said those words --
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{\an1}no documents, no eyewitness
reports, no nothing!
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}The phrase had been reported
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{\an1}as coming out the mouth
of a different French queen,
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{\an1}the wife of Louis XIV
a century earlier.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}It wasn't until 50 years
after Marie Antoinette's death
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that the phrase
was first written down
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{\an1}and ascribed to her.
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{\an1}And even then, they said, it was
a rumor that wasn't true.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}But politicians and historians
around the world
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{\an1}were still trying to explain
the cause of the revolution.
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{\an1}Their narratives needed
a royal scapegoat.
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{\an1}And by the 20th century,
the myth had become a fixture.
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{\an1}This is an American
history primer from 1918,
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{\an1}and they've put it like this --
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{\an1}"When at last the Court,
overwhelmed with debts,
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{\an1}had so far crushed
the people with taxes
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{\an1}that they had no bread to eat,
Marie-Antoinette cried out,
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{\an1}'If they have no bread,
let them eat cake!'"
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{\an1}The words have been
put into her mouth
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{\an1}to show how thoughtless
and out of touch she was.
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{\an1}But worse than that,
they've been used to justify
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{\an1}the bloody events that followed.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}Even before the revolution,
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the Queen knew
many of her subjects hated her.
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Being Austrian,
she was seen as the enemy.
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{\an1}She wasted money on clothes
and outrageous hairstyles.
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{\an1}-I wonder if it's possible
to have one's hair fashioned
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{\an1}in the shape of a ship,
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{\an1}a ship with sails?
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{\an1}-She was too frivolous
to be a proper queen.
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{\an1}And shortly before the
revolution, Marie Antoinette
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{\an1}fought back by cultivating
a more responsible image.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}Mathieu, what's happening
in this picture?
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{\an1}-This is a portrait of Marie
Antoinette with her children.
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{\an7}And it's very important becauseit is a political representation
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{\an7}of the new Queen of France,
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{\an7}because at first, she was
considered as a selfish woman.
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{\an1}So with this portrait
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{\an1}she decided to be represented
as Queen of France.
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{\an1}We can see here her eldest
daughter who was born in 1778
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{\an1}and here the first Dauphin
on the right,
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who died just
before the revolution,
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{\an1}and here in the middle
the new Dauphin.
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{\an1}-Marie Antoinette was also
looking for other creative ways
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{\an1}to improve her PR.
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-Marie Antoinette
loved children,
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{\an1}and she took some orphans
at court.
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{\an1}She paid for their education.
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{\an1}-And she did that partly through
sincere feeling,
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{\an1}and partly, it must have helped
her image as a selfish person?
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{\an1}-I think both. Both.
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{\an1}She -- I think she was
very sincere
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{\an1}when she paid for these children
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{\an1}and probably she had on her mind
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the image she had
all around the public.
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{\an1}-Modern historians
are re-appraising
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{\an1}Marie Antoinette's role
in the French Revolution.
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{\an1}Increasingly, she's seen
as an active participant,
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rather than just
a passive victim.
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{\an1}-She became much more political
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than her husband
during the revolution,
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{\an1}because she understood
at that time
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{\an1}what really happened.
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{\an1}And she took some decision,
probably not the good one.
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{\an1}Her husband didn't
take any decision,
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{\an1}so he didn't know what to do.
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{\an1}But she became at that time
the real Queen of France.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}-The Queen's critics called her
"Madame Deficit"
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and said
she'd bankrupted France.
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{\an1}But this was another myth.
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{\an1}The French had built up
huge debts
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{\an1}during the American War
of Independence
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{\an1}when France supported the rebels
against the British crown.
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The war had ended
just four years earlier,
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and France still
couldn't balance the books.
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{\an1}-France supports the
Independence War of America,
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{\an1}and it cost about $1.5 billion.
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{\an1}And the budget of France
was about $600 million a year,
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so that is to say
about 2 and 1/2 more
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{\an1}than annual budget of France.
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-Oh, wow.
-So it's very important.
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{\an1}And the Americans after 1783,
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{\an1}they decided not to reimburse
the France people.
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{\an1}-So we have the revenue
of France.
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{\an1}We have the clothes
of Marie Antoinette,
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{\an1}but then we have the cost
of the war to help America
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{\an1}up here somewhere.
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{\an1}-Yes, France did not recover
from this deficit,
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{\an1}so maybe it explain
the revolution.
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{\an1}-So it wasn't so much
Marie Antoinette's extravagance
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{\an1}that bankrupted France.
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{\an1}It was France's support for the
American War of Independence.
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Thomas Jefferson
neglected to mention
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that a key cause
of the French Revolution
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was the birth
of the United States.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}The French revolution
is also widely believed
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{\an1}to have been sparked
by a peasants' revolt.
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{\an1}In this version of the story,
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the starving poor
rose up to overthrow the King.
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{\an1}But this image of class war
is also a myth.
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an1}In May 1789, the King
called a meeting at Versailles
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to try to resolve
the financial crisis.
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{\an1}1,000 delegates represented
three groups or "estates."
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00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:04,933
{\an7}The first was the priests
and bishops,
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{\an8}the second,
the titled aristocracy,
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00:11:08,666 --> 00:11:11,833
{\an7}and finally the third estate,
"the commoners."
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{\an8}♪♪
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{\an7}But the three estates
were at loggerheads.
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{\an7}Finally, the commoners split off
to set up their own meeting.
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The one place
that was big enough
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{\an1}for them all to get inside
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00:11:25,133 --> 00:11:27,900
was the indoor
royal tennis court
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{\an1}just round the corner
from the palace over there.
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{\an1}So this is where they came.
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{\an1}And the King had no idea
what was going on.
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{\an1}[ Tennis ball bouncing ]
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00:11:37,600 --> 00:11:41,500
{\an1}15 love to the commoners.
[ Applause ]
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{\an1}This assembly of commoners
was the spark
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{\an1}which ignited the revolution.
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00:11:46,800 --> 00:11:48,300
{\an1}[ Tennis ball bouncing ]
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{\an1}On the 20th of June 1789,
they all agreed
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{\an1}that France should have
a fairer form of government
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{\an1}that represented the people.
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The King's powers
should be limited,
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00:12:00,766 --> 00:12:02,700
{\an1}although the monarchy
wouldn't be abolished.
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00:12:02,733 --> 00:12:05,700
{\an1}[ Tennis ball bounces ]
Deuce.
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00:12:05,733 --> 00:12:09,700
{\an1}And this agreement became known
as "the Tennis Court Oath."
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00:12:09,733 --> 00:12:13,500
[ Applause ]
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So here we have them, nearly 500
excitable revolutionaries.
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{\an1}Bang in the middle
Monsieur Bailly,
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{\an1}the astronomer who was in charge
at the occasion.
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00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,500
{\an1}And over to the left,
we have a doctor.
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00:12:27,533 --> 00:12:31,666
His name was
Dr. Joseph Guillotin.
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00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:34,566
{\an1}Over to the right, we have
a small-town lawyer
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00:12:34,600 --> 00:12:37,133
{\an1}who'd come to the site
full of idealism.
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At this stage,
he was very quiet.
231
00:12:39,333 --> 00:12:41,000
{\an1}No one paid him much attention.
232
00:12:41,033 --> 00:12:43,933
{\an1}But he would turn out to be themost controversial revolutionary
233
00:12:43,966 --> 00:12:47,800
of them all --
Maximilien Robespierre.
234
00:12:47,833 --> 00:12:51,700
{\an1}Robespierre would become
a radical republican.
235
00:12:51,733 --> 00:12:55,600
{\an1}As the arch-enemy of royalty,
he'd go down in history
236
00:12:55,633 --> 00:12:59,100
with the blood of
Marie Antoinette on his hands.
237
00:12:59,133 --> 00:13:03,033
{\an1}What jumps out at me
is just how nattily dressed
238
00:13:03,066 --> 00:13:05,600
they all are,
in their smart suits.
239
00:13:05,633 --> 00:13:08,500
{\an1}They're not peasants.
They're not workers.
240
00:13:08,533 --> 00:13:11,100
{\an1}They're definitely members
of the bourgeoisie,
241
00:13:11,133 --> 00:13:14,500
{\an1}which is a reminder
that this revolution was led
242
00:13:14,533 --> 00:13:16,400
{\an1}by the upper-middle-classes.
243
00:13:16,433 --> 00:13:18,033
{\an1}[ Tennis ball bounces ]
244
00:13:18,066 --> 00:13:19,733
{\an1}Advantage bourgeoisie.
245
00:13:19,766 --> 00:13:22,700
[ Applause ]
246
00:13:22,733 --> 00:13:25,233
{\an1}They swore "never to separate,
247
00:13:25,266 --> 00:13:28,733
{\an1}until the constitution
is established."
248
00:13:28,766 --> 00:13:30,833
It's a wonderful
idealistic moment
249
00:13:30,866 --> 00:13:32,600
{\an1}that happened here
in the tennis court.
250
00:13:32,633 --> 00:13:35,066
{\an1}-Yes, it is. It's quite
exhilarating, that the deputies
251
00:13:35,100 --> 00:13:37,533
{\an7}who assembled here
on the 20th of June,
252
00:13:37,566 --> 00:13:40,733
{\an7}had all these ideas for how
we can make our country better?
253
00:13:40,766 --> 00:13:42,133
{\an7}How can we reform France?
254
00:13:42,166 --> 00:13:43,833
{\an1}How can we give France
a constitution,
255
00:13:43,866 --> 00:13:46,533
{\an1}which is what the Tennis
Court Oath was all about.
256
00:13:46,566 --> 00:13:49,033
{\an1}But it's certainly true
that the actual unity
257
00:13:49,066 --> 00:13:50,933
{\an1}was, I would say, skin deep.
258
00:13:50,966 --> 00:13:52,700
{\an1}-Tell me about some
of the different factions
259
00:13:52,733 --> 00:13:53,933
{\an1}that began to form.
260
00:13:53,966 --> 00:13:56,700
{\an1}-You have the monarchists,
who tried to create
261
00:13:56,733 --> 00:13:58,500
almost like
a British style constitution,
262
00:13:58,533 --> 00:14:00,966
{\an1}but then you have radicals
like Robespierre
263
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:03,600
{\an1}who want something
more democratic.
264
00:14:03,633 --> 00:14:05,666
{\an1}-One of the surprising things
about all these people
265
00:14:05,700 --> 00:14:07,233
{\an1}in the Tennis Court to me
266
00:14:07,266 --> 00:14:10,566
{\an1}is that they're all pretty
bourgeois, aren't they?
267
00:14:10,600 --> 00:14:12,466
{\an1}-Yes, the third estate
was a collection
268
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:13,966
{\an1}of mostly middle-class people --
269
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,166
{\an1}lawyers, government office
holders, financiers,
270
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,933
{\an1}and people with property.
271
00:14:19,966 --> 00:14:22,500
{\an1}-These revolutionaries
were much wealthier
272
00:14:22,533 --> 00:14:24,366
{\an1}than we usually imagine.
273
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:27,833
{\an1}Soon even aristocrats
would join them.
274
00:14:27,866 --> 00:14:29,366
{\an1}The Marquis de Lafayette
275
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:31,400
knew the King
and Marie Antoinette well.
276
00:14:31,433 --> 00:14:33,466
{\an1}He'd bravely fought
against the British
277
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:35,833
{\an1}in the American revolution.
278
00:14:35,866 --> 00:14:37,966
Now with the help
of his American friend
279
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:39,300
Thomas Jefferson,
280
00:14:39,333 --> 00:14:42,500
{\an1}this liberal-minded
aristocrat began drafting
281
00:14:42,533 --> 00:14:46,400
a "declaration
of the rights of man."
282
00:14:46,433 --> 00:14:48,166
-The draft
that Lafayette presented
283
00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:52,100
{\an1}to the National Assembly
on the 11th of July 1789
284
00:14:52,133 --> 00:14:54,266
was the fruit
of this collaborative work.
285
00:14:54,300 --> 00:14:57,066
{\an1}So in many ways, Jefferson
helped to shape what became
286
00:14:57,100 --> 00:15:00,400
{\an1}the founding principles
of the revolution of 1789.
287
00:15:00,433 --> 00:15:03,533
{\an1}-So the French had helped
the Americans
288
00:15:03,566 --> 00:15:06,000
{\an1}have their revolution
against the British,
289
00:15:06,033 --> 00:15:09,566
{\an1}and then it's nice to think
of Jefferson and Lafayette
290
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,466
{\an1}with their American experience
returning the favor
291
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:14,466
{\an1}and helping the French
have their own revolution.
292
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:17,266
-Absolutely.
293
00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:19,900
{\an1}-During these turbulent times,
Marie Antoinette
294
00:15:19,933 --> 00:15:23,266
{\an1}became increasingly
involved in politics.
295
00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:26,100
{\an1}She often took a harder line
against the revolution
296
00:15:26,133 --> 00:15:27,333
than her husband
297
00:15:27,366 --> 00:15:32,000
{\an1}and pleaded with Louis
to fight back.
298
00:15:32,033 --> 00:15:33,566
{\an1}But the Tennis Court Oath
299
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,066
had unleashed
a political earthquake.
300
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:41,300
{\an1}Just a month later, bread riotsstarted on the streets of Paris.
301
00:15:41,333 --> 00:15:44,100
{\an1}[ Indistinct conversations ]
302
00:15:44,133 --> 00:15:48,100
{\an1}This is a part of the city
known as Bastille.
303
00:15:48,133 --> 00:15:51,000
{\an1}Many protests in Paris
still start here
304
00:15:51,033 --> 00:15:55,266
{\an1}in memory of the events
of the 14th of July 1789,
305
00:15:55,300 --> 00:16:00,766
{\an1}when the people attacked
the Bastille fortress.
306
00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:02,633
{\an1}The Storming of the Bastille
307
00:16:02,666 --> 00:16:06,633
is usually seen
as the revolution made real.
308
00:16:06,666 --> 00:16:08,933
[ People shouting indistinctly ]
309
00:16:08,966 --> 00:16:12,600
{\an1}The huge crowd of workers
waving banners
310
00:16:12,633 --> 00:16:15,700
{\an1}marched upon the city's
most famous prison.
311
00:16:15,733 --> 00:16:17,933
{\an1}100 of them got killed
in the attack,
312
00:16:17,966 --> 00:16:20,733
becoming martyrs
of the revolution.
313
00:16:20,766 --> 00:16:23,333
{\an1}In Britain, a magazine,
reported that,
314
00:16:23,366 --> 00:16:27,333
{\an1}"All the poor and unhappy
state prisoners,
315
00:16:27,366 --> 00:16:32,166
{\an1}many of whom had languished
for years in execrable abode,
316
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:33,700
were released."
317
00:16:33,733 --> 00:16:36,633
{\an1}Nobody would ever forget
the 14th of July.
318
00:16:36,666 --> 00:16:39,633
{\an1}[ "La Marseillaise" playing ]
319
00:16:39,666 --> 00:16:43,566
{\an1}Every year, the French
commemorate it as Bastille Day,
320
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:47,866
the national day
of republican France.
321
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:50,066
{\an1}The Bastille Prison
is long gone.
322
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:54,333
{\an1}An opera house now stands there.
323
00:16:54,366 --> 00:16:56,966
{\an1}Yet the storming of the Bastille
is remembered
324
00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:58,966
{\an1}as the defining moment
325
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,333
{\an1}when all the political prisoners
were released
326
00:17:01,366 --> 00:17:04,566
{\an1}and the monarchy swept away.
327
00:17:04,600 --> 00:17:08,266
{\an1}But how much of this is true?
328
00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:10,000
{\an1}Now, a lot of people
have got the idea
329
00:17:10,033 --> 00:17:11,633
it was packed
full of revolutionaries
330
00:17:11,666 --> 00:17:13,066
who all got freed
at this moment.
331
00:17:13,100 --> 00:17:14,666
{\an1}But that's not the case at all,
is it?
332
00:17:14,700 --> 00:17:16,066
{\an1}-It's not the case at all.
333
00:17:16,100 --> 00:17:19,500
{\an7}At the time it was stormed,
there were only seven there.
334
00:17:19,533 --> 00:17:22,233
{\an7}And they were hardly
what you might call
335
00:17:22,266 --> 00:17:24,166
{\an7}political prisoners of any sort.
336
00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,133
{\an1}There were four forgers
who were quickly re-arrested
337
00:17:27,166 --> 00:17:29,400
{\an1}after their release.
There were two people
338
00:17:29,433 --> 00:17:32,066
{\an1}who would now be called
psychiatric patients.
339
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:34,900
{\an1}One of them was an Irishman
called Major White
340
00:17:34,933 --> 00:17:36,766
who was very old,
and he'd been put there
341
00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:39,300
{\an1}because he believed
that he was Julius Caesar.
342
00:17:39,333 --> 00:17:41,766
{\an1}And there was one libertine,
a sex offender.
343
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:43,233
-A libertine.
-A libertine.
344
00:17:43,266 --> 00:17:45,500
{\an1}-How did the revolutionaries
present their work
345
00:17:45,533 --> 00:17:46,933
{\an1}in storming the Bastille?
346
00:17:46,966 --> 00:17:48,566
{\an1}-Well, basically, the fall
of the Bastille,
347
00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:51,700
{\an1}it was a propaganda coup
for the revolutionaries
348
00:17:51,733 --> 00:17:54,166
{\an1}because they could present
the storming of the Bastille
349
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:56,166
{\an1}also as the storming
350
00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:59,233
{\an1}of an oppressive symbol
of royal tyranny.
351
00:17:59,266 --> 00:18:03,533
{\an1}And on the day, they paraded
these seven prisoners
352
00:18:03,566 --> 00:18:05,133
{\an1}through the streets of Paris
353
00:18:05,166 --> 00:18:10,066
{\an1}as victims of oppression,
which in fact they weren't.
354
00:18:10,100 --> 00:18:13,700
{\an1}-The idea that the fall of
the Bastille went hand in hand
355
00:18:13,733 --> 00:18:17,433
{\an1}with the end of the monarchy
is another myth.
356
00:18:17,466 --> 00:18:19,466
{\an1}In fact, for the next
three years,
357
00:18:19,500 --> 00:18:23,366
the King retained
a key constitutional role.
358
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:27,700
{\an1}But Bastille Day later turned
into a republican celebration,
359
00:18:27,733 --> 00:18:33,600
{\an1}so this initial support ofthe monarchy was soon forgotten.
360
00:18:33,633 --> 00:18:37,900
{\an1}Even so, the French national
flag contains a clue
361
00:18:37,933 --> 00:18:41,966
{\an1}about the King's role
during this early period.
362
00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:45,366
{\an1}The revolutionaries replaced
the royal fleur de lis
363
00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:48,833
{\an1}with the red, white,
and blue tricolor,
364
00:18:48,866 --> 00:18:50,766
{\an1}the flag of the people!
365
00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:53,900
Or was it?
366
00:18:53,933 --> 00:18:57,066
{\an1}So what about these colors
of the French flag?
367
00:18:57,100 --> 00:19:00,733
{\an1}The red and the blue
were the colors of Paris.
368
00:19:00,766 --> 00:19:02,900
{\an1}And you might be thinking,
well, the white,
369
00:19:02,933 --> 00:19:05,533
that must be
the color of liberty.
370
00:19:05,566 --> 00:19:06,933
Far from it.
371
00:19:06,966 --> 00:19:10,600
{\an1}White was the ancient color
of the Bourbon royal family.
372
00:19:10,633 --> 00:19:12,600
{\an1}So the flag represented
a compromise
373
00:19:12,633 --> 00:19:15,200
between the King
and the revolutionaries.
374
00:19:15,233 --> 00:19:17,933
{\an1}And that's how, after the fall
of the Bastille,
375
00:19:17,966 --> 00:19:20,866
{\an1}they persuaded him
to wear in his hat
376
00:19:20,900 --> 00:19:23,366
{\an1}the tricolored cockade
as a sign
377
00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:28,366
{\an1}that he was "alright"
with the changes so far.
378
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:31,400
{\an1}But Marie Antoinette was not
"alright" with the changes
379
00:19:31,433 --> 00:19:33,400
{\an1}and was increasingly worried.
380
00:19:33,433 --> 00:19:38,233
{\an1}In private, she made clearshe hated the new national flag.
381
00:19:38,266 --> 00:19:40,900
{\an8}♪♪
382
00:19:40,933 --> 00:19:43,800
We tend to think
the revolutionaries rallied
383
00:19:43,833 --> 00:19:47,866
{\an1}to the cry of "Liberty,
Equality, and Fraternity"
384
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:50,166
{\an1}right from the start.
385
00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:54,666
{\an1}But how egalitarian were they?
386
00:19:54,700 --> 00:19:57,766
{\an1}Only wealthier people
over the age of 25
387
00:19:57,800 --> 00:19:58,866
{\an1}would be allowed to vote
388
00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:01,766
for the deputies
in the national assembly.
389
00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,400
That was just 15%
of the population.
390
00:20:05,433 --> 00:20:08,100
And of course
we're talking about men.
391
00:20:08,133 --> 00:20:10,466
{\an1}That's what fraternity's
all about.
392
00:20:10,500 --> 00:20:13,800
{\an1}Oh, here's a lady at last.
I've been looking for her.
393
00:20:13,833 --> 00:20:17,466
{\an1}What has the French woman
been up to all this time?
394
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:20,833
{\an8}♪♪
395
00:20:20,866 --> 00:20:23,300
{\an1}Three months after the storming
of the Bastille
396
00:20:23,333 --> 00:20:26,466
{\an1}10,000 market women, many armed,
397
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:29,100
{\an1}marched on Versailles
from Paris.
398
00:20:29,133 --> 00:20:30,533
{\an1}Angered by the cost of bread,
399
00:20:30,566 --> 00:20:33,100
{\an1}they wanted the King
to distribute flour.
400
00:20:33,133 --> 00:20:37,300
{\an1}They even threatened
to behead Marie Antoinette.
401
00:20:37,333 --> 00:20:41,333
{\an1}In the end, they made do
with attacking her royal bed.
402
00:20:41,366 --> 00:20:44,400
{\an1}And the royal family were forced
to abandon Versailles
403
00:20:44,433 --> 00:20:46,533
{\an1}and move to Paris.
404
00:20:46,566 --> 00:20:50,933
{\an1}Women weren't taking a back seat
in this revolution.
405
00:20:50,966 --> 00:20:53,966
{\an1}In France at this time,
there was a fantastic feminist
406
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:56,366
{\an1}called Olympe de Gouges.
407
00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:57,466
Here she is.
408
00:20:57,500 --> 00:20:59,700
And she responded
to the writings
409
00:20:59,733 --> 00:21:02,300
{\an1}of Jefferson and Lafayette
on the rights of man
410
00:21:02,333 --> 00:21:04,200
with a little
something of her own called
411
00:21:04,233 --> 00:21:07,500
{\an1}the "Declaration of
the Rights of Women."
412
00:21:07,533 --> 00:21:10,533
{\an1}"Oh, women, women!" she wrote,
413
00:21:10,566 --> 00:21:13,266
{\an1}"When will you cease
to be blind?
414
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:17,966
{\an1}What advantage have
you
realized from the Revolution?"
415
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:22,233
{\an1}As time went on, the
revolution's claims to equality
416
00:21:22,266 --> 00:21:25,033
{\an1}rang increasingly hollow.
417
00:21:25,066 --> 00:21:27,433
{\an1}[ Woman speaking indistinctly ]
418
00:21:27,466 --> 00:21:32,666
{\an8}♪♪
419
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:35,366
{\an1}Over the next three years,
the National Assembly
420
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,133
{\an1}engaged in a diplomatic
two-step with the King.
421
00:21:39,166 --> 00:21:43,800
{\an8}♪♪
422
00:21:43,833 --> 00:21:48,933
{\an1}Royal power shifted backwards
and forwards.
423
00:21:48,966 --> 00:21:53,666
{\an1}The radicals, the Jacobins,
wanted rid of the monarchy.
424
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:55,966
{\an1}But most of the assembly
was moderate
425
00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:59,866
{\an1}and hoped to continue
working with Louis.
426
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:04,233
{\an1}The King remained relatively
popular for two more years.
427
00:22:04,266 --> 00:22:07,533
{\an8}♪♪
428
00:22:07,566 --> 00:22:10,566
{\an1}He was the guest of honor
at a party held in 1790
429
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,233
{\an1}to commemorate the fall
of the Bastille.
430
00:22:13,266 --> 00:22:16,166
{\an8}♪♪
431
00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:20,666
{\an8}This lingering affection for theKing got written out of history.
432
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:22,766
{\an8}♪♪
433
00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:27,266
{\an8}Meanwhile, the Queen was growing
ever more unpopular.
434
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:29,833
{\an8}♪♪
435
00:22:29,866 --> 00:22:34,400
And that's thanks
to some very nasty propaganda.
436
00:22:34,433 --> 00:22:42,466
{\an8}♪♪
437
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:45,466
{\an1}Charles-Eloi Vial of
the National Library of France
438
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:48,966
{\an1}has investigated how
dangerous lies about the Queen
439
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:50,766
were building up.
440
00:22:52,766 --> 00:22:55,366
Charles-Eloi,
what are you looking at?
441
00:23:12,566 --> 00:23:15,933
{\an1}And do you have other,
worse images of her?
442
00:23:44,066 --> 00:23:47,466
{\an1}And do you have another image
of her private life?
443
00:23:53,633 --> 00:23:55,800
{\an8}He comes in.
444
00:23:55,833 --> 00:23:58,733
{\an7}So we have the wife,
the lover, and the husband.
445
00:23:58,766 --> 00:24:01,733
{\an7}Do you think here we have
some negative feelings
446
00:24:01,766 --> 00:24:05,200
{\an8}towards the King,but we can't criticize the King.
447
00:24:05,233 --> 00:24:07,166
{\an7}We will turn to his wife.
448
00:24:37,033 --> 00:24:38,400
{\an7}What was the motivation
449
00:24:38,433 --> 00:24:41,533
{\an7}for the people producing
and selling these images?
450
00:25:01,733 --> 00:25:04,600
{\an1}The uneasy dance with
the National Assembly
451
00:25:04,633 --> 00:25:06,700
{\an1}was grinding to a halt.
452
00:25:06,733 --> 00:25:08,733
{\an1}The fake news against
Marie Antoinette
453
00:25:08,766 --> 00:25:11,433
{\an1}was savage and relentless.
454
00:25:11,466 --> 00:25:16,466
{\an1}And the King's power
was being constantly eroded.
455
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:19,566
{\an1}Marie Antoinette had
more foresight than her husband
456
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:22,700
{\an1}and saw that their lives
were in jeopardy.
457
00:25:22,733 --> 00:25:26,866
{\an1}She finally persuaded the King
to take drastic action.
458
00:25:26,900 --> 00:25:29,800
Around midnight
on June the 20th, 1791,
459
00:25:29,833 --> 00:25:33,500
the royal family
sneaked out of their palace.
460
00:25:33,533 --> 00:25:38,066
{\an1}They were in disguise as
an ordinary bourgeoisie family.
461
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,700
{\an1}A pre-arranged carriage
was waiting for them.
462
00:25:40,733 --> 00:25:42,966
They got in.
They traveled out of Paris.
463
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,833
{\an1}It looked like they'd escaped
from the revolutionaries.
464
00:25:45,866 --> 00:25:49,433
{\an1}They must have breathed
the biggest sigh of relief.
465
00:25:49,466 --> 00:25:53,400
{\an8}♪♪
466
00:25:53,433 --> 00:25:58,466
{\an1}The carriage trundled eastfrom Paris along the back roads.
467
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:01,900
{\an1}Some claimed they were
deserting France altogether...
468
00:26:01,933 --> 00:26:04,466
{\an7}others, that they intended
to rule from a royal palace
469
00:26:04,500 --> 00:26:06,200
{\an8}near the border.
470
00:26:06,233 --> 00:26:08,366
{\an7}Either way, within 24 hours,
471
00:26:08,400 --> 00:26:11,600
{\an7}they were approaching
the safety of the Netherlands,
472
00:26:11,633 --> 00:26:15,266
at that time
occupied by Austria.
473
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:18,366
{\an1}But when they reached
the town of Varennes...
474
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:20,466
{\an1}everything went wrong.
475
00:26:20,500 --> 00:26:21,733
-Arretez-vous!
476
00:26:21,766 --> 00:26:25,000
{\an8}♪♪
477
00:26:25,033 --> 00:26:28,400
{\an1}-Local officials wanted to know
who was traveling.
478
00:26:28,433 --> 00:26:30,533
{\an1}And the postmaster thought,
479
00:26:30,566 --> 00:26:33,166
"Hang on.
I've seen that face before!"
480
00:26:33,200 --> 00:26:34,800
{\an1}He recognized the King
481
00:26:34,833 --> 00:26:37,966
{\an1}because he'd seen pictures
of him on money.
482
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:40,266
{\an8}♪♪
483
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:42,800
-Sacré bleu!
484
00:26:42,833 --> 00:26:44,900
{\an1}-The whole gamble had failed.
485
00:26:44,933 --> 00:26:47,000
{\an1}The King, Marie Antoinette,
and the children
486
00:26:47,033 --> 00:26:52,033
{\an1}were all taken back to Paris
in disgrace.
487
00:26:52,066 --> 00:26:56,066
{\an1}Marie Antoinette's hair had
turned white almost overnight.
488
00:26:56,100 --> 00:26:57,933
{\an1}Confidence in the King
was shattered,
489
00:26:57,966 --> 00:27:00,700
{\an1}and he was removed from power.
490
00:27:00,733 --> 00:27:03,233
{\an1}But then that astronomer,
Jean Bailly,
491
00:27:03,266 --> 00:27:05,866
{\an1}a monarchist supporter
among the revolutionaries,
492
00:27:05,900 --> 00:27:08,566
{\an1}told a whopping lie.
493
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:10,633
{\an1}He claimed that the King
and Marie Antoinette
494
00:27:10,666 --> 00:27:12,366
{\an1}had been kidnapped --
495
00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,300
{\an1}forced to leave Paris
against their will.
496
00:27:15,333 --> 00:27:17,700
{\an1}Amazingly, the lie was accepted.
497
00:27:17,733 --> 00:27:20,200
{\an1}On the 15th of July, 1791,
498
00:27:20,233 --> 00:27:23,466
{\an1}the National Assembly
reinstated the King,
499
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:28,366
{\an1}and he finally approved
the new constitution.
500
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:32,133
This was seen as
a revolutionary new dawn.
501
00:27:32,166 --> 00:27:33,833
{\an1}The assembly wanted people
502
00:27:33,866 --> 00:27:36,033
to embrace
a whole new way of living
503
00:27:36,066 --> 00:27:39,066
{\an1}based on enlightenment
and progress.
504
00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:41,900
{\an1}They were getting excited about
all the latest developments
505
00:27:41,933 --> 00:27:45,333
{\an1}in science, in philosophy,
and in technology,
506
00:27:45,366 --> 00:27:47,800
including flight.
507
00:27:47,833 --> 00:27:51,700
{\an8}♪♪
508
00:27:51,733 --> 00:27:54,300
The story of the
French Revolution is usually
509
00:27:54,333 --> 00:27:57,266
all about anarchy
and destruction --
510
00:27:57,300 --> 00:27:58,933
{\an1}the storming of the Bastille
511
00:27:58,966 --> 00:28:01,600
and the execution
of Marie Antoinette.
512
00:28:01,633 --> 00:28:03,633
{\an8}♪♪
513
00:28:03,666 --> 00:28:07,600
{\an1}But the revolutionaries were
also keen to bring rationality
514
00:28:07,633 --> 00:28:10,300
{\an1}and progress to the world.
515
00:28:10,333 --> 00:28:14,033
{\an1}One scientist was inspired
to fly a hot-air balloon,
516
00:28:14,066 --> 00:28:15,833
{\an1}only recently invented,
517
00:28:15,866 --> 00:28:19,833
{\an1}all the way from Paris
to a little town 50 miles away.
518
00:28:19,866 --> 00:28:24,266
{\an8}♪♪
519
00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:28,533
{\an1}He took along piles of copies
of the brand-new constitution.
520
00:28:28,566 --> 00:28:32,933
La Constitution
de la France Nouvelle.
521
00:28:32,966 --> 00:28:34,933
Tres important.
522
00:28:34,966 --> 00:28:38,200
{\an1}And, of course, being French,
he took some refreshments, too.
523
00:28:38,233 --> 00:28:40,666
{\an1}Some freshly baked bread --
for you, monsieur.
524
00:28:40,700 --> 00:28:43,200
{\an1}-Thank you.
Merci.
-A picnic of roast chicken.
525
00:28:43,233 --> 00:28:44,500
-Ah.
526
00:28:44,533 --> 00:28:48,400
{\an1}-And, inevitably...
un bouteille de vin.
527
00:28:48,433 --> 00:28:51,133
Bon voyage!
-Merci.
528
00:28:51,166 --> 00:28:54,800
{\an8}♪♪
529
00:28:54,833 --> 00:28:57,200
-Lift-off!
530
00:28:57,233 --> 00:28:59,100
{\an8}♪♪
531
00:28:59,133 --> 00:29:02,000
{\an1}Vive la révolution!
532
00:29:02,033 --> 00:29:05,533
{\an1}As he floated off,
this revolutionary aeronaut
533
00:29:05,566 --> 00:29:09,200
{\an1}scattered the constitution
across the countryside.
534
00:29:09,233 --> 00:29:11,533
{\an1}Vive la révolution!
535
00:29:11,566 --> 00:29:15,166
{\an8}♪♪
536
00:29:15,200 --> 00:29:16,500
{\an1}He was spreading the word
537
00:29:16,533 --> 00:29:20,466
that France had
finally become a democracy.
538
00:29:20,500 --> 00:29:25,400
{\an1}But this was only one side
of the revolution.
539
00:29:25,433 --> 00:29:29,233
{\an1}After the initial optimism
of 1791,
540
00:29:29,266 --> 00:29:33,666
{\an1}things turned violent.
541
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:37,466
{\an1}Maximilien Robespierre
is the radical best remembered
542
00:29:37,500 --> 00:29:40,600
as the monster
who unleashed the Terror,
543
00:29:40,633 --> 00:29:45,200
{\an1}the arch-enemy who executed
the King and Marie Antoinette.
544
00:29:45,233 --> 00:29:48,433
{\an1}He lived in this house
in the center of Paris.
545
00:29:48,466 --> 00:29:50,700
{\an8}♪♪
546
00:29:50,733 --> 00:29:52,966
{\an1}The hardworking Robespierre
547
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:55,766
{\an1}was totally dedicated
to the revolution.
548
00:29:55,800 --> 00:29:59,333
He became known
as the "incorruptible."
549
00:29:59,366 --> 00:30:04,766
{\an1}He's gone down in history
as a cruel tyrant, as a despot.
550
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:07,200
{\an1}But what's the real version?
551
00:30:07,233 --> 00:30:12,200
{\an8}♪♪
552
00:30:12,233 --> 00:30:14,866
This is the main
law court in Paris
553
00:30:14,900 --> 00:30:18,600
{\an1}where the Terror was launched.
554
00:30:18,633 --> 00:30:21,200
{\an1}Now, Marisa, a lot of people
think of Robespierre
555
00:30:21,233 --> 00:30:24,866
{\an1}as a cruel, reptilian
sort of a person.
556
00:30:24,900 --> 00:30:27,166
But what were
his redeeming features
557
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:29,833
{\an1}that I might be surprised
to hear that he had?
558
00:30:29,866 --> 00:30:33,266
{\an1}-He was a very idealistic man.
559
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:36,866
{\an1}He was very humanitarian,
which might surprise you,
560
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:38,733
{\an1}but it certainly is the case.
561
00:30:38,766 --> 00:30:42,566
{\an8}He was opposed
to the death penalty.
562
00:30:42,600 --> 00:30:44,866
{\an7}Right up until May 1791,
563
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:47,033
{\an7}he tried to get the death
penalty abolished,
564
00:30:47,066 --> 00:30:51,300
{\an7}because he said it was barbaric,
and it didn't stop crime.
565
00:30:51,333 --> 00:30:54,933
{\an1}He was very strongly in favor
of equality of rights,
566
00:30:54,966 --> 00:30:56,300
{\an1}so this included the Jews.
567
00:30:56,333 --> 00:30:59,500
{\an1}The Jews were the biggest
religious minority in France
568
00:30:59,533 --> 00:31:01,066
{\an1}at that time, and lots of people
569
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:03,133
{\an1}didn't want to give
the Jews political rights.
570
00:31:03,166 --> 00:31:04,533
{\an1}Robespierre certainly
was one of those
571
00:31:04,566 --> 00:31:06,133
{\an1}who argued for that.
572
00:31:06,166 --> 00:31:10,633
{\an8}♪♪
573
00:31:10,666 --> 00:31:14,100
{\an1}-One of Robespierre's fellow
revolutionaries once said,
574
00:31:14,133 --> 00:31:15,833
{\an1}"This one will go far
575
00:31:15,866 --> 00:31:19,700
{\an1}because he believes
what he says."
576
00:31:19,733 --> 00:31:22,466
He's arguing
with his fellow lawyers
577
00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:24,566
{\an1}about the abolition of slavery.
578
00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:27,900
{\an1}He compares the cruelty
of the slave trade
579
00:31:27,933 --> 00:31:32,733
{\an1}with the treatment
of the peasants in France.
580
00:31:32,766 --> 00:31:35,833
{\an1}-Ask a slave merchant,
"What is property?"
581
00:31:35,866 --> 00:31:37,866
{\an1}And he will point to his cargo
of human flesh
582
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:40,066
{\an1}in the coffin he calls a ship.
583
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:42,633
{\an1}Ask a nobleman the same,
and he will show you his land
584
00:31:42,666 --> 00:31:45,066
{\an1}and the peasants who work it.
585
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:48,033
{\an1}We must summon all to equality.
586
00:31:48,066 --> 00:31:52,933
{\an8}♪♪
587
00:31:52,966 --> 00:31:57,200
{\an1}-But by August 1792,
many revolutionaries feared
588
00:31:57,233 --> 00:32:00,366
{\an1}the young republic
was going to be crushed.
589
00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:02,533
{\an1}France was riven by civil war
590
00:32:02,566 --> 00:32:05,666
and threatened
by foreign armies.
591
00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:08,866
{\an1}Their main enemy was
Marie Antoinette's homeland,
592
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:10,666
Austria.
593
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:12,633
The royal family were imprisoned
594
00:32:12,666 --> 00:32:16,733
and the King
put on trial for treason.
595
00:32:16,766 --> 00:32:18,700
{\an1}He was found guilty
596
00:32:18,733 --> 00:32:21,733
{\an1}by a huge majority
at the National Assembly.
597
00:32:21,766 --> 00:32:26,233
{\an1}95% of the 700 delegates
voted against him.
598
00:32:26,266 --> 00:32:29,366
{\an1}They then had to decide
the king's punishment --
599
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:34,233
{\an1}either banishment,imprisonment, or the guillotine.
600
00:32:34,266 --> 00:32:36,600
{\an8}♪♪
601
00:32:36,633 --> 00:32:41,233
{\an1}Remember Robespierre, who was
against the death penalty?
602
00:32:41,266 --> 00:32:43,500
{\an1}Well, he's changed his mind,
603
00:32:43,533 --> 00:32:49,333
{\an1}which means that the king's fate
now hangs in the balance.
604
00:32:49,366 --> 00:32:52,666
{\an1}-Yes, the death penalty
is an unjustifiable crime,
605
00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:57,133
{\an1}except in cases protecting
the safety of society.
606
00:32:57,166 --> 00:33:01,433
{\an1}With regret, I pronounce
this fatal truth.
607
00:33:01,466 --> 00:33:07,000
The King must die
so that France may live.
608
00:33:07,033 --> 00:33:09,133
{\an8}♪♪
609
00:33:09,166 --> 00:33:13,166
-[ Sighs ]So as long as the king is alive,
610
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,966
{\an1}he will be a figurehead
for his royalist supporters.
611
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,266
{\an1}His very existence means
counter-revolution
612
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:24,000
{\an1}and the spilling of the blood
of French citizens.
613
00:33:24,033 --> 00:33:29,266
{\an1}So, execute one man,
and you save the lives of many.
614
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:32,000
{\an1}The end justifies the means.
615
00:33:32,033 --> 00:33:36,333
{\an1}It's rational...and ruthless.
616
00:33:36,366 --> 00:33:40,733
{\an8}♪♪
617
00:33:40,766 --> 00:33:44,100
{\an1}Despite Robespierre's argument,
the execution of the King
618
00:33:44,133 --> 00:33:48,633
was by no means
a foregone conclusion.
619
00:33:48,666 --> 00:33:51,966
{\an1}The vote for the guillotine,
to be carried out immediately,
620
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:56,533
{\an1}was passed by a very close
margin, just 6%.
621
00:33:56,566 --> 00:34:03,133
{\an1}Louis XVI almost survived
the French Revolution.
622
00:34:03,166 --> 00:34:07,700
{\an1}On the 21st of January, 1793,
the King was taken by carriage
623
00:34:07,733 --> 00:34:10,800
{\an1}to the center of Paris.
624
00:34:10,833 --> 00:34:14,200
{\an1}The King's hands were tied
behind his back.
625
00:34:14,233 --> 00:34:18,433
{\an1}His long hair was cut
to expose his neck.
626
00:34:18,466 --> 00:34:21,900
{\an1}He was placed face-down
on a board like this.
627
00:34:21,933 --> 00:34:26,200
{\an1}And then the rope was released,
628
00:34:26,233 --> 00:34:29,766
and that blade
came whizzing down.
629
00:34:29,800 --> 00:34:36,266
{\an8}♪♪
630
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:39,833
{\an1}Afterwards, the guards took
his head out of that basket
631
00:34:39,866 --> 00:34:42,866
{\an1}and waved it in the air
so the crowd could see.
632
00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:47,833
{\an1}And they shouted out,
"Vive la République!"
633
00:34:47,866 --> 00:34:51,000
Marie Antoinette,
held captive in prison,
634
00:34:51,033 --> 00:34:52,800
{\an1}heard the jubilant cheers
635
00:34:52,833 --> 00:34:55,133
{\an1}announcing the death
of her husband.
636
00:34:55,166 --> 00:35:00,366
{\an8}♪♪
637
00:35:00,400 --> 00:35:02,533
{\an1}Today, there's just
this small plaque
638
00:35:02,566 --> 00:35:05,266
to mark the end
of a French dynasty
639
00:35:05,300 --> 00:35:09,066
{\an1}that had lasted for 900 years.
640
00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:15,866
{\an8}♪♪
641
00:35:15,900 --> 00:35:21,166
{\an1}The King's execution marked
the beginning of the Terror.
642
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:23,366
{\an1}These violent events
are rarely remembered
643
00:35:23,400 --> 00:35:26,833
{\an1}by those who celebrate
the French Revolution.
644
00:35:26,866 --> 00:35:28,800
But the enemies
of the Revolution
645
00:35:28,833 --> 00:35:32,966
{\an1}use the bloodshed as
a powerful argument against it.
646
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:37,166
{\an1}One of the Terror's earliest
victims was Marie Antoinette.
647
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:41,400
{\an8}♪♪
648
00:36:34,333 --> 00:36:37,300
{\an1}One accusation was
especially outrageous --
649
00:36:37,333 --> 00:36:41,700
{\an1}that the Queen had sexually
abused her 8-year-old son.
650
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,466
{\an1}Would you describe this
as a true trial
651
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:15,400
{\an1}or more of a show trial?
652
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:42,700
{\an8}♪♪
653
00:37:42,733 --> 00:37:47,833
{\an8}♪♪
654
00:37:47,866 --> 00:37:52,400
{\an1}This is the exact spot
occupied by the prison cell
655
00:37:52,433 --> 00:37:58,700
{\an1}in which Marie Antoinette spent
the final 75 days of her life.
656
00:37:58,733 --> 00:38:02,333
{\an1}At the time of her execution,
she was 37.
657
00:38:02,366 --> 00:38:04,633
{\an1}She was not allowed
to see her children,
658
00:38:04,666 --> 00:38:08,133
{\an1}who'd been taken away from her
two months before.
659
00:38:08,166 --> 00:38:11,766
{\an1}She wrote a very moving final
letter to her sister-in-law.
660
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:16,133
{\an1}She wrote, "I embrace you
with all my heart,
661
00:38:16,166 --> 00:38:19,666
as well as those
poor dear children.
662
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:25,833
{\an1}My God, it is heartbreaking
to leave them forever."
663
00:38:25,866 --> 00:38:31,566
{\an8}♪♪
664
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:34,500
{\an1}On the 16th of October, 1793,
665
00:38:34,533 --> 00:38:37,833
Marie Antoinettewas prepared for the guillotine.
666
00:38:37,866 --> 00:38:40,700
{\an8}♪♪
667
00:38:40,733 --> 00:38:44,100
Kept in a cell
and wearing a plain dress,
668
00:38:44,133 --> 00:38:48,033
{\an1}she now came face to face
with her executioner.
669
00:38:48,066 --> 00:38:52,900
{\an8}♪♪
670
00:38:52,933 --> 00:38:57,066
-I was a queen,
and you took away my crown.
671
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:01,366
A wife,
and you killed my husband.
672
00:39:01,400 --> 00:39:06,866
{\an1}A mother, and you deprived me
of my children.
673
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:08,833
{\an1}Only my blood remains.
674
00:39:08,866 --> 00:39:12,633
{\an1}Take it. Do not make me suffer.
675
00:39:12,666 --> 00:39:18,500
{\an8}♪♪
676
00:39:18,533 --> 00:39:24,400
{\an8}♪♪
677
00:39:24,433 --> 00:39:26,466
-The executioner
has cut her hair off
678
00:39:26,500 --> 00:39:29,633
{\an1}for what you might call
practical reasons.
679
00:39:29,666 --> 00:39:34,066
{\an1}We don't want anything to impede
the chop of the blade.
680
00:39:34,100 --> 00:39:36,966
{\an1}but I can't help thinking that
he will quite soon be selling
681
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,300
{\an1}bits of that hair off
as souvenirs.
682
00:39:39,333 --> 00:39:42,500
After all, it's
one of the perks of his job.
683
00:39:42,533 --> 00:39:44,500
{\an8}♪♪
684
00:39:44,533 --> 00:39:47,466
{\an1}Her hands were bound
painfully behind her back,
685
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:49,966
{\an1}and she was put on a rope leash.
686
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:51,166
{\an1}Unlike her husband,
687
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:53,966
who'd been taken
to his execution in a carriage,
688
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,300
{\an1}Marie Antoinette had to sit
in an open cart.
689
00:39:57,333 --> 00:39:59,133
{\an1}She maintained her composure,
690
00:39:59,166 --> 00:40:03,800
{\an1}despite the insults
of the jeering crowd.
691
00:40:03,833 --> 00:40:06,466
History's come up
with wildly different ideas
692
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:09,533
{\an1}about the significance
of the Queen's execution.
693
00:40:09,566 --> 00:40:14,433
{\an8}♪♪
694
00:40:14,466 --> 00:40:16,833
{\an1}For the revolutionaries,
killing Marie Antoinette
695
00:40:16,866 --> 00:40:22,366
{\an1}kept the fire of revolution
burning brightly.
696
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:25,000
{\an1}But for the critics
of the revolution,
697
00:40:25,033 --> 00:40:28,000
it revealed
their ultimate cruelty.
698
00:40:28,466 --> 00:40:31,300
{\an8}♪♪
699
00:40:33,533 --> 00:40:36,833
{\an1}[ Bird screeches ]
700
00:40:36,866 --> 00:40:40,866
{\an8}♪♪
701
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:43,366
{\an1}The Terror was used
to destroy opposition
702
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:48,333
{\an1}and frighten citizens
into submission.
703
00:40:48,366 --> 00:40:51,233
In Paris alone,
up to 3,000 people
704
00:40:51,266 --> 00:40:53,133
{\an1}were sentenced to death.
705
00:40:53,166 --> 00:40:56,266
Nobody was safe.
706
00:40:56,300 --> 00:40:59,066
{\an1}There's no doubt that
Robespierre played a key role
707
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:00,533
in the Terror.
708
00:41:00,566 --> 00:41:04,100
{\an1}But he was part of a system
of revolutionary committees
709
00:41:04,133 --> 00:41:07,533
{\an1}with many enthusiastic
supporters.
710
00:41:07,566 --> 00:41:11,266
{\an1}In the end, Robespierre
would himself fall foul
711
00:41:11,300 --> 00:41:15,400
{\an1}of the same tribunalthat condemned Marie Antoinette.
712
00:41:15,433 --> 00:41:18,400
{\an1}In the summer of 1794,
he was accused
713
00:41:18,433 --> 00:41:21,833
{\an1}by fellow revolutionaries
of being a dictator.
714
00:41:21,866 --> 00:41:25,200
He and his allies
were sentenced to death
715
00:41:25,233 --> 00:41:27,466
{\an1}and quickly guillotined.
716
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:29,633
[ Blade slices ]
717
00:41:29,666 --> 00:41:31,833
{\an1}-Do you think that Robespierre
718
00:41:31,866 --> 00:41:34,500
{\an1}has the reputation
that he deserves from history?
719
00:41:34,533 --> 00:41:38,900
{\an1}-Robespierre was made into
a scapegoat after his execution
720
00:41:38,933 --> 00:41:41,400
{\an1}for all the things
that had happened in France
721
00:41:41,433 --> 00:41:43,266
{\an1}during the period of Terror.
722
00:41:43,300 --> 00:41:46,433
Once he was dead,
yes, it became very convenient
723
00:41:46,466 --> 00:41:48,466
{\an1}to say that this had all
been Robespierre.
724
00:41:48,500 --> 00:41:50,466
{\an1}It had been all one man.
725
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:52,366
{\an1}They invent this notion of him
726
00:41:52,400 --> 00:41:54,600
{\an1}being the mastermind
behind the Terror,
727
00:41:54,633 --> 00:41:57,166
{\an1}like a sort of spider
in the center of a web
728
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,700
{\an1}who'd been the one person who'd
thought of all these things.
729
00:41:59,733 --> 00:42:01,866
{\an1}And this is nonsense.
730
00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:04,200
{\an8}♪♪
731
00:42:04,233 --> 00:42:05,700
-We often think
of the Revolution
732
00:42:05,733 --> 00:42:09,100
as being confined
to France itself.
733
00:42:09,133 --> 00:42:11,933
{\an1}But at the time, France's
neighboring nations
734
00:42:11,966 --> 00:42:14,566
were terrified
that revolutionary ideas
735
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,733
{\an1}would spread across
the whole of Europe.
736
00:42:17,766 --> 00:42:20,933
And by 1793,
France was caught up
737
00:42:20,966 --> 00:42:24,666
in a violent
counter-revolutionary war.
738
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:27,000
The monarchies
of Austria and Prussia
739
00:42:27,033 --> 00:42:29,266
{\an1}were the main antagonists.
740
00:42:29,300 --> 00:42:34,166
{\an1}Before long, Spain, Portugal,
Holland, Sardinia, and Naples
741
00:42:34,200 --> 00:42:38,433
{\an1}were all piling in
against the Revolution.
742
00:42:38,466 --> 00:42:42,866
{\an1}The King of Great Britain,
George III, was horrified.
743
00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:45,400
{\an8}♪♪
744
00:42:45,433 --> 00:42:47,533
{\an1}The execution of Louis
and Marie Antoinette
745
00:42:47,566 --> 00:42:51,600
{\an1}had been the final straw.
746
00:42:51,633 --> 00:42:55,733
{\an1}And in 1793, Britain joined
the European coalition
747
00:42:55,766 --> 00:43:01,266
{\an1}dedicated to restoring
the French monarchy.
748
00:43:01,300 --> 00:43:04,600
{\an1}A British naval force
sailed to the port of Toulon
749
00:43:04,633 --> 00:43:06,866
{\an1}in the South of France.
750
00:43:06,900 --> 00:43:08,600
{\an1}But the expedition failed
751
00:43:08,633 --> 00:43:10,666
largely because
of the brilliance
752
00:43:10,700 --> 00:43:15,000
{\an1}of a young republican
artillery officer,
753
00:43:15,033 --> 00:43:17,533
{\an1}Napoleon Bonaparte.
754
00:43:17,566 --> 00:43:20,266
He was known as
the little corporal,
755
00:43:20,300 --> 00:43:22,400
{\an1}and he wasn't actually
that little --
756
00:43:22,433 --> 00:43:25,366
he was 5'7",
fairly average height.
757
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:29,033
{\an1}But we think of him as little,
because British propaganda
758
00:43:29,066 --> 00:43:31,666
always made out
that he was super small.
759
00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:33,833
{\an1}He did very well at Toulon,
760
00:43:33,866 --> 00:43:39,400
{\an1}and Europe would be hearing
a lot more about this chap.
761
00:43:39,433 --> 00:43:41,966
{\an1}The French Revolution
has gone down in history
762
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:46,533
{\an1}for bringing autocratic rule
in France to an end.
763
00:43:46,566 --> 00:43:49,600
{\an1}But is that really true?
764
00:43:49,633 --> 00:43:53,200
{\an1}In 1789, France had
an absolute monarch.
765
00:43:53,233 --> 00:43:55,633
That was Louis,
and then monarchy was ended
766
00:43:55,666 --> 00:43:56,866
{\an1}with the Revolution.
767
00:43:56,900 --> 00:44:00,766
{\an1}But just 10 years later,
by 1799,
768
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:04,366
{\an1}France was once again under
the control of just one man.
769
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:07,566
It was the hero
of the siege of Toulon,
770
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:09,566
{\an1}Napoleon Bonaparte.
771
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:14,233
{\an8}♪♪
772
00:44:14,266 --> 00:44:18,266
{\an1}Napoleon would soon bethe most powerful man in Europe.
773
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:21,533
{\an8}♪♪
774
00:44:21,566 --> 00:44:26,033
{\an1}This painting shows his and his
wife, Josephine's, coronation
775
00:44:26,066 --> 00:44:29,233
as emperor
and empress of France.
776
00:44:29,266 --> 00:44:32,166
{\an8}♪♪
777
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:36,933
{\an8}But in 1814, after the coalition
deposed Napoleon,
778
00:44:36,966 --> 00:44:42,566
{\an1}they put a Bourbon king
back on the French throne.
779
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:47,900
{\an1}This new royal dynasty
lasted for 15 years.
780
00:44:47,933 --> 00:44:50,433
{\an1}Yet this lot are often
written out of the story,
781
00:44:50,466 --> 00:44:53,866
{\an1}because more French revolutions
were on the way.
782
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:56,633
{\an8}♪♪
783
00:44:56,666 --> 00:45:00,733
{\an1}But it's the first Revolution
of 1789 that's still remembered
784
00:45:00,766 --> 00:45:03,400
{\an1}as "the real French Revolution."
785
00:45:03,433 --> 00:45:04,833
-Mike, do you see
the French Revolution
786
00:45:04,866 --> 00:45:07,466
as the granddaddy
of revolutions?
787
00:45:07,500 --> 00:45:10,433
{\an1}-Absolutely, I do. It provides
a kind of a blueprint
788
00:45:10,466 --> 00:45:12,100
{\an1}for subsequent revolutionaries,
789
00:45:12,133 --> 00:45:14,066
{\an1}I mean professional
revolutionaries in Europe
790
00:45:14,100 --> 00:45:16,800
{\an1}and around the world,
of what to do
791
00:45:16,833 --> 00:45:19,500
{\an1}and what not to do,
what to try to avoid.
792
00:45:19,533 --> 00:45:22,300
{\an1}And in 1917, Lenin, Trotsky,
793
00:45:22,333 --> 00:45:25,533
{\an1}and other Bolsheviks
who take power in Russia
794
00:45:25,566 --> 00:45:31,066
{\an1}see the French Revolution
as a lesson, as an inspiration.
795
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:33,333
-The leaders
of the Russian revolution
796
00:45:33,366 --> 00:45:36,866
{\an1}appropriated the symbolism
of the French one --
797
00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:39,666
workers marching
through the streets,
798
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:41,833
{\an1}riots and uprisings,
799
00:45:41,866 --> 00:45:45,166
and the storming
of significant state buildings.
800
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:49,000
{\an1}The crowds even sang
"The Marseilles."
801
00:45:49,033 --> 00:45:52,666
{\an1}Lenin admired the most radical
French revolutionaries.
802
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:56,000
{\an1}He had statues of Robespierre
erected in Moscow
803
00:45:56,033 --> 00:45:58,400
{\an1}and St. Petersburg.
804
00:45:58,433 --> 00:46:02,000
{\an1}Lenin and his fellow Bolsheviks
described themselves
805
00:46:02,033 --> 00:46:04,866
{\an1}as "glorious Jacobins."
806
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:06,366
The parts of
the French Revolution
807
00:46:06,400 --> 00:46:08,333
{\an1}that particularly appealed
to Lenin
808
00:46:08,366 --> 00:46:14,533
{\an1}were the revolutionary tribunal
and state-sponsored Terror.
809
00:46:14,566 --> 00:46:17,700
{\an1}Just as King Louis and Marie
Antoinette had been executed,
810
00:46:17,733 --> 00:46:22,100
{\an1}the Russian revolutionaries
killed the Tsar and Tsarina.
811
00:46:22,133 --> 00:46:25,166
{\an8}♪♪
812
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:27,300
{\an1}The French Revolution
has also been adopted
813
00:46:27,333 --> 00:46:30,900
{\an1}as a model for action
against oppression,
814
00:46:30,933 --> 00:46:33,466
{\an1}especially in France,
815
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:36,933
{\an1}from the Paris riots
of May 1968
816
00:46:36,966 --> 00:46:39,766
to the recent
yellow jacket demonstrations
817
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:43,766
{\an1}against the Macron
government's reforms.
818
00:46:43,800 --> 00:46:48,500
{\an1}But people aren't always honest
about the Revolution's legacy
819
00:46:48,533 --> 00:46:53,133
{\an1}of violence, dictatorship,
and bloodshed.
820
00:46:53,166 --> 00:46:55,866
Modern France has
a complicated relationship
821
00:46:55,900 --> 00:46:57,600
{\an1}with the French Revolution.
822
00:46:57,633 --> 00:47:01,133
{\an1}This extraordinary building --
or is it a sculpture? --
823
00:47:01,166 --> 00:47:02,933
{\an1}was opened in 1989
824
00:47:02,966 --> 00:47:05,933
{\an1}to commemorate 200 years
since the Revolution.
825
00:47:05,966 --> 00:47:09,533
And it's calledthe "Grande Arche of Fraternity"
826
00:47:09,566 --> 00:47:13,566
in reference
to revolutionary ideals.
827
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:16,933
{\an1}President Macron often refers
to these ideals.
828
00:47:16,966 --> 00:47:21,400
{\an1}In 2018, he celebrated
France's "fraternity"
829
00:47:21,433 --> 00:47:24,833
{\an1}with the United States
in Congress.
830
00:47:24,866 --> 00:47:28,533
{\an1}-Our two nations are rooted
in the same soil,
831
00:47:28,566 --> 00:47:31,033
{\an1}grounded in the same ideals
832
00:47:31,066 --> 00:47:34,733
of the American
and French Revolutions.
833
00:47:34,766 --> 00:47:39,666
{\an1}We have worked together forthe universal ideals of liberty,
834
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:44,066
{\an1}tolerance, and equal rights.
835
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:46,400
{\an1}-But along with many
of his compatriots,
836
00:47:46,433 --> 00:47:52,933
{\an1}Macron rarely mentions
the Terror of 1793.
837
00:47:52,966 --> 00:47:54,033
{\an1}You know, it seems to me
838
00:47:54,066 --> 00:47:57,300
that the French
have almost airbrushed
839
00:47:57,333 --> 00:47:59,833
{\an1}the more horrific aspects
of their Revolution
840
00:47:59,866 --> 00:48:02,366
{\an1}out of their national story.
841
00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:04,600
{\an1}And who can blame them?
Why would you concentrate
842
00:48:04,633 --> 00:48:07,500
on the bits
that make your nation look bad?
843
00:48:07,533 --> 00:48:10,433
[ Bell tolling ]
844
00:48:10,466 --> 00:48:13,700
While the French
often gloss over the Terror,
845
00:48:13,733 --> 00:48:18,566
{\an1}the British remember a very
different version of the story.
846
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:21,133
In Britain,
a die-hard monarchy,
847
00:48:21,166 --> 00:48:25,033
{\an1}we have a long traditionof using the Terror as a warning
848
00:48:25,066 --> 00:48:28,800
{\an1}against ideologues
who take things too far.
849
00:48:28,833 --> 00:48:31,266
{\an8}♪♪
850
00:48:31,300 --> 00:48:33,466
{\an1}And that perhaps explains
the popularity
851
00:48:33,500 --> 00:48:35,866
{\an1}of Charles Dickens'
revolutionary novel
852
00:48:35,900 --> 00:48:38,466
{\an1}"A Tale of Two Cities."
853
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:39,766
{\an1}It's about what happens
854
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:43,966
{\an1}when the brutality of revolution
gets out of hand.
855
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,333
As he writes,
"Liberty, equality,
856
00:48:47,366 --> 00:48:49,900
{\an1}fraternity, or death --
857
00:48:49,933 --> 00:48:53,033
{\an1}the last, much the easiest
to bestow,
858
00:48:53,066 --> 00:48:55,033
O Guillotine!"
859
00:48:55,066 --> 00:48:57,233
{\an8}♪♪
860
00:48:57,266 --> 00:48:59,866
{\an1}With Madame Tussaud's waxworks,
861
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:03,500
the Terror became
a national obsession.
862
00:49:03,533 --> 00:49:07,033
{\an1}In the early 1800s, Tussaud
escaped from France to England
863
00:49:07,066 --> 00:49:10,833
{\an1}and set up her museum in London.
864
00:49:10,866 --> 00:49:14,300
{\an1}She exhibited the wax heads
of executed victims,
865
00:49:14,333 --> 00:49:17,233
{\an1}including Marie Antoinette.
866
00:49:17,266 --> 00:49:19,266
Madame Tussaud
even claimed to have
867
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:23,000
{\an1}the original guillotine blade.
868
00:49:23,033 --> 00:49:26,333
{\an1}Britain would never
forget the Terror.
869
00:49:26,366 --> 00:49:29,100
{\an8}♪♪
870
00:49:29,133 --> 00:49:31,300
Americans have
yet another perspective
871
00:49:31,333 --> 00:49:33,300
{\an1}on the French Revolution.
872
00:49:33,333 --> 00:49:35,400
{\an8}♪♪
873
00:49:35,433 --> 00:49:39,133
{\an1}They're big fans of Lafayette,
the moderate revolutionary
874
00:49:39,166 --> 00:49:44,466
{\an1}who'd helped the Americans win
their own independence.
875
00:49:44,500 --> 00:49:47,633
{\an1}-They see the French Revolution
through the lens
876
00:49:47,666 --> 00:49:50,200
{\an1}of the American Revolution,
their own revolution.
877
00:49:50,233 --> 00:49:51,766
{\an1}And for that reason,
I think they tend
878
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:53,233
{\an1}to see the French Revolution
879
00:49:53,266 --> 00:49:57,100
as more radical,
more extreme, more violent,
880
00:49:57,133 --> 00:49:59,033
{\an1}but also less successful,
881
00:49:59,066 --> 00:50:01,800
{\an1}because the French Revolution
leads to the Terror
882
00:50:01,833 --> 00:50:04,466
{\an1}and to dictatorship
under Napoleon Bonaparte.
883
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:06,000
-I love this idea
that the Americans
884
00:50:06,033 --> 00:50:09,133
{\an1}had a "better revolution"
than the French did.
885
00:50:09,166 --> 00:50:12,000
{\an8}♪♪
886
00:50:12,033 --> 00:50:14,433
There are still
some people in France
887
00:50:14,466 --> 00:50:18,033
{\an1}who'll never allow the Terror
to be written out of history.
888
00:50:18,066 --> 00:50:20,466
{\an8}♪♪
889
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,600
{\an1}The cathedral of Saint-Denis
is the resting place
890
00:50:23,633 --> 00:50:26,866
{\an1}for most of the kings
and queens of France,
891
00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:32,266
{\an1}including Louis XVI
and Marie Antoinette.
892
00:50:32,300 --> 00:50:33,366
And every year
893
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:36,166
{\an1}on the anniversary
of the king's execution,
894
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:38,033
{\an1}a small group of royalists,
895
00:50:38,066 --> 00:50:40,266
some of them
wearing the Bourbon white,
896
00:50:40,300 --> 00:50:41,900
gather here.
897
00:50:41,933 --> 00:50:46,900
{\an8}♪♪
898
00:51:20,933 --> 00:51:22,966
{\an1}They love the Queen.
899
00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:25,000
{\an8}♪♪
900
00:52:19,666 --> 00:52:24,266
{\an1}Marie Antoinette's reputation
is finally being re-appraised.
901
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:27,866
{\an8}♪♪
902
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:30,500
{\an1}Instead of seeing her
as a hate-figure
903
00:52:30,533 --> 00:52:34,033
{\an1}whose careless words
caused the Revolution,
904
00:52:34,066 --> 00:52:38,466
many now view her
with more sympathy.
905
00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:42,066
{\an1}This exhibition in Paris
is a celebration of her life
906
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:43,700
and her image.
907
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:49,566
{\an1}Fashion people really love her.
908
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:54,566
{\an1}Here's John Galliano
referencing her style for Dior.
909
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:56,833
{\an1}It seems that fashion
just can't get enough
910
00:52:56,866 --> 00:53:01,733
{\an1}of the tragic glamour
of the doomed queen.
911
00:53:18,733 --> 00:53:21,766
The Revolution is
a stirring national myth
912
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:24,400
{\an1}for the French Republic.
913
00:53:24,433 --> 00:53:26,400
{\an1}It's a powerful story
914
00:53:26,433 --> 00:53:30,900
{\an1}that continues to be told
and re-told all over the world,
915
00:53:30,933 --> 00:53:36,500
{\an1}complete with exaggeration
and manipulation.
916
00:53:36,533 --> 00:53:39,100
{\an1}From the exciting fall
of the Bastille
917
00:53:39,133 --> 00:53:42,700
{\an1}to the tragic execution
of Marie Antoinette,
918
00:53:42,733 --> 00:53:45,833
{\an1}everybody has their favorite
parts of the French Revolution
919
00:53:45,866 --> 00:53:47,033
{\an1}that they like to pick out
920
00:53:47,066 --> 00:53:49,433
{\an1}to tell their own version
of the story.
921
00:53:49,466 --> 00:53:50,766
And the fib
922
00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:54,166
{\an1}that poor Marie Antoinette said
"let them eat cake"
923
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:58,400
{\an1}is going to be almost impossible
to erase from history.
924
00:53:58,433 --> 00:54:00,533
{\an8}♪♪
925
00:54:01,866 --> 00:54:10,233
{\an8}♪♪
926
00:54:10,266 --> 00:54:18,666
{\an8}♪♪
927
00:54:18,700 --> 00:54:27,066
{\an8}♪♪
928
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:35,533
{\an8}♪♪