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Oh

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Glass for a show that's all about reflections on reflection. It's Joe Lysett

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Food of the nation, it's Zoe Lyons and next year's wreath lecturer

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Reflecturer

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Okay

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Reflecting off a rock face Joe goes

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Joe

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Goes Lisa

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So he goes made this episode a mirror image of what you usually see which is to say that Alan we have put you

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On the opposite side to usual

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How many years in the other chair 18 does it feel weird does feel weird you look a little bit different from this side

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Right here is a question why do mirrors flip you side to side and not upside down

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That's very good. Yes. Yes. Why is it two eyes? So I must be yeah your eyes are level

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Okay, let us imagine that we're looking at writing on a t-shirt

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Yeah, and you can read it perfectly well and then you look in a mirror the writing on the t-shirt appears to be

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Flipped that way. Yeah

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Back to front. Yeah, why is that? Why does the mirror do that? And why does it not flip us upside down as well?

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Why does it only flip as apparently left to right? Is it not what Alan said about your eyes being?

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Left and right. I like your eyes are on the side of your head when you do that. Yeah

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Is your eye seeing actually what it is does your brain?

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Does your brain flip it? Have you had a stroke? Yeah

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When it comes in your eye, it's already flipped right and your brain flips it around

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What he said what I think everybody is making it much too complicated

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So here's what we're going to do. We're going to try this and Joe is going to be my assistant Joe

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I want you to take a piece of card that we have got here

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Yes, right a large clear word in capital letters. Oh my god, are you gonna try and guess it?

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No, I don't want to guess it

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What's the point then? I want a magic trick

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Any word any word darling, what about the word boss for example, which is you know

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Looks like we're off to court

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Right and can you write the same word on this piece of glass? Okay

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so I am going to go over here and

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Stand in front of the camera and the glass and you can see hopefully are the audience able to see this

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Can you see it on the monitors everybody?

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So you can see that it says boss now when I have it as it were on my t-shirt

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And I look in the mirror. It is

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Okay, yeah, so the question is why does it do that? Well the mirror hasn't done anything it was me who flipped it round

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There is absolutely nothing happening in the mirror if you look at the card, I am flipping it around

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Has not done anything and in fact if you should bring the glass darling bring the piece of glass over here

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Have you written the same word on the piece of glass? Yeah. Okay, so come here my darling

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Let's put the card behind it. Let us imagine there it is. Can you see that perfectly? Well, there it says boss

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But if I don't flip it around now because it's written on glass when we look in the mirror

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It is perfectly fine. The mirror has not done anything. It is me who did the flipping around

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Thank you. My darling the most brilliant magicians assistant there

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Try and imagine if you were a fish and you had your eyes on either side of your head and the fish

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Have we got a picture of a fish swimming?

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There we go

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So a fish swimming alongside a mirror would see the eye exactly where it's supposed to be and the tail exactly where it's supposed

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To be it. It would know that the mirror has done nothing. The flipping is done by us and not by the mirror

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I don't think I've ever questioned that no and then actually once you do start thinking about it

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It does slightly do your head in so hang on this. It's Alan over there because I've done it in my head. Yes

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Everyone's done me in the red

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You know I haven't but I am now

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There is another thing that it curious about mirrors if you've got you should each have a mirror there

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If you and you could try this when you have a mirror at home, hold it quite close to your face

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Okay

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Look at one or other of your eyes in the reflection just choose one if you then transfer your gaze to the other eye

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You will not see your eyes move, although somebody watching would see the movement quite clearly. Oh, that's so weird

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That is quite strange

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It bulged forward as well your eye. No my whole the whole part of that part of my face

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A medical condition

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This is my fifth year hosting and I expect all trouble to come from my right and today it's from my left

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It's a very strange thing. Here's a question for you. If I'm in a box with a mirrored in much taller

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If I made a box with a mirrored

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Interior and we shone a light into it and we closed it does the light keep bouncing around forever. Are you in the box?

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I'm in the box with a small torch

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Let's work it that way

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And I on the box and go Sandy if I turn Andy, can you see a light?

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If I turn the torch on and then I turn it off again, will it bounce around for no? No, why not? Well, I don't know

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No, if you imagined your this was the giant box and you had two mirrors over there and you've shone a torch

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It wouldn't if you then shone the took turn the torch off. It's not gonna bounce back and forth. But why not?

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Because because

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It's because no mirror reflects a hundred percent of the light striking it. So some of it is absorbed and eventually

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I mean actually unbelievably quickly. Yeah, because it's millions of times per second

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It would be absorbed by the mirror and it would leave the interior completely dark

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It's a miracle

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miracle

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That we can work out what's going on in a reflection at all

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What can this fish do that a baby can't

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Stay underwater. Yeah swim underwater is absolutely. Yes. There used to be a myth that babies could do that, but that is not believed

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No, I learned that out the hard way. Yeah

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Three nieces was too many

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Yeah, anybody know what kind of fish this is

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Stripey stripy fish. Cleaner fish. It's a cleaner fish. Yes, it is. It is it's a cleaner arras

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Is it something to do with reflections because that is the yes

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For paying attention can oh can it recognize itself in a mirror because babies can't

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correct

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It's one of the very few animals

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In fact, it's the very first fish to pass what's called the mirror test to recognize its reflection of itself

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How do you test that?

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Well, so what you do is you mark the animal in a place where it can only see the mark in a mirror

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So, for example

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The forehead would be a good place and then see whether or not it observes it and whether or not it tries to scratch it

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To remove it. We'll have a job though Sandy wanted to scratch that off with no hands

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Cleaning off marks every is what it does for a living

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They do actually have stations and clients as it were come to the station to be cleaned

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They work for about four hours a day and they clean about

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2,000 clients so it does seem like when you're looking at them as if it's a job, but that's what they do for a living

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That's it inside the mouth of a rank-in-code. Look at that picture. I think it's so exciting

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It's gonna be a lot of trust

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a lot of trust except that all of the fish that are cleaned end up living longer and they tend to be

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Smarter because they don't have the parasites. I mean there is a sort of a caveat with this

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It's possible that what the brass is actually doing is signaling to the other brass in the mirror

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If you see what I mean that it ought to clean itself. It's it actually doesn't see that it's itself

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It's going to the other rash. You've got a little something. You've just got

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Something here so it may not be aware that it's a mirror image on itself when babies

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Start to recognize the age of two, right? I really think it'd be sooner than that

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My daughter was she knew the way to the city farm when she was one and a half

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She's trying to get away she was

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And there's actually very few species that pass the test great apes mostly do but not gorillas

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And what I love is that animals do exactly what humans do when they discover a mirror for the very first time

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First of all an animal would look behind it to see if there's an animal behind it and then they'll do funny movements

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Like we do in the fun fair to see what it is

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And then they will indulge in the same behavior as an office worker left alone with a photocopier

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Yeah

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See parts of their body they've not been able to look at before

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I know. Yeah, it's a miracle. We don't have more mirrored seating really isn't it?

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I don't think it is really

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Like a mirror chair

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I think you get some very odd selfies then

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That for a dick pic

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Would you get a mirrored internal bowl of a toilet because that would that would be like a funfair mirror for your undercarriage wouldn't it

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That would have a curve to it. You could definitely have a mirrored urinal. I can't see why you couldn't have that

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Because honestly

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You've actually got an aiming device that doesn't seem to work

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No mine does

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Mine does because there's a in one pub in london that I went to there's like a game

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And it's got sensors in the urinal and I got the top score

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And it asks you to put your name in but I didn't want to put my name in so I put adrian charles

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There's a pub in central london where adrian charles has got a real reputation

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Most animals either ignore their mirror image or they perceive it to be another animal

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Sometimes they attack and this is really common in garden birds

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Have you ever seen that when a garden bird has a go at a window?

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There are reports of robins attacking as many as 15 windows in the same house

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Because if you close the curtains and try and stop the reflection

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It will think that the enemy is simply hiding and go and look for another window

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I mean and another use of mirrors which depends on animals not recognizing their reflections is flamingos

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So I don't know if you've ever seen this in the zoo

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You sometimes see there's a mirror in the flamingo enclosure

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That is because they will not breed until the colony has achieved a certain minimum size

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And so they trick smaller groups into breeding but I think wow, there's loads of us. Let's breathe

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That's sort of the flamingo equivalent of a sort of mirrored ceiling in a brothel

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It's a turn-on. Yeah

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I'm loving this. I've never given mirrors much thought really not like this. No, I know

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Recognizing yourself in a mirror is a sign of exceptional intelligence. So well done to all our panel for getting through makeup tonight

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Um

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Right now i'm going to make you write like leonardo da vinci. How do you think i'm going to do that?

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Did he teach us? Did he write?

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Reflectively he wrote he read what's called mirror writing

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So we are going to see if we can do this without thinking about it underneath the table

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You will feel a piece of paper and you should have a pen take the pen

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Yeah

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And I want you to write your names on the piece of paper as it is under the desk

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So write your first name on the piece of paper

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This looks so weird i've already got

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Okay, so done, okay, let's take them out and have a look let's start with zoe let's have a look at yours

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That's pretty good for me

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Okay, but what is the thing about it that's interesting is it's it's back to front

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Some of it is

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Some of it isn't the o is not the o is exactly

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Okay, how about you alan same for you

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Oh, wow

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Are you left-handed alan? Nope

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That is i'm just a fucking genius

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Oh, yes done mirror done mirror writing and what about you joe

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Wow, the boys I am left-handed though. You are left-handed does that affect it?

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Uh, yes, I think it does the brain is wired slightly differently. Um better

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It's an unusual demand so it confuses our brain so it's not unusual to do it as mirror writing

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It's common in children who are learning to write half and half then what does that because that one's back to front

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But that one's the right way you're right to be disappointed. That's shit. It is a bit

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Three letters one of them's the same either way

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So what's all this got to do with leonardo da vinci?

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Well, he wrote his personal notes in mirror writing and nobody really knows why possibly for privacy

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That is a possible thing maybe just to amuse himself

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But he was left-handed and my son is left-handed and I asked him and he said it's possible

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He was just more comfortable when the pen goes away from the body as it does for a right-handed person when you're writing

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It just feels better. Well, no also I

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Found when I was at school, particularly when you're using a um fountain pen that you smudge it as you go for it

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Yeah, so that's he was smart wasn't he leonardo? Yeah

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I think we haven't given him enough credit

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We have a generally poor memory for the configuration of objects

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So we're going to do a couple of quick tests to demonstrate so the audience let's let's start with you

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You've all seen the statue of liberty. I am sure you've seen a picture of it a thousand times

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I want you to vote whether the statue holds the torch in the right or the left hand

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So hands up for right

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And hands up for left

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Well, I think left pretty much had the edge there and the answer is it's in the right

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Okay, let's try the panel. So we see fonts all the time now. That's the thing

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Which of the four lowercase g's are written on the screen is correct?

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number one

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Three one three anymore one and two one and two

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Let's have the audience vote for number one

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hardly anybody number two

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Quite a lot number three

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Even more number four. Okay. Well, so none of us can really remember the answer is number two

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Number two is the correct way

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Yeah, but these are things we see all the time and we have an inability to correctly recall the configuration of things

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Where do we routinely see mirror writing? We see it almost every day if you're driving ambulances. Yeah fire engines and ambulances

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It's written so that you can read it in the rear view mirror. Um, can I just show you this?

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I love this in 2015 the city of nang jing

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Um, they actually made fire engines that were if you like mirror images of themselves

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Um

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So they have tunnels they have very crowded narrow streets and so on they didn't have the space to turn around so they just

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Made it you can drive it from both ends

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That's genius. I think it's fantastic. I want that as a car. Yeah

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They also have really tiny little ones and again, it's for very very small streets

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Just one fireman turns up tiny little fire engine

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and

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I got this

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With three blokes who want to wee? Yeah

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Adrian chiles is coming in

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What's the difference between a one-way mirror and a two-way mirror?

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Oh, so a two-way mirror, I would think yes is the one that the in the cop shows

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Yes that you're looking through at the suspect being interviewed. Yeah and remaining

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Anonymous and they can't see you. Yeah, so are you saying it's a different kind of mirror?

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Well now i'm thinking that's actually got to be one way hasn't it so you're seeing yeah, they can't see it yet

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So is that different too? I want to get

219
00:18:32,099 --> 00:18:38,990
This is amazing, I've just not ever thought about mirrors is a two-way mirror just a window

220
00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:51,490
It's a window with a light out yeah, they all sit in the dark didn't they molder and scully and then they sit in the dark

221
00:18:51,569 --> 00:18:55,970
Yeah, that does matter that they're sitting in the other light. It's very very very brightly lit

222
00:18:56,930 --> 00:19:00,769
Sweating do you want a cigarette? Well, you can't have one. Yeah, that's a one-way mirror

223
00:19:00,849 --> 00:19:04,049
Yeah, the effect depends on what they call a half-silvered surface

224
00:19:04,049 --> 00:19:07,089
So it reflects about half the life and it's penetrated by the rest

225
00:19:07,410 --> 00:19:12,769
So it penetrates at an equal rate on both sides this mirror. It's not it's not does it only works one way

226
00:19:13,089 --> 00:19:15,809
You know if you stand in a lit room, yeah

227
00:19:15,809 --> 00:19:20,849
Okay, and uh, it is uh dark outside and there's somebody outside you can't see them

228
00:19:21,170 --> 00:19:25,009
But they can see you perfectly well and it is the same effect

229
00:19:25,329 --> 00:19:29,650
So that one way and two-way mirrors are exactly the same thing

230
00:19:29,890 --> 00:19:32,690
There is nothing really special about one side of the mirror

231
00:19:33,009 --> 00:19:38,130
Over the other if one side is brightly lit and the other side is left in darkness all the light

232
00:19:38,609 --> 00:19:44,049
That reflects off the mirror on the bright side will swamp the much smaller amount of light that's passing through from the dark side

233
00:19:44,289 --> 00:19:48,130
So ways in which you could tell actually that you're being observed by a mirror first of all

234
00:19:48,130 --> 00:19:52,369
It'll be set into the wall rather than hanging on it if you wrap on it with your knuckles

235
00:19:52,369 --> 00:19:54,049
You can hear that it's hollow

236
00:19:54,049 --> 00:19:57,329
Uh, if you actually went up and pressed your eyes like that up to the mirror

237
00:19:57,490 --> 00:20:01,650
You'll block out the light from the room that you are in if it's a reciprocal mirror

238
00:20:01,650 --> 00:20:03,650
You should at least be able to see something

239
00:20:03,730 --> 00:20:07,009
Through uh, and I think at last resort just chuck a chair through it

240
00:20:09,490 --> 00:20:13,730
Anybody know about the trick called pepper's ghost pepper's ghost. It's one of my favorite things

241
00:20:13,730 --> 00:20:17,809
So from two mirrors an angle or something like that it has to do with an angled mirror

242
00:20:17,809 --> 00:20:19,170
It's a wonderful trick

243
00:20:19,170 --> 00:20:22,210
It was made famous by a british chemist who was known as john pepper

244
00:20:22,450 --> 00:20:26,210
And it was a way to make a ghost appear on the stage. I think we can show you with a diagram

245
00:20:26,289 --> 00:20:31,809
There is an invisible piece of glass. Can you see the glass is this angled thing up on the stage?

246
00:20:32,210 --> 00:20:38,690
The glass is angled at 45 degrees to point down into the orchestra pit and then we've got the actual actor

247
00:20:39,009 --> 00:20:41,009
Can you see standing there with a light shining?

248
00:20:41,250 --> 00:20:46,690
It is reflected in the glass and up onto the invisible glass there and he will appear as a hologram

249
00:20:47,089 --> 00:20:51,089
It'll appear as a three-dimensional ghostly figure standing on the stage

250
00:20:51,410 --> 00:20:56,369
I mean, it is an astonishing trick and it's been used by politicians people like narendra moody

251
00:20:56,450 --> 00:21:01,329
The french presidential hopeful jean luc melanchon. Okay. This is him on the stage, except it isn't him

252
00:21:01,650 --> 00:21:05,650
It is a hologram almost every hologram you'll ever see is a version of pepper's ghost

253
00:21:05,650 --> 00:21:08,930
And I love that the victorians knew how to do this and we sort of don't use it very much

254
00:21:09,569 --> 00:21:13,670
Right, who has the biggest ears in britain gchq

255
00:21:18,130 --> 00:21:22,369
I'll go with that. It's size wise we're talking about. I think this guy's probably

256
00:21:24,690 --> 00:21:26,690
Has that been photoshopped or is that a real ear

257
00:21:27,730 --> 00:21:30,849
No, darling, it's pretend. Uh, what do we think we are talking about?

258
00:21:30,849 --> 00:21:37,170
So you're not far off in terms of the protection security of the country one of those listening devices built before the invention of radar

259
00:21:37,170 --> 00:21:41,269
It is you are exactly right and get an additional point. That is what it is

260
00:21:47,460 --> 00:21:51,140
I should have half for that point. It's the concrete ears or acoustic mirrors. Yeah

261
00:21:51,700 --> 00:21:55,539
You'll see three of them at dungeness. Aren't they amazing? So it's the precursor to radar

262
00:21:55,859 --> 00:21:57,859
These are these huge concrete dishes

263
00:21:57,940 --> 00:22:02,579
They're along the south coast and elsewhere at the beginning of world war two to detect approaching aircraft

264
00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:06,259
And if you look at the middle, they had a microphone suspended in the focal point

265
00:22:06,579 --> 00:22:11,940
And they had a range of up to 27 miles. They could hear planes coming. So here's the problem with it

266
00:22:12,259 --> 00:22:14,259
If a plane comes from behind

267
00:22:18,259 --> 00:22:24,259
Over there, but they might have thought i've got those either but a circle round and come in or if the same principle is an owl's head

268
00:22:25,140 --> 00:22:27,859
Is this you being an owl? Are you being an owl? Be an owl for you now

269
00:22:30,900 --> 00:22:35,299
They fly with their heads pointing down. Yeah, and the sound of little

270
00:22:35,940 --> 00:22:40,339
Things trying to avoid being eaten at night rusting about that's me. It's amplified

271
00:22:41,619 --> 00:22:46,740
Within the concave face so they can hear animals underground four feet underground

272
00:22:46,740 --> 00:22:50,680
It's just a hover about waiting for them to come out. Yeah, they must fly into a lot of lampposts

273
00:22:56,019 --> 00:22:58,980
I thought that was because the animals that they were chasing

274
00:22:59,140 --> 00:23:02,980
Yeah, the urine has got a different sort of phosphorescence

275
00:23:03,619 --> 00:23:08,579
That's hawks, but the amazing thing about these the harder the material the more that the sound will bounce off it

276
00:23:08,579 --> 00:23:10,579
So concrete is absolutely ideal

277
00:23:10,819 --> 00:23:17,460
But then radar came in that superseded it faster planes and so on. I love the whole story of british radar being discovered

278
00:23:17,539 --> 00:23:22,420
It's a by-product of something unsuccessful. So they wanted to develop a death ray, obviously

279
00:23:23,460 --> 00:23:28,259
Mid 1930s the british government they wanted to stay ahead of the nazis in the arms race

280
00:23:28,420 --> 00:23:34,579
Uh, so they offered a thousand pound prize to anybody who could zap a sheep at a hundred bases

281
00:23:35,299 --> 00:23:39,619
And they gave this a go and there was a man called robert watson watt of the there he is

282
00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:41,799
Doesn't he look like uh, hello. I'm from the 1930s

283
00:23:44,819 --> 00:23:50,500
Of the radio research station they asked him if he could work on this and uh, he realized it was impossible

284
00:23:50,579 --> 00:23:52,579
It would require far too much power

285
00:23:53,140 --> 00:23:55,140
But he suggested some alternative research

286
00:23:55,299 --> 00:24:01,059
He looked into using radio waves to detect far off planes long before they could be seen by basically by sending out

287
00:24:01,380 --> 00:24:06,500
Radio signals and then timing how long it took for it to echo back and that became the radar system

288
00:24:06,579 --> 00:24:09,460
Which was obviously so hugely important in the war

289
00:24:10,019 --> 00:24:14,339
Now which is better symmetrical knees or symmetrical nostrils?

290
00:24:15,460 --> 00:24:17,460
I know who would have thought there was a choice

291
00:24:17,779 --> 00:24:22,180
Which is better. Yeah, which is better. I'd say knees. Why would you say knees?

292
00:24:22,740 --> 00:24:27,700
To have your face exactly the same on both sides is weird actually be really odd, wouldn't it?

293
00:24:27,700 --> 00:24:33,799
Yeah, I thought the height of beauty was having a symmetrical face. Okay. Let's have a look at ourselves with symmetrical faces

294
00:24:43,299 --> 00:24:48,579
This is the left side of your face is replicated it's had more impact on your head

295
00:24:49,380 --> 00:24:53,059
I look terrified look like a chipmunk

296
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:58,039
So that's our left side. Let's have a look at our right sides and see if we think that's any better

297
00:25:02,460 --> 00:25:11,359
Christ you're straight out of star trek. Yeah, this is the weirdest thing

298
00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:14,160
Alan you don't look like yourself at all

299
00:25:15,279 --> 00:25:18,240
Oh look at i feel really sad for him there. I don't know why

300
00:25:20,079 --> 00:25:22,000
They say that um

301
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,920
Part of the attraction of a person is the symmetry of their face, but i'm not sure

302
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,000
Let's go back to knees and nostrils

303
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:38,880
So the answer is it depends what you want to do so knees for a sprinter and nostrils for a distance runner

304
00:25:39,039 --> 00:25:43,839
There's a man called robert trivers and uh, lots of his colleagues and they looked into jamaican athletes in particular

305
00:25:43,839 --> 00:25:50,720
And they found that symmetrical knees and ankles characterized sprinters and symmetrical nostrils do the same for distance runners

306
00:25:50,720 --> 00:25:52,720
Why might that be?

307
00:25:53,119 --> 00:26:00,240
Well a sprinter you are up and down and forward aren't you? Yeah, it's an efficiency of how are you sprinting like that?

308
00:26:03,279 --> 00:26:05,680
This is why I didn't make team gb

309
00:26:07,519 --> 00:26:11,200
But you are a runner yeah, I have a runner but a plotter

310
00:26:12,079 --> 00:26:14,079
Symmetry is inherently efficient

311
00:26:14,079 --> 00:26:18,559
Uh, so that's very useful for sprinting and breathing much more important at the longer distance that you run

312
00:26:18,640 --> 00:26:20,640
So you're going to need better nostrils

313
00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:28,160
Symmetry of feet apparently doesn't seem to matter to runners at all longer distance runners tend to have relatively asymmetric feet actually

314
00:26:28,799 --> 00:26:31,200
I couldn't work out whether that's because they go around on the track all the time

315
00:26:33,359 --> 00:26:37,279
But in all of the groups the left foot tends to be larger than the right in runners wow

316
00:26:37,599 --> 00:26:42,160
My left foot's bigger than my right is it considerably about half a size

317
00:26:43,119 --> 00:26:45,119
Good to know

318
00:26:45,759 --> 00:26:49,599
Weirdly it's all on the back of the foot the front of the foot sustains what your heel

319
00:26:50,640 --> 00:26:52,640
Got a big bulging heel

320
00:26:56,559 --> 00:27:00,880
I've never noticed that i've got the effect of a kind of a rocking chair

321
00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:04,160
At bus stop I can be quite alarming on one

322
00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:09,839
Anyway, you might think that symmetrical knees are caused by sprinting

323
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,480
But in fact it can be used as a predictive measure

324
00:27:12,799 --> 00:27:16,480
If you look at the relevant symmetry of a child at the age of age you can predict whether or not they're going to be

325
00:27:16,480 --> 00:27:21,440
A good sprinter so it's not the training program that has changed their physiology. It's the fact that they already had

326
00:27:21,920 --> 00:27:25,920
Uh symmetrical knees. It's made them good at sprinting. Uh back in the day

327
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:28,799
What was the problem with watching snooker in the mirror?

328
00:27:29,359 --> 00:27:31,359
It was in black and white

329
00:27:31,359 --> 00:27:37,519
Well, that is that is in a way, correct because you know within football they used to have a rule that

330
00:27:38,319 --> 00:27:43,920
If it was an international game, you couldn't have teams even if they were in red and blue shirts one of them had to change

331
00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:50,559
Because in many of the developing countries hadn't yet got color television and they wanted to expand football around the world

332
00:27:50,559 --> 00:27:53,359
And if you're watching in black and white you couldn't tell the difference between one team

333
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:53,680
Yeah

334
00:27:53,680 --> 00:28:01,039
So television sets in the early days were monochrome and so uh were the earliest mirrors the reflections that they gave were effectively monochrome

335
00:28:01,599 --> 00:28:05,279
Yes, because strong bright colors were sort of dimly distinguishable

336
00:28:05,279 --> 00:28:11,920
But subtle color distinctions were really difficult. So a game of snooker watched in an early mirror would have been practically impossible

337
00:28:12,240 --> 00:28:16,400
Sorry the mirror. Whoa there the mirror made things black and white

338
00:28:16,480 --> 00:28:19,279
So the earliest mirrors are made of volcanic glass

339
00:28:19,359 --> 00:28:22,799
It's something called obsidian have a look in this telling and you will see

340
00:28:23,039 --> 00:28:26,720
So you have to imagine this is before the invention of being able to put silver on glass

341
00:28:26,960 --> 00:28:29,039
Before the invention of snooker surely

342
00:28:29,279 --> 00:28:31,279
Well

343
00:28:31,920 --> 00:28:42,220
I claim that the way snooker was viewed on television or obsidian would have been

344
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:48,059
A bit like looking in an early mirror. Okay, so here you are. This is a piece of volcanic glass

345
00:28:48,460 --> 00:28:51,579
It's naturally occurring and that's a piece of obsidian glass

346
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:58,220
Up there and you can see some bright colors. You can see some shapes dimly, but you are not able to distinguish

347
00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:01,900
Subtlety of color in any way that's the sort of mirror I want in my house

348
00:29:02,859 --> 00:29:07,500
What do you look at before you go out and go I look cracking I look like a shadow

349
00:29:09,980 --> 00:29:13,819
So this is the sort of early stuff and it's made when it's beautiful, isn't it?

350
00:29:14,299 --> 00:29:17,500
Uh john d who was the astrologer to elizabeth the first

351
00:29:18,380 --> 00:29:21,660
And his assistant edward keely used to use one for scrying

352
00:29:22,059 --> 00:29:25,339
This is in fact is his piece of glass that he used for scrying

353
00:29:25,339 --> 00:29:29,019
Does anybody know what scrying is when you look at it and you're telling the future?

354
00:29:29,099 --> 00:29:34,220
So you'd scry with a crystal ball or you'd cry with a goblet with some water in it

355
00:29:34,299 --> 00:29:39,819
It's a form of divination. Um, they called it a showstone and today you can do it in the glass of a smartphone

356
00:29:40,299 --> 00:29:44,059
There was a fashion for viewing landscapes in something called a clawed glass in the late

357
00:29:44,380 --> 00:29:45,099
18th century

358
00:29:45,099 --> 00:29:50,059
So it was this is a rather beautiful thing and the idea was that views when you looked in it

359
00:29:50,059 --> 00:29:56,059
Was seemed softer with the colors less pronounced and the idea was to try and recreate a style of painting by artists

360
00:29:56,059 --> 00:30:00,460
Like clawed lorraine, that's why it's called a clawed glass and it reduces and simplifies color

361
00:30:00,700 --> 00:30:03,900
So rather than look at views directly people used to use them

362
00:30:04,140 --> 00:30:08,140
They turn their back on the view and they would admire it through the mirror and it would look more

363
00:30:08,539 --> 00:30:10,859
So it's like this slightly mistier kind of quality

364
00:30:11,980 --> 00:30:15,420
Members of the audience might try this if you can face away

365
00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:20,460
And if you have a smartphone look in the screen of the smartphone and tell us the football score

366
00:30:21,019 --> 00:30:25,980
Uh, it would be the same effect as looking in a clawed glass

367
00:30:26,140 --> 00:30:30,140
And what you get is you get a sort of a subtler image. You don't get all the bright colors

368
00:30:31,579 --> 00:30:33,740
I just took a selfie of all of you taking a set

369
00:30:37,039 --> 00:30:39,039
You all look ridiculous

370
00:30:40,160 --> 00:30:45,759
Uh, did it work? So it is a it is an extraordinary thing. I think it's just the prototype for the contact lens

371
00:30:48,960 --> 00:30:50,960
So here's a picture of a church

372
00:30:51,039 --> 00:30:57,359
Uh, just normal and then we look at it through the clawed glass and the idea is that it just gives you a sort of a softer

373
00:30:57,759 --> 00:30:58,960
gentler thing

374
00:30:58,960 --> 00:31:00,960
What a noise from the audience

375
00:31:04,079 --> 00:31:10,160
Why can I see joe in it there this is something else that is reflected off. Oh no, it's zoe. Oh, it's

376
00:31:11,680 --> 00:31:16,180
That's what I mean softer and gentler

377
00:31:18,259 --> 00:31:22,759
The process for actually silvering mirrors the way that we know them today was not invented until 1835

378
00:31:23,319 --> 00:31:26,519
Uh, so before then if you put hot metal on glass, it just basically broke

379
00:31:26,920 --> 00:31:32,839
And that means that most people before mid 19th century had very little idea what they looked like

380
00:31:33,079 --> 00:31:35,079
What a relief. I know

381
00:31:35,319 --> 00:31:40,599
I mean that famous picture of narcissus looking in the water. It's very rare that you get that fantastically detailed

382
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,319
Picture of yourself. Where did she get that outfit from?

383
00:31:43,880 --> 00:31:45,880
Uh, is that a zara number? Yeah

384
00:31:46,759 --> 00:31:48,759
That's half a zara number

385
00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:53,480
That is echo looking at it's going i've got my boob out look at me

386
00:31:58,519 --> 00:32:00,680
Here's a very right out fully out

387
00:32:01,799 --> 00:32:06,849
How do these scientists know how far away?

388
00:32:07,569 --> 00:32:09,250
the moon is

389
00:32:09,250 --> 00:32:14,289
We we measure how long it takes the light to get to us using a mirror

390
00:32:15,089 --> 00:32:16,690
Thing yes

391
00:32:16,690 --> 00:32:22,369
But where's the mirror they put a mirror on the moon five they put five mirrors on the moon

392
00:32:22,529 --> 00:32:26,930
Yep, three american two russian were left behind by the various

393
00:32:27,089 --> 00:32:30,930
There's one uh, various manned apollo missions the unmanned soviet missions

394
00:32:31,250 --> 00:32:35,650
The very first one neil armstrong and buzz aldrin the first men on the moon planted. It looks like a bit of flight

395
00:32:35,970 --> 00:32:37,809
Isn't it?

396
00:32:37,809 --> 00:32:41,650
Yeah on the way and get rid of fridge. Yeah, is that there that'll be gone in the morning. Yeah

397
00:32:42,130 --> 00:32:44,130
There'd be a mattress further on

398
00:32:44,130 --> 00:32:46,130
Yeah

399
00:32:46,130 --> 00:32:53,250
Looks like somebody's left a ziplock bag doesn't if armstrong's wife was anything like my wife is you'd probably have to keep his passport

400
00:32:53,329 --> 00:32:55,329
In that when he went to the moon

401
00:32:55,970 --> 00:32:57,329
Why do you keep it in a bag?

402
00:32:57,329 --> 00:33:02,210
You know like one of you in the relationships always keep documents in a foldy thing, don't they?

403
00:33:02,450 --> 00:33:04,210
Yeah, and whenever we go on holidays

404
00:33:04,210 --> 00:33:11,650
My wife has about three or four foldy things a going foldy thing a being there foldy thing and a coming back foldy thing

405
00:33:12,289 --> 00:33:15,329
And what he's done is he's got rid of his going there foldy thing

406
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:22,359
I'll tell you what there are there are lots of bags of poo on the moon. Oh

407
00:33:23,559 --> 00:33:25,559
Hull up in trees. Uh, yes

408
00:33:27,559 --> 00:33:34,359
When you say lots of what we're talking one a day from from takeoff and let's be honest takeoff might

409
00:33:35,140 --> 00:33:37,140
Necessitate at least four

410
00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:39,880
I think i'd struggle to get it into a bag

411
00:33:40,440 --> 00:33:46,559
Uh, there are 96 bags of human waste

412
00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:51,920
Uh these retro reflectors astronomers used them for 40 years to precisely measure the distance between here and the moon

413
00:33:52,079 --> 00:33:55,519
Uh, so what they did was they fired laser beams from equipment in texas

414
00:33:55,519 --> 00:33:58,799
And they timed how long it took to get there and bounce back again

415
00:33:59,039 --> 00:34:04,640
And what they worked out is that the moon is moving away from us by about 3.8 centimeters per year

416
00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:07,200
It'll be back

417
00:34:07,920 --> 00:34:10,639
It's like the children. Yeah, when it sees what it's like out there

418
00:34:12,880 --> 00:34:15,599
If it was coming towards us 3.8 centimeters

419
00:34:16,880 --> 00:34:18,320
They'd be there

420
00:34:18,320 --> 00:34:22,559
It's the accuracy that you need from texas to hit this mirror with a laser

421
00:34:22,639 --> 00:34:27,599
It's comparable to using a rifle to hit a moving penny two miles away

422
00:34:27,679 --> 00:34:32,480
It's the equivalent of measuring the distance between new york and los angeles to the nearest point two five millimeters

423
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:38,239
Now for the part of the show which reflects poorly on everybody general ignorance fingers on buzzers, please

424
00:34:38,639 --> 00:34:42,079
What's the best way to pull the pin out of a grenade?

425
00:34:42,559 --> 00:34:43,360
Joe

426
00:34:43,360 --> 00:34:45,360
Joe, I know they're gonna go

427
00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:49,760
But I would love if I ever throw a grenade, which i'm hoping I won't have to but if I do i'd love to go

428
00:34:50,159 --> 00:34:52,159
out with my teeth and throw it

429
00:34:57,840 --> 00:35:02,320
Okay, so the classic design is that you you hold the lever like that you pull the pin out

430
00:35:02,639 --> 00:35:05,519
And that is going to release the lever and then you chuck it

431
00:35:05,519 --> 00:35:09,679
It springs open it triggers a time fuse and boom if you pull it out with your teeth

432
00:35:09,760 --> 00:35:14,559
Which they do in the movies don't they? Yeah, because they're busy firing a gun with the other hands. They're busy

433
00:35:15,119 --> 00:35:17,760
Yeah, god i'm so busy firing this gun

434
00:35:20,159 --> 00:35:23,280
You'd be terrible in the army wouldn't you no not now i'm busy

435
00:35:24,239 --> 00:35:26,239
You've got such a lot on

436
00:35:26,639 --> 00:35:32,719
Bang bang bang. Oh loud. Um, the pin is bent so that you can't pull it out accidentally

437
00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:38,800
So it isn't straight. Ah the amount of force that you would need which is hang on will you yeah?

438
00:35:39,360 --> 00:35:43,840
It's between three and five kilograms at least the amount of force could very well break your teeth

439
00:35:44,639 --> 00:35:50,179
Yeah, so it is a complete misconception that you could at any time do this adrian charles

440
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:59,360
If a grenade is thrown at you, what should you do? Should you try and throw it back? Yeah, why?

441
00:36:00,079 --> 00:36:02,079
Because it'll blow up over there

442
00:36:09,480 --> 00:36:12,840
There isn't time i'd run if I was you, uh, you've got three to five seconds

443
00:36:13,239 --> 00:36:17,320
Three to five seconds from lobbing it from the person has thrown it as I said

444
00:36:17,320 --> 00:36:20,199
I'm not much of a spring to more of a plodder. So you just wonder

445
00:36:21,159 --> 00:36:23,159
Yeah from the moment the person is throwing it you've got

446
00:36:26,519 --> 00:36:32,039
Don't throw it back, that's the thing that's right back that's rude leave it leave it walk away. Yeah

447
00:36:33,639 --> 00:36:38,119
That's your last thought yes, i've got time for this i'm busy actually

448
00:36:40,039 --> 00:36:45,239
Uh, what happens when you have a bump on your head and you wake up with foreign language syndrome, okay

449
00:36:45,639 --> 00:36:47,239
This

450
00:36:47,239 --> 00:36:52,599
You don't speak a foreign language you speak in a foreign accent is correct. That's exactly right

451
00:36:57,719 --> 00:36:59,719
You could just feel the trap door

452
00:37:01,159 --> 00:37:05,719
Because if you could speak another language and all i'd have done at school is just bash my head off the desk and go

453
00:37:11,320 --> 00:37:14,599
No, it's just you to speak in the accent, why do you do that face? I don't know

454
00:37:15,320 --> 00:37:19,800
I'm imagining smoking a cold water cigarette as well. That's very awesome.

455
00:37:31,440 --> 00:37:33,440
It's so weird how you turn into a cartoon

456
00:37:35,039 --> 00:37:35,840
You're absolutely right

457
00:37:35,840 --> 00:37:39,760
They simply have an impairment a speech impairment and the notion that they speak a foreign language

458
00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:43,039
It's it's in the ear of the listener rather than in the mouth of the speaker

459
00:37:43,519 --> 00:37:47,039
Sufferers have included george michael. I don't remember this in 2012

460
00:37:47,119 --> 00:37:51,440
He had pneumonia and he was briefly in a coma and he woke up with what sound

461
00:37:51,440 --> 00:37:53,440
You gotta have a faith

462
00:38:01,030 --> 00:38:03,030
Oh

463
00:38:12,519 --> 00:38:13,320
This is a terrible story

464
00:38:13,320 --> 00:38:16,119
There was a norwegian woman called astrid l and she was hit in the head

465
00:38:16,360 --> 00:38:20,199
By shrapnel during world war two in an air raid and it left her with a german accent

466
00:38:20,360 --> 00:38:25,880
But it was a speech impairment and it resulted in her being ostracized by other norwegians because they thought that she had somehow

467
00:38:25,880 --> 00:38:31,079
Been associating with the germans. I heard someone someone on this morning went on they'd had a

468
00:38:31,559 --> 00:38:35,260
Some organ transplant and when they woke up, they're really into vacuuming

469
00:38:37,159 --> 00:38:41,269
Not as weird as it sounds

470
00:38:41,269 --> 00:38:46,389
The answer may be that some memory exists in cells where we didn't know they resided before

471
00:38:46,630 --> 00:38:49,510
Wow that you would pass on vacuuming is really annoying

472
00:38:51,670 --> 00:38:52,710
Yeah

473
00:38:52,710 --> 00:38:59,829
Uh, there are exceptional stories of people having a head trauma and somehow acquiring some kind of skill and that is weird

474
00:39:00,150 --> 00:39:02,710
Uh derrick amato was a man who hit his head in a swimming pool

475
00:39:02,789 --> 00:39:09,429
He was aged 40 and after that he was a brilliant pianist despite having never played before that's quite good luck

476
00:39:09,829 --> 00:39:13,510
Isn't it? Yeah, you have to hit it right on the right exactly the right place

477
00:39:13,750 --> 00:39:20,389
So he can't read music or imitate tunes, but the music he improvises is completely extraordinary and nobody knows why

478
00:39:21,190 --> 00:39:25,030
That is weird that is about the brain that's just better than vacuuming

479
00:39:26,949 --> 00:39:28,949
That's this morning

480
00:39:29,269 --> 00:39:31,269
That is the booking policy of this morning

481
00:39:34,710 --> 00:39:36,710
We're not interested

482
00:39:44,949 --> 00:39:48,869
If someone starts speaking french after a knock on the head it probably means they're french

483
00:39:51,269 --> 00:39:56,710
Lastly a question about reflexes what happens if you dream that you are sneezing

484
00:39:57,429 --> 00:39:59,750
Lisa yes lisa you wake up sneezing

485
00:40:04,550 --> 00:40:06,550
I was distracted by that picture

486
00:40:07,750 --> 00:40:11,829
You wake up as a dog. Yeah, um, it's impossible to sneeze at the same time as dreaming

487
00:40:12,150 --> 00:40:17,989
So during rem sleep, which is the time when uh you dream your muscles including all your reflex muscles are completely paralyzed

488
00:40:18,309 --> 00:40:21,750
It's quite unlikely in fact that you'll sneeze even in non rem

489
00:40:22,309 --> 00:40:26,550
Phases because the nerve cells in the brain which trigger a sneeze are normally

490
00:40:26,710 --> 00:40:29,829
Suppressed if you did sneeze while you were asleep, it would wake you up

491
00:40:29,909 --> 00:40:36,070
I used to suffer from sleep paralysis where your body is paralyzed, but you're awake, but you can't actually move

492
00:40:36,389 --> 00:40:41,369
How long did that how long it like could last for 1982 to 1985?

493
00:40:43,250 --> 00:40:48,630
Victorians used to depict it with a with an evil spirit coming into the room to take away your soul because often when it

494
00:40:48,630 --> 00:40:52,869
Happens to you you see a dark shadow moving through the room. It's a really horrible thing

495
00:40:52,869 --> 00:40:58,550
It's like being trapped in sleep, but you are awake and then we move flat and it never happened again

496
00:40:59,349 --> 00:41:01,349
It's really weird the new owners

497
00:41:05,510 --> 00:41:11,110
Is it like a part of um like night terrors because my similar my friend got all sorts of visions

498
00:41:11,190 --> 00:41:13,190
So he had horrible night terrors my favorite

499
00:41:13,349 --> 00:41:16,309
He got um one of those apps on his phone so he could record

500
00:41:16,789 --> 00:41:21,429
What noises he made in the night and he had night terror that the room was full of bees

501
00:41:21,989 --> 00:41:25,030
And he listened to the recording the next morning and it's just him going

502
00:41:25,590 --> 00:41:27,590
fuck all bees

503
00:41:27,909 --> 00:41:37,429
It's about sneezing underwater possible. Can you sneeze underwater? You can when you've done it

504
00:41:38,550 --> 00:41:42,949
Yeah, yeah, you're attractive. Yeah, it's not attractive to you. Yeah, you get all the snot on your face mask

505
00:41:42,949 --> 00:41:44,550
It's not pleasant

506
00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:46,550
I've once vomited while diving

507
00:41:46,710 --> 00:41:48,710
Yeah, it wasn't pleasant. Well, um

508
00:41:49,429 --> 00:41:54,969
I uh, I discovered last year what it what it is to be hit by food poisoning at 18 meters underwater

509
00:41:55,750 --> 00:41:56,789
Wow

510
00:41:56,789 --> 00:42:02,389
Was it both ends? No, it wasn't it was very very dramatically from one end

511
00:42:03,510 --> 00:42:07,530
Yeah, but I managed to get back to shore, but just not out of my wetsuit

512
00:42:11,030 --> 00:42:12,150
So

513
00:42:12,150 --> 00:42:17,510
I am going to imagine you went back and had a bath. Uh, yeah, I had to burn the island we were on

514
00:42:21,320 --> 00:42:25,159
If you were in the bath and you fell asleep, could you drown?

515
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:31,159
Oh, I worry about this. I have a lot of baths. I'm hoping the answer is no, but your reflexes would wake you up

516
00:42:31,639 --> 00:42:33,719
In fact, they do experiments into sleep deprivation

517
00:42:33,719 --> 00:42:38,280
Then they use cats and the technique is they put them on a small support floating in

518
00:42:38,679 --> 00:42:42,119
Water and if they fall asleep they fall into the water and then they immediately wake up

519
00:42:42,280 --> 00:42:46,599
Are all these the same people as are putting mirrors on the moon and then discovering?

520
00:42:47,239 --> 00:42:51,880
I mean you think they've got something good and sensible like sorting out traffic lights. Yeah

521
00:42:53,719 --> 00:42:59,239
That brings us to the grim matter of the scores which naturally are in reverse order

522
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,880
Uh in last place, he should take a long hard look at himself with minus 13. It's alan

523
00:43:05,320 --> 00:43:10,929
Third place with minus seven. It's lisa

524
00:43:11,730 --> 00:43:16,769
Second place with minus three. It's joe

525
00:43:20,070 --> 00:43:23,380
This place it's an absolute miracle

526
00:43:24,019 --> 00:43:26,900
I mean, it's astonishing with eight points

527
00:43:27,619 --> 00:43:29,780
Eight actual points. It's zoe

528
00:43:30,500 --> 00:43:44,070
Thanks to lisa and joe zoe and alan and I leave you with this from us comedian rodney dangerfield

529
00:43:44,309 --> 00:43:47,750
I went to see my doctor doctor every morning when I get up and look in the mirror

530
00:43:47,750 --> 00:43:52,869
I feel like throwing up what's wrong with me. He said I don't know said the doctor but your eyesight is perfect

531
00:43:55,190 --> 00:43:57,190
Thank you and good night