1 00:00:32,640 --> 00:00:36,760 Hello, and welcome to QI, where it is T time, 2 00:00:36,760 --> 00:00:38,920 with an all types of T theme. 3 00:00:38,920 --> 00:00:42,280 Before we tee off, let's see what we've got in the pot. 4 00:00:42,280 --> 00:00:45,160 A splash of milk, it's Henning Wehn. 5 00:00:49,440 --> 00:00:52,280 A spoonful of sugar, it's Ahir Shah! 6 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:59,360 A natural sweetener, it's Rosie Jones. 7 00:01:04,600 --> 00:01:07,080 And do me a lemon, it's Alan Davies. 8 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:16,400 Let's hear your T chimes. Henning goes... 9 00:01:16,400 --> 00:01:19,440 # Would you care to sit with me 10 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:22,280 # For a cup of English tea? # 11 00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:24,000 Ahir goes... 12 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:27,600 # A cup of tea-ee-ee-ee 13 00:01:27,600 --> 00:01:29,400 # Have a cup of tea. # 14 00:01:29,400 --> 00:01:31,120 Rosie goes... 15 00:01:31,120 --> 00:01:35,520 Tea For Two Cha Cha by the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra 16 00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:39,720 And Alan goes... 17 00:01:39,720 --> 00:01:42,440 # So Charlie and me had another cup of tea 18 00:01:42,440 --> 00:01:45,520 # And then we went home. # 19 00:01:48,960 --> 00:01:50,440 Oh, I like that one. 20 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:56,000 Right, question one. Let's begin with some T words. 21 00:01:56,000 --> 00:02:00,080 Can you put any of these words into a sentence? 22 00:02:01,120 --> 00:02:03,360 Oh. Oh. 23 00:02:03,360 --> 00:02:06,400 Shall we start with twiffler? Is it a person who twiffs? 24 00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:08,920 It's a thing, it's an item. It's a thing for doing something. 25 00:02:08,920 --> 00:02:11,040 It's an object, yes. To someone? 26 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:12,320 Well... 27 00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:16,520 ..it depends how posh you are, is the thing, is the truth. 28 00:02:16,520 --> 00:02:18,000 Not posh enough. OK. 29 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:20,800 So, Alan, have you never... Have you never encountered a twiffler? 30 00:02:20,800 --> 00:02:22,800 Oh, dear boy! 31 00:02:22,800 --> 00:02:24,480 It's a plate. 32 00:02:24,480 --> 00:02:27,440 It's intermediate in size, between a dessert plate 33 00:02:27,440 --> 00:02:28,640 and a dinner plate. 34 00:02:28,640 --> 00:02:31,640 It's called a twiffler. Oh. That's a twiffler. 35 00:02:31,640 --> 00:02:34,440 Straight away, 36 00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:37,520 you've already lost me. 37 00:02:38,760 --> 00:02:42,760 Because what is the point 38 00:02:42,760 --> 00:02:47,200 in any size plate? 39 00:02:47,200 --> 00:02:49,320 Do you just want a massive plate? 40 00:02:49,320 --> 00:02:51,280 No! No plate! 41 00:02:51,280 --> 00:02:55,880 I normally eat out the pan. 42 00:02:59,400 --> 00:03:02,840 It's from the Dutch "twiffler" - to vacillate, to be unsure. 43 00:03:02,840 --> 00:03:07,120 Let's try throttlebottom. In the English language, you can... 44 00:03:07,120 --> 00:03:10,120 Any old word, you can say, 45 00:03:10,120 --> 00:03:12,960 "We used to ride out and then do like a hand gesture 46 00:03:12,960 --> 00:03:14,600 "that you're not happy with it." 47 00:03:14,600 --> 00:03:17,200 And then it's perfectly reasonable thing to say, isn't it? 48 00:03:17,200 --> 00:03:21,800 Like, "Oh, yeah, oh, load of twiffler, what he's going on about." 49 00:03:21,800 --> 00:03:26,120 And, "Oh, he's a right old throttlebottom." 50 00:03:26,120 --> 00:03:27,840 You usually get away with it. 51 00:03:27,840 --> 00:03:30,720 Actually, you could just put bottom on the end of virtually anything. 52 00:03:30,720 --> 00:03:34,200 Yeah. It's an inept but harmless public official. 53 00:03:34,200 --> 00:03:37,520 I'd give my right arm for inept but harmless. 54 00:03:38,800 --> 00:03:42,040 What about testacel, do we think? Testacel? 55 00:03:42,040 --> 00:03:45,360 Probably something to do with the education system. 56 00:03:45,360 --> 00:03:47,720 Oh, OK. In what way? I don't know. 57 00:03:47,720 --> 00:03:53,920 There will be some quango government body that just introduces more tests 58 00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,840 to make sure only the people from a good background 59 00:03:56,840 --> 00:03:58,880 make it into the good university. 60 00:04:00,880 --> 00:04:02,720 That's from a throttlebottom. 61 00:04:04,440 --> 00:04:08,760 It's a type of earthworm-eating land slug, with a tiny, little shell 62 00:04:08,760 --> 00:04:12,760 on its back. I think I know what a 63 00:04:12,760 --> 00:04:16,160 twattle-basket is. A twattle-basket? 64 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:18,440 That's one of my favourites. What do you reckon? 65 00:04:18,440 --> 00:04:22,080 Is it another word for 66 00:04:22,080 --> 00:04:23,680 knickers? 67 00:04:32,880 --> 00:04:35,880 Oh, I've got biscuit crumbs in my twattle-basket. 68 00:04:37,280 --> 00:04:39,160 How's that happened again? 69 00:04:39,160 --> 00:04:42,920 Do you not want M&S to have a twattle-basket section? 70 00:04:42,920 --> 00:04:45,360 This is not just a twattle-basket. 71 00:04:45,360 --> 00:04:48,320 I've got a turdoid in me twattle-basket. 72 00:04:50,520 --> 00:04:53,560 Pull down me twattle-basket. I'm going to have a twankle! 73 00:04:59,160 --> 00:05:02,400 It's a chatterbox, and it's a word from 1688. 74 00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:04,560 It's the first time it's recorded, twattle-basket. 75 00:05:04,560 --> 00:05:05,920 It's where we get twaddle from. 76 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:08,520 You know, when people say, "What a load of twaddle, silly talk." 77 00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:09,680 It's from twattle-basket. 78 00:05:09,680 --> 00:05:13,800 Tootsicum is a term of endearment for a child or a small woman's foot. 79 00:05:13,800 --> 00:05:16,920 Turdoid...something that... Hang on. Hang on. 80 00:05:19,600 --> 00:05:22,400 A child or a woman's foot? Yeah. 81 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:26,360 What about men with tiny feet? 82 00:05:26,360 --> 00:05:29,560 Well, they're never as popular as men with big feet. 83 00:05:36,120 --> 00:05:39,440 Turdoid... It just means that it resembles a thrush. 84 00:05:39,440 --> 00:05:41,400 How disappointing. I know, right? 85 00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:43,600 I thought it was some sort of AI poo. 86 00:05:46,840 --> 00:05:49,920 A poo that follows instructions and gradually learns. 87 00:05:52,280 --> 00:05:54,320 The turdoids are taking over! 88 00:05:55,840 --> 00:06:01,080 I thought it was a tiny poo. 89 00:06:01,080 --> 00:06:04,160 Yeah, a tiny poo. You know when you 90 00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,800 go to the toilet? 91 00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:11,560 Yep. And you prepare yourself 92 00:06:11,560 --> 00:06:14,800 for a biggun'? Yeah. 93 00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:18,040 When you look round and you go, 94 00:06:18,040 --> 00:06:20,080 "Oh, no. 95 00:06:22,760 --> 00:06:26,560 "It was only a turdoid." 96 00:06:34,240 --> 00:06:37,400 That was barely worth taking my twattle-basket down. 97 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:41,120 To twankle is to play idly on a musical instrument. 98 00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:42,480 Yeah, whatever. 99 00:06:44,120 --> 00:06:46,760 There's a couple of words that I need to check with you, Henning. 100 00:06:46,760 --> 00:06:48,920 These are said to be German words, OK? 101 00:06:48,920 --> 00:06:51,520 So, torschlusspanik. 102 00:06:51,520 --> 00:06:53,920 Well, you're not doing it full justice. Oh, sorry. 103 00:06:53,920 --> 00:06:57,160 Yeah, torschlusspanik. Do you know what it means, torschlusspanik? 104 00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:00,040 Yeah, torschlusspanik is if something's all the rage, and then 105 00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:02,400 you feel like you have to get involved as well. 106 00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:05,600 And then you might jump into something, which then quite 107 00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:08,160 frequently turns out to your disadvantage. 108 00:07:08,160 --> 00:07:10,040 Brexit. Yeah. 109 00:07:12,160 --> 00:07:15,480 What about this one? Teppischfrescher. Carpet eater. 110 00:07:15,480 --> 00:07:17,560 Teppischfrescher, yeah. 111 00:07:17,560 --> 00:07:19,560 That's someone who works really, really hard 112 00:07:19,560 --> 00:07:21,760 and constantly exerts themselves. So... 113 00:07:21,760 --> 00:07:25,560 In the national football team, you really want 11 teppischfreschers. 114 00:07:25,560 --> 00:07:29,360 Yeah. Who really go to the absolute limit and beyond. 115 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:31,720 I love that that's the German attitude to a carpet eater. 116 00:07:31,720 --> 00:07:34,880 We would just think it was somebody... Yeah. 117 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:37,680 The idea is they've already exerted themselves, 118 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:41,600 so they are on the deck, and then they don't give in, 119 00:07:41,600 --> 00:07:44,040 but they carry on. Carry on. Exactly. 120 00:07:44,040 --> 00:07:46,480 Eating the carpet. Yeah. 121 00:07:46,480 --> 00:07:49,480 Well, apparently, it was a nickname for Hitler. Did you know that? 122 00:07:49,480 --> 00:07:52,920 I've got a quote about him. It says, "Whenever he goes on a rampage, he flings himself 123 00:07:52,920 --> 00:07:54,960 "to the floor and chews the edges of the carpet." 124 00:07:54,960 --> 00:07:56,200 Hence the teppischfrescher. 125 00:07:56,200 --> 00:07:59,960 Well, that sounds to me like foreign propaganda, to be honest. 126 00:08:06,640 --> 00:08:12,480 I don't want anything in common with Hitler. 127 00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:16,440 But now I do. 128 00:08:16,440 --> 00:08:19,680 Yeah. You are both teppischfreschers. Yeah. 129 00:08:19,680 --> 00:08:21,920 I would say, don't worry if you feel as though you've got 130 00:08:21,920 --> 00:08:24,440 something in common with Hitler. You know, I'm a vegetarian. 131 00:08:24,440 --> 00:08:25,920 Alan's only got one ball. 132 00:08:30,960 --> 00:08:32,520 Is that true, Alan? 133 00:08:35,680 --> 00:08:38,720 Not the last time I checked. Oh, fine. 134 00:08:38,720 --> 00:08:41,080 Paired up nicely, thanks. Yes. 135 00:08:42,480 --> 00:08:44,480 The twattle-basket nicely full. 136 00:08:52,480 --> 00:08:55,600 So, there are some T words that might come in handy one day. 137 00:08:55,600 --> 00:08:57,240 All part of the T service. 138 00:08:57,240 --> 00:09:01,000 And speaking of T services, let's talk teapots. 139 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:05,640 Can you tell me about an assassin's teapot, a cricketer's teapot, 140 00:09:05,640 --> 00:09:10,680 a cubic teapot, or Bertrand Russell's celestial teapot? 141 00:09:10,680 --> 00:09:12,240 Any of those teapots. 142 00:09:12,240 --> 00:09:14,960 A cricketer's teapot sounds like something you might put 143 00:09:14,960 --> 00:09:17,000 in your twattle-basket. 144 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:19,800 Do you know what it is? It's a sporting term, a cricketer's teapot. 145 00:09:19,800 --> 00:09:21,000 It's a response... 146 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:23,240 ..if you're not pleased with one of your team-mates. 147 00:09:23,240 --> 00:09:26,040 What, your hands like this? That is exactly right. 148 00:09:26,040 --> 00:09:28,360 You get two points, Henning. 149 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:37,160 The German beating the Indian to a cricket answer is really... 150 00:09:38,280 --> 00:09:39,720 It's a gesture of annoyance. 151 00:09:39,720 --> 00:09:42,640 So the guy with the one hand, he's actually doing the teapot. 152 00:09:42,640 --> 00:09:44,040 The guy with the two hands, 153 00:09:44,040 --> 00:09:47,480 that's the double teapot - or sugar bowl - which I prefer. 154 00:09:47,480 --> 00:09:50,240 And look, the fellow in the background as well. Yeah. 155 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:51,880 Two sugar bowls and a teapot. 156 00:09:51,880 --> 00:09:54,160 I have here an assassin's teapot. 157 00:09:54,160 --> 00:09:56,840 I will show you. Let me bring it out. Right. 158 00:09:56,840 --> 00:09:59,960 So, have a look here. I'm going to pour you, for example, I'm going to 159 00:09:59,960 --> 00:10:02,040 pour you some tea. So, here it is. 160 00:10:02,040 --> 00:10:04,160 There's lots of nice tea going out like that. 161 00:10:04,160 --> 00:10:06,840 Now, what you want is milk. 162 00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:08,480 And so... 163 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:10,560 Oh! 164 00:10:10,560 --> 00:10:15,200 Honestly, that is the sexiest thing ever! 165 00:10:17,640 --> 00:10:21,240 So, two different liquids from the same pot without them mixing. 166 00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:25,160 Why might you want to do that? For the poison. 167 00:10:25,160 --> 00:10:28,440 Yes. You get two points. Absolutely. To poison anybody. 168 00:10:30,040 --> 00:10:31,680 Students use that, don't they? 169 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:34,720 They've got it half tea and half Pot Noodle. 170 00:10:37,240 --> 00:10:38,680 Well, to find out how it works, 171 00:10:38,680 --> 00:10:41,160 we have an old friend of the show and YouTube scientist. 172 00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:44,360 Please welcome science communicator Steve Mould. 173 00:10:47,760 --> 00:10:49,040 Tell us how it works. 174 00:10:49,040 --> 00:10:52,640 So, I made this 2D version for a YouTube video, so you can see 175 00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,000 what's going on inside. There's two chambers. 176 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,960 The bottom chamber leads to the spout, but it also leads 177 00:10:58,960 --> 00:11:00,920 to this hole at the bottom of the handle here. 178 00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,520 The top chamber leads to the spout as well, and it has a little 179 00:11:03,520 --> 00:11:04,600 hole as well. 180 00:11:04,600 --> 00:11:08,720 So, if I cover these two holes and try and pour, nothing comes out. 181 00:11:08,720 --> 00:11:11,880 But if I open this hole and try and pour, 182 00:11:11,880 --> 00:11:13,360 a green drink comes out. 183 00:11:13,360 --> 00:11:17,640 But if I open the bottom hole, a pink drink comes out, mostly 184 00:11:17,640 --> 00:11:18,960 onto the table. 185 00:11:18,960 --> 00:11:24,160 And if I open both holes, then a sort of kind of chocolate milk, 186 00:11:24,160 --> 00:11:25,440 maybe, comes out. 187 00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,440 So, why, Steve, why does it work that way? 188 00:11:27,440 --> 00:11:31,680 So, it's a bit like when you put your thumb over a sort of a straw 189 00:11:31,680 --> 00:11:34,840 on your drink and you lift it up. Some of the drink comes 190 00:11:34,840 --> 00:11:38,200 with the straw, and that's because of surface tension 191 00:11:38,200 --> 00:11:40,280 and atmospheric pressure and things like that. 192 00:11:40,280 --> 00:11:43,400 But intuitively, you know that the drink can't come 193 00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:46,280 out of the straw unless air can get in to replace the drink 194 00:11:46,280 --> 00:11:48,960 that was there. And the air can't get in at the top, because you're 195 00:11:48,960 --> 00:11:51,600 covering it with your thumb, and the air can't get in at the bottom 196 00:11:51,600 --> 00:11:53,000 because of the surface tension. 197 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:56,640 But if you open the hole at the top, then air can get in and the liquid 198 00:11:56,640 --> 00:11:59,400 can get out. No way. Yes, way, Henning. 199 00:11:59,400 --> 00:12:01,040 Witch! He's a witch! 200 00:12:02,720 --> 00:12:08,120 The assassin's teapot is essentially a fancy, weirdly shaped pair 201 00:12:08,120 --> 00:12:12,080 of straws that you can put your fingers over to make things happen. 202 00:12:12,080 --> 00:12:14,600 And you could kill somebody. And you can kill somebody. 203 00:12:14,600 --> 00:12:15,960 If you're going to do that, 204 00:12:15,960 --> 00:12:19,840 use the same coloured liquid. Otherwise... They might spot them. 205 00:12:19,840 --> 00:12:21,160 Yeah. 206 00:12:21,160 --> 00:12:23,720 Steve, thank you so very much for coming in. 207 00:12:28,720 --> 00:12:32,520 So, the whole idea is you want to assassinate someone, right? 208 00:12:32,520 --> 00:12:36,240 Yeah. But if you're that close to them, why don't you just knife them? 209 00:12:38,240 --> 00:12:40,400 Because this is being done with good manners. 210 00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:44,480 Don't be rude. Not at a tea party. Yeah. 211 00:12:44,480 --> 00:12:46,920 The celestial teapot. It was a Bertrand Russell thing. 212 00:12:46,920 --> 00:12:48,440 Any...? Yes. You do know this? 213 00:12:48,440 --> 00:12:52,200 So, Russell was talking about... He was saying, like, "If I said 214 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:55,720 "that somewhere in the asteroid belt, there's just a tiny, little 215 00:12:55,720 --> 00:13:00,600 "teapot floating around and everything, you can't prove that I'm wrong." 216 00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:03,480 Yeah. And so he's illustrating the idea that if somebody makes a claim 217 00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,920 that can't be proved one way or another, like the existence 218 00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:09,600 of God, it's up to the person who's making the claim to prove it. 219 00:13:09,600 --> 00:13:10,920 That's the point. 220 00:13:10,920 --> 00:13:16,360 A, there isn't a teapot in space. 221 00:13:16,360 --> 00:13:20,080 B, there's no God. 222 00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:26,120 OK, that's two things knocked out from that. 223 00:13:27,560 --> 00:13:31,000 The cubic teapot I have here, and indeed, I saw them quite often 224 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,160 as a child. 225 00:13:32,160 --> 00:13:35,800 Why might you want a cubic teapot? For keeping on the shelves. 226 00:13:35,800 --> 00:13:39,400 Stack them? Yes, on a ship. They were designed for Cunard, 227 00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,360 by a man called Robert Crawford Johnson in 1917. 228 00:13:42,360 --> 00:13:45,000 And the idea is that in rough seas, they won't tip over. 229 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,960 And I saw this often as a child because we used to go 230 00:13:47,960 --> 00:13:50,400 by the great Cunard ships, and there were teapots like this. 231 00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,760 And on one occasion, the stabilisers in the boat broke during a hurricane 232 00:13:53,760 --> 00:13:55,320 and the boat tipped on its side. 233 00:13:55,320 --> 00:13:57,920 And I remember that the teapots were unbroken, but the chef 234 00:13:57,920 --> 00:14:01,560 was very upset and he kept saying, "I can cook nothing! 235 00:14:01,560 --> 00:14:02,920 "The kitchen is ruined. 236 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:06,200 "I can only do lobster steak, maybe a baked Alaska." 237 00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:14,160 Now, from teapots to tea pets, why would you want this little man 238 00:14:14,160 --> 00:14:15,760 at your tea party? 239 00:14:17,720 --> 00:14:20,840 There he is. Well, as a gay woman, 240 00:14:20,840 --> 00:14:22,960 I would not want that. 241 00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:26,640 He's got a tiny, little twankle. 242 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:29,840 It's more like an outie. 243 00:14:31,120 --> 00:14:33,920 Nothing wrong with that size. No. Sorry. No. 244 00:14:35,640 --> 00:14:38,280 It's a Chinese pee-pee boy, OK? 245 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:40,840 It's from the Song Dynasty, 246 00:14:40,840 --> 00:14:44,480 so we're talking about over 1,000 years ago. And he urinates 247 00:14:44,480 --> 00:14:46,680 hot liquid when you heat him up. 248 00:14:46,680 --> 00:14:48,560 Have a quick look at this. 249 00:14:49,640 --> 00:14:50,840 See? See that? 250 00:14:54,640 --> 00:14:57,640 So... I never do that in the shower! 251 00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:04,480 If you measure the distance that he pees, you can work out 252 00:15:04,480 --> 00:15:06,440 the temperature of the tea. 253 00:15:08,840 --> 00:15:11,960 It's probably the earliest known thermometer. 254 00:15:11,960 --> 00:15:15,720 I mean, this predates Galileo's thermoscope by about 500 years. 255 00:15:15,720 --> 00:15:17,640 And it didn't have to be just a urinating boy. 256 00:15:17,640 --> 00:15:20,640 You can get ceramics in the shapes of pigs or toads or elephants, 257 00:15:20,640 --> 00:15:22,760 dragons or whatever, and they're known as tea pets. 258 00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:24,480 Is the thing that comes out of him 259 00:15:24,480 --> 00:15:26,600 the thing that you drink? Like, do you have to put him 260 00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:28,800 there and, like, try and get exactly the right angle? 261 00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:30,440 Just like... Ah! No. 262 00:15:32,560 --> 00:15:34,640 Oh. Another gif! 263 00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:43,520 Basically, the hotter the water, 264 00:15:43,520 --> 00:15:45,680 the more the air expands and the stronger the stream. 265 00:15:45,680 --> 00:15:48,280 So the... I've been saying it for years. 266 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:52,400 It is very clever. 267 00:15:53,520 --> 00:15:59,400 But why is a boy drinking a bowl, 268 00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:02,760 with his willy out? 269 00:16:03,840 --> 00:16:07,200 I mean, it's very hard to know what was going through his head. 270 00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:09,960 Water. Water, yeah, absolutely. 271 00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,640 Now, let's have a quick look at stirring our tea, shall we? 272 00:16:12,640 --> 00:16:14,880 Because I've had an etiquette lesson from Whittard, 273 00:16:14,880 --> 00:16:17,560 the tea merchants. How would you stir your tea? 274 00:16:17,560 --> 00:16:21,520 Very, very fast. With gusto. With gusto? 275 00:16:21,520 --> 00:16:24,200 With a pen, because I haven't got time. 276 00:16:25,720 --> 00:16:29,800 So, you mustn't do a circular motion. Oh! Oh! 277 00:16:29,800 --> 00:16:32,600 Oh, no! 278 00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,560 You've already fallen on the first hurdle here. 279 00:16:35,560 --> 00:16:36,960 Do you go like this? 280 00:16:40,560 --> 00:16:42,880 You go from six to 12... 281 00:16:42,880 --> 00:16:45,760 Six to 12! Six to 12! Six to 12, like that. 282 00:16:45,760 --> 00:16:47,840 Three times. Two to three times. Yeah. 283 00:16:47,840 --> 00:16:51,040 And then what do you do with the teaspoon? 284 00:16:56,200 --> 00:16:58,080 It has to go on the right-hand side. 285 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:04,080 I don't actually ever use a teaspoon. 286 00:17:04,080 --> 00:17:06,760 Do you make tea in the pan as well? Yeah. 287 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:14,040 Because I figure, having cerebral palsy... 288 00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:22,480 ..as it goes from the table to my mouth, 289 00:17:22,480 --> 00:17:25,080 I've stirred it. 290 00:17:28,400 --> 00:17:33,200 Sandi, when you're saying like, "Oh, you have to do it that way." 291 00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:35,800 Yeah. Is there, like, an actual reason for that, or is it 292 00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:37,680 just that if you did it the wrong way in front 293 00:17:37,680 --> 00:17:40,040 of a duchess, she'd faint? 294 00:17:40,040 --> 00:17:42,160 You can do what you bloody like, is the truth of it. 295 00:17:42,160 --> 00:17:44,840 You can drink it out of a saucepan. And I do. Yes, there we are. 296 00:17:47,160 --> 00:17:49,880 The thing about good manners is that you must do the thing 297 00:17:49,880 --> 00:17:52,320 that makes the maximum number of people in that moment feel 298 00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:54,880 comfortable. I'll tell you a very good story about manners. 299 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,080 The King of Denmark was having a dinner party, 300 00:17:57,080 --> 00:17:59,640 and an old friend of mine, Patrick Lichfield, a wonderful 301 00:17:59,640 --> 00:18:01,120 photographer, was invited. 302 00:18:01,120 --> 00:18:03,880 And in those days, you wore a shirt and then you had a sort of false 303 00:18:03,880 --> 00:18:07,240 front like this, and cuffs, right? And he didn't have enough money for a shirt. 304 00:18:07,240 --> 00:18:08,960 He just had the false front and the cuffs. 305 00:18:08,960 --> 00:18:11,120 It was an unseasonably warm evening in Copenhagen. 306 00:18:11,120 --> 00:18:14,360 And the king decided that everybody should take their jackets off. 307 00:18:14,360 --> 00:18:17,840 And, um.. And Patrick was mortified because he didn't have a shirt on. 308 00:18:17,840 --> 00:18:20,160 So he took his jacket off, and the king said, "Good idea. 309 00:18:20,160 --> 00:18:23,200 "Shirts as well." And that...that is good manners. 310 00:18:27,880 --> 00:18:29,560 Now, onto a different type of T. 311 00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:33,480 What's the most fun you can have in a Model T Ford? 312 00:18:33,480 --> 00:18:35,520 # Tea-ee-ee... # 313 00:18:35,520 --> 00:18:37,360 A massive shag. 314 00:18:45,360 --> 00:18:48,160 Why would you say that?! 315 00:18:49,240 --> 00:18:53,240 Why would you lower the tone?! 316 00:18:54,520 --> 00:18:56,600 Lowering the tone. Absolutely right. 317 00:18:56,600 --> 00:19:00,240 Cheapening the whole brand of QI. I know. 318 00:19:00,240 --> 00:19:04,320 They build it up. You turn up, ruin it in a day! 319 00:19:04,320 --> 00:19:07,000 That's not your job - it's Alan's. 320 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:09,480 The most fun you can have in a Model T Ford? 321 00:19:09,480 --> 00:19:11,400 It is a sports thing. Racing them. 322 00:19:11,400 --> 00:19:15,000 Well, this is so mad. You know polo, 323 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:16,800 played on a horse with a mallet? 324 00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:19,960 For a brief while, there was auto polo. 325 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:25,480 So it's exactly like the horse version, only with a Model T. 326 00:19:25,480 --> 00:19:29,200 The very first game took place in an alfalfa field in Wichita, 327 00:19:29,200 --> 00:19:33,280 in Kansas, in 1912, and 5,000 people came to watch. 328 00:19:33,280 --> 00:19:36,000 And it was incredibly dangerous, especially if you can imagine 329 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,680 the referee was on foot. OK. The referee... 330 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:44,240 I'd actually like to complain about my big buzzer 331 00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:46,160 earlier, because you asked what's the most fun 332 00:19:46,160 --> 00:19:47,840 you can have in a Model T Ford. 333 00:19:47,840 --> 00:19:52,640 And you're saying that nearly dying in an alfalfa field... 334 00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:54,760 ..is just better than a shag. Like, wha... 335 00:19:54,760 --> 00:19:58,080 Well, apparently, it was good fun. 336 00:19:58,080 --> 00:20:01,560 People stopped having sex to take part! Yeah. 337 00:20:01,560 --> 00:20:05,120 It started as a publicity stunt for Ford, but it became the most 338 00:20:05,120 --> 00:20:07,880 expensive sport in the world. In the 1914 season, 339 00:20:07,880 --> 00:20:11,720 2,000 wheels were smashed off Model Fords. 340 00:20:11,720 --> 00:20:14,880 But it still looks a lot more working class than the horse polo. 341 00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,880 Yeah, weirdly, doesn't it? So this doesn't exist any more. 342 00:20:17,880 --> 00:20:19,080 It died out in the 1930s. 343 00:20:19,080 --> 00:20:22,240 But you can still have elephant polo, canoe polo, bicycle polo, 344 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:24,600 but just not Model T stuff any more. 345 00:20:24,600 --> 00:20:26,760 Here's another famous Model T driver. 346 00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:28,520 What use did she have 347 00:20:28,520 --> 00:20:32,280 for bananas and elephants? 348 00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:34,520 The car is a clue to her name. 349 00:20:34,520 --> 00:20:36,680 It's Aloha Wanderwell, is her name. 350 00:20:36,680 --> 00:20:39,240 She was actually born in Winnipeg as Idris Hall. 351 00:20:39,240 --> 00:20:41,880 She's fabulous. She's from the 1920s. 352 00:20:41,880 --> 00:20:45,960 She was known as the world's most travelled girl, and she travelled 353 00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,080 around the world in a Model T, and she frequently broke down. 354 00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:50,960 And as you'd imagine, there were no garages. 355 00:20:50,960 --> 00:20:52,680 So she improvised solutions. 356 00:20:52,680 --> 00:20:56,440 She used crushed banana skins to grease the differential, 357 00:20:56,440 --> 00:20:59,520 and rendered elephant fat down to use as a lubricant. 358 00:20:59,520 --> 00:21:02,520 She is incredible. Where was she getting elephant fat? 359 00:21:02,520 --> 00:21:04,200 Well, she travelled all over the world. 360 00:21:04,200 --> 00:21:06,960 So her travels began in 1922, when she was just 16. 361 00:21:06,960 --> 00:21:08,440 She was a convent school girl. 362 00:21:08,440 --> 00:21:11,640 She saw an ad in a French newspaper for a young woman with brains, 363 00:21:11,640 --> 00:21:15,120 beauty and britches to join an expedition as a secretary 364 00:21:15,120 --> 00:21:16,760 to Captain Walter Wanderwell. 365 00:21:16,760 --> 00:21:18,680 That's the guy there standing in the uniform, 366 00:21:18,680 --> 00:21:21,440 looking very pleased with himself. He was a Polish adventurer. 367 00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:27,120 Why do they require beauty? 368 00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:30,280 Because what he wanted to do was to travel all over the world, 369 00:21:30,280 --> 00:21:32,880 take photographs and film his adventures, and have a beautiful 370 00:21:32,880 --> 00:21:35,520 woman on his arm and thus make money. 371 00:21:35,520 --> 00:21:39,200 Oh, so you need to like 372 00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,440 adventure, but you've got 373 00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:44,640 to be fit. Yeah. 374 00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:46,000 Yes, exactly that. 375 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,520 And she was basically a marketing ploy. And they spent seven years 376 00:21:49,520 --> 00:21:52,480 travelling the world together. They drove two modified Model Ts. 377 00:21:52,480 --> 00:21:54,800 They went through 43 different countries. 378 00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,840 She became an honorary colonel in the Siberian Red Army. 379 00:21:57,840 --> 00:22:01,520 She drove across India, from the Nile to Cape Town, first woman 380 00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:04,120 to drive around the world, and they did eventually marry 381 00:22:04,120 --> 00:22:05,360 and had two children. 382 00:22:05,360 --> 00:22:07,800 And actually, her grandson, Richard Diamond, helped us 383 00:22:07,800 --> 00:22:10,160 with the research on this question. Ah! Ah! 384 00:22:13,360 --> 00:22:16,160 And he is, of course, curiously quiet about where his granny 385 00:22:16,160 --> 00:22:19,080 was getting all that elephant fat from. Yes. 386 00:22:19,080 --> 00:22:21,840 At one point, their plane they were on went down in the jungle, 387 00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:24,760 and Aloha had to stay in the Amazon while Walter went 388 00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:26,040 in search of replacements. 389 00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:29,200 And so she made films of the Bororo people of the Amazon, 390 00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:31,840 and they are the earliest recorded footage of those people, 391 00:22:31,840 --> 00:22:34,400 and still highly regarded by the Smithsonian Institute. 392 00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:36,600 I just love that she thought, "I'm not just going to sit 393 00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,520 "here amongst all these fabulous people. I'm going to document them." 394 00:22:39,520 --> 00:22:41,840 And so you can imagine, the 1920s, that was quite a thing. 395 00:22:41,840 --> 00:22:43,920 Here's another workplace dispute. Where the hell 396 00:22:43,920 --> 00:22:45,360 have all the teaspoons gone? 397 00:22:45,360 --> 00:22:47,600 So you didn't have a teaspoon. I didn't have a teaspoon. 398 00:22:47,600 --> 00:22:49,200 No. So where the hell are they? 399 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:50,960 I think teaspoons are getting bigger. 400 00:22:50,960 --> 00:22:56,000 I've noticed that recently teaspoons appear larger than they used to. 401 00:22:56,000 --> 00:23:02,120 Wait. Alan, are you buying tablespoons? 402 00:23:05,120 --> 00:23:06,800 These teaspoons are enormous! 403 00:23:07,960 --> 00:23:11,200 In 2004, there was a group of epidemiologists in Melbourne, 404 00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:15,680 and they decided to set up a study using numbered teaspoons, and they 405 00:23:15,680 --> 00:23:18,760 distributed them through the institution's tea areas, 406 00:23:18,760 --> 00:23:22,000 and they concluded that the half-life of a teaspoon was 81 days. 407 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:26,240 What that means is within 81 days, half the spoons had vanished. 408 00:23:26,240 --> 00:23:28,920 OK? And overall, they worked out. 409 00:23:28,920 --> 00:23:33,000 this would mean 18 million teaspoons had gone missing every year 410 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:34,400 in Melbourne alone. 411 00:23:36,760 --> 00:23:39,160 Just to help you, Alan, that is the equivalent in weight 412 00:23:39,160 --> 00:23:40,480 to four blue whales. 413 00:23:40,480 --> 00:23:42,000 Wow. 414 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:43,880 What are people doing with their teaspoons? 415 00:23:43,880 --> 00:23:45,760 Well, it's really interesting. 416 00:23:45,760 --> 00:23:49,920 Teaspoons are six times more likely to disappear than forks. 417 00:23:49,920 --> 00:23:52,920 I think that's because a fork is very uncomfortable in your back pocket. 418 00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:55,680 I do think that's why. My grandmother, a few years ago, told 419 00:23:55,680 --> 00:23:58,320 me about when she first came to this country and was working 420 00:23:58,320 --> 00:24:02,800 in a factory, and cutlery kept going missing from the factory. 421 00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:07,360 And she said, "Oh, and one of these women who I was working 422 00:24:07,360 --> 00:24:10,960 "with said that, 'Oh, she would have stolen them because she's 423 00:24:10,960 --> 00:24:13,120 "'Indian and they steal cutlery.'" 424 00:24:13,120 --> 00:24:15,680 And I was just like, "Is that a racial stereotype 425 00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:17,520 "about Indians, that we steal cutlery?" 426 00:24:17,520 --> 00:24:21,080 Is that what people used to think about us? 427 00:24:21,080 --> 00:24:23,200 The thing is that everybody does, is the truth of it. 428 00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,400 So there's an economic theory called the tragedy of the commons. OK? 429 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:30,120 And it holds that when individuals share property, they tend to exploit 430 00:24:30,120 --> 00:24:32,760 it more for themselves at the expense, basically, 431 00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:33,840 of the group as a whole. 432 00:24:33,840 --> 00:24:36,680 If each individual takes a teaspoon, they think it doesn't matter. 433 00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:38,840 But if everybody does it, it is actually going to harm 434 00:24:38,840 --> 00:24:40,000 the whole group. 435 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:43,520 So, Ahir, did your grandmother in the end, did she give 436 00:24:43,520 --> 00:24:45,600 the spoons back or not? 437 00:24:54,240 --> 00:24:59,880 Actually, I shouldn't say this on TV - 438 00:24:59,880 --> 00:25:02,400 she'll kill me - 439 00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:07,440 but I know where all the teaspoons are. 440 00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:09,640 Oh! My mum. 441 00:25:11,480 --> 00:25:15,720 Every restaurant we go in, 442 00:25:15,720 --> 00:25:19,600 she steals a teaspoon. 443 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:23,680 Oh... I don't know why! 444 00:25:23,680 --> 00:25:25,760 Where are they? 445 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:27,640 In her drawer! 446 00:25:28,840 --> 00:25:33,640 And she remembers where they're all from. 447 00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:42,400 I'll have a teaspoon, and she'll be like, 448 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:43,920 "Milan." 449 00:25:48,080 --> 00:25:53,160 It got to a point where we'd go 450 00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:56,560 in a nice cafe, 451 00:25:56,560 --> 00:25:59,240 and we go, "Don't. 452 00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:06,800 "Don't." And Mum goes... 453 00:26:06,800 --> 00:26:08,320 "I won't." 454 00:26:10,280 --> 00:26:13,280 And we'll come out 455 00:26:13,280 --> 00:26:15,840 and she'll be like... 456 00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,280 Sorry, Mum. 457 00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:27,840 Sorry. 458 00:26:27,840 --> 00:26:31,000 But you need to be stopped. 459 00:26:37,320 --> 00:26:40,680 Did your...your mother work in a factory at the same time 460 00:26:40,680 --> 00:26:42,240 as my grandmother? 461 00:26:43,680 --> 00:26:46,400 Nobody knows where the teaspoons go, but we suspect 462 00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,280 they're stirring up trouble. 463 00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:50,760 Wahey! 464 00:26:54,480 --> 00:26:56,680 Now, let's look at time and towers. 465 00:26:56,680 --> 00:27:01,080 Who was that Italian scientist who dropped his balls off a leaning 466 00:27:01,080 --> 00:27:03,080 tower to see how fast they fell? 467 00:27:03,080 --> 00:27:04,960 Galileo. 468 00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,640 It was mentioned in the G series gravity show, the story that Galileo 469 00:27:15,640 --> 00:27:18,440 physically dropped cannonballs off the Leaning Tower of Pisa 470 00:27:18,440 --> 00:27:22,000 to demonstrate that different weights fall at the same speed 471 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:23,560 is regarded as apocryphal. 472 00:27:23,560 --> 00:27:25,400 It was probably a thought experiment. 473 00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,560 What was not mentioned on that show is his contemporary, who's 474 00:27:28,560 --> 00:27:32,440 a fascinating guy called Giovanni Battista Riccioli. 475 00:27:32,440 --> 00:27:36,800 And he did drop balls off the Asinelli tower in Bologna 476 00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:38,520 and timed them very precisely. 477 00:27:38,520 --> 00:27:41,160 Isn't it curious that we know about Galileo, but we don't know 478 00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:42,480 about this guy? Yeah. 479 00:27:42,480 --> 00:27:44,400 He didn't have a song written about him. 480 00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:45,600 That's what I'm saying. 481 00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:48,520 I think that's... Also, why are Italian towers so bad? 482 00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:51,000 That leaning thing is your basic foundation. 483 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,560 This one's not as bad. The Leaning Tower of Pisa is 5.5 degrees. 484 00:27:53,560 --> 00:27:55,400 This one is just 1.3 degrees. 485 00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,880 I know how he timed that. He timed the drop 486 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:00,960 to exactly when there was a tourist 487 00:28:00,960 --> 00:28:04,280 standing underneath, trying to do one of them pictures. 488 00:28:04,280 --> 00:28:07,320 And then... Well, you mentioned that he'd timed it exactly. 489 00:28:07,320 --> 00:28:09,920 He did need to measure time accurately, 490 00:28:09,920 --> 00:28:14,080 so he calibrated a pendulum to swing precisely once per second. 491 00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:15,480 Now, here's the question. 492 00:28:15,480 --> 00:28:19,680 How would you do that at a time when even the best watches 493 00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:21,160 didn't have a minute hand? 494 00:28:21,160 --> 00:28:23,200 You just say you've done it. 495 00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:25,280 OK. 496 00:28:25,280 --> 00:28:27,760 Yeah, we're back to the celestial teapot, aren't we? Yeah. 497 00:28:27,760 --> 00:28:29,640 "That is a second, and you prove me wrong." 498 00:28:29,640 --> 00:28:30,800 "Yeah, but I can't 499 00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:32,920 "because we haven't got any instruments for that." 500 00:28:32,920 --> 00:28:35,040 It's going to be something in the natural world... 501 00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:36,320 Uh... ..he copied. 502 00:28:36,320 --> 00:28:41,560 So, knowing that there are 86,400 seconds in 24 hours, 503 00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,920 he first measured a day by reference to the movement 504 00:28:44,920 --> 00:28:48,320 of the star Arcturus, OK, across the Meridian Line. 505 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:49,760 This is the bit I like. 506 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:53,600 He got a group of nine Jesuit priests to chant in time 507 00:28:53,600 --> 00:29:00,480 with a pendulum, counting out exactly 86,400 swings, OK? 508 00:29:00,480 --> 00:29:03,320 So the poor guys had to chant exactly - 509 00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:04,560 Boom, boom, boom. 510 00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:08,160 Why didn't he do it? 511 00:29:08,160 --> 00:29:10,840 Yeah, he's more, like, conducting. Yeah. 512 00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:12,760 I really like him. He's really interesting. 513 00:29:12,760 --> 00:29:15,360 He used logic to conclude, I mean, incorrectly, that the earth 514 00:29:15,360 --> 00:29:16,840 was the centre of the universe. 515 00:29:16,840 --> 00:29:19,280 And the reason he thought that is he thought that if the earth 516 00:29:19,280 --> 00:29:21,880 was travelling through the universe, then you would see birds 517 00:29:21,880 --> 00:29:24,080 constantly fighting against the motion, like that. 518 00:29:24,080 --> 00:29:27,000 And then, there was a German astronomer called Johannes Kepler, 519 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:30,600 and his work showed that the planets moved in elliptical orbits, 520 00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:32,280 and he thought, "Well, how can that be? 521 00:29:32,280 --> 00:29:34,200 "How can planets move in elliptical orbits 522 00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:36,240 "and the Earth be the centre of the universe?" 523 00:29:36,240 --> 00:29:39,760 And his explanation was that God had come up with a very complicated 524 00:29:39,760 --> 00:29:43,000 bit of mathematics that made the planets appear to have 525 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:47,280 elliptical orbits in order to give human beings the satisfaction 526 00:29:47,280 --> 00:29:48,720 of working that out. 527 00:29:51,400 --> 00:29:58,800 I love that a scientist can be so clever, 528 00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:06,640 and then one day come to something they can't explain, 529 00:30:06,640 --> 00:30:10,720 then they go, "Oh...God." 530 00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:13,120 Yeah, yeah. 531 00:30:13,120 --> 00:30:15,120 OK, it's teatime. Everyone likes a takeaway. 532 00:30:15,120 --> 00:30:18,520 But how could we improve delivery services in this country? 533 00:30:21,720 --> 00:30:22,960 Tip them better. 534 00:30:22,960 --> 00:30:27,760 We are looking at a delivery system in Mumbai for our influence here. 535 00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:30,600 This would be the dabbawallas, or the tiffin wallahs, as they were. 536 00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:32,360 The tiffin wallahs, yeah. I love that. 537 00:30:32,360 --> 00:30:33,640 Can you tell us about them? 538 00:30:33,640 --> 00:30:37,520 So, this is a system where sort of lunches will get made 539 00:30:37,520 --> 00:30:40,400 and packed up in the home, in these sort of tins 540 00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:42,480 which stack on top of one another, 541 00:30:42,480 --> 00:30:46,520 and then a whole network of people who get on cycles 542 00:30:46,520 --> 00:30:48,680 and will load these things up onto trains, 543 00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:51,080 and it will go into offices and stuff, and then, 544 00:30:51,080 --> 00:30:54,040 they'll collect them and bring the boxes back at the end of it. 545 00:30:54,040 --> 00:30:56,120 And through, like, symbols on the top to tell them 546 00:30:56,120 --> 00:30:57,320 where it's supposed to go, 547 00:30:57,320 --> 00:31:00,000 there are very, very few mistakes, despite hundreds of thousands 548 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:02,000 of these orders happening constantly. 549 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:05,560 It is astonishing that they have an accuracy rate of 99.99%. 550 00:31:05,560 --> 00:31:09,160 There are about four mistakes per million transactions. 551 00:31:09,160 --> 00:31:11,480 Because there's a caste system in India, it meant people 552 00:31:11,480 --> 00:31:13,400 were unlikely to want to have food prepared 553 00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:16,160 from someone outside their caste or even outside their home. 554 00:31:16,160 --> 00:31:18,000 And so, in the 1880s, some workers decided, 555 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:21,280 "Well, why not have somebody pick up food from my home and bring it?" 556 00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:23,640 And then, there was a guy called Mahadeo Havaji Bachche, 557 00:31:23,640 --> 00:31:26,480 in 1890, saw an opportunity, and he hired 100 men 558 00:31:26,480 --> 00:31:27,640 and started this thing. 559 00:31:27,640 --> 00:31:29,920 And today, there's roughly 5,000 dabbawallas. 560 00:31:29,920 --> 00:31:32,000 It's amazing. It's a phenomenal system. 561 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:35,040 It sounds great, 562 00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:36,080 sure... 563 00:31:37,960 --> 00:31:44,200 ..but how do they fit my 18-inch pizza... 564 00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,720 There used to be a similarly impressive delivery system in Tokyo, 565 00:31:49,720 --> 00:31:51,600 but it doesn't exist any more - the demae. 566 00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:54,360 And they could carry up to 100 soba noodle soups... 567 00:31:54,360 --> 00:31:56,440 No way! Yeah. Oh, wow. 568 00:31:56,440 --> 00:31:57,640 Isn't that amazing? 569 00:31:57,640 --> 00:31:59,520 And how does he get it down? 570 00:31:59,520 --> 00:32:01,480 Well, very carefully, I would imagine. 571 00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:05,240 But they were a common sight in the 1940s and 1950s 572 00:32:05,240 --> 00:32:08,320 that were banned, unfortunately, in 1961, because more and more cars 573 00:32:08,320 --> 00:32:10,400 were coming into the city, and they were colliding 574 00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:12,360 with the bicycles, so they don't exist any more. 575 00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,520 But sometimes, you get races now, soba-delivery bicycle races, 576 00:32:15,520 --> 00:32:18,520 and then you'll see the demae out again, and people proving 577 00:32:18,520 --> 00:32:19,960 they have the skills of the old... 578 00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:22,320 That is amazing. Isn't that fantastic? Yeah. 579 00:32:22,320 --> 00:32:25,120 Your rider is approaching the restaurant. 580 00:32:26,720 --> 00:32:30,160 Now, what's the most attractive thing a man can have printed 581 00:32:30,160 --> 00:32:31,520 on his T-shirt? 582 00:32:33,280 --> 00:32:35,360 "Trump 2024." 583 00:32:42,680 --> 00:32:44,760 It's a study by an experimental psychologist 584 00:32:44,760 --> 00:32:47,360 at Nottingham Trent University called Dr Andrew Dunn. 585 00:32:47,360 --> 00:32:52,240 And if you put a large T on a white T-shirt, 586 00:32:52,240 --> 00:32:56,600 it makes men 12% more attractive to heterosexual women. 587 00:32:58,560 --> 00:33:03,360 If you put it upside down, it makes them 12% less attractive. 588 00:33:03,360 --> 00:33:07,280 Apparently, the right-way-up T accentuates the broadness 589 00:33:07,280 --> 00:33:09,240 of the shoulders and the slimness of the waist, 590 00:33:09,240 --> 00:33:11,840 whereas the other way round, the person doesn't look as nice. 591 00:33:11,840 --> 00:33:13,280 Now you mention it, all the people 592 00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:15,560 who have got...like, all the seafarers who have got 593 00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:17,720 big anchors tattooed, they must be livid. 594 00:33:20,360 --> 00:33:23,280 Can the panel tell me anything else interesting about T-shirts? 595 00:33:23,280 --> 00:33:25,880 They used to be underwear, and they've become outerwear. 596 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:28,200 Yes, quite right. We're talking about the 1890s. 597 00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:30,520 They were called bachelor undershirts and it was for men 598 00:33:30,520 --> 00:33:31,920 who couldn't sew buttons. 599 00:33:31,920 --> 00:33:34,560 So, before that, you would have had some sort of long-john thing, 600 00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:36,000 and you would have had buttons on. 601 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,880 It became outerwear in the 1950s, so you get films with Marlon Brando, 602 00:33:38,880 --> 00:33:41,560 in Streetcar Named Desire, James Dean in Rebel Without A Cause. 603 00:33:41,560 --> 00:33:44,840 My favourite - Jack Nicholson in One Flew Over The Cuckoo's... 604 00:33:44,840 --> 00:33:47,160 I mean, that's a sexy thing, isn't it, don't you think, 605 00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:48,440 in a T-shit? 606 00:33:48,440 --> 00:33:50,400 He doesn't need a T on his top, does he? 607 00:33:50,400 --> 00:33:51,600 No. 608 00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:54,040 And there's a curious thing - for big sporting events, 609 00:33:54,040 --> 00:33:56,440 things like the Super Bowl, the clothing manufacturers, 610 00:33:56,440 --> 00:34:01,280 in advance, they print thousands of T-shirts in the winning strip. 611 00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:03,560 And then, of course, half of them are no good, right? 612 00:34:03,560 --> 00:34:04,960 Because somebody loses. 613 00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:06,600 And so, they give them to charities, 614 00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:08,680 they ship them out to poorer countries, and so on. 615 00:34:08,680 --> 00:34:12,320 In fact, we have an "Arsenal Champions League Winners 2006." 616 00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:17,240 Oh. 617 00:34:19,480 --> 00:34:21,800 That's not funny, Sandi. Sorry. 618 00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:25,360 Sorry, if you don't know the story, 619 00:34:25,360 --> 00:34:27,440 Barcelona came from behind to beat Arsenal 2-1. 620 00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:29,640 It's the only football fact I know. 621 00:34:31,960 --> 00:34:34,080 A record for the most T-shirts worn at once? 622 00:34:34,080 --> 00:34:36,080 What do you reckon? How many? 623 00:34:36,080 --> 00:34:39,000 68,000. 624 00:34:40,200 --> 00:34:45,040 260, held by a man in Ontario called Ted Hastings. 625 00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:48,840 Didn't want to pay extra baggage? Have you all got a T-shit? Yeah. 626 00:34:48,840 --> 00:34:50,920 OK, I'm just going to show you a little thing. 627 00:34:50,920 --> 00:34:52,840 So, this is a trick for folding a T-shirt, OK? 628 00:34:52,840 --> 00:34:57,840 So, if you want to fold a T-shirt and you haven't got a lot of time, 629 00:34:57,840 --> 00:34:59,000 all you do... 630 00:35:00,960 --> 00:35:04,840 ..is that. What? Yeah... Want to try? 631 00:35:04,840 --> 00:35:10,080 So... Show us again. So, go here and here, and bring it down here... 632 00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:11,680 No, hang on. Start again. 633 00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:13,640 I'm here, I'm here... 634 00:35:13,640 --> 00:35:15,680 ..and then what? Here and here. 635 00:35:15,680 --> 00:35:20,240 Yeah. And then bring it down to the bottom, pick it up... 636 00:35:21,560 --> 00:35:24,240 ..shake and fold. 637 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:31,400 There, there, now bring... 638 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:33,360 ..bring your left hand down to the bottom. 639 00:35:33,360 --> 00:35:35,040 No, no. Oh. Underneath. Underneath. 640 00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:36,280 No, no. Ah! 641 00:35:37,920 --> 00:35:40,320 OK. Let's do this. We'll get this. We'll get this. Right. 642 00:35:40,320 --> 00:35:42,840 Put your right hand here. OK. Put your left hand here. Yeah. 643 00:35:42,840 --> 00:35:47,000 Bring your left hand underneath, all the way to here. Yeah. 644 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:49,400 And pick up at the bottom like that. Oh, yeah. 645 00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:51,800 Now bring it out. Shake, shake. 646 00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:54,600 And... Yeah! 647 00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:57,800 Yeah. You're damn right. 648 00:35:59,520 --> 00:36:01,800 I mean, I wouldn't bother. 649 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,800 Now it's time to cast a tealight on a pot of general ignorance. 650 00:36:04,800 --> 00:36:06,400 Fingers on buzzers, please. 651 00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:08,160 Teeing off with a question about golf. 652 00:36:08,160 --> 00:36:11,080 Which Scottish city is the home of golf? 653 00:36:12,840 --> 00:36:14,400 St Andrews. 654 00:36:16,160 --> 00:36:17,880 No! 655 00:36:19,600 --> 00:36:21,520 Is it Glasgow? 656 00:36:21,520 --> 00:36:24,160 We're going to go round Scotland. Yeah. 657 00:36:24,160 --> 00:36:27,320 Edinburgh. Is correct. 658 00:36:30,560 --> 00:36:32,800 The first formal rules were written in 1744 659 00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,600 by The Honourable Company Of Edinburgh Golfers, 660 00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:38,560 and then they had the first official competition there. 661 00:36:38,560 --> 00:36:41,800 St Andrew's Royal, an ancient golf club which you mentioned, 662 00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:44,600 was founded about ten years later, 1754. 663 00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:47,040 Golf has been played in the town since the 12th century. 664 00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:49,240 But we were talking about the original rules. 665 00:36:49,240 --> 00:36:51,680 It's a curious thing about St Andrew's 666 00:36:51,680 --> 00:36:53,240 is that Prince Andrew was the captain 667 00:36:53,240 --> 00:36:55,040 of the St Andrew's Royal and Ancient. Ooh. 668 00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:58,160 And he was captain because he was the son of the Queen. 669 00:36:58,160 --> 00:37:01,440 But she, because she was a woman, was not allowed to join. 670 00:37:01,440 --> 00:37:05,200 And women were not allowed to join until... Anybody have any idea? 671 00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,280 Tuesday. 672 00:37:08,280 --> 00:37:10,360 It wasn't till 2015... Really? 673 00:37:10,360 --> 00:37:12,400 ..that women were first allowed to join. My God. 674 00:37:12,400 --> 00:37:13,760 But it's a very old game. 675 00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:16,760 It had its roots in a Roman game called paganica, 676 00:37:16,760 --> 00:37:20,160 a Chinese game called Chui Wan, meaning "stickball" - 677 00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:23,520 there it is, being played in China around 1100 - 678 00:37:23,520 --> 00:37:27,360 and a Dutch game called kolven from the 13th century. 679 00:37:27,360 --> 00:37:29,680 But basically... I love that. It just... Do you not think 680 00:37:29,680 --> 00:37:32,000 it looks like a page out of the QI History Colouring Book? 681 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:33,760 It's a sort of... 682 00:37:33,760 --> 00:37:36,080 They look like they've been told "You've got to duck down 683 00:37:36,080 --> 00:37:37,600 "or you won't fit in the frame." Yes. 684 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:41,240 We've said it before, but it does bear repeating. 685 00:37:41,240 --> 00:37:43,080 It's one of my favourite things about golf. 686 00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:45,200 During World War II, Richmond Golf Club had 687 00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:47,320 the local rule, "A player whose stroke is affected 688 00:37:47,320 --> 00:37:49,920 "by the simultaneous explosion of a bomb or shell 689 00:37:49,920 --> 00:37:53,120 "or by machine-gun fire, may play another ball 690 00:37:53,120 --> 00:37:55,920 "from the same place..." 691 00:37:55,920 --> 00:37:59,600 Still exists. "..but there's a penalty of one stroke." 692 00:38:01,520 --> 00:38:03,200 We can thank the University of St Andrews 693 00:38:03,200 --> 00:38:05,520 for the great doctor Edward Jenner, 694 00:38:05,520 --> 00:38:08,840 but what Discovery got him into the Royal Society? 695 00:38:08,840 --> 00:38:10,520 What did he discover? Edward Jenner? 696 00:38:10,520 --> 00:38:13,680 He's...he's thought of in relation to the smallpox vaccine, 697 00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:15,720 but he wasn't the first person to come up with it. 698 00:38:15,720 --> 00:38:18,800 And in fact... So, variolation to deal with smallpox 699 00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,720 had been happening sort of in the Far East 700 00:38:21,720 --> 00:38:23,760 and through to West Africa. 701 00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:28,680 So, this was where people would essentially, like, take a bit 702 00:38:28,680 --> 00:38:31,800 of dried smallpox wound and essentially just 703 00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:34,440 do a fat line of smallpox. 704 00:38:34,440 --> 00:38:36,880 And if you didn't die, you were golden. 705 00:38:38,440 --> 00:38:40,680 Quite right. We can, of course, thank Jenner for the... 706 00:38:40,680 --> 00:38:42,600 He helped develop the vaccine for smallpox. 707 00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:46,200 His first major work, which I really like, was to explain 708 00:38:46,200 --> 00:38:50,520 how baby cuckoos remove rival eggs from the nest, OK? 709 00:38:50,520 --> 00:38:52,640 So, you know that cuckoos lay their eggs 710 00:38:52,640 --> 00:38:54,040 in another bird's nest. 711 00:38:54,040 --> 00:38:56,600 And it was long thought that it was the adult cuckoos 712 00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,760 that got rid of those babies that were not their babies. 713 00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:02,440 But in fact, he noticed that it was the chicks 714 00:39:02,440 --> 00:39:04,320 that were murdering their rivals. 715 00:39:04,320 --> 00:39:08,080 They were born with a small depression in the back, OK? 716 00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:13,360 It's the perfect size for the eggs of the birds that they parasitised, 717 00:39:13,360 --> 00:39:17,360 and they use that dent, the baby birds, to push the egg 718 00:39:17,360 --> 00:39:20,880 and sometimes a rival chick out of the nest. Wow. 719 00:39:20,880 --> 00:39:24,960 It's basically a deformity, and it goes away after 12 days. 720 00:39:24,960 --> 00:39:29,920 It's there specifically for them to be able to push a rival's egg 721 00:39:29,920 --> 00:39:31,720 out of the nest. 722 00:39:31,720 --> 00:39:33,800 What's interesting, it was very controversial, 723 00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,520 so anti-vaxxers of the time used it to say he was a quack - 724 00:39:36,520 --> 00:39:38,600 because he'd come up with this stupid thing 725 00:39:38,600 --> 00:39:40,920 about cuckoos, he clearly didn't know anything. Ah. 726 00:39:40,920 --> 00:39:43,520 And therefore, it was a good way to have a go at him as a scientist. 727 00:39:43,520 --> 00:39:46,640 Interesting. But there was a famous illustrator called Jemima Blackburn, 728 00:39:46,640 --> 00:39:49,080 and she made a drawing of a cuckoo pushing a bird from its nest 729 00:39:49,080 --> 00:39:52,040 with this depression, and the case was absolutely closed. 730 00:39:52,040 --> 00:39:54,480 And Jemima Blackburn, she's also a fascinating woman - 731 00:39:54,480 --> 00:39:57,280 huge influence on Beatrix Potter and almost certainly the person 732 00:39:57,280 --> 00:39:59,240 that Jemima Puddle-Duck is named after. 733 00:39:59,240 --> 00:40:03,240 Anyway, moving on, what's inside these bubbles? 734 00:40:06,760 --> 00:40:08,320 Air. 735 00:40:12,480 --> 00:40:14,760 Not air. Any more thoughts. 736 00:40:14,760 --> 00:40:16,880 Water? 737 00:40:16,880 --> 00:40:20,120 Well, if it's not air, that's the only other thing that's in there! 738 00:40:20,120 --> 00:40:23,840 Yeah. The big bubbles in boiling water contain water vapour, OK? 739 00:40:23,840 --> 00:40:25,480 They contain water vapour, not air. 740 00:40:25,480 --> 00:40:27,920 What happens is, when you first boil water, the tiny bubbles 741 00:40:27,920 --> 00:40:29,120 are indeed made of air, 742 00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:31,000 that were previously trapped in the liquid. 743 00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,360 But the big ones in this, what's called a rolling boil, 744 00:40:33,360 --> 00:40:36,000 are the result of the water accumulating enough energy to turn 745 00:40:36,000 --> 00:40:37,640 from liquid into gas. 746 00:40:37,640 --> 00:40:40,680 Just to clarify - so it is water, just a different state of matter. 747 00:40:40,680 --> 00:40:43,960 Yes. So I'm going to give you a point. Yay! There you go. 748 00:40:50,680 --> 00:40:54,040 "Duck Shit Aroma" is a type of oolong tea, 749 00:40:54,040 --> 00:40:56,680 which comes from the species camellia sinensis. 750 00:40:56,680 --> 00:40:59,720 Can you name any other type of tea plant? 751 00:40:59,720 --> 00:41:02,720 Duck Shit Aroma, that's a colour on the Farrow & Ball chart. 752 00:41:05,040 --> 00:41:09,880 I think... Now, I might be wrong here, which doesn't normally happen, 753 00:41:09,880 --> 00:41:12,280 but on this occasion, I might be wrong. 754 00:41:12,280 --> 00:41:14,720 Isn't there only one kind of tea plant? 755 00:41:14,720 --> 00:41:16,800 You are absolutely right, and you get five points. 756 00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:19,760 Oh. 757 00:41:25,080 --> 00:41:28,120 There's only one species of tea plant, the camellia sinensis. 758 00:41:28,120 --> 00:41:30,960 The difference between the various styles are down to oxidation, 759 00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:33,000 infused flavours, that kind of things. 760 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:35,200 Of course, not all tea bushes are of the same quality. 761 00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:37,280 So, Duck Shit Aroma, which is a thing, 762 00:41:37,280 --> 00:41:40,800 is harvested from a single bush and its cuttings 763 00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:42,000 in the Guangdong province, 764 00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:46,200 and it sells for 40 times the price of normal tea. 765 00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:48,760 Oh. And do the ducks benefit from that? 766 00:41:48,760 --> 00:41:51,200 No. Apparently, it's just the farmer called it that 767 00:41:51,200 --> 00:41:52,920 to stop people nicking it. 768 00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:57,640 It's good, isn't it? Yeah. 769 00:41:57,640 --> 00:41:59,480 It actually... I don't know if you know this. 770 00:41:59,480 --> 00:42:01,280 It's best grown in cold and wet conditions. 771 00:42:01,280 --> 00:42:03,360 I think people think of it as tropical. Yorkshire. 772 00:42:03,360 --> 00:42:05,320 Yorkshire? 773 00:42:05,320 --> 00:42:07,360 Grown in the tropics, but only at high altitude, 774 00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:09,320 so it needs to be cold and it needs to be wet. 775 00:42:09,320 --> 00:42:11,640 Which brings us to the scores. 776 00:42:11,640 --> 00:42:14,960 Tonight's winner with a "tea-mendous" 11 points 777 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:16,520 is Alan! 778 00:42:16,520 --> 00:42:20,080 What? 779 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:27,760 Hot on his heels with ten points, 780 00:42:27,760 --> 00:42:30,720 it's Henning! 781 00:42:32,360 --> 00:42:34,880 Then, with three whole points, 782 00:42:34,880 --> 00:42:37,840 Ahir! 783 00:42:40,520 --> 00:42:44,320 And left stewing in last place with -22... 784 00:42:44,320 --> 00:42:47,200 ..it's Rosie! 785 00:42:55,240 --> 00:42:57,880 Our thanks to Rosie, Ahir, Henning and Alan, 786 00:42:57,880 --> 00:42:59,440 and I leave you with this, 787 00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:02,720 from the eighth-century Chinese sage of tea, Lu Yu, 788 00:43:02,720 --> 00:43:06,560 "The best quality tea must have creases like the leathern boot 789 00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:10,080 "of Tatar horsemen, curl like the dewlap of a mighty bullock 790 00:43:10,080 --> 00:43:12,920 "unfold like a mist rising out of a ravine, 791 00:43:12,920 --> 00:43:15,320 "gleam like a lake touched by a zephyr, 792 00:43:15,320 --> 00:43:17,040 "and to be wet and soft 793 00:43:17,040 --> 00:43:19,640 "like a fine earth, newly swept by rain." 794 00:43:19,640 --> 00:43:21,080 I think we can all agree with that. 795 00:43:21,080 --> 00:43:23,480 And I'll have six sugars with mine, thank you very much. 796 00:43:23,480 --> 00:43:25,400 Thank you. Goodnight.