1 00:00:02,900 --> 00:00:09,940 This programme contains some strong language. 2 00:00:31,820 --> 00:00:35,140 Hello! Welcome to QI 3 00:00:35,140 --> 00:00:37,700 where, today, I'm sifting through an oubliette 4 00:00:37,700 --> 00:00:40,060 of ologies, ographies and odoxies. 5 00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:44,420 I'm joined on this ontological outing today by an ologist. 6 00:00:44,420 --> 00:00:48,380 It's Bill Bailey. 7 00:00:49,860 --> 00:00:53,420 An ographer, it's Phill Jupitus. 8 00:00:57,340 --> 00:00:59,980 An osopher, it's Claudia Winkleman. 9 00:01:04,940 --> 00:01:07,420 And oggy, oggy, oggy. 10 00:01:07,420 --> 00:01:09,020 Oi, oi, oi! 11 00:01:09,020 --> 00:01:10,300 It's Alan Davies. 12 00:01:16,580 --> 00:01:18,300 And the buzzers are, oh, so logical. 13 00:01:18,300 --> 00:01:19,620 Bill goes... 14 00:01:19,620 --> 00:01:23,380 ♪ Oh, oh, oh, it's magic! ♪ 15 00:01:23,380 --> 00:01:24,900 ♪ You know... ♪ 16 00:01:24,900 --> 00:01:27,020 And Phill goes... 17 00:01:27,020 --> 00:01:29,500 ♪ Oh, Carol. ♪ 18 00:01:29,500 --> 00:01:31,460 You are a mover. 19 00:01:31,460 --> 00:01:32,780 And Claudia goes... 20 00:01:32,780 --> 00:01:35,420 ♪ Oh, what a night. ♪ 21 00:01:35,420 --> 00:01:37,700 - This is good. - And Alan goes... 22 00:01:37,700 --> 00:01:42,340 "Oh, no!" 23 00:01:42,340 --> 00:01:44,540 OK. Let us start with this. 24 00:01:44,540 --> 00:01:50,220 How might the CIA win the Cold War with this? 25 00:01:50,220 --> 00:01:52,420 OK, so I've got one for each of you. 26 00:01:52,420 --> 00:01:54,860 - You should have one sitting there. - Yes, yes, yes. 27 00:01:54,860 --> 00:01:56,580 It's like the old arcade game. 28 00:01:56,580 --> 00:01:59,500 One of you presses the thing to try and fox the other, 29 00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:01,980 that's it, and one of you has to grab. 30 00:02:01,980 --> 00:02:03,580 That's it. Grab the thing. 31 00:02:03,580 --> 00:02:07,060 Oh, Bill, very good. Have you got that? 32 00:02:09,980 --> 00:02:12,620 That's it. Harder, harder. 33 00:02:12,620 --> 00:02:14,340 Oh! 34 00:02:15,500 --> 00:02:17,860 - Are you regretting giving us these? - I am now. Yes. 35 00:02:17,860 --> 00:02:19,900 It's not like Kazak lottery or something...? 36 00:02:19,900 --> 00:02:21,980 No, it's not a lottery. What other bits of the game 37 00:02:21,980 --> 00:02:24,420 might you use if it wasn't the balls for the lottery? 38 00:02:24,420 --> 00:02:26,460 - The grabber. - The grabber, yes. 39 00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:28,620 The CIA. What would they use it for? 40 00:02:28,620 --> 00:02:29,740 Torture. 41 00:02:29,740 --> 00:02:31,860 Grabbing the balls of a spy. 42 00:02:31,860 --> 00:02:33,380 - Oh! - Torture. Torture. 43 00:02:33,380 --> 00:02:34,940 No, it's not that at all. 44 00:02:34,940 --> 00:02:36,820 We're going to head to an "O" area. 45 00:02:36,820 --> 00:02:39,100 - We're going to go to oceanography... - Oceanography. 46 00:02:39,100 --> 00:02:40,460 ..OK? And using... 47 00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:42,140 Getting submarines. 48 00:02:42,140 --> 00:02:43,420 Yes. 49 00:02:43,420 --> 00:02:44,740 Shut up! Yes! Yes! 50 00:02:44,740 --> 00:02:46,580 Absolutely right. 51 00:02:46,580 --> 00:02:48,340 Yes. That is absolutely right! 52 00:02:51,500 --> 00:02:55,500 The CIA used the biggest claw grab ever constructed 53 00:02:55,500 --> 00:02:59,580 to get hold of a Soviet strategic ballistic missile submarine 54 00:02:59,580 --> 00:03:00,900 which had sunk in the Pacific. 55 00:03:00,900 --> 00:03:04,220 So, 1968, they began Project Azorian 56 00:03:04,220 --> 00:03:07,940 and the aim was to recover the Soviet sub K-129 57 00:03:07,940 --> 00:03:11,420 and they got a ship called the Hughes Glomar Explorer 58 00:03:11,420 --> 00:03:13,820 and, from the outside, it looked just like any other ship - 59 00:03:13,820 --> 00:03:15,500 but, in the middle, 60 00:03:15,500 --> 00:03:18,260 the major portion of the hull could be opened up underwater 61 00:03:18,260 --> 00:03:19,940 to reveal a vast... 62 00:03:19,940 --> 00:03:22,220 - Oh, my God. - It really is like a movie. 63 00:03:22,220 --> 00:03:25,260 - Look at that. - Wow. - To reveal a vast internal... 64 00:03:25,260 --> 00:03:26,860 They called it a moon pool. 65 00:03:26,860 --> 00:03:28,580 Does the boat not sink at that point? 66 00:03:30,300 --> 00:03:32,580 Apparently not. They put down the largest... 67 00:03:32,580 --> 00:03:34,100 Exactly like you've got in the game. 68 00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:35,580 The largest grabbing claw... 69 00:03:35,580 --> 00:03:38,060 - Like one of these? - Yep. Nicknamed Clementine. 70 00:03:38,060 --> 00:03:39,620 And they put it right over the wreck, 71 00:03:39,620 --> 00:03:41,540 but what always happens in these arcade games 72 00:03:41,540 --> 00:03:43,420 - when you grab something? - There's no grip. 73 00:03:43,420 --> 00:03:44,780 Then it's immediately released 74 00:03:44,780 --> 00:03:46,660 - and you get the bunny you didn't want. - Yes. 75 00:03:46,660 --> 00:03:48,100 That is exactly what happened. 76 00:03:48,100 --> 00:03:49,620 They got a bunny? Well... 77 00:03:49,620 --> 00:03:51,460 an underwater rabbit. 78 00:03:51,460 --> 00:03:53,140 "Oh, thank God!" 79 00:03:53,140 --> 00:03:55,740 "I thought no-one was going to come!" 80 00:03:55,740 --> 00:03:58,940 I thought you were going to say that nobody on the boat had any change. 81 00:04:01,340 --> 00:04:04,100 - "Oh!" - No, halfway up, they dropped it. 82 00:04:04,100 --> 00:04:05,580 Two thirds of it actually broke away, 83 00:04:05,580 --> 00:04:07,420 so they did manage to get a third of it, 84 00:04:07,420 --> 00:04:09,700 which, fortunately, had two nuclear torpedoes on it. 85 00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:11,940 Oh! They nearly dropped those, then. 86 00:04:11,940 --> 00:04:14,300 That would have been... That would have been bad. Yeah. 87 00:04:14,300 --> 00:04:16,100 - Where was this, then? - In the North Pacific. 88 00:04:16,100 --> 00:04:17,420 Wait a minute, is this true? 89 00:04:17,420 --> 00:04:19,820 Yes, it's absolutely true, happened in 1968. Yes. 90 00:04:19,820 --> 00:04:21,300 This is an amazing show. 91 00:04:22,940 --> 00:04:24,820 And then there was another experiment 92 00:04:24,820 --> 00:04:26,300 where they had both nuclear silos 93 00:04:26,300 --> 00:04:28,060 and they kept popping... 94 00:04:28,060 --> 00:04:31,100 They didn't know which missile the silo was going to come out of, 95 00:04:31,100 --> 00:04:33,340 so they got a giant hammer and they just tried to... 96 00:04:35,020 --> 00:04:38,020 Tried to whack it, 97 00:04:38,020 --> 00:04:39,860 and it was called the Whack-A-Nuke. 98 00:04:41,900 --> 00:04:43,540 Talking about amusement arcades, 99 00:04:43,540 --> 00:04:45,420 the claw machines, in March 2017, 100 00:04:45,420 --> 00:04:47,940 a three-year-old Irish boy called Jamie Bracken-Murphy, 101 00:04:47,940 --> 00:04:49,140 he SO wanted a furry dinosaur 102 00:04:49,140 --> 00:04:52,020 that he climbed up the dispensing shoot and into the machine. 103 00:04:56,340 --> 00:04:58,140 "They got a child." 104 00:04:58,140 --> 00:05:00,100 "There's a child there! There's a child!" 105 00:05:00,100 --> 00:05:02,300 They'll have to grab him out. 106 00:05:02,300 --> 00:05:04,380 He wouldn't come out without the dinosaurs. 107 00:05:04,380 --> 00:05:05,860 He'd got two furry dinosaurs. 108 00:05:05,860 --> 00:05:08,500 So, in the end, he was rescued by a passing fireman 109 00:05:08,500 --> 00:05:10,700 and he was allowed to keep the dinosaurs, 110 00:05:10,700 --> 00:05:12,260 but I think... So he should be. 111 00:05:12,260 --> 00:05:15,340 I think they should replace the current adoption system with this. 112 00:05:17,700 --> 00:05:20,020 The toys are always a little bit rubbish, aren't they? 113 00:05:20,020 --> 00:05:21,860 - They're always a little bit cheap. - Yeah. 114 00:05:21,860 --> 00:05:24,460 Did you know that there are sort of disposable submarines now? 115 00:05:24,460 --> 00:05:26,220 80% of the cocaine which leaves Colombia 116 00:05:26,220 --> 00:05:28,140 does so in something called a "narco sub" 117 00:05:28,140 --> 00:05:30,980 and it is a cheaply made submarine that's made out of fibreglass. 118 00:05:30,980 --> 00:05:33,580 And what they do is they take the submarine as far as the US coast 119 00:05:33,580 --> 00:05:36,060 where they get rid of the cocaine and just dump the submarine. 120 00:05:36,060 --> 00:05:38,540 Apparently the coast is absolutely littered with... 121 00:05:38,540 --> 00:05:40,060 - No! - Yeah. - Did you know this? 122 00:05:40,060 --> 00:05:41,260 I did know this, yeah. 123 00:05:41,260 --> 00:05:42,500 How do you know this? 124 00:05:42,500 --> 00:05:44,340 - I don't know, I just... - He owns one. 125 00:05:44,340 --> 00:05:48,260 I've got one. 126 00:05:48,260 --> 00:05:51,940 Bill uses it to smuggle hummus out of Morocco. 127 00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:54,300 I've just... I've got an interest in the... 128 00:05:54,300 --> 00:05:56,060 - In the Mexican drug trade. - Right. 129 00:05:58,060 --> 00:06:01,500 - When you say an "interest"... - A natural interest. 130 00:06:02,740 --> 00:06:06,620 A lot of cocaine gets put into these pallets and, if the police turn up, 131 00:06:06,620 --> 00:06:08,060 they just dump it over the side. 132 00:06:08,060 --> 00:06:11,420 And a massive paletts of cocaine washed up on a beach in North Devon 133 00:06:11,420 --> 00:06:14,340 and a local dog walker found it. 134 00:06:14,340 --> 00:06:17,700 - Yeah. - And the dog, you know, sniffed at it and went, 135 00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:19,460 "Oh, there's something up here." 136 00:06:19,460 --> 00:06:21,780 Dog wanted a 48-mile walk and then... 137 00:06:27,980 --> 00:06:30,100 - Right, games away, please. - Sorry! 138 00:06:30,100 --> 00:06:32,060 Thank you very much. 139 00:06:32,060 --> 00:06:33,860 So, that was, of course, oceanography, 140 00:06:33,860 --> 00:06:36,260 but I have some more ologies here for you. 141 00:06:36,260 --> 00:06:37,940 What do these mean? 142 00:06:37,940 --> 00:06:39,700 - Anyone want to pick one? - Enterology. 143 00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:41,020 You want to do enterology? 144 00:06:41,020 --> 00:06:44,220 It's the science of going in... Indoors. 145 00:06:46,740 --> 00:06:49,900 I like that. Enterology, what do we think it is? 146 00:06:49,900 --> 00:06:52,340 Entero? Isn't it something up your guts? 147 00:06:52,340 --> 00:06:54,580 Absolutely right, it's the study of your intestines, 148 00:06:54,580 --> 00:06:55,860 but it's also something else. 149 00:06:55,860 --> 00:06:57,420 So, the guts are sort of twisted, 150 00:06:57,420 --> 00:06:59,180 so it's to do with twisting. 151 00:06:59,180 --> 00:07:00,540 It's an actual... 152 00:07:00,540 --> 00:07:02,140 It's a study of Chubby Checker. 153 00:07:02,140 --> 00:07:03,540 Yes. 154 00:07:03,540 --> 00:07:05,220 It is a Vaudeville act usually. 155 00:07:05,220 --> 00:07:07,460 - Balloon modelling? - No, I like that, though. 156 00:07:07,460 --> 00:07:09,580 Balloon modelling with your intestines! 157 00:07:10,900 --> 00:07:12,380 Yes, of course! Of course! 158 00:07:12,380 --> 00:07:15,260 - Imagine that if you were having your guts operated on. - Like a giraffe. 159 00:07:15,260 --> 00:07:16,660 Yes, no. 160 00:07:16,660 --> 00:07:19,380 It's making yourself into a balloon animal. 161 00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:22,540 Oh, a contortionist. A contortionist is exactly right. 162 00:07:22,540 --> 00:07:24,060 It is the act of squeezing yourself 163 00:07:24,060 --> 00:07:27,340 into a tiny little space, like a box, that kind of thing. 164 00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:29,500 Someone turned it on when they got in it? 165 00:07:29,500 --> 00:07:32,660 OK, this is an American enterologist called Rick Maisel 166 00:07:32,660 --> 00:07:35,140 and he combines enterology with escapology, 167 00:07:35,140 --> 00:07:37,420 so what he does is he climbs into a washing machine 168 00:07:37,420 --> 00:07:41,100 wearing five pairs of handcuffs and two pairs of leg irons. 169 00:07:41,100 --> 00:07:43,660 He gets somebody to switch the machine on 170 00:07:43,660 --> 00:07:47,140 and then he escapes while being tumbled in soapy water. 171 00:07:47,140 --> 00:07:49,420 And I hope that he cleans the filter out after. 172 00:07:50,660 --> 00:07:53,620 Apparently contortionists tend to specialise in different things. 173 00:07:53,620 --> 00:07:54,980 So, frontbenders have... 174 00:07:58,100 --> 00:07:59,780 Settle down, people. 175 00:07:59,780 --> 00:08:01,700 They've got spines which flex forward, 176 00:08:01,700 --> 00:08:03,140 so backbenders have the opposite. 177 00:08:03,140 --> 00:08:04,980 Splitters have got flexible hips, 178 00:08:04,980 --> 00:08:07,540 and dislocators can dislocate joints at will. 179 00:08:09,660 --> 00:08:12,860 - I've seen a dislocator. Have you? - Have you? - Don't like it. 180 00:08:12,860 --> 00:08:14,940 - He can get through a tennis racket. - No! 181 00:08:14,940 --> 00:08:16,580 - The head of a racket? - I've seen it. 182 00:08:16,580 --> 00:08:17,780 Yeah, horrible. 183 00:08:17,780 --> 00:08:19,700 Not a... One of those big ones, either. 184 00:08:19,700 --> 00:08:21,140 A normal-sized one. 185 00:08:21,140 --> 00:08:22,420 Table tennis. 186 00:08:24,900 --> 00:08:28,580 - I like oology, whatever that is. - Oology. What do we reckon? 187 00:08:28,580 --> 00:08:30,620 That is the study of 188 00:08:30,620 --> 00:08:32,900 how much nans think you've grown. 189 00:08:40,660 --> 00:08:42,260 "Ooh!" 190 00:08:42,260 --> 00:08:44,500 - "Ooh!" - "I say!" 191 00:08:44,500 --> 00:08:46,180 "Come here, I've got a hanky." 192 00:08:47,740 --> 00:08:49,540 It's something to do with stones. 193 00:08:49,540 --> 00:08:52,380 - Is it stones? - No, it's something that comes out of birds' bottoms. 194 00:08:52,380 --> 00:08:54,900 - There we are. - Is it? - It's the study or collection of eggs. 195 00:08:54,900 --> 00:08:56,100 Oh! 196 00:08:56,100 --> 00:08:58,500 Yeah. They come out of the anus, the eggs? Yeah. Oology. 197 00:08:58,500 --> 00:09:00,500 Don't they have their own tube, eggs? 198 00:09:00,500 --> 00:09:01,820 You know about birds. 199 00:09:01,820 --> 00:09:03,060 I don't do that bit of it. 200 00:09:05,300 --> 00:09:07,660 Disgusting. I'm the beak end, I'm at the beak end. 201 00:09:07,660 --> 00:09:09,380 - "I'm the beak end"? - Plumage. 202 00:09:09,380 --> 00:09:11,140 Worst ornithologist ever! 203 00:09:11,140 --> 00:09:13,980 "No, not that nasty business." 204 00:09:13,980 --> 00:09:16,140 Anyway, oology is the study or collection of eggs. 205 00:09:16,140 --> 00:09:18,620 It's, of course, been illegal to possess a wild bird's egg 206 00:09:18,620 --> 00:09:21,180 in the UK since 1954, so it's not a thing, really. 207 00:09:21,180 --> 00:09:23,420 OK, eggs - oology. Anybody? Agnoiology. 208 00:09:23,420 --> 00:09:25,460 - Top right. - Sheep, lambs. 209 00:09:25,460 --> 00:09:26,820 Sheep and lambs? 210 00:09:26,820 --> 00:09:28,980 - I like that. - Study of sheep. - No. 211 00:09:28,980 --> 00:09:30,460 - Study of... - A word that sounds a bit... 212 00:09:30,460 --> 00:09:32,700 - The study of agnosticism. - Yes, same route. - Agnostic? 213 00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:34,300 From the Greek agnosis. 214 00:09:34,300 --> 00:09:35,780 So, it's the study of... 215 00:09:35,780 --> 00:09:37,620 not really knowing one way or the other. 216 00:09:37,620 --> 00:09:39,620 - Yes, it's the study of things we don't know. - Ah! 217 00:09:39,620 --> 00:09:42,380 That's it. 218 00:09:42,380 --> 00:09:44,460 So, the term was coined by James Fraser, 219 00:09:44,460 --> 00:09:46,820 he was a professor of Moral Philosophy at St Andrews, 220 00:09:46,820 --> 00:09:48,820 1808 to 1864, 221 00:09:48,820 --> 00:09:50,220 and it's the theory of ignorance. 222 00:09:50,220 --> 00:09:52,860 Basically, he said there is more ignorance than knowledge. 223 00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:55,700 So, he said, "The fact of our extreme ignorance is undeniable." 224 00:09:55,700 --> 00:09:58,620 "It is therefore necessary to examine and fix what ignorance is," 225 00:09:58,620 --> 00:10:00,540 "what we are and can be ignorant of." 226 00:10:00,540 --> 00:10:02,180 - So it's the study of... - I love that. 227 00:10:02,180 --> 00:10:03,540 - I like that a lot. - Yes. 228 00:10:03,540 --> 00:10:05,660 Right, any more? Let's see. 229 00:10:05,660 --> 00:10:07,100 - OK, heterology. - Heterology. 230 00:10:07,100 --> 00:10:09,540 It's one of a pair, which do you think it goes with? 231 00:10:09,540 --> 00:10:11,460 - Autology. - Autology. Absolutely right. 232 00:10:11,460 --> 00:10:12,740 Heterology and autology. 233 00:10:12,740 --> 00:10:14,340 It's basically men and motors. 234 00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:18,260 They go together. 235 00:10:18,260 --> 00:10:21,500 Yeah. A word is autological if it is self-descriptive. 236 00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:23,900 So, polysyllabic is autological 237 00:10:23,900 --> 00:10:26,180 because it is, itself, polysyllabic. 238 00:10:26,180 --> 00:10:28,820 But conversely, heterology is the attribute of a word 239 00:10:28,820 --> 00:10:30,420 not being self-descriptive. 240 00:10:30,420 --> 00:10:33,700 So, for example, if you regard "misspelt" with a T 241 00:10:33,700 --> 00:10:35,300 as British English 242 00:10:35,300 --> 00:10:37,460 as opposed to the American English "misspelled" - 243 00:10:37,460 --> 00:10:39,060 which is spelt with a D - 244 00:10:39,060 --> 00:10:41,780 then "misspelt" with a T would be autological in America 245 00:10:41,780 --> 00:10:44,620 because it is misspelt and heterological in the UK... 246 00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,820 - cos it is... not misspelt. - Right, my head's just exploded. 247 00:10:54,540 --> 00:10:56,260 OK, let's try Piphilology. 248 00:10:56,260 --> 00:10:58,100 Piphilology... 249 00:10:58,100 --> 00:11:00,220 All the pies that Phill likes. 250 00:11:02,380 --> 00:11:04,580 So, the important bit is pi. 251 00:11:04,580 --> 00:11:07,300 - What is that in science? Pi? - The number. - The number. 252 00:11:07,300 --> 00:11:11,220 Yes, the number. So, it is the use of mnemonic sentences 253 00:11:11,220 --> 00:11:13,220 to record the digits of pi. 254 00:11:13,220 --> 00:11:15,900 So what you do is, you use words with the same number of letters, 255 00:11:15,900 --> 00:11:18,860 so this would be a review, for example, of an episode of QI. 256 00:11:18,860 --> 00:11:20,220 "Now I need a think," 257 00:11:20,220 --> 00:11:22,580 "knowledge of clever ideas was aptly conveyed," 258 00:11:22,580 --> 00:11:24,620 "including General Ignorance." 259 00:11:24,620 --> 00:11:25,940 If you remember that sentence, 260 00:11:25,940 --> 00:11:28,700 you will remember what the very first bits of pi are. 261 00:11:28,700 --> 00:11:30,860 The easiest one to do for the first nine. 262 00:11:30,860 --> 00:11:33,500 "How I wish I could recollect pi easily today." 263 00:11:33,500 --> 00:11:35,140 Is this a proper thing? 264 00:11:35,140 --> 00:11:37,980 - It is a proper thing. It's how... - So, people go and they could do... 265 00:11:37,980 --> 00:11:40,140 They study... This is what they do. 266 00:11:40,140 --> 00:11:42,740 Well, here is the really worrying thing about it, Claudia. 267 00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:48,020 OK, somebody wrote a 10,000 word novel using piphilology. 268 00:11:48,020 --> 00:11:49,140 All right? 269 00:11:49,140 --> 00:11:51,940 It's called Not Awake, and I think you aren't by the end. 270 00:11:53,420 --> 00:11:55,380 It was written by, surprise-surprise, 271 00:11:55,380 --> 00:11:57,380 a software engineer called Michael Keith. 272 00:11:57,380 --> 00:11:58,740 - Really? - Is Michael here? 273 00:11:58,740 --> 00:12:01,220 - No, sadly. - I want to mount him. - Do you know what I love? 274 00:12:03,220 --> 00:12:04,780 I'm proud of him. 275 00:12:04,780 --> 00:12:09,220 So, that's your ologies and here's another - ophthalmology. 276 00:12:09,220 --> 00:12:12,420 What has a U, two Ts and three eyes? 277 00:12:12,420 --> 00:12:15,580 And here we are in its habitat. 278 00:12:15,580 --> 00:12:17,980 What I'd like, just before we continue, 279 00:12:17,980 --> 00:12:19,300 is some sort of deal 280 00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:21,220 that you're not going to make the klaxon noise. 281 00:12:21,220 --> 00:12:24,020 - You don't like that? - I think I'll jump and it will be nerve-racking. 282 00:12:24,020 --> 00:12:25,940 I'll jump and you won't like it. 283 00:12:25,940 --> 00:12:28,180 - None of it's good. - All right, so what I'll do... 284 00:12:48,060 --> 00:12:51,180 OK, I am looking for something... 285 00:12:51,180 --> 00:12:54,260 with a U, two Ts and three eyes. 286 00:12:54,260 --> 00:12:56,420 Is it a creature with three eyes? 287 00:12:56,420 --> 00:12:57,860 It is a creature. 288 00:12:57,860 --> 00:12:59,540 There is the beginning. 289 00:12:59,540 --> 00:13:01,460 - A tuatara. - A tuatara. Yes. Very well done. 290 00:13:05,380 --> 00:13:06,940 It does have three eyes. 291 00:13:06,940 --> 00:13:09,380 Do you know anything more about it? Have you seen one or...? 292 00:13:09,380 --> 00:13:11,580 - I have held one, yes. - At gunpoint. 293 00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:15,500 It does have a, sort of, a third... eye. 294 00:13:15,500 --> 00:13:17,660 Yes, it does, at the very top of its head. 295 00:13:17,660 --> 00:13:20,580 It's what's called a parietal eye, 296 00:13:20,580 --> 00:13:22,460 or possibly a pineal eye. 297 00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:24,740 But it can't actually see particularly well out of it. 298 00:13:24,740 --> 00:13:27,180 Mostly it can distinguish light, darkness. 299 00:13:27,180 --> 00:13:28,220 Phill. 300 00:13:28,220 --> 00:13:30,820 There is a red circle around nothing on that lizard. 301 00:13:32,660 --> 00:13:35,580 - This is a classic... - That's his eye. - ..QI Trump-like ruse. 302 00:13:37,460 --> 00:13:40,020 - It's there. - Where? - You can see it there. 303 00:13:40,020 --> 00:13:43,700 That's a freckle! - No, it's not! 304 00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:45,180 Fight, fight, fight! 305 00:13:45,180 --> 00:13:48,580 If that's an eye, is that its old fella? 306 00:13:51,060 --> 00:13:53,860 It doesn't have six penises, if that's what you're saying. 307 00:13:55,140 --> 00:13:58,060 - Do you know what the weird thing is? - What? - That's his arse. 308 00:14:01,020 --> 00:14:02,780 It's got... 309 00:14:02,780 --> 00:14:04,380 It's got eight arses. 310 00:14:04,380 --> 00:14:06,260 It's going to upset you, Phill, 311 00:14:06,260 --> 00:14:08,300 but most lizards have a third eye 312 00:14:08,300 --> 00:14:11,020 to a greater or lesser extent. 313 00:14:11,020 --> 00:14:13,300 As do lampreys, a lot of frogs. 314 00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:15,180 Oh, I see! 315 00:14:15,180 --> 00:14:17,220 - Can you see? - That is an eye. - See? There. 316 00:14:17,220 --> 00:14:18,900 That's it there. There it is. 317 00:14:18,900 --> 00:14:21,140 There is an eye there. 318 00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:22,420 There's another one there. 319 00:14:22,420 --> 00:14:24,020 Look, I've got one! 320 00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:29,020 On my arm, there. Unbelievable! 321 00:14:30,060 --> 00:14:32,260 Many animals have a third eye. 322 00:14:32,260 --> 00:14:35,540 Now, oenology. Blindfolds on, please. 323 00:14:35,540 --> 00:14:37,980 Ring-a-ding-ding. Here we go. 324 00:14:37,980 --> 00:14:39,540 Everybody got blindfolds on? 325 00:14:39,540 --> 00:14:42,300 - Yes. - So, we're going to place something in front of you. 326 00:14:42,300 --> 00:14:43,940 It's nothing dangerous at all. 327 00:14:43,940 --> 00:14:45,380 It's actually rather pleasant. 328 00:14:45,380 --> 00:14:46,500 Is it a kitten? 329 00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:47,940 It is even nicer than a kitten. 330 00:14:47,940 --> 00:14:49,780 So, we're just going to put your hands... 331 00:14:49,780 --> 00:14:51,300 There we go. Thank you. 332 00:14:51,300 --> 00:14:53,980 Right, so, we're going to do one at a time, please. 333 00:14:53,980 --> 00:14:55,780 So, Bill, I would like you to taste 334 00:14:55,780 --> 00:14:58,140 what you have in front of you and tell me what it is. 335 00:14:58,140 --> 00:15:00,140 OK. All right, then. 336 00:15:00,140 --> 00:15:01,940 OK. 337 00:15:01,940 --> 00:15:04,140 What do you think that is? 338 00:15:04,140 --> 00:15:06,140 Oh, it's a wine. 339 00:15:06,140 --> 00:15:07,540 Yes, what kind of wine? 340 00:15:07,540 --> 00:15:09,220 - A red or white? - Yes, please. 341 00:15:09,220 --> 00:15:11,380 - Red. - You're going to go red, are you? 342 00:15:15,660 --> 00:15:18,540 OK, Phill. Phill, have a glass, have a sip. 343 00:15:18,540 --> 00:15:19,980 It's right in front of you. 344 00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:21,700 What? I'm looking for the cheese. 345 00:15:23,700 --> 00:15:25,340 - OK, all right. - What have you got? 346 00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:28,820 - Red or white? - That's a red. 347 00:15:28,820 --> 00:15:30,580 Red, OK. And, Claudia? 348 00:15:30,580 --> 00:15:31,940 What do you reckon it is? 349 00:15:31,940 --> 00:15:34,060 We've had white and red, what else could it be? 350 00:15:34,060 --> 00:15:35,700 - I've given you a clue. - Rose! - Yes. 351 00:15:35,700 --> 00:15:37,940 Rose? 352 00:15:40,620 --> 00:15:42,340 OK, Alan. 353 00:15:42,340 --> 00:15:44,140 What do you reckon yours is? 354 00:15:47,060 --> 00:15:48,660 Disgusting. 355 00:15:50,180 --> 00:15:52,020 It's a low budget. 356 00:15:52,020 --> 00:15:53,300 What do you reckon it is? 357 00:15:53,300 --> 00:15:54,860 - Don't look, don't look! - Red. 358 00:15:54,860 --> 00:15:57,500 Red, you're going to go with red. 359 00:15:57,500 --> 00:16:00,260 This is to do with our inability, actually, mostly, 360 00:16:00,260 --> 00:16:01,740 to taste what it is. 361 00:16:01,740 --> 00:16:03,820 So, Bill, yours is a room temperature white. 362 00:16:03,820 --> 00:16:05,420 So, most people would think it was red 363 00:16:05,420 --> 00:16:07,820 - because it is at room temperature. - It's confusing. 364 00:16:07,820 --> 00:16:09,740 - Phill, you have a chilled red. - A chilled red. 365 00:16:09,740 --> 00:16:12,220 Sometimes it's difficult to tell and, I have to say, Claudia, 366 00:16:12,220 --> 00:16:14,820 yours is the most difficult because it's a mix of white and red. 367 00:16:14,820 --> 00:16:17,380 So when you said Rose, I actually think you got it the nearest. 368 00:16:17,380 --> 00:16:18,940 And, Alan, yours is a white wine 369 00:16:18,940 --> 00:16:21,420 with red food colouring because we thought you might cheat. 370 00:16:29,540 --> 00:16:32,420 But there was a Californian wine grower called Robert Hodgson 371 00:16:32,420 --> 00:16:35,180 and he was upset by how inconsistently 372 00:16:35,180 --> 00:16:37,020 his wine fared in competitions 373 00:16:37,020 --> 00:16:38,580 and he thought that maybe the experts 374 00:16:38,580 --> 00:16:40,460 don't really know what they're doing. 375 00:16:40,460 --> 00:16:42,700 So, he did an experiment in which he served the same wines 376 00:16:42,700 --> 00:16:44,180 to the same experts 377 00:16:44,180 --> 00:16:45,500 at different times, 378 00:16:45,500 --> 00:16:46,940 and the findings, 379 00:16:46,940 --> 00:16:50,300 they were absolutely stunning as far as the wine industry was concerned. 380 00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,100 Only 10% of the judges were consistent in any given year 381 00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:55,180 and none of those were consistently consistent. 382 00:16:55,180 --> 00:16:57,300 So, if you made a good judgment one year, 383 00:16:57,300 --> 00:16:59,500 maybe you didn't make a good judgment the next year. 384 00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:00,980 And he found that, in California, 385 00:17:00,980 --> 00:17:02,380 all the medals given out for wine 386 00:17:02,380 --> 00:17:04,260 were effectively distributed at random... 387 00:17:04,260 --> 00:17:06,780 - No! - ..Because really even the experts weren't sure. 388 00:17:06,780 --> 00:17:09,900 It can even be difficult to tell red from white in a blindfold test. 389 00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:12,340 Now, time for a bit of optology. 390 00:17:12,340 --> 00:17:16,140 Look at this picture of a fire engine, tell me what colour it is. 391 00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:17,940 ♪ Oh-oh-oh! ♪ 392 00:17:17,940 --> 00:17:19,140 Yes, Bill? 393 00:17:19,140 --> 00:17:20,580 Red! 394 00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:26,780 No. If you hide the rest of the picture 395 00:17:26,780 --> 00:17:29,220 so that only the red bit can be seen, 396 00:17:29,220 --> 00:17:30,940 what you'll see is that the whole... 397 00:17:30,940 --> 00:17:33,860 There's the colour spectrum. In fact, the whole thing 398 00:17:33,860 --> 00:17:35,780 - is actually grey-green. - No! 399 00:17:35,780 --> 00:17:38,420 So it's called retinex effect or the land effect. 400 00:17:38,420 --> 00:17:39,740 It's named after Edwin Land, 401 00:17:39,740 --> 00:17:41,940 the man who invented Polaroid cameras and such. 402 00:17:41,940 --> 00:17:44,420 The colour we see isn't just dependent 403 00:17:44,420 --> 00:17:47,340 on the wavelength of light entering the eye, 404 00:17:47,340 --> 00:17:49,460 it is also to do with all the adjacent areas 405 00:17:49,460 --> 00:17:52,140 and the brain takes the information and decides what colour it is. 406 00:17:52,140 --> 00:17:53,860 Basically, it is an optical illusion 407 00:17:53,860 --> 00:17:56,180 and the thing we are actually looking at is grey-green. 408 00:17:56,180 --> 00:17:58,260 And there are lots of other optical illusions. 409 00:17:58,260 --> 00:17:59,780 Have a look at this. I love this. 410 00:17:59,780 --> 00:18:02,460 This is the same effect, the one we've just been having a look at. 411 00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:04,420 It's called the splitting colour illusion. 412 00:18:04,420 --> 00:18:06,100 So, have a look. We've got two identical 413 00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:07,420 flickering coloured stripes. 414 00:18:07,420 --> 00:18:09,980 These are not going to change throughout the demonstration. 415 00:18:09,980 --> 00:18:11,620 You can see that they are identical. 416 00:18:11,620 --> 00:18:14,140 We're going to bring in colours on both the top and bottom, 417 00:18:14,140 --> 00:18:15,900 different colours, and as they go across, 418 00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:17,620 keep your eye on those flickering stripes 419 00:18:17,620 --> 00:18:19,860 and you see that they totally change colour. 420 00:18:19,860 --> 00:18:21,060 What?! 421 00:18:21,060 --> 00:18:23,780 So that the colour of something is dependent on its surroundings. 422 00:18:23,780 --> 00:18:26,540 - That's what we learned from that. - That is brilliant. - Isn't it? 423 00:18:26,540 --> 00:18:28,460 But the fire engine is red. 424 00:18:28,460 --> 00:18:30,940 A real fire engine is red, your brain knows it's red, 425 00:18:30,940 --> 00:18:33,100 but the one you were looking at was grey-green. 426 00:18:33,100 --> 00:18:35,100 It's an optical illusion. Have a look at this, 427 00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:38,100 it's also an optical illusion. The Fraser spiral illusion. 428 00:18:38,100 --> 00:18:40,900 First described by James Fraser in 1908. 429 00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:42,700 He was a British psychologist. 430 00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:45,020 So, the overlapping black arcs 431 00:18:45,020 --> 00:18:46,780 appear to form a spiral, 432 00:18:46,780 --> 00:18:49,220 but they are, in fact, a series of concentric circles. 433 00:18:49,220 --> 00:18:53,460 So, if we bring in some coloured lines and put them over the top, 434 00:18:53,460 --> 00:18:55,100 you can see these are just circles. 435 00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:58,020 You can see that, actually, what we were looking at was just circles, 436 00:18:58,020 --> 00:19:00,860 but it became... Cor! Our brain made it into a spiral. 437 00:19:00,860 --> 00:19:02,500 It's a famous optical illusion. 438 00:19:03,980 --> 00:19:05,860 - These are good. - They are good. 439 00:19:05,860 --> 00:19:08,180 Now it's time to go straight over to the wordy shambles 440 00:19:08,180 --> 00:19:09,900 that is General Ignorance. 441 00:19:09,900 --> 00:19:12,260 Is this a sardine or a pilchard? 442 00:19:13,660 --> 00:19:15,620 ♪ Oh-oh-oh! ♪ Bill. 443 00:19:15,620 --> 00:19:16,820 Pilchard. 444 00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:21,900 Try again. Yes. 445 00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:23,060 ♪ Oh, what a night! ♪ 446 00:19:23,060 --> 00:19:24,340 - Sardine. - Sardine. Yes! 447 00:19:27,260 --> 00:19:28,820 ♪ Oh, Carol! ♪ 448 00:19:28,820 --> 00:19:30,700 - Yes? - Dolphin! 449 00:19:33,580 --> 00:19:36,020 If it were an optical illusion, it would be red. 450 00:19:36,020 --> 00:19:37,660 It would therefore be a red... 451 00:19:37,660 --> 00:19:38,860 Snapper! 452 00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:43,180 Easy, easy, easy. 453 00:19:43,180 --> 00:19:47,020 - That is a ringtone. - "Snapper!" - "Snapper!" 454 00:19:47,020 --> 00:19:49,100 Or a text. 455 00:19:49,100 --> 00:19:51,100 I am aroused. 456 00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:52,860 That is fantastic. 457 00:19:52,860 --> 00:19:54,780 - Wow. - We need that as a gif. 458 00:19:54,780 --> 00:19:56,580 - Whoa, Nelly! - Snapper! 459 00:19:56,580 --> 00:19:58,460 Again, again, again, 460 00:19:58,460 --> 00:20:01,140 - but right in my face. - Can we do it one more time? 461 00:20:03,740 --> 00:20:06,580 Right in my face. Come on. 462 00:20:06,580 --> 00:20:08,460 - Ready? - I am ready. 463 00:20:08,460 --> 00:20:09,700 Yeah. Go on. 464 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:12,140 If it was an optical illusion, it was red, it would be a red... 465 00:20:12,140 --> 00:20:15,500 Snapper! 466 00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:18,500 Sorry. 467 00:20:18,500 --> 00:20:20,900 What I was actually looking for was herring. 468 00:20:20,900 --> 00:20:22,820 It would be a red herring. 469 00:20:22,820 --> 00:20:25,020 That makes more sense. 470 00:20:25,020 --> 00:20:27,260 - Now you've said it. - Now I've said it. 471 00:20:27,260 --> 00:20:28,860 So, the terms sardine and pilchard 472 00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:31,220 do not relate to specific species. 473 00:20:31,220 --> 00:20:33,700 They are describing ways of packing fish. 474 00:20:33,700 --> 00:20:35,860 So, the UN and the World Health Organization 475 00:20:35,860 --> 00:20:37,540 cites 21 different species 476 00:20:37,540 --> 00:20:39,260 that could be classed as sardines. 477 00:20:39,260 --> 00:20:41,380 Nobody knows for sure how to separate the sardines 478 00:20:41,380 --> 00:20:42,580 from the pilchards. 479 00:20:42,580 --> 00:20:44,260 OK, in theory, 480 00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:47,340 how fast can this boat sail? 481 00:20:47,340 --> 00:20:49,100 OK. Oh, the jib's broken. 482 00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:51,220 Oh, hang on a minute. Wait, wait, wait. 483 00:20:51,220 --> 00:20:53,660 - There we are. OK. - Is it dependent on the wind? 484 00:20:53,660 --> 00:20:55,140 Yes, one moment, hold that thought. 485 00:20:55,140 --> 00:20:56,700 I'll do it again. OK. 486 00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:58,940 Nobody knows for sure how to separate the sardines 487 00:20:58,940 --> 00:21:00,340 from the pilchards. 488 00:21:00,340 --> 00:21:01,820 In theory, how fast... 489 00:21:01,820 --> 00:21:03,540 Something about wind! 490 00:21:11,420 --> 00:21:13,900 Oh, how unusual, a boy who came before I was ready. 491 00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:23,700 Come on! 492 00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:26,180 - Sorry! Sorry! - Sorry! - Sorry! 493 00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:30,380 - Put your glasses on... - Sorry, it's happened again. Sorry. 494 00:21:30,380 --> 00:21:32,700 I'll see you tomorrow, same time. 495 00:21:38,860 --> 00:21:40,660 I'm going to do it again. 496 00:21:40,660 --> 00:21:42,180 OK, baby! 497 00:21:48,540 --> 00:21:51,220 You know what to do. 498 00:21:51,220 --> 00:21:53,340 I'm ready, I'm ready, come on. 499 00:21:57,740 --> 00:22:00,900 All right, then. I'm ready, I'm ready, baby. 500 00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:03,300 Say the words, lady. 501 00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:06,620 Bill, shut the fuck up. 502 00:22:14,340 --> 00:22:17,060 Claudia, I'm going to bring out a yacht... 503 00:22:17,060 --> 00:22:18,660 I'm excited about it. 504 00:22:18,660 --> 00:22:21,580 ..and you're going to say, "Is it something to do with the wind?" 505 00:22:21,580 --> 00:22:24,220 I'm going to do it! 506 00:22:24,220 --> 00:22:26,500 I'm going to do it. Snapper! 507 00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:28,860 Go ahead. - Shush! 508 00:22:28,860 --> 00:22:30,740 Put the wine away. Put your wine away. 509 00:22:30,740 --> 00:22:32,420 God, it's just like being at school. 510 00:22:33,740 --> 00:22:35,660 "Put your wine away!" 511 00:22:40,940 --> 00:22:43,820 - "Shut up, put your wine away!" - "Shut up, put your wine away!" 512 00:22:43,820 --> 00:22:45,860 - I'll tell you what. - Happiest days of our lives. 513 00:22:45,860 --> 00:22:47,380 Bloody hell. 514 00:22:47,380 --> 00:22:49,860 Bobbington Gurney Primary was rough! 515 00:22:49,860 --> 00:22:52,140 School of Hard Knocks, I'm telling you. 516 00:22:52,140 --> 00:22:56,260 "Here, Bailey, put your wine away and shut the fuck up!" 517 00:22:57,860 --> 00:22:59,780 Right, quiet! 518 00:23:03,220 --> 00:23:04,820 Right, here we go. 519 00:23:04,820 --> 00:23:07,620 Nobody knows for sure how to separate the sardines 520 00:23:07,620 --> 00:23:09,980 from the pilchards. In theory... 521 00:23:11,900 --> 00:23:13,820 ..how fast can this boat sail? 522 00:23:13,820 --> 00:23:15,420 Claudia, what do you think? 523 00:23:15,420 --> 00:23:17,540 - Is it...? - ♪ Oh, what a night. ♪ 524 00:23:17,540 --> 00:23:19,860 Has it got something to do with the wind? 525 00:23:19,860 --> 00:23:20,940 Yes! 526 00:23:41,820 --> 00:23:44,340 We've got wine over here! 527 00:23:44,340 --> 00:23:46,940 You've been whining for two hours! Come and sit down. 528 00:23:48,780 --> 00:23:51,340 - Come and sit down. - Come on, and I'll say, "Snapper." 529 00:23:51,340 --> 00:23:53,540 - Yeah, sit. - Sit down. 530 00:24:00,460 --> 00:24:02,340 Stupid game anyway. 531 00:24:02,340 --> 00:24:03,980 Snapper! 532 00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:06,980 ♪ Oh, what a night! ♪ 533 00:24:06,980 --> 00:24:08,300 ♪ Oh, oh, oh. ♪ 534 00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:10,900 - Has it got something to do with wind? - No. 535 00:24:12,540 --> 00:24:15,100 OK. - Stupid game, anyway. 536 00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,300 - It is to do with wind. - Really? - How fast can it sail? 537 00:24:18,300 --> 00:24:21,300 Oh! 538 00:24:21,300 --> 00:24:24,180 It's difficult because, after a while, 539 00:24:24,180 --> 00:24:25,540 the wind will blow you quite fast, 540 00:24:25,540 --> 00:24:28,700 but then it'll suddenly going into a spiral and take you up into the sky, 541 00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:30,060 so does that count? 542 00:24:30,060 --> 00:24:31,940 How many times have you been sailing? 543 00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:36,460 So, there must be a maximum speed. 544 00:24:36,460 --> 00:24:38,980 - What would you say, maximum... - 13, 14? 545 00:24:38,980 --> 00:24:40,980 - 15, 15 knots. - Don't have the number. 546 00:24:40,980 --> 00:24:42,700 Is it faster or slower than the wind? 547 00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:43,940 Slower than the wind. 548 00:24:43,940 --> 00:24:46,660 Oh... 549 00:24:46,660 --> 00:24:48,660 You fell right into that. 550 00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:52,980 OK, so, imagine that the wind is coming from here, 551 00:24:52,980 --> 00:24:54,980 so you're sailing directly downwind, 552 00:24:54,980 --> 00:24:57,300 - it's known as running. - Yes. - So the wind... 553 00:24:59,740 --> 00:25:01,380 Sorry. 554 00:25:01,380 --> 00:25:03,180 - The wind... - Sorry, Miss! 555 00:25:03,180 --> 00:25:04,980 The wind will simply fill the sail 556 00:25:04,980 --> 00:25:06,740 and it won't be able to go as fast as the wind 557 00:25:06,740 --> 00:25:09,060 because, of course, there's resistance from the water. 558 00:25:09,060 --> 00:25:11,940 However, if you are sailing across the wind, 559 00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,180 the wind blows across the sail and this generates lift. 560 00:25:14,180 --> 00:25:16,100 So it's a bit like an aeroplane wing. 561 00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:18,140 So, it's sucked along as well as pushed along, 562 00:25:18,140 --> 00:25:20,300 and if you add those two forces together, 563 00:25:20,300 --> 00:25:22,140 you can sail faster than the wind. 564 00:25:22,140 --> 00:25:25,500 The modern hi-tech racing catamarans have taken things one step further. 565 00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:29,380 They have speeds of up to 2.79 times the speed of wind. 566 00:25:29,380 --> 00:25:30,820 Unbelievably... 567 00:25:38,860 --> 00:25:41,220 Do you know, people often say to me, 568 00:25:41,220 --> 00:25:44,060 "What did Stephen say to you as he left?" 569 00:25:44,060 --> 00:25:47,020 And the truth is he shook his head and went, "You have no idea." 570 00:25:51,180 --> 00:25:54,700 Boats sailing across the wind can go much faster than the wind itself... 571 00:25:54,700 --> 00:25:56,980 Oh, stop going on about the bloody... 572 00:26:04,500 --> 00:26:06,420 It's so awful. 573 00:26:08,980 --> 00:26:10,580 Oh, thank God you're here. 574 00:26:12,060 --> 00:26:14,980 A boat sailing across the wind can go much faster than the wind itself. 575 00:26:14,980 --> 00:26:18,140 Indeed there is no theoretical limits to its speed. 576 00:26:18,140 --> 00:26:22,020 OK, which of these are there more of? 577 00:26:22,020 --> 00:26:26,540 Trees on earth, stars in the Milky Way or neurons in your brain? 578 00:26:26,540 --> 00:26:28,220 Yes, Bill? 579 00:26:28,220 --> 00:26:30,180 Neurons in your brain! 580 00:26:30,180 --> 00:26:33,020 Ah! 581 00:26:33,020 --> 00:26:34,500 ♪ Oh, Carol... ♪ 582 00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:35,900 Stars! 583 00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:39,700 Yours has to be really clever! 584 00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:41,740 - Wait, wait, wait! - No. Claudia's go! 585 00:26:41,740 --> 00:26:43,020 ♪ Oh, what a night! ♪ 586 00:26:43,020 --> 00:26:44,620 - Is it trees? - Yes! 587 00:26:49,420 --> 00:26:52,100 In 2015, a paper by Yale researchers 588 00:26:52,100 --> 00:26:56,300 estimate the number of trees on earth is 3.04 trillion. 589 00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:58,220 That is, rather pleasingly, 7.5 times more 590 00:26:58,220 --> 00:26:59,780 than was previously thought. 591 00:26:59,780 --> 00:27:01,860 So, they used a combination of satellite imagery 592 00:27:01,860 --> 00:27:02,980 and forest inventories 593 00:27:02,980 --> 00:27:05,340 and super computer programmes, and that's a huge number. 594 00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:07,220 Stars, obviously quite tricky to count. 595 00:27:07,220 --> 00:27:08,540 Nasa do their best. 596 00:27:08,540 --> 00:27:11,020 They don't really know the number of stars in the Milky Way, 597 00:27:11,020 --> 00:27:13,180 but probably between 100 and 400 million, 598 00:27:13,180 --> 00:27:15,300 but that would be ten times fewer 599 00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:17,620 than the trees on planet Earth. 600 00:27:17,620 --> 00:27:19,820 So the wind blows across the sail... 601 00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,660 Brain cells, estimated number of neurons, 602 00:27:26,660 --> 00:27:28,660 and that is your brain cells in the human brain, 603 00:27:28,660 --> 00:27:32,060 it varies between 83 and 200 billion. 604 00:27:32,060 --> 00:27:33,940 If you count the number of synapses, 605 00:27:33,940 --> 00:27:36,100 so the connections between the brain cells, 606 00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:38,140 you're looking at as many as a thousand trillion 607 00:27:38,140 --> 00:27:39,700 or one quadrillion - 608 00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:42,300 so 300 times as many synapses in your brain 609 00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:43,860 as there are trees on Earth. 610 00:27:43,860 --> 00:27:46,420 - Wow. - That's not every brain. 611 00:27:53,620 --> 00:27:56,820 And at the end of that onomnasiological obfuscation, 612 00:27:56,820 --> 00:28:00,420 we reach the scores and I've never been more pleased in my entire life. 613 00:28:08,420 --> 00:28:11,220 In last place, with -35, 614 00:28:11,220 --> 00:28:12,820 - it's Bill. - Yes! 615 00:28:16,060 --> 00:28:18,140 In third place, with -19, it's Phill. 616 00:28:19,860 --> 00:28:22,660 Where's my cheese? I want my cheese. 617 00:28:22,660 --> 00:28:25,020 Second place, with a magnificent -16, 618 00:28:25,020 --> 00:28:27,060 it's Alan! 619 00:28:29,540 --> 00:28:33,220 And the winner, with a really breathtaking five full points, 620 00:28:33,220 --> 00:28:34,580 it's Claudia. 621 00:28:43,460 --> 00:28:47,460 It only remains for me to thank Claudia, Phill, Bill and Alan, 622 00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:48,980 and I leave you with this. 623 00:28:48,980 --> 00:28:51,100 The great conductor Sir Thomas Beecham 624 00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:52,700 described a musicologist 625 00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:55,780 as somebody who can read music but can't hear it 626 00:28:55,780 --> 00:28:58,460 and a gentleman as someone who can play the bagpipes 627 00:28:58,460 --> 00:29:00,940 but doesn't. 628 00:29:00,940 --> 00:29:03,580 That's all from QI this time. Thank you very much.